专业英语翻译

UNIT1Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。

Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。

At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals.20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。

UNIT2Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly.研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。

我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。

Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them.尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。

In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products.简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。

To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part.可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。

We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds.我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。

但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究Aspects of synthesis could involve either developing new, more specific reagents for controlling particular functional group interconversions, i.e. developing synthetic methodology or complete synthesis of an entirely new molecule which is biologically active.通过合成可以生产出一些新的、更特殊的试剂以控制特殊的官能团转换，即发展合成方法或完成一些具有生物活性的新分子的合成。

UNIT3The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into money--making, commercial-scale chemical processes.化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过程。

The design stage is really where the big bucks are spent. One typical chemical process might require a capital investment of $50 to $100 million. That’s a lot of bread! And the chemica l engineer is the one who has to make many of the decisions.设计阶段是大把金钱花进去的时候。

一个常规的化工流程可能需要五千万到一亿美元的资金投入，有许多的事情要做。

化学工程师是做出很多决定的人之一。

When you find yourself in that position, you will be glad that you studied as hard as you did (we hope) so that you can bring the best possible tools and minds to bear on the problems.当你身处其位时，你会对自己曾经努力学习而能运用自己的方法和智慧处理这些问题感到欣慰。

Flow sheets are diagrams showing all the equipment schematically, with all streams labeled and their conditions specified (flow rate, temperature, pressure, composition, viscosity, density, etc.)工艺流程图。

是显示所有设备的图纸。

要标出所有的流线和规定的条件（流速、温度、压力、构造、粘度、密度等）。

Equipment specification Sheets are sheets of detailed information on all the equipment precise dimensions, performance criteria, materials of construction, corrosion allowances, operating temperatures, and pressures, maximum and minimum flow rates, and the like. These “spec sheets” are sent to the equipment manufacturers for price bids and then for building the equipment.仪器设备说明书。

详细说明所有设备准确的空间尺度、操作参数、构造材料、耐腐蚀性、操作温度和压力、最大和最小流速以及诸如此类等等。

这些规格说明书应交给中标的设备制造厂以进行设备生产UNIT6Historically the bulk chemical industry was built on chlor-alkali and related processes．The segment is normally taken to include the production of chlorine gas，caustic soda (sodium hydroxide),soda-ash (derivatives of sodium carbonate in various forms ) and，for convenience，lime based products．纵观历史，大众化学品工业在氯碱及其相关过程之上。