英语国家社会文化入门第9单元 英国的新闻媒介

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新闻传媒英国的传媒与文化

新闻传媒英国的传媒与文化

在线新闻平台的兴起与挑战
在线新闻平台的兴起
随着网络技术的发展,英国的在线新闻平台逐渐兴起。这些 平台以快速、便捷的方式提供各种新闻和信息,满足了人们 对于信息获取的需求。
面临的挑战
尽管在线新闻平台具有很多优势,但也面临着一些挑战,如 信息真实性、版权问题等。同时,由于竞争激烈,很多在线 新闻平台需要不断创新以保持竞争力。
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英国新闻传媒的未来发展
数字化转型与新媒体的发展
数字化转型
随着互联网和数字技术的快速发展,英国新闻传媒行业正经历着深刻的数字化转型。传统媒体机构纷 纷拓展线上业务,开发移动应用、网站等新媒体平台,以满足用户对于便捷、快速、个性化的信息需 求。
新媒体的发展
英国的新媒体产业蓬勃发展,社交媒体、博客、新闻聚合网站等新兴媒体形式日益受到用户的青睐。 这些新媒体平台为公众提供了更广泛的参与和讨论空间,同时也为新闻传媒机构提供了新的传播渠道 和商业模式。
ITV电视与独立电视台
两大商业电视台
独立电视台(ITV)是英国最大的商业电视台之一,与 BBC竞争激烈。独立电视台由多个地区性独立电视台合 并而成,覆盖了英国大部分地区。
多样化的节目
ITV的节目同样涵盖了新闻、娱乐、教育、体育等多个 领域,尤其注重娱乐节目的制作,吸引了大量观众。
卫星电视与有线电视
新闻传媒英国的传媒 与文化
汇报人:
日期:
目录
• 英国新闻传媒概述 • 英国的广播与电视 • 英国的报纸与杂志 • 英国的社交媒体与网络媒体 • 英国新闻传媒的未来发展
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英国新闻传媒概述
英国新闻传媒的历史与发展
17世纪
随着政治、经济和文化的发展 ,报纸成为英国社会的重要信 息来源。

新闻传媒英国的传媒与文化

新闻传媒英国的传媒与文化

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02
03
广播的种类
包括国有广播、商业广播 和社区广播等。
Hale Waihona Puke 广播的监管受到独立监管机构的监管 ,如Ofcom。
广播的未来发展
随着数字化和流媒体服务 的普及,英国广播业正面 临新的挑战和机遇。
英国的电视业
电视的种类
包括国有电视、商业电视 和社区电视等。
电视的监管
受到独立监管机构的监管 ,如Ofcom。
数字化和流媒体服务的普及
随着数字化和流媒体服务的普及,英国广播和电视业将更 加注重在线服务和多平台传播,以吸引更多的观众。
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英国的报纸与杂志
英国的报纸业
历史悠久
英国的报纸业有着悠久的历史 ,早在18世纪,英国就出现了 许多报纸,如《泰晤士报》、
《每日电讯报》等。
报纸种类繁多
英国的报纸种类繁多,包括全国性 报纸、地区性报纸以及专门针对特 定群体的报纸,如金融时报、体育 报等。
英国报纸与杂志的未来发展
数字化转型
随着数字技术的不断发展,英国的报纸和杂志也在积极探索数字化 转型的道路,推出电子版、移动端应用等,以满足读者的多元化需 求。
深度内容与数据分析
未来的报纸和杂志将更加注重深度内容的报道和分析,同时利用数 据分析来了解读者的阅读习惯和需求,以提供更加精准的内容服务 。
THANKS
感谢观看
VS
趋势
未来,英国新闻传媒将继续适应数字化转 型的趋势,加强与在线平台的合作,探索 新的收入来源。同时,媒体机构将更加注 重提供高质量的新闻报道和分析,以维护 其公信力和影响力。随着社会和文化环境 的变化,英国新闻传媒也将更加关注多元 化和包容性,吸引更广泛的受众群体。

英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结

英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结

英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门知识考点总结U n i t 1.(选择、判断、填空) flag of Britain : Union Jack3.The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English andScottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: ●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles● UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland● Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, thelanguage they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England,which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2(选择、判断、填空)1.Activities to seek Irish independence :● Home -rule● The Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebelstook over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.parties:● the Sinn Fein party legal● SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party● IRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3.Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):● Indigenous Roman Catholics vs. Protestant immigrates● Partition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "freestate", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.Good Friday Agreement :(了解下,P36)Unit 3of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution. oldest institution of government in Britain : Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Orange 时期)Constitution :(P49)functions of parliament :(P49):●The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England,a confidante to the Prime Minister(了解下)●The House of Lords :do not receive salaries ,both sexist and elitist (了解下)Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peers●The House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit4electoral campaigns :(P67)formation of the government :(P67)class system in the UK:(P67)relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下main political parties in the UK:●The Conservative party (newest) : setting up the National Health Service●The Labour party: From 1979 to 1997, the Conservative Party won 4 elections in row ●The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改⾰(There were also negative consequences) 了解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81) 重要3、the reason for its relative decline :(了解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4.The division of British industries :Primary industries (mining industry 矿业)Secondary industries (steelindustry钢铁业)Tertiary industries (insurance 保险,the selling of goods)City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of LondonLondon Stock Exchange: The heart of the City(伦敦的中⼼是伦敦城,伦敦城的中⼼是伦敦证券交易所)Unit6(填空、选择、判断):One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf. Chaucer:The Canterbury TalesMarlowe :The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare :The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello(重要)King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays:,Antony and Cleopatra17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost18th Century:Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's TravelsRomantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge:Lyrical Ballads (marked the beginning of the Romantic Period. )George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe ShelleyNineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley: FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell : North and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D’UrbervillesJude the Obscurewriters in the 19th century of Britain:the Bronte sistersElizabeth GaskellCentury Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad :The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence : Sons and LoversUnit71.The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2.The influence of the church on schooling:●education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up bychurches.●religious education was the only subject●Daily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3.The National Curriculum:●All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.●All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.●All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according tohow well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college/doc/43480dd011a6f524ccbff121dd36a32d7275c73b.html prehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7.Grammar school:Those who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.:General Certificate of Secondary Education9.GCEA:General Certificate of Education-Advanced10.GNVQs:General National Vocational Qualifications11.The universities in Britain:British universities are public bodies,except one university, the University of Buckingham.12.The Open University:The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres. Unit81.Countries to establish UN:2.The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3.The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4.The making of Britain's foreign policy:(P128)5.The relationship between Britain and the EU (P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6.The commonwealth:Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states . There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7.NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US: has gone through many up and downsBritain is a traditional sea power.Unit91.The division of British media: (降序排列)①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2.The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guardian—still suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4.Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5.Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian Quality pressThe Observer6.Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7.BBC:(P144)Unit10born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)Wimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on grass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racing●Horse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social event●Equestrianism●Hunting7. Three traditions of Christmas:(P163)●the Christmas Pantomime●the Queen's Christmas message●the Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmasgifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9.National Holidays:-----Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10.Holidays in the 4 nations:●England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November)●Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12)●Scotland:HogmanayThe Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。

英国社会文化之BBC

英国社会文化之BBC

Merlin
95 Pride And Prejudice

Documentary Film
BBC Four is a British television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and available to digital television viewers on Freeview(免费数字 地面电视), IPTV(Internet Protocol Television), satellite, and cable.
Teleplay
BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was the world's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
1.General Introduce(简介)
2.News(新闻节目) 3.Teleplay(电视剧) 4.Documoadcasting Corporation (BBC) was founded in 18 October 1922,which is the UK's public-service broadcaster.It is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees.

英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII U9

英语国家社会与文化入门下册课件BII U9
• The Civil Rights Movement
– The immediate reasons: Segregation laws in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from being integrated;
– The Civil Rights Movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organized actions in protest of racial injustice.
The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s
II. The Reasons behind the U.S. Social Movements in Post-World WII
A. In the 1960s, three groups –Afro-Americans, young people and women --were dissatisfied with their lives.
Founders of the NAACP: Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Rosa Parks (1913-2005) and the Bus Boycott
The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a GM "oldlook" transit bus) is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum.

英语国家社会与文化入门unit

英语国家社会与文化入门unit

单击此处添加正文,文字是您思想的提炼,为了演示发布的良好效果,请言简意赅地阐述您的观点。您的内容已 经简明扼要,字字珠玑,但信息却千丝万缕、错综复杂,需要用更多的文字来表述;但请您尽可能提炼思想的精 髓,否则容易造成观者的阅读压力,适得其反。正如我们都希望改变世界,希望给别人带去光明,但更多时候我 们只需要播下一颗种子,自然有微风吹拂,雨露滋养。恰如其分地表达观点,往往事半功倍。当您的内容到达这 个限度时,或许已经不纯粹作用于演示,极大可能运用于阅读领域;无论是传播观点、知识分享还是汇报工作, 内容的详尽固然重要,但请一定注意信息框架的清晰,这样才能使内容层次分明,页面简洁易读。如果您的内容 确实非常重要又难以精简,也请使用分段处理,对内容进行简单的梳理和提炼,这样会使逻辑框架相对清晰。为 了能让您有更直观的字数感受,并进一步方便使用,我们设置了文本的最大限度,当您输入的文字到这里时,已 濒 临 页 面 容 纳 内 容 的 上 限 , 若 还 有 更 多 内 容 , 请 酌 情 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 小 字 号 , 但 我 们 不 建 议 您 的 文 本 字 号 小 于1 4 磅 , 请 您 务 必 注意。单击此处添加正文,文字是您思想的提炼,为了演示发布的良好效果,请言简意赅地阐述您的观点。您的 内容已经简明扼要,字字珠玑,但信息却千丝万缕、错综复杂,需要用更多的文字来表述;但请您尽可能提炼思 想的精髓,否则容易造成观者的阅读压力,适得其反。正如我们都希望改变世界,希望给别人带去光明,但更多 时候我们只需要播下一颗种子,自然有微风吹拂,雨露滋养。恰如其分地表达观点,往往事半功倍。当您的内容 到达这个限度时,或许已经不纯粹作用于演示,极大可能运用于阅读领域;无论是传播观点、知识分享还是汇报 工作,内容的详尽固然重要,但请一定注意信息框架的清晰,这样才能使内容层次分明,页面简洁易读。如果您 的内容确实非常重要又难以精简,也请使用分段处理,对内容进行简单的梳理和提炼,这样会使逻辑框架相对清 晰。为了能让您有更直观的字数感受,并进一步方便使用,我们设置了文本的最大限度,当您输入的文字到这里 时 , 已 濒 临 页 面 容 纳 内 容 的 上 限 , 若 还 有 更 多 内 容 , 请 酌 情 缩 小 字 号 , 但 我 们 不 建 议 您 的 文 本 字 号 小 于1 4 磅 , 请 您务必注意。单击此处添加正文,

6.British_Mass_Media

6.British_Mass_Media
British Mass Media
Mass media
Varieties of means by which information and news are given to large numbers of people
Newspapers Magazines Radio Television Movies Books

providing a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice

engendering (forming) a national culture
II. Newspaper and Magazine
The oldest and largest news agency in the UK
The Press Association Ltd.(新闻协会) The Exchange Telegraph Co. Ltd.
Private agency f ounded in 1872
2.2 Periodicals
Press agencies (新闻机构)
“Fleet Street”: Until 1980s, almost all the national newspapers had their headquarters on or around Fleet Street in London.
Reuters(路透社)
III. Television and Radio
• The most popular leisure pasttime • Average viewing time is over 25 hours a week • British people watch news, entertainment, and

The British Media 英国媒体 PPT课件

The British Media 英国媒体 PPT课件
Provide people with information about political and social issues
Provide weather reports Carry advertising Used for educational purposes Provide a forum for people to express their
working-class neighborhood.
The feature of British Soaps
British soaps present gritty and realistic accounts of the everyday life of Britons. They often tackle contemporary social issues like racism, AIDS, homosexuality, divorce, drug abuse, wife battering and so on. They are of very high quality and are popular abroad.
The Observer
《观察家报》
It first appeared in 1791. It is published every Sunday. It is the world's oldest
Sunday newspaper.
The Times
《泰晤士报》
It began publishing in 1785. It is the United Kingdom's
oldest daily newspaper.
The Guardian

英语国家概况 第九单元

英语国家概况 第九单元

The quபைடு நூலகம்lity newspapers
The Guardian(P133) British daily newspaper Supporting Left-wing opinions Guardian readers will be soft on crime, be quite feminist and interested in green politics.
Left-wing: the members of a group that favor greater political changes than others in the party. Right-wing: the members of a group or political party that favor either fewer political changes or less state control, and who are usually rather nationalistic.
Types of National Newspapers
Tabloids (P133) Smaller format newspapers with color photos and catchy headlines The gutter press—scandals and gossip Easy to read Rely more on opinion than fact
The Features of the British Newspapers
Timely Monopolistic
British Press and Government
P134 Relative free from government control and examine Contempt of court laws Laws of libel and defamation The Official Secrets Act

英语国家社会与文化入门上册课件BI U9

英语国家社会与文化入门上册课件BI U9
《英语国家社会与文化入门》 (上册)
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries
An Introduction (Book One)
The United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland
• British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. Britain has one of the highest levels of newspaper sales per head of population, and there are over 1400 different newspapers which cater for a wide range of political views, interests and levels of education.
II. British Newspapers
• The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper. Founded in 1821. It is the most left wing of the UK papers. In August 2013, The Guardian in paper form had an average daily circulation of 189,000 copies. The Guardian was named newspaper of the year at the 2014 British Press Awards, for its reporting on government surveillance. The newspaper’s online edition was the third most widely read in the world as of June 2012. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million readers.

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【章节题库】(英国媒体)【圣才出品】

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【章节题库】(英国媒体)【圣才出品】

第9章英国媒体Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?(北二外2006研)A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. Daily TelegraphD. Daily Mirror【答案】A【解析】The Times《泰晤士报》是英国第一主流大报,是该国最具影响力的报纸。

The Guardian《卫报》。

Daily T elegraph《每日电讯报》,因其时效性而得名。

Daily Mirror《每日镜报》。

2. Which of the following is a tabloid?(北二外2006研)A. New StatesmanB. The SunC. Sunday TimesD. Morning Star【答案】B【解析】The Sun《太阳报》是一家通俗小报,是全英国销量最高的报纸。

New Statesman《新政治家》是一家英国时政周刊。

Sunday Times《星期日泰晤士报》、Morning Star《晨星报》是英国共产党的机关报。

3. Which of the following newspaper is a tabloid?(北二外2008研)A. The TelegraphB. East EndersC. The News of the WorldD. None of the above【答案】C【解析】tabloid通俗小报。

The News of the World是一家英国小报。

The Telegraph《每日电讯报》,它是英国四家全国性“高级”日报中销量最大的一家。

4. Which of the following statements about the BBC is not true?(北京交大2003研)A. The BBC puts out both radio broadcasting services and TV programs.B. There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.C. The BBC is financed by private funds.D. The BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide, using more than 30 languages.【答案】C【解析】BBC英国广播公司除了经营广播节目之外,还经营电视节目;所有节目中都不插播任何广告;资金来自用户的接收费;以40多种语言做全球广播。

英语国家概况UNIT09

英语国家概况UNIT09

Brief introduction of newspapers
• 《泰晤士报》 (The Times)是 英国的一张综合性 全国发行的日报, 是一张对全世界政 治、经济、文化发 挥着巨大影响的报 纸。《泰晤士报》 诞生于1785年元旦, 创始人是约翰· 沃尔 特。
Brief introduction of newspapers
Unit 9 The British Media
主讲:王玲 组员:钟东 李博
British Newspapers
• 一.英国全国性高级报纸有: 1.《泰晤士报》 times 2.《每日电讯报》 the daily telegraph 3.《卫报》 the guardian 4.《金融时报》 the financial times 5.《星期日电讯报》 sunday dispatch: 6.《观察家报》 the observer: 7.《星期日泰晤士报》the sunday times:
British Newspapers
• 二.英国全国性通俗报纸有: 1.《每日快报》 the daily express 2.《每日邮报》 the daily mail 3.《每日镜报》 daily mirror 4.《星期日快 报》 the sunday express 5.《世界新闻 报》 the news of the world
The Broadcast Media
4.英国广播公司(BBC),成立于1922年, 是英国最大的新闻广播机构,也是世界最 大的新闻广播机构之一。在相当长的一段 时间内BBC一直垄断着英国的电视、电台。 在1955年独立电视台和1973年独立电台成 立之前,BBC一直是全英国唯一的电视、 电台广播公司 。
British Newspapers

英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案

英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案

Book1 Unit 11.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it forslave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way inwhich the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an importantelement in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散,建议参考festival那章的答案,这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity."Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了,所以就搜了一下,以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, andunionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and"supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: V oters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. V oting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying theideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a largernewspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modernequipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 6Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works.Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment onthese purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system?Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing andarithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? IsBritish education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So with the help of thechurch and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year. And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s fo reign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire;while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for theruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of themost powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreign policyrepresent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy. The main government department involved is of course the。

《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 英国媒体)【圣才出

《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 英国媒体)【圣才出

9.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?(北二外2006研)A.The TimesB.The Guardian.C.Daily TelegraphD.Daily Mirror【答案】A【解析】The Times《泰晤士报》是英国第一主流大报,是该国最具影响力的报纸。

The Guardian《卫报》。

Daily Telegraph《每日电讯报》,因其时效性而得名。

Daily Mirror《每日镜报》。

2.Which of the following is a tabloid?(北二外2006研)A.New StatesmanB.The SunC.Sunday TimesD.Morning Star【答案】B【解析】The Sun《太阳报》是一家通俗小报,是全英国销量最高的报纸。

New Statesman 《新政治家》是一家英国时政周刊。

Sunday Times《星期日泰晤士报》、Morning Star《晨星报》是英国共产党的机关报。

3.Which of the following newspaper is a tabloid?(北二外2008研)A.The TelegraphB.East EndersC.The News of the WorldD.None of the above【答案】C【解析】tabloid通俗小报。

The News of the World是一家英国小报。

The Telegraph英国《每日电讯报》,它是英国四家全国性“高级”日报中销量最大的一家。

4.Which of the following statements about the BBC is not true?(北京交大2003研)A.The BBC puts out both radio broadcasting services and TV programs.B.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.C.The BBC is financed by private funds.D.The BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide,using more than30languages.【答案】C【解析】BBC英国广播公司除了经营广播节目之外,还经营电视节目;所有节目中都不插播任何广告;资金来自用户的接收费;以30多种语言做全球广播。

英国的传媒 英文版

英国的传媒 英文版
Unit 9
The British Media
• For most British people,most days begain with a look at the morning newspaper. • On an average day,90% of Britons settle down to watch some television:96% of the population watch TV at least once a week,making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. • The third most popular pastime,after watching telly and reading newspapers,in on a weekly basis,It is obvious,then,that the media are central to British leisure culture.
The Observer and The Times
The Guardian
British Newspaper
• The United Kingdom has one of the world oldest established newspaper industries. • In the late 18th and early 19th century,as the British economy began to industrialise , as the democratic franchise was extended to large segments of the population,and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education,more and more newspaper begain to appear.
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第9单元英国的新闻媒介对于大多数英国人来说几乎每一天都是以看晨报开始的。

平均每天90%15岁以上的英国人要读一份国内或当地的报纸。

到了晚上,大部分英国人要安下心来看电视了。

全国有96%的人口一星期至少要看一次电视,这已成为英国最流行的休闲活动。

除了看电视、报纸以外,另一种非常受人欢迎的消遣就是听广播。

每周有73%的英国人要参与到这项娱乐活动中。

因此,新闻媒介已成为英国休闲文化的中心,这一点是显而易见的。

新闻媒介不仅能为英国人提供消遣娱乐,而且还有其它功能。

比如:报纸、收音机及电视节目能为人们提供政治、社会方面的信息,天气预报,广告信息及教育性节目。

此外,还能为人们进行交流提供一个平台,人们可通过写信或打电话的方式各抒己见或寻求帮助。

英国的新闻媒介对其政治制度是至关重要的,它的存在使人们了解到国家所面临的问题及政府如何解决这些问题。

新闻媒体在国家文化形成方面也起到了非常重要的作用。

无论是苏格兰海上石油工人还是贝尔法斯特的退休教授,无论是伦敦的秘书还是威尔士的牙医,只要打开收音机和电视机选择喜欢的节目,或拿起当天的报纸,他们所收看到的和听到的都是一样的。

即使他们的生活环境不同,如果他们有机会见面的话,他们就能谈论一些在电视、报纸上看到的一些消息。

同时,这也能提醒英国人只要他们生活在英国,他们就从属于一种特殊文化。

英国的报纸英国是世界上最早拥有报纸工业的国家之一。

早在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期,随着英国经济开始出现工业化,民主选举权已扩大到大部分人口,大众教育使得人们的文化水平有所提高,越来越多的报纸开始发行。

《观察家报》1791年首版发行,随后每个星期天发行一次,成为世界上最早的全国性报纸。

与此同时,《泰晤士报》1785年首版发行,成为英国最早的日报。

随着议会民主制的引入,候选者们必须向其选民提供个人信息。

一开始这项工作是由候选人做长时间演讲或是发放宣传册来完成,后来报纸承担了这一任务,使选民更加了解政治。

《泰晤士报》《观察家报》和《卫报》这些英国报纸名字的本身就意味着报纸的功能是为全体选民提供国内事件的客观报道。

人们认为新闻自由对议会民主极为重要,其原因就在于它对政府的监督作用然而,新闻的这种监督作用经常会遭到一些人的批评。

许多分析家认为新闻篡夺了议会的地位。

当时的政治家喜欢直接对准媒体说话,却不喜欢在议会发言。

当然,那些令人喜欢而友好的记者们会做些有利于这些政治家们的新闻报道。

当今的新闻报道不是客观地反映事实,而是提高编写故事来传递一种观点。

与政治家们相比,更多的商业人员很快认识到新闻媒介的力量,他们利用这一点向那些有消费潜力的客户宣传他们的产品和服务,于是广告业就应运而生了。

尽管人们对新闻自由和新闻对西方民主的重要性讲了很多,但是一定要牢记,报纸首先是一种商业,是为出版商赚钱而存在的,而不是为人们提供信息的公共事业。

在英国,大多数广告都是靠报纸来宣传。

1995年,英国在广告上共花费四亿六千五百万英镑。

新闻媒介应用的确很广泛,不仅公司们利用它来推销产品和服务,而且人们利用它找工作、买房子,甚至保姆都会求助于分类广告和免费报纸,这类报纸里几乎包括各式各样的广告。

英国的新闻媒体都必须遵守广告法规,它保证了广告的合法性、健康性、诚实和真实性;对社会和消费者有一种责任感;遵循公平竞争原则。

广告的意义是使产品引起公众的注意,有时广告商故意开展有争议的广告活动,从而引起人们的注意。

欧洲服装生产商Benetton利用令人作呕的图片如一个死于爱滋病的人和一名穿着血淋淋制服的士兵在卖服装,及在时尚市场被认为是很俗气的形象来引起更多的争议。

多数情况下,争议由女人而起,尤其是如果她们没有穿很多衣服,争议会更多。

如果有足够多的人向广告标准委员会投诉,那么该公司就要把该广告取消。

英国的报纸文化极不寻常,从选读的报纸种类中即可反映人们所处的不同阶层和文化层次。

在其它发达国家,如日本、美国,看报主要是中产阶级的习惯,而在英国,即使是较低阶层的人们也习惯看报。

在发达国家中,英国是人均报纸销量最多的国家之一,共有报纸1400多种,涉及政治观点、兴趣爱好、教育水平等各种各样的内容。

虽然大部分报纸在财政上是独立于政党而存在的,但他们经常表达一些独特的政治观点,而且大部分人是根据自己的喜好选择阅读的报纸。

因此,如果星期一的早晨你坐在伦敦市的地铁里,周围的人都在看报,你就可以根据他们所看的报纸来了解你周围的乘客。

在英国有10种不同的全国性发行的日报,这种报纸覆盖国内重要新闻事件。

其中大约有一半属于“重质量的报纸”或“大幅纸张的报纸”。

“重质量的报纸”刊登较为严肃并有深度的文章,这些文章反映了某种具有重大政治和社会意义的问题;同时也刊登一些评论文章和有关高雅文化的描写。

这种报纸的读者一般都是受到过良好教育的中产阶级。

在这些报纸中最左派是《卫报》,你会经常在电视或日常生活中听到人们提到“《卫报》读者”这是那些对社会问题感兴趣的左派和自由派的简称。

例如,《卫报》读者们坚持从轻处罚罪犯,他们是典型的女权主义者,对绿色(环保)政治感兴趣。

与之相反,《电讯报》的读者认为应从重处罚罪犯,他们对单身母亲没有同情心,对社会事务没什么进取心。

另一种全国性报纸是一些故事多、图片多的小报。

这种报纸虽然版式不大,但包括彩色照片和引人注目的标题,常被称为“迎合低级趣味的报纸”,因为它通常涉及一些名人的丑闻和谣言。

无论在政治、体育还是娱乐方面,它都刊登一些关于犯罪、体育和轰动一时的人们感兴趣的故事。

这些故事短小精悍,易于阅读,经常依赖于人们的主观看法,而不是客观事实。

已成为全国知名小报的特点之一就是有第三版女郎——每天在第三版刊登一副漂亮而着装性感的姑娘的照片。

在这类小报上首次刊登了近来发生的许多皇室丑闻。

一次,一家小报贿赂了戴安娜王妃健身房的一名工作人员,让他拍几张王妃锻炼时的照片。

照片展示了威尔士王妃举重和大汗淋漓的情景。

这些缺乏魅力的照片引起了轰动。

另外,还包括查尔斯王子没穿裤子的照片及安德鲁斯王子的夫人裸胸的故事。

这些以骇人听闻的故事闻名的小报和内容严肃的报纸一样销售不错。

1843年,《世界新闻》开始出版发行,其中刊登的主要是关于犯罪、体育和性方面的文章。

到20世纪30年代,它已成为英国最流行的星期日报,每星期销售340万份,目前已达到每周470万份,成为英国最畅销的报纸。

直到20世纪80年代,几乎所有的全国性报纸在伦敦的“Fleet Street”或其附近设立了总部。

有时,你会听见人们把报纸文化称为”Fleet Street”,甚至“羞耻街”,因为它是许多丑闻的发源地。

现在,这种报纸工业仍以伦敦为中心,但并不只集中在一条街上,有些报纸已经发往世界各地。

比如,《金融时报》已在法兰克福、法国、香港、新泽西州、洛杉矶、东京、马德里印刷出版。

虽然从官方上讲,英国报纸不受政府控制及新闻检查,它可以刊登自己喜欢的文章,但在日报中刊登的文章仍受限制。

1990年前KGB主席曾说:在英国报纸中你绝对找不到“谁碰了谁”美国的报纸信息量大,涉及范围广,我们总能从中找到许多信息。

而在英国报纸中找不到什么信息。

我一直教给我的人民“要像英国人一样行事”虽然并没有特殊的州级新闻检查,许多英国法律限制报纸出版的自由。

蔑视法庭法不允许报纸刊登任何与正在受审的人有关的各种犯罪情况,因为这样会影响司法部门做出正确判决。

其它诽谤法、毁谤法不允许报纸刊登非真实的故事。

新闻媒介同样也受官方秘密法令的影响。

这是一则合法法令,它规定所有有关政府的消息都应保密,除非政府允许发布。

有时,调查政府错误行为的记者们的稿件是禁止发表的。

否则他们就会被罚款甚至被送入监狱,因为他们揭示了政府不想让公众知道的消息。

例如,1984年一个名叫Sarah Tisdall的年轻外国办公室职员在工作中了解到政府在公众不知情的情况下,秘密制定了一个允许美国进行核导弹部署的计划,之所以不公开是因为政府怕公众反对。

这位职员感到政府在滥用职权,因此把这个信息透露给《卫报》,随后《卫报》刊登出了这件事,紧接着,Tisdall以泄露信息的罪名被判刑6个月。

广播媒体一位著名的评论家评论英国媒体时写到:在英国,即使你不想看电视,也逃避不掉。

广播媒体,即电视和收音机,在英国人的日常生活中是非常重要的。

国内97%的家庭都有一台电视机,实际上每个人都有一台收音机。

信息通过微波传到人们家里、车里和工作地点,即传到每个人身上。

英国人平均每天要用4个小时的时间看电视,在看报纸的过程中,最常看的一部分是电视节目目录。

报纸中还刊登一些对已播出的节目的回顾。

在工作中、家庭中或和朋友的谈话中经常是关于前天晚上电视节目的某些内容。

在英国不看电视实际上就是把自己与英国文化和社会隔绝开来。

英国人都看什么电视节目呢?新闻、娱乐和体育是他们的最爱,而喜剧、戏剧急各种比赛在人们的选择范围内大起大落。

英国有两部上演时间较长的肥皂剧,其中上演时间最早、最受欢迎的肥皂剧是“加冕街道(Coronation Street)”。

此剧于20世纪60年代在曼彻斯特北部城市公开上演。

最近,它的竞争对手是“东部边际(East Enders)”这是一个虚构的在伦敦东部工人阶级所在的居民区发生的故事。

这两部肥皂剧发生的地点是当地的一家酒馆,在那里剧中人聚在一起闲聊,为某件事进行庆祝或施以同情,坠入爱河又被爱情抛弃,经历了战斗及大哭大笑等一系列感情波折。

与美国的肥皂剧相反,英国的肥皂剧并不是由富有的、令人兴奋的名演员们来担任其中的角色,而且剧情是对英国人日常生活的大胆真实的再现。

剧中经常会涉及当时的一些社会问题,如:种族歧视、爱滋病(AIDS)、同性恋、离婚、吸毒、家庭暴力等等。

这些肥皂剧质量很高,在国外很受欢迎:无论在新西兰还是在加拿大,你都能看到你所喜爱的角色。

在曼彻斯特一个非常流行的旅游景点是“加冕街道”当时录制的布景,许多影迷纷纷在那个叫“The Rover‟s Return”酒馆门前摄影留念。

每日新闻和天气预报也是很受欢迎的栏目。

英国的新闻广播以它的质量著称。

最近最受欢迎的节目是每周一次购买国家彩票的现场直播。

在直播中,人们能看到每周大奖的幸运数字。

在北美有许多不同的频道供大家观看,从家庭购物频道到24小时新闻频道,还有一些专门播放古老喜剧的频道。

与之相对,英国的电视文化仍相当保守,它只有4个电视频道(第5个频道正在创建中),而且卫星电视还不如美国那样普及。

这就大大限制了频道数量,同时对这些频道所有权的控制有助于整个国家的统一。

广播法令的制定来保证广播媒体所有权的广泛传播,因此,广播权并不是集中在几个人手中,同时严令禁止外国人(即欧盟以外的人)享有此权。

这部法令也包含了维护电视节目的健康、品位、准确和客观的要求。

有限的电视频道不仅使每个英国人都看电视,而且看的内容都是一样的。

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