Tricia英国文学(一)资料
英国文学知识（专八人文知识必备）
英国文学知识（专八人文知识必备）英国文学知识一、中古英国文学1.Beowulf : the oldest poem in the English language and the most importantspecimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.2.Geoffrey Chaucer: he is acclaimed as the father of English Poetry and father ofEnglish fiction. His masterpiece。
The Canterbury TalesThe Romaunt of the RoseThe Legend of good WomenThe House of Fame二、文艺复兴时期时间：14世纪到17世纪中后期特点：Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance著名作家：1.Thomas More: Utopia2.Edmund Spenser (a poet):The Faerie QueenThe Shepherd Calendar3.Christopher Marlowe( a poet and dramatist):Edward IIDr. FaustusTamburlaineThe Jew of Malta4.William Shakespeare喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you like itMerchant of VeniceThe Twelfth night悲剧：Romeo and JulietThe Tempest四大悲剧：Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet主要历史剧：Henry IV, Henry V5.Francis BaconEssaysThe advancement of learning6.John DonneThe Elegies and SatiresThe Songs and Sonnets7.John Milton (poet)晚年三首长诗Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes三：新古典主义时期时间：17世纪中后期到18世纪特点：The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic and restrained emotion and accuracy.著名作家：1.John Dryden: All for Love2.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy WarThe life and Death of Mr. Badman3.Alexander Pope An Essay on CriticismAn Essay on ManThe Rape of the LockOdyssey4.Daniel Defoe(who is called the father of English and European novels)Robison CrusoeA journal of the Plague yearCaptain Singleton5.Jonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelA Tale of a TubA Modest proposalThe Drapier’s letters6.Henry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling7.Samuel Johnson (著名词汇家，第一部英语字典的编者)A Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Vanity of Human WishesLondon8.Richard Brinsley SheridanThe school for the scandalThe Rivals9.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a country churchyardOde on the spring四：浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪中期到19世纪中期特点：Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty and is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. The Romanticism period is an age of Poetry and poets.主要作家1.William BlakeSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocencePoetical SketchesThe marriage of heaven and hell 2.William WordsworthLyrical BalladsTo the CuckooMy Heart leaps up3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗三巨头1.George Gordon ByronCainDon JuanChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindOde to the Skylark Prometheus unboundedThe Necessity of Atheism Queen Mab3.John KeatsOde to AutumnOde to a nightingaleOde on a Grecian um 希腊古瓷颂Isabella以下各位不太重要：1.Charles LambTales from ShakespeareEssays of Elia2.Mary ShelleyFrankenstein3.Robert SoutheyJoan of Arc 圣女贞德小说家Jane AustinEmmaSense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkPersuasion五、VICTORIA PERIOD时间：维多利亚1837年继位，1901年去世。
英国文学知识简介
英国文学知识简介(English Literature)一、中古时期英语文学（Old and Medieval English Literature）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 英国中古时期主要的文学作品（《贝奥武甫》，《高文爵士与绿色骑士》）2) 主要的作家、作家概况及其代表作品2．英国中古时期的主要作家杰弗里?乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer（首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰?德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
）二、英国文艺复兴时期文学（The Renaissance Period）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家：埃德蒙?斯宾塞Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
）托马斯?莫尔Thomas More (欧洲早期空想社会主义的创始人，以其名著《乌托邦》而著名)克里斯托夫?马洛C hristopher Marlowe （代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧》根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。
）威廉?莎士比亚William Shakespeare （英国著名剧作家、诗人，著有“四大悲剧”）弗朗西斯?培根Francis Bacon （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
）约翰?邓恩John Donne （“玄学派”诗人）约翰?弥尔顿John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》）三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 主要作家及其主要作品、作品的艺术特色及其文学流派。
2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。
2．英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家：约翰?德莱顿John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”；最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的"英语偶句诗体",成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
tem8-英美文学知识（1）
英美文学知识第一节英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学 (约499-1066)Alliteration – Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- national epicCaedmon (开德蒙)Anthem《赞美诗》1. 诗歌Cynewulf(基涅武甫)Dream of the Rood《十字架之梦》Bede (比德)Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum《英吉利人教会史》2. 散文King Alfred(阿尔弗雷德大帝)Wessex – Father of English Prose (“英国散文之父”);Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》二、中古英语时期的英国文学 (14世纪 – 15世纪)1. Allegory – Romance – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》2. Ballad – The Robin Hood Ballads《罗宾汉民谣集》3. William Langland (威廉•兰格伦)The Vision Concerning Piers the Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里•乔叟)Father of English Poetry (“英国诗歌之父”); The Canterbury Tales《坎特布雷故事集》;- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)5. Sir Thomas Malory(托马斯•马洛礼)Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)1. Humanism – classic culture2. Thomas More (托马斯•莫尔)Utopia《乌托邦》; The Painful Life of Edward V; Historie of Richard the Third《理查德三世传》3. Thomas Wyatt (托马斯•怀亚特), Henry Howard (亨利•霍华德) – Sonnet4. Philip Sidney (菲利浦•锡德尼)Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》-第一篇田园生活的传奇,“现代长篇小说的先驱”;The Defence of Poesie / Apology for Poetry《诗辩》-人文主义文学的宣言,开创近代英国的文学批评5. Edmund Spencer (埃德蒙•斯宾塞)poet’ poet – Spencerian stanza – 9行(ababbcbcc)8 iambic pentameter + 1 iambic hexameter; The FaireQueene 《仙后》被誉为英国文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗” nationalism, humanism, puritanism 6. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗•马娄)Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》7. William Shakespeare2首长诗, 154首十四行诗, 37部戏剧长诗Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》;The Rape of Lucrece 《露克丽丝受辱记》十四行诗iambic pentameter – 14 (abab cdcd efef gg)3 quatrains + 1 couplet = Shakespearean sonnet悲剧Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth喜剧 A Midsummer Night’s Dream ; The Merchant ofVenice ; As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》; TwelfthNight历史剧Henry VI, Henry IV, Richard III(威廉•莎士比亚)戏剧传奇剧Pericles 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》;Cymbeline 《辛白林》; The Winter’s Tale ;Tempest 《暴风雨》8. Ben Jonson (本•琼森)comedy of manners (风俗喜剧的奠基人);Every Man In His Humor 《人性互异》9. John Donne (约翰•多恩)Metaphysical Poems (“玄学派”诗歌创始人);Songs and Sonnets 《歌曲与十四行诗》10. George Herbert (乔治•赫伯特)the saint of the Metaphysical school(“玄学派诗圣”);The Temple 《神殿》11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)诗风结合了玄学派和古典主义的创作特点;To His Coy Mistress 《致他的娇羞女友》12. Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯•培根)Materialism; Essays 《随笔》(Of Study, OfTruth );The Advancement of Learning 《学术的推进》;The New Instrument 《新工具》四、资产阶级革命及启蒙时期的英国文学 (17世纪末，18世纪 )1. the Enlightenment: liberty, equality, democracy前30年：neo-classicism (崇尚古典文学的创作及美学原则)40年代到80年代：realism2. 18世纪的英国文学80年代以后：sentimentalism & pre-romanticism (崇尚情感)3. John Milton (约翰•弥尔顿)Defence of the English People 《为英国人民而辩》;Second Defence of the Englishpeople 《为英国人民再辩》;Paradise Lost (blank verse, 旧约); Paradise Regained(新约);Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet73. Tennessee Williams (田纳西·威廉斯)The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》; A Street car Named Desire《欲望号街车》; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》74. Arthur Miller (阿瑟·米勒)All My Sons《都是我的儿子》; The Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》75. Edward Albee (爱德华·阿尔比)The Zoo Story《动物园的故事》; Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》76. Sylvia Plath (西尔维亚·普拉斯)自白派; The Colossus and Other Poems《巨人》。
英国文学资料
英国文学英国文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，具有悠久的历史和丰富的文化底蕴。
英国文学的影响力遍布世界各地，不仅是文学作品本身的影响，也是英国文学背后蕴含的思想和情感的传播。
从中世纪的史诗诗歌到现代的小说和诗歌，英国文学传承着丰富多彩的传统，展现出不同时代不同风格的创作特点。
古典时期在英国文学史上，古典时期是一个重要的阶段。
古代英国文学的代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗诗歌，讲述了英雄贝奥武夫与怪物格rendel的战斗，反映了古代英国人对勇气和荣誉的追求。
《坎特伯雷故事集》则是一部讲述朝圣之旅中人们的故事的作品，展现了当时社会各阶层的生活和价值观。
文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的又一个辉煌时期。
在这个时期，威廉·莎士比亚创作了许多经典的戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
莎士比亚的作品以其深刻的人物刻画和丰富的情感表现而著称，为后世文学的发展奠定了基础。
现代文学英国现代文学呈现出多样化的风貌，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等形式。
20世纪的英国文学，有着许多杰出的作家，如乔治·奥威尔、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙、阿加莎·克里斯蒂等。
他们以自己独特的视角和风格，探讨着当代社会和人性的问题，为英国文学增添了新的光彩。
结语英国文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有着丰富多彩的文化底蕴和创作传统。
从古典时期到现代文学，英国作家们以精湛的艺术表现力和深刻的思想内涵，为读者呈现出一幅幅生动而震撼人心的文学画卷。
让我们一同领略英国文学的魅力，感受其中蕴含的智慧和情感，让文字的力量永远流传下去。
英国文学名词解释【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】
1. epic 史诗史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic heroic ideals ideals ideals of of of a a a nation nation nation or or or race race race in in in the the the making. making. Beowulf is is the the the English English English national national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. 2. caesura 停顿停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line. 3. alliteration 头韵头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that that are are are close close close to to to each each each other. other. other. It It It is is is a a a feature feature feature of of Beowulf and and other other other Old Old Old English English poems. 4. alliterative verse 头韵诗头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf , is heavily heavily alliterative, alliterative, alliterative, and and and the the the pattern pattern pattern is is is fairly fairly fairly standard standard standard –– with with either either either two two two or or or three three stressed syllables in each line alliterating. 5. kenning 隐喻语隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full o f kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6. protagonist 主角主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet . 7. antagonist 反角反角In In drama drama drama or or or fiction fiction fiction the the the antagonist antagonist antagonist opposes opposes opposes the the the hero hero hero or or or protagonist. protagonist. protagonist. In In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet. 8. romance 传奇传奇a a type type type of of of literature literature literature that that that was was was popular popular popular in in in the the the Middle Middle Middle Ages, Ages, Ages, usually usually usually containing containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown. 9. bob and wheel 诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱 a a rhyming rhyming rhyming section section section of of of five five five lines lines lines that that that concludes concludes concludes a a a stanza stanza stanza in in Sir Sir Gawain Gawain Gawain and and and the the Green Green Knight Knight . . The The The “bob” “bob” “bob” is is is a a a very very very short short short line, line, line, sometimes sometimes sometimes of of of only only only two two two syllables, syllables, followed by the “wheel”, lon ger lines with three stresses and internal thyme. 10. poet’s corner 诗人角诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. 11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet. 12. ballad meter 民谣体民谣体traditionally traditionally a a a four-line four-line four-line stanza stanza stanza containing containing containing alternating alternating alternating four-stress four-stress four-stress and and and three-stress three-stress lines, usually with a refrain an d the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13. refrain 叠句，副歌叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the end of a stanza. It It is is is very often found in very often found in English English ballads, such as Robert B ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with with humanism humanism humanism as as as its its its keynote. keynote. keynote. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is considered considered considered the the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学伊丽莎白时代的文学literature literature written written written in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Elizabethan Age Age Age (1558-(1558-(1558-1603). 1603). 1603). William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period. 16. sonnet 十四行诗十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets. 17. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格五步抑扬格the the basic basic basic line line line in in in English English English verse, verse, verse, with with with five five five feet feet feet in in in a a a line, line, line, usually usually usually an an an unaccented unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales . . 18. meter 格律格律the the pattern pattern pattern of of of stressed stressed stressed and and and unstressed unstressed unstressed syllables syllables syllables in in in verse. verse. verse. In In In English English English verse verse verse a a a line line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses; the the commonest commonest commonest meter meter meter is is is iambic. iambic. iambic. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s sonnets sonnets sonnets are are are written written written in in iambic. 19. foot 音步音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of of the the the alphabet alphabet alphabet to to to denote denote denote the the the recurrence recurrence recurrence of of of rhyming rhyming rhyming lines. lines. lines. For For For example, example, example, heroic heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It It is the commonest is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22. image 意象意象a a concrete concrete concrete representation representation representation of of of an an an object object object or or or sensory sensory sensory experience. experience. experience. Typically, Typically, such such a a representation representation helps helps helps evoke evoke evoke the the the feelings feelings feelings associated associated associated with with with the the the object object object or or or experience experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23. poetic license 诗的破格诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns – “Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24. verse drama 诗剧诗剧drama drama written written written in in in the the the form form form of of of verse. verse. verse. It It It was was was most most most widely widely widely used used used in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous. 25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed unrhymed iambic iambic iambic pentameter, pentameter, pentameter, the the the most most most widely widely widely used used used of of of English English English verse verse verse forms forms forms and and usually usually used used used in in in English English English dramatic dramatic dramatic and and and ep ep epic ic ic poetry. poetry. poetry. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s play play Hamlet is written in blank verse. 26. Globe Theatre 环球剧场环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt ’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997. 27. essay 散文散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. topics. It It It is is is one of the one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义英国浪漫主义a literary m ovement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and and flourished flourished flourished in in in the the the early early early 1919th century century England. England. England. A A A great great great representative representative representative of of of this this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.29. lake poets 湖畔诗人湖畔诗人the the three three three romantic romantic romantic poets poets poets who who who lived lived lived in in in the the the Lake Lake Lake District District District of of of England England England and and and wrote wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30. poet laureate 桂冠诗人桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original original duties duties duties included included included the the the composition composition composition of of of odes odes odes in in in honor honor honor of of of the the the sovereign’s sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 。
英国文学资料
一、主要文学流派和重大历史事件1.The Old English period1)The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period.2)epic(史诗).3)The story takes place in Scandinavia, there is no mention of England.2.The middle English period中世纪文学1)Popular folk literature2)Romance代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》3.The English Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学1)Poetry2)Drama3)Prose代表作：Thomas More《Utopia》;William Shakespeare是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》;《The Merchant of Venice》;《Romeo and Juliet》;《Hamlet》.....4.The Age of Enlightenment十七世纪文学1)The metaphysical poets2)The Cavalier poets代表作：John Milton《Paradise Lost》and《Paradise Regained》5.Neoclassicism新古典主义文学1)Poetry2)Novel3)Drama代表作：Jonathan Swift《Gulliver’s Travels》6.Pre-Romanticism前浪漫主义1)Poetry代表作：Robert Burns《A Red, Red Rose》;William Wordsworth《the Lyrical Ballads》7.The romantic movement浪漫主义运动From the latter part of the eighteenth century to the present day, art and literature and philosophy, and even politics, have been influenced, positively or negatively, by a way of feeling which was characteristic of what, in a large sense, may be called the romantic movement.代表作：George Gordon Byron《Don Juan》[小说]Percy Bysshe Shelley《Ode to the West Wind》[poet and critic]8.Critical realism批判现实主义1)Novels代表作：Charles Dickens《A tale of Two cities》、《Oliver Twist》;9.The Roman conquestBritish recorded history began with Roman invasion.First landing in 55 B.C. Led by Julius CaesarComplete control over the land in 43 A.D.Leaving in around 410 A.D.10.The English conquest11.The Norman conquest1)The year 1066: Norman Conquest.2)The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.12.The church reformation13.The bourgeois revolution14.The Glorious revolution15.The industrial revolution16.The French revolution回答问题1.What makes the poet think that"thou"can be more beautiful than summer and immortal in "Sonnte 18"?A：On the one hand,"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's lease hath all too short a date;"on the other hand,"Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed."So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that "thou" can be more beautiful than pared with immortal, "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee." So in this case, "thou" in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or "thou" can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting.2.What are the most striking qualities of Robinson Crusoe’s character?A：First of all, he is adventurous. Unlike common people, Robinson is eager to take adventures. So he is brave under most circumstances and curious about new things. Even when he was left in a deserted island, he was not afraid of what he was confronted with.3.How the narrator in”A Red,Red Rose”express his love?A：To use many figures of speeches: simile,hyperbole, repetition.1)Simile: He comparing his love to a red rose and a piece of melody.2)Hyperbole:In the last line of the stanza, he presents his love to his girl withhyperbole.3)Repetition: The poet addresses his girl as a red red rose for many times.4.What do you think of the title of “She Walks in Beauty”? How do you understand the comparison between the woman and the night.A：1)a.”She walks in beauty”is the theme of the poem, the poet used the enumeration of certain qualities that he considered to give her beauty to describe his cousin—a young lady.b.The word ”walk” gives a connotation of advancing, not only in space, butalso in time.2)The poem used images of light and darkness interacting to describe thelady’s personality and looks: She wore a black dress. She was quiet like night with a peaceful mind, and that was the inner beauty of her.ment on this sentence: ”Justice’was done, and the President of the immortals( in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess”. In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?A：1)Tess is a typical victim of the society. Poverty of the family, inhumanity, injustice and hypocrisy of the society decide her tragedy.The two men—the one who takes away her virginity and purity, the other who takes away her love but deserts her on the very weding night—join their forces in bringing about her final destruction.Hers is a personal tragedy; it can also be a social one.2)The tragic fate of Tess and her family was not an individual one, but it was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry--- a process which had reached its final and tragic stage at the end of 19th century.6.The excerpted part of Pygmalion shows that Eliza, the flower girl, now is admired by people for her way of speaking. What do you think of this? Do you think that learning a language can change a person?A：1) I don’t believe that the admiration from people at party for Eliza is true. It is not based on their own experiences and feelings, but based on the shallow views from others. It revealed the shallowness and hypocrisy of the upper class at that time.2)自行补充7.What is the significance of the title of “Araby”? Is anything gained by the boy through his frustration and humiliation?A：1)Araby is a splendid bazaar where Mangan’s sister recommended the boy togo. In his imagination before he went to there, Araby was “An Eastern enchantment” in which his “soul luxuriates”.2) He at least realized that the true life is not as perfect as what he thought to be.。
英国文学复习资料
British Literature 英国文学一、The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485)Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（1343---1400）Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry”首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体（the heroic couplet），被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
乔叟翻译过法国诗歌，其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。
两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后，乔叟接触到意大利文学，深受以但丁（Dante, 1265---1321）、彼特拉克（Petrarch, 1304---1347）和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。
乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂（Westminster Abbey）,从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”（the Poet’s Corner）代表作：《公爵夫人之书》（Book of the Duchess）（1836）《声誉之宫》（The House of Fame）（1374---1384）《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）（1380）《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）（1380---1385）《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）（1386---1400）二、Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期---17世纪初）1、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年，一共创作了38（或39）部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等，另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗（Venus and Adonis，1593）。
英国文学资料
• 英国文学在当代社会的重要意义
• 英国文学在当代社会的代表作品
• 传承了英国的历史文化
• 提供了思想启蒙和批判的视角
• 讽刺了现代社会的权力斗争
• 增强了英国人民的民族认同感
• 对当代社会的问题进行了关注和思
• 体现了英国文学在当代社会的价值
考
与意义
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• 创作了《仲夏夜之梦》等经典喜剧
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人性与冲突
• 莎士比亚戏剧的核心主题
• 揭示了人性的复杂性和冲突
• 对英国文学产生了深远的影响
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语言与修辞
• 莎士比亚戏剧的突出特点
• 善于运用语言和修辞手法
• 对英国文学的写作技巧产生了影响
简·奥斯汀的文学创作
爱情与婚姻
• 简·奥斯汀的主要题材
• 创作了《傲慢与偏见》等经典作品
自然与超自然
• 浪漫主义文学的重要主题
• 崇尚自然和超自然的力量
• 对英国文学的题材选择产生了影响
《拜伦诗选》
• 浪漫主义时期的代表作品
• 由乔治·戈登·拜伦创作
• 体现了浪漫主义文学的特点
现实主义文学的发展
《雾都孤儿》
• 现实主义时期的代表作品
• 由查尔斯·狄更斯创作
• 体现了现实主义文学的特点
苏格兰地区的文学贡献
启蒙运动时期的文学
• 苏格兰地区的文学繁荣时期
• 出现了大卫·休谟等伟大哲学家
• 对英国文学的发展产生了影响
《苏格兰诗选》
• 苏格兰地区的文学瑰宝
• 收集了苏格兰诗人的作品
• 体现了苏格兰地区的文学传统
英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)
I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf> 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里？乔叟 1340（?）~1400 The father of En glish po etry.① <The Can terbury Tales ：坎 特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic coup let '双韵体）by middle En glish② <Troilus and Criseyde>#罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③ < The House of Fame 声誉之宫II The Renaissance P eriodA p eriod of drama and p oetry. The Elizabetha n drama is the real main stream of the En glish Ren aissa nee.Renaissance the activity, sp irit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and lear ning in Europe begi nning in the 14th cen tury and exte nding to the 17th cen tury, marki ng the tran siti on from the medieval to the moder n world. Three historical events of the Renaissanc -rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christ op her Marlowe William Shakes peare Ben Joh nson.William Shakes peare 威廉？莎士比亚 1564-1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世；Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世；Henry V ； Richard II ； Henry VIII② Four Comedies: <As You Like It> 皆大欢喜；<Twelfth Night> 第十二夜；< A Midsummer Night ' S Drea 仲夏夜之梦； <Mercha nt Of Ven 96>威尼斯商人③ Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特；<Othello>奥赛罗；<King Lear> 李尔王；<Macbeth>麦克白④ Shakes peare Sonnet 1:54 <The So nn ets>Three quatra in and one coup let, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambicpen tameter restricted to a defi niti onrhyme scheme. Titus Andronicus 泰特斯-安特洛尼克斯， Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳） Much ado about nothing （无事生非） King John 约翰王 Measure for measure （一报还一报） Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty; Of Marriage and Single Life English⑤ the comedy of errors 错中错， The Tami ng of the shrew 驯悍记 Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶The merry wives of Win dsor.温莎的风流娘们All's well that ends well 终成眷属欢迎下载 2Bourgeois Revolution v TheAdvancement of Learning ＞学术的推进 III : the period of the English bourgeois revolution.Milt on : 1608-1674P aradise Lost; Sams on Agoni stes 力 士参孙）;On the morning of Christ ' s Nativity ,址disc Rcgaincd ＞ 复乐园vOn His Blindness ＞我的失明 vAreopagitica ＞论出版自由 ＜The Defe nee of the En glish Peo pie 为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628-1688① Religionary Allegory ：vThe Pilgrim ' s Prog S s 路历程Grace Abo unding to the Chief of Sinner; the Holy WarJohn Do n: the Meta physical poet 玄 学派诗人）.Meta physical Po etry （玄 学诗）：（用语）the dictio n is simp le, the imagery is from the actual,（形式）the form is frequently an argument with the poet ' s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought ）The Flea;跳蚤 Forbbiding Mourning , Songs And Sonnets 歌与十四行诗， emerge nt occasi ons突变弓丨起的诚念 Hely sonn etsIV The 18th Century : En lighte nmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emoti on （抑制情感）and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtheranee of the Renaissanee of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reas on （ rati on ality ）, equalit y&scie nce （the l8h cen tury ）小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised （realistic novel 现实主义小说）Gothic novel （哥特式小说）：mystery, horror, castles （from middle part to the end of century ）Jonathan Swift 乔纳森？斯威夫特1667-仃45（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说 a master satiris t ）家①Brobdi ngnag 大人国Houyh nhnm 马岛② ③④ vThe Drapper ' s Letters^个麻布商的书信 ⑤ Bickerstaff Almanac 比克斯塔福历书Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔？笛福 1660~1731v Gulliver ' s Traves 歹U 佛游记（fictional work ） Four p arts:Lilli put 小人国Flyi ng Isla nd 飞岛 vA Modest Proposal ＞ —个小小的建议 v The Battle of Books 〉书战v A Tale of a Tub ＞木桶的故事（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。
英国文学资料
英国文学资料第一篇：英国文学资料英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学研究
综上所述，英国维多利亚时期女性小说文学伦理学批评具有重要的历史意义 和现实价值。通过对这一时期女性小说家及其作品的深入探讨，我们可以更好地 理解那个时代的伦理观念和社会价值观念，同时也能对我们的现代社会产生积极 的影响和启示。
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3、民族文化的传承
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学还具有民族文化的传承性。许多作品都将 英国的历史、文化和传统融入其中，使得孩子们在享受奇幻世界的同时，能够更 好地了解和传承本民族的优秀文化。
二、维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想 文学的发展历程
1、起步阶段
维多利亚时期的英国儿童幻想文学起步于19世纪初期，此时的作品主要以传 统的寓言和神话为主。这一阶段的代表作家包括约翰·班扬和乔治·麦克唐纳等。
3、弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特
弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特是维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学的代表作家之 一，她的作品《秘密花园》是一部描绘了奇幻花园世界的经典之作。这部作品以 其浓厚的情感色彩和深刻的哲理，成为了孩子们的挚爱。
四、总结与启示
维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学作为世界文学宝库中的一朵瑰宝，具有独特 的艺术魅力和教育价值。这一时期的作品充满了奇幻色彩，将孩子们带入了神秘 的幻想世界，同时又承载了深厚的教育意义。通过对于这些作品的研究与赏析， 我们可以从中汲取灵感，为当代文学创作提供借鉴与启示。
首先，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学强调奇幻色彩和神秘感，这使得孩子 们在阅读过程中能够充分发挥想象力，激发创造力。当代文学创作中可以借鉴这 一特点，通过描绘奇妙的幻想世界和生动的角色形象，为孩子们提供更加丰富多 样的阅读体验。
其次，维多利亚时期英国儿童幻想文学具有深厚的教育意义，通过寓言和隐 喻来传递道德、价值观和哲理。当代文学创作中可以学习这种表现手法，将教育 元素与文学作品相结合，为孩子们提供既有娱乐性又有教育性的阅读材料。
英国文学史大纲
英国文学史大纲Chapter 1 Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century -15th century)I. King Alfred’s The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》II. Beowulf《贝奥武甫》● a national epic and the first major poem in European vernacular language●written in alliteration●the use of metaphors and of understatements give an impression of reserve and at a time a tinge of ironical humor. III. Three major themes of the romance (骑士文学):●The Matter of Britain●The Matter of France●The Matter of RomeIV. The Robin Hood BalladsV. Sir Thomas Malory’s (托马斯·马洛礼) The Death of Arthur (《亚瑟王之死》)VI. Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟，poet)1. Masterpieces:●The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》●The House of Fame 《声誉之宫》●Anelida and Arcite《安妮丽达与阿赛托》●Parlement of Foules《百鸟会议》●Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》●The Legend of good women《贤妇传说》●The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》2. The Canterbury TalesIt should be an immense work of 124 stories. Only 24 were written. Incomplete as they are, these tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: courtly romance, folk tale, beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint’s life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account,and others. All these tales but two are written in verse. The general tone of the book is one of good-natured humor that is tolerant of human weaknesses; only the parasitic monks are consistently depicted in the satiric vein. The marvelous quality of Chaucer’s humanism is vividly revealed in the Tales’ optimistic affirmation of life, loving interest in man, sense of social justice, feeling for the common people, and democratic spirit.3. Chaucer’s contribution●Forerunner of HumanismChaucer affirms men’s and women’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life and he exposes and satirizes the social vices, including the corruption of the Church.●The founder of English RealismChaucer, for the first time in English literature, presents to the readers a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and describes a series of vivid characters from all walks of life in The Canterbury Tales.●Father of English poetryChaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse. He is the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called the heroic couplet. Thus, he lays the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.●Master of the English languageChaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. Chaucer uses London dialect in his writings and he contributes to making it the foundation for modern English speech.Chapter 2 English Literature of the Renaissance (1500-1640)I. The Renaissance/the rebirth of lettersThe English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. The most important characteristics of this movement are the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life. The humanists expressed their admiration for human beauty and human achievement. They believed that man could mould the world according to his will and attain happiness by removing the external check. II. Thomas Moore’s (托马斯·莫尔) Utopia (《乌托邦》)III. Edmund Spenser’s (埃德蒙·斯宾塞, the poet’s poet) The Shephearde’s Calender (《牧羊人日记》) and The Faerie Queene (《仙后》)IV. Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根，scientist, thinker, philosopher and essayist)1. Masterpieces●The Advancement of Learning (《学术的进步》)●Novum Organum (New Instrument) (《新工具论》)●The Essays (《论说文集》)2. Bacon’s contribution●The founder of English materialist philosophy, and the father of Empiricism●The founder of modern science in England●The first English essayistV. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚，dramatist)1. Shakespeare’s literary career●The First Period (1590-1600)1) 1590-1594 (the period of his apprenticeship in play): historical play; varieties of comedy; the revenge tragedy andthe romantic tragedyHenry VI (《亨利六世》)Richard III (《理查德三世》)The Comedy of Errors (《错误的喜剧》)Titus Andronicus (《泰特斯·安德洛尼斯》)The Taming of the Shrew (《驯悍记》)The Two Gentlemen of Verona (《维洛纳二绅士》)Love’s Labour’s Lost (《爱的徒劳》)Romeo and Juliet (《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)2)1595-1600 (mature period): a period of “great comedies”and mature historical plays (four great comedies: AMidsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like It; Twelfth Night)Richard II (《理查德二世》)A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream (《仲夏夜之梦》)King John (《约翰王》)The Merchant of Venice (《威尼斯商人》)Henry IV (《亨利四世》)Much Ado About Nothing (《无事生非》)Henry V (《亨利五世》)The Merry Wives of Windsor (《温莎的风流娘儿们》)Julius Caesar (《裘力斯·凯撒》)As You Like It (《皆大欢喜》)Twelfth Night (《第十二夜》)●The Second Period (1601-1608): the period of “great tragedies”and “dark comedies”(荒诞喜剧) (four greattragedies: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth)Hamlet (《哈姆雷特》)Troilus and Cressida (《特洛伊斯与克瑞西达》)All’s Well That Ends Well (《终成眷属》)Measure for Measure (《一报还一报》)Othello (《奥赛罗》)King Lear (《李尔王》)Macbeth (《麦克白》)Antony and Cleopatra (《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》)Coriolanus (《科利奥兰纳斯》)Timon of Athens (《雅典的泰门》)Pericles (《泰尔亲王佩力克斯》)●The Third Period (1609-1612): the period of romantic dramaCymbeline (《辛白林》)The Winter’s Tale (《冬天的故事》)The Tempest (《暴风雨》)Henry VIII (《亨利八世》)2. Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works●Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the world literature. He described the decaying of the feudalsociety and the rising of the bourgeois spirit.●Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of Greek and Roman, Italian and English.●Shakespeare’s dramatic works are very elastic. The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classicalrules of three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and action)●Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.●Shakespeare was a great master of English language. In his drama, he used about 16,000 words. Many of his newcoinages and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life.3. Shakespeare’s contribution●Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of thegreatest writers the world over. He is also widely regarded as the greatest writer of English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist.●He transformed English theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished throughcharacterization, plot, language and genre.●Shakespeare's writings have also influenced a large number of notable novelists and poets over the years.VI. Ben Jonson (本·琼生，poet, playwright and critic)1. Masterpieces●Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》／《人各有癖》●Every Man out of His Humour《个性使然》／《人各有怨》●Cynthia’s Revels《辛西娅的狂欢》●The Poetaster《冒牌诗人》●Volpone, or the Fox 《伏尔蓬奈》／《狐狸》●The Alchemist《炼金士》●Bartholomew Fair《巴索洛缪市场》2. Ben Jonson’s contributionComedies of humours: a “humour”is a predominant peculiarity of a certain person, which determines his behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech.V. Christopher Marlowe (克里斯多弗·马洛，a playwright of “university wits”)1. Masterpieces●Dido, Queen of Carthage《迦太基女王狄多》●Tamburlaine《帖木儿》●The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》●The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》2. Social significance of Marlowe’s plays●These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, itstowering pride, its insatiable appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.●The theme of Marlowe’s plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas andlaw, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.●However, the heroes in Marlowe’s plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often bringsruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.3. Marlowe’s contribution●He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.●Marlowe’s dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical, and at times lyrical, verse. He was famous for his“mighty line”. It is mighty and plastic.●His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist—Shakespeare.Chapter 3 English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration(1640-1688)I. The Metaphysical Poets & the Cavalier Poets1. The Metaphysical Poets●John Donne (约翰·邓恩)●Andrew Marvell (安德鲁·马维尔)2. The Cavalier Poets●Robert Herrick (罗伯特·赫里克)●John Dryden (约翰·德莱顿)II. John Milton (约翰·弥尔顿，poet)1. Masterpieces●L’Allegro 《欢乐的人》∕《欢乐颂》●IL Penseroso《沉思的人》∕《沉思颂》●Lycidas《黎西达斯》●Comus 《考玛斯》●On his Blindness 《失明》●On his Deceased Wife《悼亡妻》●Paradise Lost《失乐园》●Paradise Regained 《复乐园》●Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》●Areopagitica《论出版自由》2. Paradise LostParadise lost is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; The rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden. The picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This alone is sufficient to prove that Milton’s revolutionary feelings made him forsake religious orthodoxy.3. Milton’s contribution●He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet of 17thcentury.●He wrote the greatest epic in English literature.●He is a master of the blank verse.●He is a great stylist. (grand style)●Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.III. John Bunyan (约翰·班扬，Christian writer)1. Masterpieces●Prison Meditations《狱中沉思》●Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 《丰盛的恩典》/《罪人受恩记》●The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》●The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 《坏人先生传》●The Holy War 《圣战》● A Holy Life 《圣洁的生活》2. The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim’s Progress is a Christian allegory published in 1678. It is regarded as one of the most significant works of religious English literature. It is a religious allegory. Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. In this book, Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. His prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible.Chapter 4 Eighteenth Century English Literature (1688-1789)I. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment, a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the eighteenth century, spread into England. The Enlighteners considered “enlightenment”or “education”of the people to be their chief mission. They believed in the power of reason, rather than emotion. The eighteenth century is thus known as “the Age of Reason”.●The moderateThe moderate group supported the principles of the existing social order and considered partial reforms adequate. The most important writers of this group include Alexander Pope (亚历山大·蒲柏), Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福), Joseph Addison (约瑟夫·艾迪生), Richard Steele (理查德·斯梯尔), and Samuel Richardson (塞缪尔·理查逊).●The radicalThe radical wing struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government and even partly defended the interests of the exploited. The representatives of this group include Jonathan Swift (乔纳森·斯威夫特), Henry Fielding (亨利·菲尔丁)，Tobias Smollett (托比亚斯·斯摩莱特), Richard Brinsley Sheridan (理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹), and Oliver Goldsmith (奥利弗·哥德史密斯).II. Neo-classicism (the early eighteenth century)Neo-classicism as a literary trend first originated in France. Boileau’s (布瓦洛) L’Art Poetique (《诗的艺术》) is considered as the declaration of Neo-classicism. Main characteristics of Neo-classicism can be summarized as follows: emphasis on reason rather than emotion; preference for elegance, correctness, symmetry, clearness and appropriateness; focus on “town”and “society”instead of nature or country things. The Neo-classicists modeled themselves after Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. The representatives of this literary trend include Addison, Steele, Pope and Johnson. Johnson’s Dictionary (A Dictionary of the English Language,《约翰逊字典》) marked an epoch in the study of English language and the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.III. Sentimentalism in English poetry and prose (the middle of the eighteenth century)Sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of “pity, tenderness, and benevolence” over social duties. Gray (格雷), Goldsmith, Sterne (斯特恩) and Richardson are representatives of this school. They were discontent with the social reality and the so-called reason. They criticized the cruelty of the capitalist society and its injustices, and they appeal to “sentiment”and “human heart”. They were sympathetic for the poverty-stricken peasants. Sentimentalism marks a transition from Neo-classicism to Romanticism in English poetry.IV. The beginning of modern novelPeople generally hold that the modern European novel started after the Renaissance with Cervante’s (塞万提斯) Don Quixote (《堂吉诃德》). The forerunners of English novel in this period were Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.1. Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福, writer, journalist and pamphleteer)He is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularize the form in Britain, and is even referred to by some as among the founders of the English novel.●Paper & Pamphlet:The Review (《评论》) made him sometimes called father of modern journalism.The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (《消灭不同教派的捷径》)●MasterpiecesCaptain Singleton《辛格尔顿船长》The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》A Journal of the Plague Year《瘟疫年纪事》Roxana《罗克萨娜》History of the Devil《魔鬼政治史》●Robinson Crusoe1) The character of Robinson Crusoe▲He is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.▲He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.2)Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of anenterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeoisie of the 18th century. The novel glorifies both physical and mental labor. In the meanwhile, it also shows the author’s attitude towards colonialism and Negro slavery—the author beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery.●Defoe’s contribution1) He is one of the founders of the English novel, and sometimes is called the father of English novel.2) He is sometimes called father of modern journalism.2. Jonathan Swift (乔纳森·斯威夫特，Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet.)●MasterpiecesA Tale of a Tub 《一只桶的故事》Battle of the Books 《书的战争》Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver/Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》●Gulliver’s Travels1) The book presents itself as a simple traveler’s narrative with the disingenuous title Travels into Several RemoteNations of the World, its authorship assigned only to "Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, then a captain of several ships". The text is presented as a first-person narrative by the supposed author, and the name "Gulliver" appears nowhere in the book other than the title page.2) The book proper then is divided into four parts: a voyage to Lilliput; a voyage to Brobdingag; a voyage to Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and Japan; a voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms.3) A Voyage to Lilliput is the first part of Gulliver’s Travels. In this part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliputwhere the tallest people were six inches high. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England. Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians:”Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”4)Swift hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for thepeople. His Gulliver’s Travels gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.●Swift’s contribution1) He is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.2) He seems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression which he wishes to convey. Insimple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature. It is a great education in English to read Swift’s prose.3) Swift is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly, but his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparentcalmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful.3. Henry Fielding (亨利·菲尔丁，novelist and dramatist)He was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humor and satirical prowess. He was both the founder of the English realistic novel and one of the most artistic writers that England has ever produced.●MasterpiecesJoseph Andrews 《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》The History of the Life of the Late Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling/Tom Jones《弃儿汤姆．琼斯的历史》/《汤姆·琼斯》Amelia《阿米利亚》●Tom Jones1) Characterization▲Tom Jones: frank and open, kind, disinterested, quick-tempered, devoid of malice.▲Blifil: the villain of the story, malicious, hypocritical, professing the purest motives for the dirtiest actions.▲Sophia: the heroine, tender, courageous, steadfast.2)Fielding, as one of the pioneers of English realistic literature. He exposes the hypocrisy and depravity of theruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working masses who are driven by want to crime. Tom Jones gives a comprehensive, all-embracing picture of the life of 18th century England, combined with understanding of human psychology and criticism of social evils, together with full-blooded characters, realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. All this makes Tom Jones a masterpiece of English literature.●Some features of Fielding’s novels1) His Method of Relating a Story: There are three ways in telling the story of novel. (letters, the mouth of theprincipal character, the author)2) Satire in His Novels: Satire abounds everywhere in his works.3) He believed in the educational function of the novel.4) He is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.●Fielding’s contribution1)Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel isunique. He has been sometimes called the father of the English novel.2)His sympathy for the working people, and his contempt for the parasites, the exploiters and the oppressors,aroused fear and anger in the reactionary ruling classes.V. Pre-romanticism in English poetry (the latter half of the 18th century)In the latter half of the 18th century there came an apparent shift of interest from the Neo-classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual. This trend showed itself in Pre-romanticism in English poetry. It was marked by a strong protest against the bandage of Neo-classicism, by recognition of the chains of passions and emotions, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. The pioneers were Thomas Percy (托马斯·珀西), James Macpherson (詹姆斯·麦克弗森), and Thomas Chatterton (托马斯·查特顿). Thomas Percy published his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (《古英诗拾遗》) , which contributed to the advent of Romanticism. The most famous writers of this school are William Blake (威廉·布莱克), and Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯).1. William Blake (威廉·布莱克, poet, painter and printmaker)●MasterpiecesPoetical Sketches 《诗歌素描》/ 《诗的素描》Prophecies《预言》The marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》●Songs of Innocence and Songs of ExperienceSongs of Innocence contains poems which apparently written for children. In Songs of Experience, a much maturer work, entirely different themes are to be found, for in this collection of poems the poet draw pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable. The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great importance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life. In the earlier collection there seem to be no shadows. To the poet’s eyes the first glimpse of the world was a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. But in the later years, experience had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.●Blake’s contributionThe whole temper of Blake’s genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age. His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit, according to which natural sentiment and individual originality are essential to literary creation. His revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley. For these reasons, Blake is calleda Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry.2. Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯, Scottish poet and lyricist)Robert Burns was a Scottish poet and a lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and iscelebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and a "light" Scots dialect, accessible to an audience beyond Scotland. He also wrote in Standard English, and in these pieces, his political or civil commentary is often at its most blunt.●MasterpiecesPoems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect《主要用苏格兰方言写的诗集》The Scots Musical Museum《苏格兰音乐总汇》A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs《原始的苏格兰歌曲选集》●The poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.2) Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship, which describes the poet’s own emotions with such vividnessand simplicity that they appeal directly to the reader’s heart.3) Burns also wrote some songs of patriotism.4) Burns was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution, under the influence of which he wrote a number ofpoems on the theme of revolution.5) Burns expressed his sympathy for the miseries of the Negro slaves transported from their Africa motherland toAmerica.6) Burns also achieved success in the field of satire.7) Some poems are characterized by humor and lightheartedness.VI. English drama in the eighteenth centuryThe greatest dramatist of this period is Richard Brinsley Sheridan, best remembered for his The School for Scandal (《造谣学校》), and The Rivals (《情敌》). These two plays are often considered as the important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of George Bernard Shaw.Chapter 5 English Literature of Early Nineteenth Century (1789-1835)I. RomanticismRomanticism, a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement, came into existence in Western Europe and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It trumpeted dissonant ideas against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and the scientific rationalization of nature. Romanticism in England began with the publication of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads(《抒情歌谣集》). As far as romanticists are concerned, what they did was to elaborate the dissatisfaction with the bourgeoisie and the prosaic and sordid society in which the common people suffered and felt distressed. The romanticists focused their attention on the spiritual and emotional life of man and they frequently indulged themselves in the use of personification of Nature in their works. Their works expressed man’s will to live a better life against any yoke imposed on him. The age was, in effect, best expressed and portrayed in the poetry of William Wordsworth (威廉·华兹华斯), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治), George Gordon Byron (乔治·戈登·拜伦), Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱), John Keats (约翰·济慈), and Robert Southey (罗伯特·骚赛), and to a lesser degree, in the prose of Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特), Jane Austen (简·奥斯汀), Charles Lamb (查尔斯·兰姆), William Hazlitt (威廉·赫兹里特), Leigh Hunt (李·亨特), and Thomas de Quincey (托马斯·德·昆西).II. Lake Poets (湖畔派诗人) and passive romanticists (消极浪漫主义者)Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey formed the so-called Lake Poets in the last few years of the 18th century for the reason that all three of them lived in the Lake District of England. They had radical inclinations in their youth but turned conservative, representing the passive romanticists who turned to the past for their ideal by way of revolt against the capitalist development.1. William Wordsworth (威廉·华兹华斯, poet)William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.●MasterpiecesDescriptive Sketches《景物素描》/《素描集》An Evening Walk 《黄昏漫步》/《晚步》The Borderers 《边界人》Lyrical Ballads (collaborated with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) 《抒情歌谣集》The Prelude 《序曲》Poems in Two Volumes 《诗二卷》The Excursion 《远足集》The White Doe of Rylstone《理堡白鹿》Peter Bell 《彼得·贝尔》The Waggoner 《马车夫》Yarrow Revisited and Other Poems《又见蓍草及其他诗歌》●Some features of Wordsworth’s poetry1) Wordsworth was at his best in description of mountains and rivers, flowers and birds, children and peasants, andreminiscences of his own childhood and youth. As a great poet of nature, he was the first to find words for the most elementary sensations of man face to face with natural phenomena.2) He was also a masterhand in searching and revealing the feelings of the common people. The themes of many ofhis poems were drawn from rural life and his characters belong to the lower classes in the English countryside.3) His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治, poet, literary critic, and philosopher)Coleridge was an English poet, Romantic, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets.●MasterpiecesChristabel 《克丽斯特贝尔》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》/《老水手之歌》/《老水手行》。
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
维多利亚女王性格鲜明，秉性真挚。她忠于职守，具有治国之才； 她不仅把时光消磨在工作上，也消磨在为家务操劳上；她忠于自己的丈 夫，对子女要求严格，成为一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不仅使英国的文 学，艺术、科学昌盛，经济繁荣，英国的生活方式（如英国贵族的下午 茶）也从那时候开始成为世界各国人民所追逐仿效的对象。“维多利亚 时代”被许多英国人所怀念。
• The Chartist Movement (1836-1848 )was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. The movement brought some improvement to the welfare of the working class. It was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
最全面英国文学史知识点总结（1）
最全面英国文学史知识点总结（1）英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance –rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英语专业考研英国文学概括复习大纲 (1)
英国文学概括复习大纲一、中世纪文学古英语文学英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族,没有留下书面文学作品。
5世纪时，原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国，他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》传了下来。
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、斗毒龙，并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。
它的背景和情节是北欧的，但掺有基督教成分，显示出史诗曾几经修改，已非原貌。
按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看，诗的结构完整，写法生动，所用的头韵、重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。
6世纪末,基督教传入英国，出现了宗教文学。
僧侣们用拉丁文写书，其中比德所著的《英国人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有难得的史实,又有富于哲理的传说，受到推崇，并译成了英文。
此后，丹麦人入侵，不少寺院毁于兵火，学术凋零。
9世纪末,韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹，同时着手振兴学术，请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为英文，并鼓励编写《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》，这是用英国当地语言写史的开始。
中古英语文学1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起着变化,12世纪后发展为中古英语。
文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》。
它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。
14世纪后半叶，中古英语文学达到了高峰。
这时期的重要诗人乔叟的创作历程，从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效，进到后来英国本色的写实，表明了英国文学的自信。
他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用优美、活泼的韵文，描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈；他们来自不同阶层和行业各人所讲。
二、文艺复兴时期文学16世纪，由于新航路发现后海外贸易发达，英国国力逐渐充实，民族主义高涨，1588年一举击败大陆强国西班牙派来入侵的“无敌舰队”。
文化上也出现了一个活动频繁、佳作竞出的文艺复兴局面。
three unities英国文学
三一统是指剧本中时间、地点和情节的统一。
三一统最早起源于古希腊戏剧，后被欧洲文艺复兴时期的文学家重新提出并确立。
在英国文学中，三一统的概念得到了广泛应用，并为戏剧、小说等文学形式的发展提供了重要的指导。
一、时间统一时间统一是指剧本中所描述的事件发生在一个连续的时间段内。
这种严格的时间限制要求故事情节在一天之内或者是几天内完成。
这种严密的时间结构使得故事的发展更加连贯，使读者或观众更容易投入故事情节之中。
在英国文学中，莎士比亚的戏剧作品中常常采用时间统一的手法。
例如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的故事发生在一个星期内，使得故事情节更加紧密，更加真实感人。
二、地点统一地点统一是指剧本中所描述的事件发生在一个特定的地点内。
这种地点的限制使得剧情更加集中，更加突出主题。
地点统一也可以加强对角色与环境的描绘，使得故事更加生动。
英国文学中，约翰·米尔顿的史诗诗歌《失乐园》就采用了地点统一的手法。
整个史诗的故事发生在伊甸园内，使得故事更加紧凑，更加有力量。
三、情节统一情节统一是指剧本中的主题及各个情节在整个故事中相互通联，相互影响，保持完整的故事发展线索。
情节统一要求故事情节的安排要合理，紧凑，每一个情节都要为主题服务。
在英国文学中，莎士比亚的悲剧《哈姆雷特》就是一个典型的情节统一的作品。
剧中的每一个情节都与王子哈姆雷特的复仇行动紧密相关，为故事的发展服务。
总结起来，三一统在英国文学中得到了充分的应用，并对英国文学的发展产生了重要的影响。
通过时间、地点和情节的统一，英国文学作品更加具有连贯性和紧密性，更容易引起读者或观众的共鸣。
三一统的概念不仅影响了戏剧，也影响了小说和其他文学形式的发展，成为文学创作的一个重要原则。
伴随着英国文学的不断发展，三一统在戏剧、小说等文学形式中的应用不断完善和丰富。
随着时代的变迁和文学风格的多样化，三一统的概念也得到了更加广泛的运用和探讨。
一、时间统一的变化在英国文学中，时间统一的概念在不同历史时期有着独特的表现形式。
Tricia英国文学(二)
1. Old English Period 450-1066Beowulf (alliteration)2. Middle English 1066-1500Influences of the Norman Conquest （on politics, on languages, on religion）Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales, Heroic Couplet)3. The RenaissanceThomas More (Utopia)Edmund Spencer (The Faerie Queen 仙后, The poets’ poet)Francis Bacon (essays: Of Studies,文中背诵部分)Shakespeare (great tragedies, Hamlet, The Merchant of Venice, sonnets)4. The 17th centuryJohn Donne (metaphysical school, Death, Be Not Proud)John Milton (Paradise Lost)John Bunyan (The Pilgrim’s Progress, allegory)5.The 18th century Enlightenment Movementneo-classicism(新古典主义) →realism → sentimentalism（感伤主义）&pre- romanticism（前浪漫主义）Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe)Jonathan Swift (Gulliver’s Travels)Henry Fielding (The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling)6.Thomas Gray(1716-1771）-- Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard established his fame as the leader of ―the Graveyard School‖Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Links between themasterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw)William Blake(1757-1827)-- Songs of Innocence and Songs of ExperienceDifference between the two volumes7.Robert Burns(1759-1796)—A Red Red RoseRomanticism1. Begins in 1798 with the publication of Wo rdsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and ends with Walter Scott’s death in 1832.2. Characteristics of Romantic Poetry：Emphasis on individuality and special qualities of each individual’s mindon the inner world of human spiriton imaginationon nature3. William Wordsworth(1) worshipper of nature; One of the Lake Poets;(2). Wordsworth’s short poems: On nature, On human life(3). Wordsworth’s theory about poetry:The principal object, then, which I proposed to myself in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as possible, in a selection of language really used by men; and at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual way; and, further, and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature. –Preface to The Lyrical Ballads\\Theme : is to be chosen from incidents and situations from common life\\Language used : is to be a selection of language really used by men\\Ordinary things are to be presented : in an unusual way\\The poet is to trace in the chosen incidents and situations : the primary laws of human nature 4. Lake poets(1)the elder generation(escapist romanticists): William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey(2)the younger generation(active romanticists): Byron, Shelley, Keats5. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)(1) works—long poems:Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》Oriental Tales 《东方故事集》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》She Walks in Beauty 《她走在美中》When We Two Parted(2) Byronic hero: A proud, mysterious and rebel figure of noble origin. With superior passions and powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of fighting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself.6. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)(1) Prometheus Unbound （解放了的普罗米修斯）Song to the Men of England（英格兰人之歌）Ode to the West Wind (致西风)Ode to the Skylark （致云雀）(2) Terza rima: (三行体) first used by DanteTerza rima: a three-line stanza using chain rhyme in the pattern aba, bcb, cdc, ded. There is no limit to the number of lines, but poems or sections of poems written in terza rima end with either a single line or a couplet repeating the rhyme of the middle line of the final stanza.7. John Keats (济慈)(1795-1821)Ode on a Grecian Urn ―希腊古瓮颂‖Ode to a Nightingale ―夜莺颂‖(1)contrast; human world: woes, unhappiness, sadnessnatural world: freedom and joy(2)Inner contradiction: ugly social reality and his vain wish to leave it or forget(3)Escapism : The poet longs for the freedom like the Nightingale.8. Jane Austen(1775-1817)(1) Theme of her works: Love and marriage(2) Her attitude to marriage / Jane Austen’s women characters:1st: marry for material wealth and social position2nd: marry for beauty and passion3rd: marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s pe rsonal merit and economic and social status(3) Pride and PrejudiceDarcy: seemingly cold and proudElizabeth: beautiful, intelligent and quick-minded\\Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy(3 reasons):First impressionDarcy’s role in separating J ane and BingleyWickham’s storyJane: most beautiful and best-temperedBingley: rich handsome GentlemanLydia: shallow, frivolousWickham: a charming officer, vain and wick-mindedMr. Collins: ridiculous, funny and servileCharlotte Lucas: plainMr. Bennet: old gentleman, have no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth Mrs. Bennet: empty-minded, snobbish, vulgar and garrulousLady Catherine: Arrogant, haughty, ill-mannered woman9. Walter Scott :(1) Romanticism begins in 1798 with th e publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and ends with Walter Scott’s death in 1832.(2) the creator of historical novelsVictorian period1. Critical realism (realist) (批判现实主义)Characteristics:(1) Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Bronte sisters, George Eliot(2) Give a truthful picture of the capitalist England(3) Critical of the social reality of their day (social injustices and vices, money worship and Utilitarianism)(4) Sympathetic to miseries and sufferings2. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)(1) His works: ①Early works：The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》Dombay and Son 《董贝父子》（Attacks one or more specific evils in each；Happy ending）②Later works：Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》Hard Times 《艰难时世》Great Expectations 《远大前程》A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》（Criticism is more complicated；The attack is more urgent and passionate）(2) Features of his works ①. The settings of his stories have an extraordinary vividness②. A large-scale criticism of the 19th century England③ Ever-present happy endings④. Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works⑤. employment of some artistic devicesthe use of irony or obvious exaggerationthe use of humorthe use of pathos⑥. a complicated and involved plot(3) Oliver Twist\\Birth: unknown parentsa locket and a ring taken by old Sally\\ Workhouse: maltreated starved (Mr. Bumble)\\ Important threads 线索：①A locket and a ring: Oliver’s mother →old Sally →widow Corney and Bumble →Monks②A portrait in Mr. Brownlow’s possession; Edward Leeford →Mr. Brownlow\\About Oliver Twist: ①Truthful presentation of the miseries and sufferings of the poor and the oppressed in workhouses②Vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London in general③The lot lacks convincingness3.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863)--- Vanity Fair 《名利场》(1) Vanity Fair, or a Novel Without a Hero(2) Vanity fair: the English societyA novel without a hero: aim at not individual heroes but the society as a whole4.George Eliot (1819-1880)(1) George Eliot is a pseudonym 笔名of Mary Ann Evans(2) Work: Adam BedeContrast between two pairs of lovers mental conflict between the personal desire and moral duty①Adam&Dinah：with high moral principle；well-guided conduct②Arthur&Hetty：their own interests, feelings and desires；no consideration of their behavior5. The Bronte Sisters(1)Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 《王尔德费尔庄园的佃户》Charlotte Bronte: The Professor 《教授》Jane Eyre 《简爱》Shirley 《舍丽》Villette 《维莱特》(2) Features of Charlotte’s novels:Creation of courageous, upright women figuresMore or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around.Although her objective descriptions are detailed and exact, she is a subjective writer.Imagination and fiery passions and feelings, such as extreme fear, despair, and love, which can only be understood as her own.Combination of realism and romanticism(3) Ruthless attack in Jane Eyre①contrast between Jane Eyre and Helen-----ruthless attack：of the inhuman misery of the charity school ；of terrible educational system②contrast between Jane and Blanche-----the attack：of the bourgeois attitude to marriage and love or the false social convention concerning love and marriage。
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PPT01：总述1. Literature in the Anglo-Saxon period (450-1066) 安格鲁-撒克逊时期poetry: Beowulf 诗歌：《贝奥武夫》2. Literature in the Middle English period (1066-1500) 中世纪文学romance (narrative verse or prose) 传奇popular ballad 大众民谣Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 乔叟---《坎特伯雷故事集》3. The Renaissance period (16th century) 文艺复兴时期Shakespeare: poetry and drama 莎士比亚---诗歌和戏剧Francis Bacon: essay 培根---散文4. The period of revolution and restoration (17th ) 革命和复辟时期poetry: John Milton：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained诗歌：约翰弥尔顿---《失乐园》、《复乐园》John Donne：约翰多恩John Bunyan：The Pilgrim’s Progress 约翰班扬---《天路历程》5. The period of Enlightenment(启蒙运动)(18th)Alexander PopeDaniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 丹尼尔笛福---《鲁滨逊漂流记》Henry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones 菲尔丁---《汤姆琼斯历险记》Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 乔纳森斯威夫特---《格列佛游记》Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School of Scandal 肖尔顿---《造谣学校》Thomas Gray and Robert Burns 汤姆斯格雷、罗伯特伯恩斯Old English period (450-1066)The Song of Beowulf (Beowulf) 贝奥武夫—National epic 民族史诗/ National hero 民族英雄·人物：BeowulfHrothgar-King of DanesGrendel—monsterGrendel’s motherFire-breathing dragon·剧情：lst one: Beowulf kills Grendel2nd one: Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother3rd one: Beowulf kills a dragon and diesTheme 主题:People’s struggle with the hostile forces under a wise and heroic leader Beowulf (alliterative verse)of men was the mildest and most beloved,to his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.Then the Goth’s people reared a mighty pileWith shields and armour hung, as he had asked,And in the midst the warriors laid their lord,Lamenting. Then the warriors on the moundKindled a mighty bale fire; the smoke roseBlack from the Swedish pine, the sound of flameMingled with sound of weeping;…For their dead king; exalted his brave deeds,Holding it fit men honor their liege lordPraise him and love him when his soul is fledThus the (Geat’s) people, sharers of his hearth,Mourned their chief’s fall, praised him of kings, of menThe mildest and the kindest, and to allHis people gentlest, yearning for their praiseEg: clean and clearRound the rocks runs the riverbusy as a beeAlliteration 头韵：The repetition of the usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.·The Prologue (序诗) supplies a miniature(小画像) of the English society of the time·Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Middle English Period(1066-1500)Influence of Norman Conquest in 1066：❖in politics: feudalist system was established in England❖in religion: Catholic Church had a much stronger power over the country❖in language: three languages co-existed❖French, Latin, EnglishRomance:Uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or heroic deeds1. hero: knight2. plot: set out—test: the meeting with the evil—accomplish one’s mission—returnmost famous one: King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿色骑士》Popular ballad(民谣)：a narrative poem of no great length, without any known writer （anonymous）in an oral tradition then was written downtheme: romantic stories of love and friendships, of treachery and murder, supernatural tales about ghosts and spiritse.g.: Robin Hood 《罗宾逊》An outlaw: brave, clever, strong, loving, tender-hearted and affectionateRob the rich and help the poor and the distressedReflection of the social realityEnglish peasants rose against their oppressors 绿林好汉Geoffrey Chaucer-----“father of English poetry”英国诗歌之父：乔叟The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》1. It has 24 stories.2. It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣者）who tell stories.A pilgrim: a person who travels to a holy place for religious reasons3. It is about the life of ordinary people.4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.·World of Chaucer and his PilgrimsPilgrimage: In religion and spirituality, pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance·Took three days to walk sixty miles between London and Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.·Characteristics:1.deal with all sorts of people from all walks of society2.a wide range of plots and ideas3.full of humor and irony4. Presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositionsA realistic portrayal of the English society·Chaucer’s language:1. His language is full of humor and satire.2. His language is vivid, exact and smooth, a master of word-pictures.3. He is the first to use heroic couplet which he introduced from France.4. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)As soon /as Ap/ril pier/ces to /the rootThe drought /of March/, and bathes/ each bud /and shootThrough e/very vein /of sap /with gen/tle showersFrom whose /engen/dering li/quor spring/ the flowersWhen ze/phyrs have/ breathed soft/ly all /aboutInspiring every wood and field to sprout…Two lines with the same rhymes10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressedA couplet of two lines of iambic pentameter with the same end rhymes and forming a logical whole.PPT02：The Renaissance English Literature（文艺复兴时期）·Social, cultural and intellectual movement embracing the whole Western Europe ·Rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and civilization.It marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world·First appeared in Italy in the 14th century, with the flowering or flourishing of painting, sculpture and literature·前期代表人物Representatives: Dante(但丁) (The Divine Comedy);Boccaccio（薄迦丘）(Decameron)Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Raphael Backgrounds:❖Economically：development of trade →enclosure movement →uprisings❖Politically：feudalist relations →capitalismfeudal nobility →rising bourgeoisie❖Religiously：Roman Catholic Church →Church of England;❖Culturally：interest in God and life after death →significance of man and enjoyment of life·In essence, the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European progressive writers and scholars (humanists人文主义者) made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic ChurchThe essence of the Renaissance is humanism.文艺复兴后期文学代表人物：Thomas More 托马斯莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞Francis Bacon 培根William Shakespeare 莎士比亚Ben Johnon ★◇Thomas More’s Masterpiece—Utopia(乌托邦)Utopia first written in Latin then translated to English：“nowhere”·Part I: social evils“even a beast’s life is enviable”cause of all the social evils the existence of private property·Part2: Utopiafoundation of an ideal society is the abolishment or abolition of private propertyAll land is held in common. All citizens are equal.Universal education for all children.◇Edmund SpenserEdmund Spenser and Philip Sidney are the two most important poets of the English Renaissance.They were labeled “court poets”because they were of noble birth.Spenser was known as the Poets’Poet by later generation.PPT03：William Shakespeare 莎士比亚◇Writing Career:38 plays154 sonnets2 long narrative poems·Four periods of his dramatic career:·1st(1590-1594) apprenticeship；King Richard IIItragedy: Romeo and Juliet 1594some comedies·2nd period(1595-1600) rapid developmentGreat comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1595；The Merchant of Venice 1596The Merry Wives of Windsor 1598；Much Ado About Nothing 1598As You Like it 1599 ；Twelfth Night 1600Mature historical plays：Richard II；Henry IV ；Henry v·3rd period: 1601-1607maturity, gloom and depression4 greatest tragedie s: King LearHamletOthelloMacbeth·4th period(1608-1616)peace and calm, disillusionment·Sonnet ：a poem of 14 lines of iambic pentameter with a rigid rhyme-scheme◇HamletHamlet: Prince of Denmark Claudius: King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle Gertrude: Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother Polonius: Lord Chamberlain under Claudius Ophelia: Polonius’daughter, Hamlet’s love Laertes: Polonius’sonHoratio: Hamlet’s schoolmate & loyal friend Rosencrantz & Guildenstern: his schoolmates Fortinbras: Prince of Norway Ghost of King Hamlet·Plot Summary -- Act IThe ghost appears at the castle.Hamlet grieves over father’s death and mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius.The ghost tells Hamlet the truth about his death.Ophelia is told by her father and brother not to fall in love with Hamlet.·Plot Summary -- Act IIHamlet pretends to be mad.Polonius attributes the madness to Ophelia’s rejection of his love.Hamlet arranges for a play to test Claudius.·Plot Summary -- Act IIIThe play is performed and Hamlet finds out the truth.Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius and is to be sent to England.Ophelia goes mad and drowns herself.Laertes wants to avenge his father’s death.A plot is worked out between Claudius and Laertes.·Plot Summary -- Act VHamlet and Laertes have a grapple at Ophelia’s grave.Fencing match:Gertrude diesLaertes confesses and diesHamlet dies and names Fortinbras heir to the throne.⊙Hamlet《哈姆雷特》is a play about murder, ghost, betrayal, revenge, madness, friendship and love.Murder---intentional and accidentalGhost---a bridge between reality and illusionBetrayal---Claudius, Gertrude, R&GRevenge---Hamlet, LaertesMadness---real madness；pretended madnessLove---Hamlet and OpheliaFriendship---1.）true friendship between Hamlet and Horatio2.）false friendship between Hamlet and R&G⊙Hamlet is a man of (knowledge, nobility, talent and brilliance, youth,energy and wisdom.)⊙Writing devices。