托福听力lecture的结构
托福听力讲座Lecture结构特点分析精讲

托福听力中的讲座一直以篇幅长内容多而著称,也导致了很多同学也因为听不懂或是记不全其中信息而无法顺利答题拿不到理想成绩。
下面小编就和大家分享托福听力讲座Lecture结构特点分析精讲,来欣赏一下吧。
【高分资料】托福听力讲座Lecture结构特点分析精讲托福听力讲座结构特点分析:定义式结构这种结构是lecture中最常见的一种结构。
文章开头,教授在给出主旨之后,分几个方面去描述某种现象、解释某种原理或者描述某种事物。
每个方面就是一段,每一段就是一个大细节。
可能每一段中会有一些例子去深入的阐明。
需要注意的是,每一段是相互独立的,没有比较、相互影响的关系。
如果有比较,就是我们的第二种结构。
下面我们来用托福官方真题17-L4来看一下这种结构:ProfessorOk, now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that’s the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteous? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations. And it does this in three ways: by changing color, by changing its texture, and by changing its size and shape.从上段我们可以看出教授在文章开头给出主题(章鱼的能力)以后要开始从三个方面(改变颜色,改变身体的材质,改变形状和大小)来描述,那么每个方面就是一段,每个方面之间是独立的。
托福听力lecture常见三大结构

托福听力lecture常见三大结构托福听力段落比较长,涉及到的话题也多种多样,不过,我们可以从托福听力段落的结构方面找到一些技巧,来更准确的把握托福听力的意思。
店铺为您整理“托福听力lecture常见三大结构”,希望对您有所帮助。
托福听力lecture常见三大结构托福听力段子一般分3段,第一段点题,也就是提出问题;第二段讨论,也就是展开问题的各分点。
第三段结轮,也就是经过讨论后下结论。
第一、三部分都比较好说,一头一尾嘛,容易把握。
而主要的主要针对的是文章的讨论部分,它会分几点来叙述将要说明的事情,而这几点又是由某些顺序来组织的:我们认为托福听力段落的结构通常有3类:1. 时间顺序。
在叙说一个事物史的发展的时候,通常是采取时间渐进的方式来叙述。
先怎么样,再怎么样,最后怎么样。
2. 空间顺序。
在介绍一个事物的时候,也会采用空间移动的顺序。
里面怎么样,外面怎么样,前面怎么样,后面怎么样,上面怎么样,下面怎么样。
3. 好坏顺序。
在介绍新产品的时候,往往会先说它的几个优点,然后再说它缺点。
在介绍某种现象的时候,也会先说它带来的好处,再说它的坏处。
注意:对于分类,也许还不太完善。
也许不太合理,也许还有其他的遗漏。
而且有的时候,文章通常会是两种顺序交叉或者交替进行。
其实不管怎么样分,听的过程中主要是听清分点和结构,提供的这些顺序,只是帮助大家记忆的。
我们在听文章的时候就得抓住如上重点,听完后得知道文章说了哪几点,是采取什么顺序来组织的。
当听出托福听力文章的结构来后,我们自然能把握好文章的主题,这样TOPIC题和尾巴题就不在话下了,而对于做细节题,也同样非常有帮助的。
因为大家知道,TOEFL是顺序出题的,了解了结构,对于第几题对应那个段,自然是非常清楚。
托福听力科学60秒(SSS)原文之丝绸之路对很多备战托福听力的伙伴来说,著名的科学60秒(sixty-second science,简写为SSS)一定不陌生。
SSS只有一分钟,但是语速快,信息量大。
托福听力lecture的结构

托福听力lecture的结构1. Lecture有结构托福听力的lecture基本上都是总分总的结构,即「引入话题——展开讨论——教授总结」,下面分点论述:1)引入话题其实托福听力lecture里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样,有的喜欢直入主题,有的喜欢拉七杂八。
总的说来,lecture话题的引入方式有三种:•开门见山:啥也不扯,一言不合就开车,比如TPO1 Lecture2:Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk abouta way in which we are able to determine how old a pieceof land, or some other geologic feature is –datingtechniques.•课程回顾:回顾上堂课的内容,然后再切入本堂课的内容;一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。
比如TPO5Lecture2:Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, um…not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moon’s age.••啰哩吧嗦:有的教授实在是特别啰嗦,比如TPO2 Lecture2:Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually,I expected the population to be a lot lower today. Ittypically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day theresearch paper is due.【来的人多不好么,说明你受欢迎啊】Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today【啊,要放榜啦】, but, uh, the situation was that I went away forthe weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnightor so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but myflight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in untilone o’clock in the morning【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊】.Anyway, I’ll do my b est to have them finished by the nexttime we meet【开始上课吧,please】. OK. In the last class,we started talking about...【终于开始了…】不论是用哪一种引入方式,话题总是要出来的。
托福听力结构理解 TPO41-lecture1

托福听力结构理解听力提升太难了?????今日案例分享:学生每早会听半小时托福听力,很坚持。
但是听力分数偶尔几分,偶尔十几分。
不是说好的坚持就会有进步吗?为什么这么颠簸不前呢?一问之下:只是听,并没有懂。
如果只是听:有的同学大约是听着听着睡着啦,听力有助于入睡;有的同学大约是听和尚念经,叽里咕噜,并不知道在说什么;真的很坚持,不要灰心,一年半载之后还是会有进步的,只是效率会有点低;那么如何化坚持为快速进步呢?答案:听多少内容就要听懂多少内容以免浪费练习的素材托福听力考察的能力图:基本信息 --->直线推断--->结构理解针对基础薄弱:词汇不懂/找词汇句子不懂/慢慢听/精听/打下来内容逐渐清晰一些:理解结构钢筋混泥土,无结构怎么盖楼呢每篇讲座都一定会有自己的结构否则几分钟,600词以上的内容靠什么组合在一起给你呢而且任何复杂的东西,理解结构,你就明白了大大半今天以TPO41 lecture1来看看讲座的其中一种结构听完了再来看结构哈~FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environ-mental conditions—extreme heat or cold, or, very dry conditions.... Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specif-ics on desert plants, but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants, there are basically three different adaptive strate-gies. And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So, first off, there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants, but they all can absorb and store a lot of water. Obviously, opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between. Generally, rains are light and short, so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil… and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil, though the soil has to besaturated, since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare. Succulent plants can store water in their leaves, in their stems, or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun, most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost water-proof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plant that’s out in the sun, the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few, if any, leaves.Now besides succulent plants, there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way. You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter? They can survive without eating be-cause their metabolism slows down. Well, drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case, water—runs short. A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief, but occasionally there's a heavy one. Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots. Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates. Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from rel-atively dry soil because of their deep roots, in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether. Yes, there are plants that do this —annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants. In desert conditions, annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter. Of course, these plants could face a serious problemif a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wip-ing them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the follow-ing year. Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years. It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions, of unfavorable weather.波浪线已经标出文章的结构衔接句式和用词你发现了吗?原来和综合写作结构一样你听出来了吗?更多内容分享公众号:DC托福。
托福试题结构

托福试题结构托福(TOEFL,Test of English as a Foreign Language)是一个用来评估非英语国家学生英语能力的考试。
托福试题结构包括听力、阅读、口语和写作四个方面,下面将逐一介绍每个部分的试题结构。
一、听力(Listening)听力部分是托福考试的第一部分,总计时间约为60-90分钟。
该部分主要考察考生对于英语听力的理解能力,包括听力材料的主题、重点信息及细节。
1. 讲座听力(Lecture)讲座听力主要是针对大学课堂上的讲座录音材料。
考生需要听取讲座内容,并在听完后回答问题或者完成相关的任务。
2. 学生对话(Conversation)学生对话是以学生生活场景为背景,考生需要听取学生之间的对话,并回答相关问题。
3. 学生单独陈述(Lecture with Clues)学生单独陈述是指教授或学生单独进行一份简短的陈述,考生需要听取陈述内容并回答问题。
二、阅读(Reading)托福的阅读部分主要考察考生对于各种英语文本的解读能力,包括学术文章、科学报告、社科类材料等。
总计时间约为60-80分钟。
1. 单篇文章(Single Passage)单篇文章是指一篇独立的文章或文章段落。
考生需要读完文章后回答相关问题。
2. 多篇文章(Multiple Passages)多篇文章是指两到三篇相关的文章,考生需要综合理解这些文章,并回答相关问题。
三、口语(Speaking)托福口语部分主要考察考生对于口语表达的流利程度和组织能力。
总计时间约为20分钟。
1. 独立口语(Independent Speaking)独立口语是指考生需要就一个给定的话题进行自由发挥并表达自己的观点,时间为45秒。
2. 综合口语(Integrated Speaking)综合口语是指考生需要阅读一段文字或者听取一段录音,然后回答相关问题,时间为60秒。
四、写作(Writing)托福写作部分主要考察考生的写作能力和逻辑思维。
托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲

托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲听懂托福听力讲座lecture备考重点分析想要听懂托福听力的讲座lecture,考生首先要做的是打好能够听懂的相关基础,这个基础并非单指某一项技能,而是需要大家具综合性的应对能力,主要包括以下几点:1. 正视讲座类的分数价值托福听力中讲座的数量是对话的两倍,同时所占的分数比例也是超过总分值的60%,因此重要性更在对话类之上,毫无疑问是听力备考时更需要考生关注的部分。
2. 理解讲座类的表现形式讲座类展现的是美国大学课堂上的真实场景,主要由教授教课为主,也偶尔会有一些师生之间的问答互动。
而因为是讲课,所以讲座类的内容都是以专业学术性的话题为主,也视话题本身的专业度也会引入数量不等的学科类术语生词。
因此考生需要对讲座中不同课程话题的术语词汇进行分门别类的整理和学习记忆,提升理解讲座的能力。
3. 培养听讲座的笔记能力由于讲座类为课堂授课情景,因此其素材的篇幅长度要远超对话类,这也就意味着讲座类中包含的信息量更大。
大家都知道听讲座一般都是要做笔记的,托福听力讲座的笔记能力也很重要。
大家在备考时需注意培养边听边记的做笔记能力和习惯,以避免遗漏可能成为出题点的细节信息。
托福听力讲座一遍听懂要点讲解想要做到托福听力讲座一遍就能听懂,下面这4个要点大家需要做好:1. 听懂开头抓主题首先,大家需要在开头部分就集中精力听懂这段课程的主讲话题。
这一点并不难做到,因为一般来说大家听讲座刚开始注意力都是相对集中的。
而讲座类听力在正式开始前也会给出一个简单的提示介绍告诉你这篇听力素材的大致学科方向。
同时讲座类听力基本上也都是开门见山上来就会讲主题,所以听懂开头抓住主题并非难事。
2. 主动预测后续内容抓住主题不难,但抓住主题之后还需要做什么就很关键了。
不少同学听不懂讲座内容,问题在于缺乏积极主动性,始终在被动接受信息听到什么记什么,而没有主动去思考后面可能会讲什么。
托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲

托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲托福听力的讲座类lecture由于篇幅较长,内容较多且包含信息量很大,因此考生想要一遍听懂其中关键信息并非易事。
而抓不住关键信息就会对之后解题造成影响。
下面就和大家分享托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲,来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力讲座类lecture一遍听懂4个要点精讲听懂托福听力讲座lecture备考重点分析想要听懂托福听力的讲座lecture,考生首先要做的是打好能够听懂的相关基础,这个基础并非单指某一项技能,而是需要大家具综合性的应对能力,主要包括以下几点:1. 正视讲座类的分数价值托福听力中讲座的数量是对话的两倍,同时所占的分数比例也是超过总分值的60%,因此重要性更在对话类之上,毫无疑问是听力备考时更需要考生关注的部分。
2. 理解讲座类的表现形式讲座类展现的是美国大学课堂上的真实场景,主要由教授教课为主,也偶尔会有一些师生之间的问答互动。
而因为是讲课,所以讲座类的内容都是以专业学术性的话题为主,也视话题本身的专业度也会引入数量不等的学科类术语生词。
因此考生需要对讲座中不同课程话题的术语词汇进行分门别类的整理和学习记忆,提升理解讲座的能力。
3. 培养听讲座的笔记能力由于讲座类为课堂授课情景,因此其素材的篇幅长度要远超对话类,这也就意味着讲座类中包含的信息量更大。
大家都知道听讲座一般都是要做笔记的,托福听力讲座的笔记能力也很重要。
大家在备考时需注意培养边听边记的做笔记能力和习惯,以避免遗漏可能成为出题点的细节信息。
托福听力讲座一遍听懂要点讲解想要做到托福听力讲座一遍就能听懂,下面这4个要点大家需要做好:1. 听懂开头抓主题首先,大家需要在开头部分就集中精力听懂这段课程的主讲话题。
这一点并不难做到,因为一般来说大家听讲座刚开始注意力都是相对集中的。
而讲座类听力在正式开始前也会给出一个简单的提示介绍告诉你这篇听力素材的大致学科方向。
同时讲座类听力基本上也都是开门见山上来就会讲主题,所以听懂开头抓住主题并非难事。
托福听力对话和讲座类内容叙述结构详细介绍

托福听力对话和讲座类内容叙述结构详细介绍托福听力对话和讲座类内容叙述结构详细介绍托福听力内容类型介绍托福听力从类型可分为两类,对话(conversation)和讲座(lecture)。
我们都是到,对话里的场景内容都取材自北美校园生活,讲座则是取材自北美课堂。
那么我们来分别分析一下二者异同。
托福听力两种类型区别分析对话是怎样的?几个人凑一堆,就某一话题事件你一言我一语发表个人看法。
在这里,托福听力对话将场景适当简化,一般都是两个人就某一问题的讨论。
所以我们所听到的对话中,除了开头那一句交代一下两人身份职位外,是没有任何旁白的。
我们平时的生活中,什么和这个特别像??美剧。
没错,就是美剧。
所以说,我们在听对话的时候,也要带着一颗分析剧情的心来听那么,剧情是什么?无非就是三条:开头、中间和结尾。
开头代表了,一段对话的起因。
这段对话缘何而起?两个角色是因为什么矛盾走到一起发生着一段对话?他们想解决的问题是什么?所以各自一出场也就代表了一个立场。
那么对话的中间部分,就是两个人解决问题的过程了。
在这段过程中,二人分别在各自的立场逐条抛出观点,通过一个又一个的疑问句串起全文。
最后一部分,也就是问题的解决。
学生开开心心再见,或者牢骚几句后与老师达成一致,具体情况具体分析即可。
与之相比,讲座则有太大的特色。
讲座作为学术类的选题,内容的展开其实与说明文超级相似,都是各种总分。
文章提出一个总的中心关键词,每一个段落再提出一个其下的子类别关键词,分别都遵循着“专有名词提出、解释说明、举例或详解”一样的套路。
考生了解听力结构有什么用?如果是大神级考生,基本大部分内容都可以无伤理解,那么在结构上多投入精力会帮助你大幅提高理解文章的能力,甚至预测下文都不在话下。
但如果基础相对薄弱,在背单词和听写提高基本理解的同时,那么把握文章基本段落结构也是帮助大家理清思路的有力武器!托福听力练习对照文本So, uh . . . as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh President, and . . . uh . . . well, my report's about the next President—Zachary Taylor. Taylor was elected in 1849.那么,呃……就像Jim所说,James Polk曾经是第十一任总统,并且……呃……好,我的报告是关于下任总统-- Zachary Taylor。
托福听力结构理解 TPO41-lecture2

托福听力结构理解听力提升太难了今天以TPO41 lecture2来看看讲座的其中一种结构听完了再来看结构哈~学生提问推动情节发展提问和回答是出题的重点FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's interesting how much we can learn about culture in the United States by looking at how Christopher Columbus has been portrayed throughout United States history. So let's start at the beginning.Columbus' ships first landed in, uh, landed in the Caribbean—there's some debate about which island—he landed in 1492 but it wasn't until 300 years later, in 1792, that his landing was first commemorated. And this was the brainchild of John Pintard.Pintard was a wealthy New Yorker, the founder of the New York Histori-cal Society. And he decided to use his influence and wealth to, um, to find a great hero, a patron for the young country. And he chose Colum-bus.And in New York in 1792, the anniversary of Columbus' landing was commemorated for the first time. Other cities, uh, Philadelphia and then Baltimore followed and …MALE STUDENT: But why Columbus? And why then?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, to Pintard, it was a way to build patriotism in the young, politically fractured country. Remember, the United Stateshad only declared its independence from Britain 16 years earlier and had yet to form a national identity.Pintard also had a hand in helping to create Independence Day—July fourth—as a national holiday. So you see that he was very involved in creating sort of a “national story” for Americans. And Columbus … he felt Columbus could become a story that Americans could tell each other about their national origins that was outside of the British colonial context. The United States was in search of a national identity, and its people wanted heroes.MALE STUDENT: But why not some of the leaders of the revolution? You know, like George Washington?FEMALE PROFESSOR: The leaders of the Revolution were the natural candidates to be heroes. But, many were still alive and didn't want the job. To them, being raised to hero status was undemocratic. So Colum-bus became the hero, and the link between Columbus and the United States took hold.FEMALE STUDENT: And so what was that link?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, Columbus was portrayed as entrepreneurial, someone who took chances, who took risks … And he was cast as somebody who was opposed to the rule of kings and queens. Perhaps most of all, Columbus was portrayed as someone who was destined to accomplish things. Just as America in those early years was coming to see itself as having a great destiny.FEMALE STUDENT: But Columbus was supported by the king and queen of Spain, he wasn't against them.FEMALE PROFESSOR: True. To be historically accurate, the way Pintard thought about Columbus doesn't match up with the facts of his life at all. And I really have to stress this: the fact that Columbus became the hero of the young country had little to do with Columbus—anything he did—and a lot to do with what was happening in the United States 300 years later.Columbus was extraordinarily adaptable to the purposes of America's nation builders—people like John Pintard—in the early part of the nine-teenth century. And since not a lot of facts were known about Colum-bus … his writings weren't available in North America until, until 1816 …that might have actually helped the process of adapting him to American purposes.MALE STUDENT: Since no one knew much about the “real” Columbus, it was easy to invent a mythical one?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Exactly. And this “mythical Columbus,” it … it became a reflection of the society which chose him.So, in the early history of the United States, Columbus represented an escape from the political institutions of Europe; he was the solitary indi-vidual who challenged the unknown. And now there was this new de-mocracy, this new country in a world without kings. Columbus became sort of the mythical founder of the country.So, as historians, we wouldn’t want to study these myths about Colum-bus and mistake them for facts about Columbus. But if we’re trying to understand American culture, then we can learn much by studying how America adapts Columbus for its own purposes.Evaluations of Columbus, then, will reflect what Americans think of themselves. Oh . . . there's a quote … something like …“societies reconstruct their past rather than faithfully record it.” And how that recon-struction takes place, and what it tells us … that's something we're going to be paying a lot of attention to …更多内容分享公众号:DC托福。
托福听力之-lecture技巧

首先回答的两个问题:1 为什么要有所为的解题技巧和原则?通常一个Lecture的出题点都是有规律的,一篇文章5分钟,通常跟着5/6个题目,对应了全文至多10句话,因此需要总结解题技巧和原则,帮助你在5分钟的听力里面听出来10-15句话左右;【注意】:这种方法训练听到的重点会高于考点的句子的,即你听到的不是全考,但你没听到的,一定不考2 关于如何训练:简单来说就是反复地听,你没事儿的时候就听,吃饭的时候,晚上睡觉之前,早上醒来睁开眼那会儿就听!听!听!直到听到有一天,文章一出现那些出题点你立刻就反应出来了,然后立刻就记下来了,你就算是训练到家了。
经典重要出题点1 开头→→ 对应了全文的主旨题,几乎99%的必考题目;关于主旨题的解题方法:一般都会出现在文章起始处的2,3句话内,但也有例外情况,就是上来教授兴致冲冲的讲了一个咱们看来无聊的例子,没关系例子不用听懂(但是如果你不巧恰好听懂了,那么恭喜你,可以帮助你选对主旨题,因为例子为了说明他的这课讲了神马)经验:如果main idea 特别简单或者不具体时候,那说明教授后面还会对于idea进行解释,尽量努力听懂,因为这样会让你的整篇文章做的顺利【注意】:开头主旨题有两种不同的问法:A what is the main purpose of the lecture?这种问法是需要你自己概括这篇文章的观点是什么B what is the lecture mainly about? / what is the main idea of the lecture?这种问法的时候,答案通常是对具体的例子的总结,即教授在文章开头废话的那一堆;另:最前面的例子没听懂千万不要紧张,一般那都是ETS迷惑你的,他上来就不想让你听懂,让你紧张!所以要么说的特快,要么专业术语特多。
重要的是例子后面教授说的那句话。
2 结尾→→ 对应大概一篇文章2~3道考试题,重尾原则;ETS绝对是爱在结尾出题,因此,一定要时不时的盯一下进度条看看~~~~别错过了亮点句;3 Lecture中间,倒霉催的学生杀出来问问题:绝对的考点,学生问了神马不重要,重要的是A 听教授的态度,这个时候教授可能态度很诡异,突然就笑了,或者是轻蔑的说了一句神马话,尤其是在这种长的Lecture里面,教授突然说了句很短的话;不过遇到这种情况的时候,恭喜你,这里考重听题的几率蛮大的(即听不懂没关系,反正做题的时候他还会再放一遍);B 如果教授扯了一堆,那这里70%以上的就是考题所在了,通常教授回答学生问题的模式是这样的例子+观点/ 观点+例子;第一种情况出现的几率大一些,还是那句话,例子不重要,重要的是教授的观点;4 ETS灰常爱考的一类文章:比较对比类文章(compare & contrast)TPO里面这类文章所占的比率也很大,这类文章,两个事物的不同点是绝对的考点。
托福听力lecture结构总结

七种托福听力讲座结构摘要:托福听力遇到讲座类题型是在平常不过的了,很多考生在备考托福听力的时候就会把大量的时间投放到托福听力讲座类题型中去,今天小编就总结七种托福听力讲座结构,让大家更好地了解托福听力讲座类题型。
今天小编为大家整理七种托福听力讲座结构,因为很多考生在备考托福听力的时候都不是很了解这类型题型,所以今天小编为大家整理七种托福听力讲座结构,方便大家备考。
首先,考生从宏观上把握托福听力讲座结构,可以解决讲座“信息量很大”的问题;其次,梳理结构是笔记的关键;最重要的是,这对应了ETS中Connecting Information,也就是衔接信息题。
大致上,讲座可以分为八种结构。
下面,结合TPO讲座真题,我们来详细分析这七种结构文章。
1. 平行结构(三段式)这种结构可以说是逻辑最简单、信号最明显、入门最快速的一类。
一般来说,教授会在引出主旨之后,通过并列的几个方面来描述某种现象、解释某种原理或者描述某种事物。
当然,每一个方面会有具体深入的解释和举例说明。
这里注意的是,也许每一块的内容具有共同点,但是相互之间是独立的,没有比较、相互影响的关系。
在听的过程中,要特别注意开头,比如TPO 11 Lecture 4,教授引出主旨”The ‘Four Ms’: Market, Media, Money, Message. All are important areas to focus on when creating your advertising plan. We will look at them one b y one.”通过最后这句话可以预判文章的结构,在主体段分别讲解了这四个M的原则。
在听主体段的过程中要注意first, second, and then, finally或者提问之类的话题转变的信号词。
2. 假设结构(接近第一种)这种结构可以说是平行结构的一种衍生体。
主要的特点就是教授针对某个问题或现象的解决方案或者产生原因提出了猜想和假设,可能是深入剖析一种假设,比如TPO22 Lecture 1中对于state形成原因是environmental approach的分析;也可能是同时提出了几种假设,比如TPO 22 Lecture 2中young sun paradox的几种solution猜想。
托福听力——关于lecture笔记

关于听力lecture笔记各位大家好,我是托福听力老师,刘鑫。
今天我们主题是关于听力lecture笔记的记法,帮助大家一一解决关于lecture笔记的难题。
一.为什么要记笔记1.防止走神。
Lecture内容比较长,一般都在5分钟左右,如不记笔记,仰着头听,很容易走神。
仰着头听,看到什么,大脑就会联想到什么,这样就会把注意力带跑了。
记笔记,就会让注意力更集中,但是也不能记得太多,记太多也会影响听,一定要注意听和记的平衡点。
2.防止遗忘。
当你做题的时候,某些题会很细,当你拿不准的时候,就会用到笔记。
例:TPO5的第四个lecture,整篇文章教授都在对比两种文学形式,并且这两种形式还是穿插的讲。
一句folktale特征,一句Fairytale 特征,如不记笔记做题的时候就会凌乱,出了个表格题目。
强调:不要过度依赖笔记,笔记不一定要用,是备用的。
3.加深对考点的印象。
缩短做题时间在记的过程,加深对某点的印象。
加深对考点的印象,如考题正好出了这个题目的好,大脑就会立即反应,从而缩短做题时间。
二.怎么记笔记笔记的格式一般为A4的纸对折。
格式:对折(竖)见图:注意:考试虽然可以换着,但是你在听的时候和做题的时候都没有时间换纸。
考试的时候在3张笔记纸上记完4个讲座和2个对话,因此要省纸。
三.记什么1.主旨在lecture开头部分,会出现明显的主旨句。
2.重点细节在lecture中,一般会在转折、问题、强调,教授举例的地方会出细节题。
一定要会做到会记转折、问答、强调,例子。
如何记这些点呢?例:重要细节部分:这张笔记纸上的重要细节是学术词,学术词和学术概念都会考到的。
听到学术词的话如学术词和学术概率一定要记下,并且要醒目,这样找答案就很容易。
在这张笔记老师在周围画了个大圈圈的。
比如还有一些重要细节问题,就是问答。
一般题目中就会出现学生的问题,因此就应该把学生的问题记录下来。
那么对于师生互动,老师是怎么记的呢?看笔记纸,学生问的问题S:;教授回答P:。
托福听力讲座的结构(精)

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福听力讲座的结构摘要:托福听力讲座的结构有哪些?这是托福听力拿高分的重点,考生在备考时应该讲所有托福听力讲座结构都掌握,为了方便考生记忆,小马资料频道为大家详细整理了十种托福听力讲座的结构供大家参考。
1. 主题什么是主题?主题要记下来吗?怎样记主题?首先,老师在讲座开头可能会这样直接告诉你,“Today, I will be talking about…”这样的开头是友好的,你很容易就找到主题。
但是有些教授就会东扯西扯的。
例如:Last time, we talked about…, today, we will be discussing…;We’ve been talking about…Today, let’s discuss…;Continuing…Today, we will…大家千万不要记他上次说的,要记后面的,后面的才是主题。
或者听完全文,感受一下,他说的最多的是什么,这才是主题。
只在开头,中间,或者只在结尾讲一次的,都不是主题,切记!2. 定义下定义的时候,有时候老师会有提示,例如:what I mean by…is….或者自己问问题:wh at is…?或者电脑屏幕上出现生词,肯定会有解释,也肯定会考。
一定要注意听。
把要解释的名词写下来,解释的意思听懂即可,不用写。
常见信号词:“What I mean is…”、“All that means is…”“…, which is / that is…”“…is…In other words…”“…is referred to as…”“…is named/known/called…”3.举例举例子,是最应该记下来的,但不要记太多例子细节,一定要听懂例子要说明的道理。
通常在讲例子之前,老师会说一个道理,然后举例子。
例子是最容易拿分的,希望大家要重点练习。
下面是举例子的信号词:“for instance”、“such as…”“namely…”、“as an example”、“take example for ”“say” “consider” “take”4. 强调这个要点要用叹号“!”来记,这是经研究最快的符号了,比你划五角星啊,什么的都要快。
托福听力讲座类LECTURE如何解答

托福听力讲座类LECTURE如何解答托福听力中讲座类LECTURE的难度是比较高的,不仅本身的听力文本内容更多更冗杂,所涉及到的主题也往往是一些的大家不太熟识的科学类内容。
今日我给大家带来了托福听力讲座类LECTURE如何解答,希望能够关怀到大家,一起来学习吧。
托福听力讲座类LECTURE如何解答1、主旨题找线索遵循首尾原则众所周知,绝大多数讲座的行文方式都是由教授开门见山地讲解并描述通篇的主旨,所以针对主旨题必需听明白的就是首段了。
结尾方式则比较多样化,时而首尾呼应,时而深化主题,甚至有的时候会出现一些和开始不一致或者相反的结论,这时主旨题的正确选项则应当从结尾处对应获得。
2、文章结构题依据顺序原则记重点一般来讲,假如听到类似基数词“one, two, three”,或者序数词“first, second, third”,亦或像规律顺序词“to start off, to begin with, and, another, also, something else”。
还有“yet another, last but not least, that’s when the concept of X comes into the picture”之类的信息,那么这篇讲座的结构一般就可以被轻松地定性为是“总分结构”,而且考生应当了解,全部上述的提示词之后必定会出现一个分论点,必需做记录,因为对应会考查详情题。
3、推断题必需把握好定义原则一旦文章当中出现了针对某个词或者某个概念的定义性解释,那么这个被解释的词或者概念确定我们笔记的重中之重。
因为这个词对于大多数考生来说往往是一个完全生疏的概念,而且对这个词的理解程度很可能会直接影响我们对整篇文章的理解程度,因为文章的其它部分或许就是因为这个概念而展开的。
很多推断题就是基于某个定义而考查的。
4、详情题请重视举例原则平常生活中我们举例子的目的就是为了用一个具体的实例去解释抽象的概念,在托福听力中也不例外。
托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育以下是小编的托福听力TPO5学习笔记中关于lecture1的内容,针对难词注解、长难句分析以及考题对应考点这三大方面展开,仅供参考。
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下这篇托福听力TPO5学习笔记的相关内容吧,这是小编的一些见解,以便帮助大家更加充分的理解TPO真题,希望能够给正在准备托福听力的考友们带来帮助。
一、难词注解Alligator n. 短吻鳄(产于美国及中国);短吻鳄皮革;鳄口式工具adj.鳄鱼般的;鳄鱼皮革的;鳄鱼皮纹的vi. 皱裂;裂开sewer n. 下水道;阴沟;裁缝师vt.为…铺设污水管道;用下水道排除…的污水vi. 清洗污水管twinkle n. 闪烁vt. 使闪耀;闪耀vi. 闪烁;发亮Meme 模因transmission n. 传动装置,[机] 变速器;传递;传送;播送Replicators n. [遗] 复制基因;重复符Fecundity n. [生物] 繁殖力;多产;肥沃mutation n. [遗] 突变;变化;转变二、长难句分析the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes.将这种人们熟悉的过程定义为模因的传递的重点在于我们能够可以将它与基因的传递相类比。
难句类型:介词短语做定语,so that 句式难句拆分:the whole point of+介词短语,so that+句子三、考题对应考点6.A meme is defined as a piece of information copied from person to person. By this definition, most of what you know,ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes that have been passed on from person to person. 开头原则中的背景引入式,讲座开头举出两个例子,都是为了今天讲课的主题—meme,而memes that have been passed on from person to person,对应B选项7. "Well we’ve all heard this song. Where am I going with this? Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes"举例原则,当教授介绍完这两个例子之后,说了前面这句话,both the song and the story are examples of memes,所以答案选择C8.在教授介绍完meme的含义之后,说“By this definition, most of what you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes”,By this definition看出是强调原则,所以答案是AD9. 教授之前举了一个alligator的例子,之后又提到"If you takethe alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, my memory".说明她记住这个 alligatorstory很多年,所以选择B10. Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers. For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung the‘twinkle, twinkle song’ to someone? Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet, a small child maybe.举例原则,For example,前后两个例子互相对比,所以选择D11.Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, that’s because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line. They’llsay, ‘that’s not how you sing it’, right?,结尾原则,当别人说错的是后你会改正,课件人们在传播时不会改变太多。
托福听力讲座类lecture7大常见叙述结构逐一盘点

托福听力讲座类lecture7大常见叙述结构逐一盘点托福听力讲座类在听素材时,考生常会犯的错误是没能记住关键信息。
其实这也可以理解,究竟讲座素材无论是篇幅长度还是包含信息都是相当多的,考生很简单遗漏部分内容。
下面就给大家带来托福听力讲座类lecture7大常见叙述结构逐一盘点,盼望能够关心到大家,一起来学习吧。
托福听力讲座类lecture7大常见叙述结构逐一盘点托福听力讲座类叙述结构:平行结构这种结构可以说是规律最简洁、信号最明显、入门最快速的一类。
一般来说,教授会在引出主旨之后,通过并列的几个方面来描述某种现象、解释某种原理或者描述某种事物。
当然,每一个方面会有详细深化的解释和举例说明。
这里留意的是,或许每一块的内容具有共同点,但是相互之间是独立的,没有比较、相互影响的关系。
在听的过程中,要特殊留意开头,比如托福官方模考套题11 Lecture 4,教授引出主旨”The ‘Four Ms’: Market, Media, Money, Message. All are important areas to focus on when creating your advertising plan. We will look at them one by one.”通过最终这句话可以预判文章的结构,在主体段分别讲解了这四个M的原则。
在听主体段的过程中要留意first, second, and then, finally或者提问之类的话题转变的信号词。
托福听力讲座类叙述结构:假设结构这种结构可以说是平行结构的一种衍生体。
主要的特点就是教授针对某个问题或现象的解决方案或者产生缘由提出了猜想和假设,可能是深化剖析一种假设,比如托福官方模考套题22 Lecture 1中对于state形成缘由是environmental approach的分析;也可能是同时提出了几种假设,比如托福官方模考套题22 Lecture 2中young sun paradox的几种solution猜想。
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托福听力lecture的结构1. Lecture有结构托福听力的lecture基本上都是总分总的结构,即「引入话题——展开讨论——教授总结」,下面分点论述:1)引入话题其实托福听力lecture里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样,有的喜欢直入主题,有的喜欢拉七杂八。
总的说来,lecture话题的引入方式有三种:•开门见山:啥也不扯,一言不合就开车,比如TPO1 Lecture2:Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way inwhich we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is –dating techniques.•课程回顾:回顾上堂课的内容,然后再切入本堂课的内容;一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。
比如TPO5 Lecture2:Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of anotherMoon landing too, um…not the least of which is trying topinpoint the moon’s age.••啰哩吧嗦:有的教授实在是特别啰嗦,比如TPO2 Lecture2:Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually, Iexpected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runsbetween 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due.【来的人多不好么,说明你受欢迎啊】Um, I was hoping tohave your exams back today【啊,要放榜啦】, but, uh, thesituation was that I went away for the weekend, and I wassupposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fullycomplete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time thatI usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended upnot getting in until one o’clock in the morning【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊】. Anyway, I’ll do my b est to have them finished bythe next time we meet【开始上课吧,please】. OK. In the lastclass, we started talking about...【终于开始了…】不论是用哪一种引入方式,话题总是要出来的。
一般都有一个核心的话题词,这个词后面一般有一个定义或者解释。
比如TPO5 Lecture3:...But, let’s talk about Spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basics. What is Spectroscopy Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light. 这个「topic+definition/explanation」一定要听懂,最好还能在笔记上记下关键词。
(当然,也有话题词不那么明显的,这样的lecture的结构就稍微难以整理一点。
)在这个「topic+definition/explanation」之后,一般有一句话总起下面的展开讨论的内容。
比如TPO33 Lecture1:The great pyramid of Giza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world. We knowexactly when it was built: construction started in 2547 about four thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had it built: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know who oversaw its construction: the Pharaoh's brother. We know so many things about it, but the funny thing is, we still don't know exactly how it was built. This picture will give you an idea of the size of the pyramid and the size of blocks it's made up of. About two million stone blocks were used to build the great pyramid, and they're incredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit into place and without the benefit of modern technology. Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries.其实这就是常见的总起句式「several theories」「a few problems」「scientists have proposed several explanations」,下面的展开讨论部分就是具体展开这些theories、problems或explanations。
小结一下:Lecture的第一个部分包括:引入+话题+定义/解释+总起。
2)展开讨论展开讨论当然紧接着上面的总起,结构往往比较清晰。
比如TPO33 Lecture1在总起「Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries」之后就逐个展开这些theories。
这些theories都是解释上面的话题,先提出theory1,讲清楚后再讲theory1的问题;因为theory1有问题,自然就转入了theory2,再以此类推讲theory3、theory4——一般也就是三个或四个theory,再多就太长了。
•The oldest recorded one 【theory1】is by the Greek historian Herodotus...Well, so much for that theory.•The next one【theory2】has to do with the use of a ramp...【theory2的问题】OK, so what now•Well, if you'd ever driven on a mountain road...So why not wrap the ramp around the pyramid【theory3】... Well, if you've got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the pyramid, those corners wouldbe buried by that ramp during construction【theory3的问题】. •Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid And now we get to the latest idea【theory4】: if the ramp were on the inside of the pyramid...其实这种就是托福听力lecture的第一种,即「总分总」的多个「分点」之间是并列的关系,比较常见的是「problem+solution1、solution2、solution3」或者「puzzle+explanation1、explanation2、explanation3」。
不论是一个问题+多个解决方案,还是一个疑难+多种解释,不论具体的用词是用solution、explanation还是theory,总体结构都是类似的。
这些结构大多适用于理工科的话题,逻辑比较清晰,转进的逻辑连接词也很明确,占据托福听力lecture的大多数。
另外一种就是「总分总」的多个「分点」之间是直线型的时间关系,多适用于文科的内容。
比如讲到某个作家的生平,一般都是「早年——青年——中年——晚年」,再比如讲到某种乐器的进化史,一般都是「起源——19世纪——20世纪——21世纪」之类的。
比如TPO30 Lecture4:话题引入之后总起But really the instrument [electric guitar] we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. 然后就分阶段讲述guitar的发展史:•The first guitars were wooden...•the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States...in the late 1890s...•Anyway, by the 1920s...•Electrified guitars... around 1940...很显然,这种直线型结构的关键在于听懂记下这些时间标记。