上海中医药大学中医外科学2018年考博真题
上海中医药大学中医基础理论2018年考博真题试卷
三、论述题（48分）
1.外风与内风的区别及联系
2.阳偏盛的概念、成因、病机
3.血液运行与脏腑功能的关系
4.肝经循行经过的重要脏器及临床指导意义
5.五华与脏腑的关系及意义
6.中医中大脑与脏腑的关系
医学考博真题试卷
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读ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
博
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究
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入
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上海中医药大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医基础理论
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、多选题（20分）
二、名词解释（32分）
1.魂魄
2.用寒远寒
3.十二经筋
4.湿郁化燥
5.天葵（无草字头）
6.反治
外科学博士试题集锦
去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。
无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。
2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。
而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。
(2)煮沸法。
(3)火烧法。
(4)药液浸泡法。
(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。
4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。
(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。
坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。
(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。
如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。
如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。
(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。
(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。
(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。
术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。
(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。
(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。
(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。
上海中医药大学中医内科学2019年考博真题试卷
攻
读
博
士
学
位
研
究
生
入
学
考
试
试
卷
上海中医药大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释，共10分
1.证，症，病的概念
2.异法方宜
3.呷嗽
4.气利
5.脑风
二、类证鉴别，共20分
1.癃与闭
2.中脏腑与中经络
病案分析
3.战汗与脱汗
4.泻安表里与开通里表
5.噎膈
三、简答题，共20分
1.如何理解水肿治疗的“开鬼门”“洁净府”“去莞陈侳”
2.痹症的证治要点
四、论述题，共30分
1.历代医家对于眩晕的病名，病因病机，证治的主要论述
2.心悸日久会产生哪些变证，ຫໍສະໝຸດ 理如何五、病案分析，共20分
陈某，男性，46岁，胃脘胀痛，每与情绪不稳而加重，大便欠畅，脉弦苔薄白
近5年 中医基础理论考博真题
2016—2020年中医基础理论考博真题上海中医药大学中医基础理论2019年考博真题试卷名词解释(5题，每题4分，共20分)1.土爱稼穑2，阴病治阳3.审证求因4.湿性黏滞5.塞因塞用论述题(5题，每题8分，共40 分)1.营气与卫气有何异同，营卫失和的临床表现2.水湿痰饮的区别与联系3.何为十二经脉的表里关系?其特点与其意义如何?4.外燥与内燥的异同5.脾与精，气，血，津液的生理联系湖南中医药大学2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上。
写在试题纸上或其他地方--律不给分。
、名词解释1.肝主疏泄2.肺主治节3.循经取穴4. 内生五邪5.塞因塞用6.阴病治阳7.精血同源8. 心肾不交二、简答题1. 脾胃的关系。
2. 饮的分类。
3. 药邪的形成及致病特点。
4.风邪致病的特点。
5.心主神明与脑主神明的认识。
6. 三焦的认识。
7.脏腑之别。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论2018年考博真题考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一-律不给分。
论述题: .1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有赢状，至虚有盛候。
7.试述”阴病治阳，阳病治阴”与”阴中求阳，阳中求阴”有何异同?8.试述湿邪致病特点，及与外湿有何异同?9.谈谈对益火补土法的认识及临床中的应用。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论考博真题1.风邪性质和致病特征，为什么说风为百病之长?2.从病机转化角度说明寒证转化为热证的转变形式?3.虚实的病机机制?2018年山东中医药大学博士考试中医基础理论试题1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有羸状，至虚有盛候。
2018年中医外科学主任医师真题精选(正高)
2018年中医外科学主任医师真题精选(正高)[材料题]1、患者男性，78岁，1天前因右腹股沟疝嵌顿手法回纳后，即感腹痛。
现因腹痛加剧、腹胀、气促、呕吐而来就诊。
查体：神志淡漠，四肢厥冷。
脉细速140次／分，血压60／40mmHg，腹胀，全腹压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张，以脐右最为明显，诊断肠坏死穿孔、弥漫性腹膜炎、中毒性休克[案例分析]1.应选择的处理方案为A.立即手术B.非手术治疗C.先观察视发展再决定治疗方案D.积极抗休克治疗，并进行手术治疗E.以上均不对参考答案：D[案例分析]2.儿童患腹股沟疝，首选的术式A.单纯疝囊高位结扎术B.佛格逊法C.麦克凡法D.巴西尼法E.疝形成术参考答案：A[案例分析]3.腹股沟深环的体表投影位于A.腹股沟中点上方1cmB.腹股沟中点上方2cmC.腹股沟中点D.腹股沟中点下方1cmE.腹股沟中点下方2cm参考答案：B[案例分析]4.最常见的腹外疝是A.脐疝B.股疝C.切口疝D.腹股沟斜疝E.腹股沟直疝参考答案：D∙参考解析：1.治疗原则是应尽快消除病因，促进腹膜炎局限和吸收。
对感染性休克者，先抗休克，待病情稍稳定后尽早实行剖腹探查。
2.儿童腹股沟疝常用的术式有3类：①疝囊高位结扎术：适用于儿童、疝囊较小、腹壁肌肉发育健全者。
它也是疝修补术或疝成形术的基本步骤之一。
②疝修补术：适用于腹壁缺损不十分严重的病人，是治疗腹股沟疝最常用的方法，在疝囊高位结扎后加强腹壁，其修补法主要有加强腹后壁的巴西尼（Bassini）法和加强前壁的佛格逊（Ferguson）法。
③无张力疝修补术。
3.斜疝是从腹壁下动脉外侧的内环突出，经腹股沟外环穿出，可进入阴囊，易嵌顿。
腹股沟深环在体表投影为腹股沟中点上方2cm处。
4.凡腹腔内脏通过腹股沟区的缺损向体表突出，统称腹股沟疝，约占腹外疝的90％以上。
根据疝环与腹壁下动脉的关系，又可分为斜疝和直疝两种。
斜疝的疝环是腹股沟管的内环，位于腹壁下动脉外上方，疝囊从内环突出，进入腹股沟管或继续穿出外环进入阴囊者，称斜疝，临床最多见，占腹股沟疝的95％，绝大多数发生在男性右侧。
中医外科学题库及答案
中医外科学题库及答案《中医外科学》题库绪论一、单选题1．在我国医学史上外科成为独立的专科是在A．春秋B．战国C．周代D．东汉E．西汉2．我国现存的第一部外科专著是A．《五十二病方》 B．《诸病源候论》 C．《刘涓子鬼遗方》D．《黄帝内经》 E．《外科正宗》3．首载阳和汤、小金丹，并创立外科阴阳辨证法的著作为A．《灵枢.痈疽》 B．《诸病源候论》 C．《XXX方》D．《外科全生集》 E．《疡科心得集》二、填空题1．明清阶段外科三大学术流派为[ ]、[ ]、[ ]，其代表著作分不为[ ]、[ ]、[ ]，代表医家分不为[ [ ]、[ ]。
参考答案一、挑选题 1．C 2．C 3．D二、填空题1．正宗派，全生派，心得派，《外科正宗》，《外科全生集》，《疡科心得集》，陈实功，王维德，高钧第一章外疡一、单选题1．外疡可由多种缘故引起，但要紧是由于A．外感风温、风热 B．热毒、火毒 C．气郁、火郁D．外感暑热 E．外感湿热之邪2．气血与外疡的关系，下列哪项是错误的A．外疡的发生与否，与气血盛衰有紧密的关系B．气血盛衰与外疡的预后有紧密关系C．局部气血凝滞在病理过程中可转化D．气血虚外疡易成脓、破溃E．气血旺盛外疡易生肌收口3．外疡的辨证应首辨A．病因 B．经络 C．阴阳 D．部位 E．善恶顺逆4．下列辨外疡阴证、阳证的要紧依据，哪项别正确A．患部皮肤颜群红活与否 B．肿势高突依然平塌C．局部灼热与否 D．病发于皮肉依然筋骨E．脓液之有无5．风肿的特点是A．肿块硬如棉、馒，有囊性感 B．坚硬如石 C．皮XXX发白微肿D．漫肿宣浮 E．肿而木硬6．外疡辨有脓哪项最重要A．疼痛剧烈 B．皮肤灼热 C．按之应指D．脉来滑数 E．发热持续7．外疡辨善恶顺逆的临床意义是A．推断病情轻重程度 B．推断外疡局部进展是否顺利C．推断外疡的预后好坏 D．推断外疡的进展时期E．以上都别是8．阳疡初起除下列哪项外皆为顺证A．由小渐大 B．疮顶高突 C．掀红灼热D．微红漫肿 E．根足别散9．下列哪项别是心善的依据A．精神爽快 B．躯体轻便 C．言语清澈D．舌润别渴 E．寝寐安宁10．提脓祛腐药的主药是A．生石膏 B．熟石膏 C．升丹 D．白落丹 E．枯矾11．阳证肿疡初期外敷宜用A．冲和膏 B．金黄膏 C．生肌白玉膏D．生肌玉红膏 E．青黛膏12．阴证外疡初期外敷宜用A．太乙膏 B．回阳玉龙散 C．千捶膏D．冲和膏 E．玉露膏13．半阴半阳证外疡初期宜外敷A．阳和解凝膏 B．冲和膏 C．太乙膏D．回阳玉龙膏 E．玉露膏14．外疡内治法的总则为A．消、托、补 B．温、通、补 C．消、清、补D．消、通、补 E．宣、清、补15．下列哪项别是多发性疖病的症状A．缠绵难愈 B．易于反复发作 C．多个有头疖发于一处D．好发于项后发际及臀部 E．高血压者易患16．发际疮常见于A．多发性疖病 B．痈 C．暑疖 D．蝼蛄疖 E．有头疽17．红丝疔好发于A．前臂外侧 B．上肢 C．小腿外侧 D．小腿内侧 E．颈部两旁18．颜面疔初期内治法的法则为A．清暑解毒 B．清热化湿 C．祛风清热D．清热解毒 E．清热泻火19．下列别属蛇头疔的症状为A．痛甚 B．肿而有头 C．成脓10天左右D．易损伤筋骨 E．掀红灼热20．红丝疔局部治疗首选的是A．鲜草药外敷 B．金黄膏外敷 C．玉露膏外敷D．砭镰法 E．阳和解凝膏外敷21．痈的成脓期普通为A．5天左右 B．7天左右 C．10天左右D．2周左右 E．1月左右22．有头疽的好发部位是A．臀部 B．面部 C．四肢 D．项背部 E．任何部位23．有头疽溃脓期气虚毒滞证时内服方为A．托里消毒散 B．五味消毒饮 C．黄连解毒汤D．八珍汤 E．仙方活命饮24．对于附骨疽的论述，下列哪项别正确A．多见于儿童 B．初起即可见寒战、高热等全身症状C．多发于四肢长骨 D．初起群白漫肿为阴证E．溃后脓淋漓，别易收口25．流注的好发部位为A．头面部 B．手脚部 C．上肢D．下肢 E．四肢、躯干肌肉丰厚的深部26．疽毒内陷的要紧病机为A．热毒炽盛 B．热入营血 C．痰火内扰D．正虚邪陷 E．邪入心包27．三陷证是指A．内陷、火陷、虚陷 B．火陷、干陷、虚陷 C．内陷、火陷、干陷D．内陷、干陷、虚陷 E．以上都别对28．走黄发生的要紧缘故是：A．正虚 B．伤津 C．腑实 D．邪盛 E．表实29．流痰初期的要紧症状为A．潮热盗汗 B．颧红 C．疼痛D．关节活动障碍 E．皮XXX别变、别肿，仅觉患处隐隐酸痛30．瘰疬初期临床表现哪项别正确A．脖子、耳之前后结块如豆粒，数目别等 B．皮群别变C．按之坚实，推之能动 D．全身高热别退E．别痛别热二、多选题1．外疡致病因素有：A．外感六淫 B．感觉特别之毒 C．经络堵塞D．情志内伤 E．外来损害2．下列是心善的依据的有A．精神爽快 B．躯体轻便 C．言语清澈D．舌润别渴 E．寝寐安宁3．蛇头疔成脓切开时，错误的是A．指端背面纵切口 B．指端腹面纵切口 C．指端侧面纵切口D．指端侧面横切口 E．以上都别是4．下列症状中属于痈的特点是A．发病迅速 B．局部光软无头 C．红肿热痛D．易肿易脓 E．易致陷证5．下列属于附骨疽初期的症状是A．局部群白漫肿 B．疼痛彻骨 C．寒战D．高热 E．X线上有骨膜阴影6．下列属于流注的选项为A．暑湿流注 B．余毒流注 C．瘀血流注D．髂窝流注 E．痰湿流注7．下列别属于流痰成脓期的症状为A．关节肿胀 B．活动障碍 C．局部XXX红灼热D．身热早轻暮重 E．盗汗、消瘦8．下列属于瘰疬初期症状的是A．肿块如豆粒 B．皮群别变 C．别热别痛D．边界别清 E．一枚或数枚串生三、填空题1．外疡的致病因素与发病部位的关系是，发于上部的，多因[ ]、[ ]，发于中部的，多因[ ]、[ ]，发下部的，多因[ ]、[ ]。
上海中医药大学-19级中医学专业-中医外科学试题
上海中医药大学-19级中医学专业-中医外科学试题（闭卷时间120分钟）考试科目：中医学专业姓名：学号：考试时间：2018年5月19日任课教师:1.情志内伤所致外科疾病的特点是（） [单选题] *A.可直接伤害人体，引起局部气血凝滞B.常有循行肝经部位夹郁夹痰的表现(正确答案)C.一般发病迅速，有的可具有传染性D.导致脏腑气血受损E.大多具有一定的季节性答案解析：情志致病，多夹郁夹痰，多发生于肝胆经部位，患处肿胀，或软如馒，或硬如石，常皮色不变，疼痛剧烈，或伴精神抑郁、急躁易怒、喉间梗塞等症。
2.由毒而致病的特点是（） [单选题] *A.—般发病迅速，有的可具有传染性(正确答案)B.多侵犯人体上部C.侵袭人体易致局部气血凝滞D.好发于身体下部E.易伤人体阴液答案解析：特殊之毒除虫毒、蛇毒、疯犬毒、药毒、食物毒外，尚有疫毒及未能找到明确致病原因的病邪。
由毒而致病，一般发病迅速，有的可有传染性，患部焮红灼热、疼痛、瘙痒、麻木、伴发热、口渴、便秘等全身症状。
3.下列各项中不属外来伤害致病的是（） [单选题] *A.跌仆损伤B.沸水烫伤C.食物毒(正确答案)D.火焰伤E.金刃创伤答案解析：凡跌仆损伤、沸水、火焰、寒冻及金刃竹木创伤等可直接伤寒人体，发生水火烫伤、冻伤等外伤性疾病。
或因外伤而再感受毒邪，发生破伤风或手足部疔疮等。
或因损伤后，致脉络瘀阻，气血运行失常，筋脉失养而发生脱疽等。
4.痰肿的临床特点是（） [单选题] *A.肿势高突，根盘收束B.坚硬如石，皮色不变C.肿势软如棉或硬如馒(正确答案)D.皮紧内软，喜怒有变E.皮肤漫肿，其色青紫答案解析：痰肿：肿势软如棉，或硬如馒，大小不一，形态割腕异，无处不生，不红不热，皮色不变。
见于气瘿、乳癖等。
5.提出“按之牢硬未有脓，按之半软半硬已成脓，大软方是脓成”说法的医学著作是（） [单选题] *A.《外科理例》(正确答案)B.《外台秘要》C.《疡医大全》D.《外科精义》E.《外科正宗》答案解析：《外科理例》是中医著名的外科著作，作者为明代著名医家汪机。
上海中医药大学-19级中医学专业-中医外科学
上海中医药大学-19级中医学专业-中医外科学您的姓名： [填空题] *_________________________________您的手机号码： [填空题] *_________________________________1.下列何种毒蛇不属于血循毒类（） [单选题] *A、金环蛇(正确答案)B、烙铁头蛇C、竹叶青蛇D、尖吻蝮蛇E、蝰蛇答案解析：常见毒蛇种类：目前已知我国的蛇类有173种，其中毒蛇48种，危害较大，能致人死亡的主要lO种。
1.神经毒者有银环蛇、金环蛇、海蛇，血循毒者有蝰蛇、尖吻蝮蛇、竹叶青蛇和烙铁头蛇。
2.混合毒者有眼镜蛇、眼镜王蛇和蝮蛇。
故选A2.毒蛇咬伤后，下列局部处理方法错误的是（） [单选题] *A、早期结扎B、扩创排毒C、艾灸法(正确答案)D、烧灼法E、封闭疗法答案解析：毒蛇咬伤后是有外伤的，有外伤的不能用灸法。
故选C3.脱疽局部缺血期，患者足背动脉、胫后动脉的脉象多表现为（） [单选题] *A、弦数B、洪大C、结代D、微弱(正确答案)E、绝答案解析：脱疽一期临床表现(局部缺血期)：患肢末端发凉，怕冷，麻木，酸痛，间歇性跛行。
患肢可出现轻度肌肉萎缩，皮肤干燥，皮温稍低于健侧，皮肤指压试验可见充盈缓慢，足背动脉、胫后动脉搏动减弱，部分患者小腿可出现游走性红硬条索(游走性血栓性浅静脉炎)。
故选D4.脱疽湿热毒盛证的治法是（） [单选题] *A、活血通络止痛B、温阳通脉、散寒止痛C、清热利湿，解毒活血(正确答案)D、补气养血止痛E、以上都不是答案解析：记忆知识点，故选C5.可作为股肿发病原因的是（） [单选题] *A、吸烟B、寒冷C、长期站立D、创伤或产后长期卧床(正确答案)E、静脉注射药液答案解析：股肿的病因病机：本病的病因主要是因为创伤或产后长期卧床，以致肢体气血运行不畅，气滞血瘀，瘀血阻于脉络，脉络滞塞不通，营血回流受阻，水津外溢，聚而为湿，而发本病。
故选D6.在脱疽的诊断中下列哪一条是错误的（） [单选题] *A、20～40岁男性B、足趾遇冷刺激后发冷苍白变紫(正确答案)C、患侧下肢肢端疼痛，伴迁移性静脉炎或间歇性跛行D、患侧足背动脉搏动减弱或消失E、足趾持续发冷，皮肤苍白或青紫或有干性坏疽答案解析：足趾遇冷刺激后发冷苍白变紫见于雷诺氏病(大纲对此病不做要求，建议了解即可)。
上海中医药大学中医内科学2015年考博真题试卷
简答：
王清任的五个逐瘀汤配伍特点与临床应用；
结合《证治汇补》中对哮病的论述简述哮病的病因病机；
论述：
血证治疗的注意要点；
水肿日久的变证及如何预防
上海中医药大学医学考博真来自试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
上海中医药大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：2010中医内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
名词解释
重不胜；
百合病；
提壶揭盖法；
少阴三急下；
五疸。
区别：
风气和客气；
子火与贼火；
开表通里与通里解表；
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc
2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ' t had a bite all day.Question: What' s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ' s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won't complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn't be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do nt always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.J ohn has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C. A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health — remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer ontheANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mindin such a _____________ t hat I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in theobese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical, even though the concepthas been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken theimmune system,aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidates personality traits, being modest and generous, people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong toa vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections: Each of the following sentenceshas a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ' success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen's presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has beenapplied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbatedtheir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad foryour health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hourperiods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of theirtrade, they should _______________ .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ______ .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it ’sinaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy — and it s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ______ .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for _.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats — much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocatespoint out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer - looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it ’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ______ .A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at __ .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that …that can't be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________________ .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ___ .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世）-an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It ispreliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment —a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. Thisreport has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense thatthe IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _________________________ .A. a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC. a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ______.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that __ .A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they .A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ______________________________ .A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。