应用语言学第八章课件

缓和型模糊限制语(SHIELD)
与变动型模糊限制语不同，关系型模糊 限制语并不改变话语的真实条件或原意， 如果我们在上面所列举的例子之前加上“I guess”、“I think”或者“It seems that”，句 子的真实条件不会改变。这种关系型的模 糊限制语只相当于增加了一个说明，指出 话语所表达的内容是说话人或别人的看法。 缓和型模糊限制语不改变话语结构的 原意，话语中加上这类限制语相当于增加 了一个说明，使原来话语的肯定语气趋向 缓和。 2 缓和型模糊限制语可分为两类：直接 缓和语（Plausibility Shields）和间接缓和语 （Attribution Shields）。
直接缓和语（Plausibility Shields） ）
直接缓和语用来表示说话人对某事所作的直接的 猜测， 或表示说话人对此所持有的某种态度。直接 缓和语包括：I think, as far as I know, as far as I can, seem, probably, wonder, hard to say, I believe, I assume, I suppose, I'm afraid, I guess, I suspect，等等。 当说话人对话语的真实性信心不足，或没有把握 给予肯定，就可以使用这些表示说话人猜测或怀疑的词， 以缓和话语的肯定语气。 例如：a. I have to believe that he has stomach trouble. b. The cat is on the mat(小垫子、草席） 小垫子、 小垫子 草席） c. I think/ I guess/ I suppose the cat is on the mat. d. It's hard to be certain he will come tomorrow. e. He may come tomorrow. 从以上的例子中可以发现，一些表示推测的情态动词和一些表示犹疑的词语，都可 以构成直接缓和语，表示说话人的直接推测或犹疑。这类模糊限制语常用于说话人对 某事情真实程度信心不足，无很大把握或不敢给予肯定，于是，在陈述这些事件时， 便加上了“就我所知”、“可能”等词语，使肯定口气得到缓和，表示了说话人的一 种不十分肯定的估计或初步看法。
Summary of hedge types HEDGE
Байду номын сангаасAPPROXIMATOR
（变动性模糊限制语） 变动性模糊限制语）
SHIELD
（缓和性模糊限制语） 缓和性模糊限制语）
ADAPTOR ROUNDER
（程序变动语（范围变动语） 程序变动语（范围变动语）
PLAUSIBILITY ATTRIBUTION
Compare the following sentences: a. His feet were blue. here it means “The speaker knows that his feet were blue” b. His feet were sort of blue. It conveys a different proposition: His feet were sort of blue or his feet were non-prototypically blue, but “The speaker knows” can still be added to it. c. I think his feet were blue. “I think” does not affect the propositional content, but the truth value of the proposition is unstable. His feet were blue may be true, may be false, because to this proposition the speaker’s inference has been added. I think his feet were blue may mean In my opinion, his feet were blue. We see the two types of hedges mentioned above. Sort of is the type of hedge that affects the propositional content but not the speaker commitment. We call such hedges Approximators, while I think and others (such as I guess, according to sb’s opinion, etc.) are Shields.
Rounder (范围变动语）: 范围变动语）
范围变动语是指限制变动范围的词和短语。这类词往往和具体数字一起使用， 听话人可以在一定的范围内去理解话语，不必讲究实际情况与话语的接近程度。 For example： A: His weight was approximately three point two kilograms, which is essentially what his birth weight was? B: Uh… The baby's blood pressure was also about something between forty and fifty palpable? 当说话人不想把话说得太死，以免与事实 有距离，或者因无法一下子说出一个准确的 数字，于是就使用了范围变动语，让听话人 在一定范围内去理解话语。在言语交际中正 确使用程度变动语和范围变动语，可以避免 说话武断，做到说话得体，从而顺利实现交 际目的。一类的模糊限制语还有:approximately, nearly，roughly，around，perhaps，or等等。
间接缓和语（Attribution Shields） ）
间接缓和语也是为了表达说话人对话语的不肯定，但它是通过引用第三者 的看法来间接表达自己的态度。具体有：according to one's estimates, as is well known, presumably, someone says that, it is said that, the possibility, would be…, the probability is …, it is assumed that …，等等。 间接缓和语与直接缓和语的区别在与：直接 缓和语直接表达说话人本人的怀疑态度，而间 接缓和语则通过引用他人的观点来支持自己的 观点，这就使话语显得更客观，也巧妙地避免 因说话不准确时应承担的责任。 例如：a. He is crazy. b. Mary says he is crazy. a. He suffers from cancer. b. According to the doctor, he suffers from cancer. The higher the social rank is of the person cited by the speaker, the more the speaker believes it, and the more convincing the proposition is: a. According to the doctor, John suffers from cancer. b. According to the nurse, John suffers from cancer. c. According to the little boy whom I met, John suffers from cancer 1. There was presumably no acute decrease in heart rate. 2. Mother says that he’s...he has...he’s a...in a way a very finicky eater.
直接缓和语） 间接缓和语） （直接缓和语） （间接缓和语）
模糊限制语可分为两类。一类模糊限制语对话语结构的内容进行某种程度的修正或 给出一个大体的变动范围，或是对话语本身进行模糊限制，即称为变动型模糊限制语 变动型模糊限制语 (Approximators)；而另一类不对话语的内容进行限制，而是表明话语的内容与说话人之 关系型模糊限制语(Shields)。 间的关系即对说话者本人进行模糊制，称之为关系型模糊限制语 关系型模糊限制语 Approximators（变动型模糊限制语） Approximators（变动型模糊限制语） 变动型模糊限制语是指那些可以改变话语的词语。在言语交际中，说话人根据实际 情况使用这类限制语，改变原来话语意思，达到交际目的。变动型模糊限制语又可分为两 类：程度变动语（adaptors）和范围变动语（rounders）。 程度变动语（ ） 范围变动语（ 程度变动语 范围变动语 (1) a. A robin is a bird. (True) b. A chicken is a bird. (True?) c. A bat is a bird. (False) d. A cow is a bird. (False) (2) a. A robin is a sort of a bird. (False) b. A chicken is a sort of a bird. (True) c. A bat is a sort of a bird. (False?) d. A cow is a sort of a bird. (False) (3)a. In a manner of speaking, a robin is a bird. (False) b. In a manner of speaking,在某种意义上 a chicken is a bird. (False?) c. In a manner of speaking, a bat is a bird. (True) d. In a manner of speaking, a cow is a bird. (False) (4) a. A flounder is a fish. (True) b. Esther Williams is a fish. (False) (5) a. A flounder is a regular fish. (False) b. Esther Williams is a regular fish. (True)