How to write a paper教你怎么发表论文
关于论文写作的指导(英文版)
关于论文写作的指导(英文版)Guide to Writing a Research PaperWriting a research paper can be a daunting task for many students, as it requires extensive research, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. However, with careful planning and a systematic approach, anyone can write a successful research paper. This guide aims to provide step-by-step instructions and useful tips to help you navigate through the process of writing a well-crafted research paper.1. Understand the assignment: Before starting your research paper, carefully read the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Pay attention to the specific requirements, such as the topic, length, formatting style, and deadlines. If you have any doubts or questions, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor.2. Choose a topic: A good research paper starts with a well-defined and interesting topic. Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study and aligns with your interests. Ensure that the topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. Conduct initial research to make sure there is enough information available to support your arguments.3. Conduct thorough research: To write an impactful research paper, you need to gather reliable and relevant information from various sources. Utilize library resources, academic journals, books, and reputable online databases to acquire the necessary data. Take notes while researching and keep track of the sources you consult.4. Develop a thesis statement: A strong thesis statement is the focal point of your research paper. It presents the main argument or hypothesis that you will support throughout your paper. Your thesis statement should be clear, concise, and debatable. Make sure it reflects the purpose of your paper and guides your research and writing process.5. Create an outline: An outline serves as a roadmap for your research paper, making the writing process more organized and efficient. It includes the main sections and subsections of your paper, along with the key points you will discuss in each section. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that you cover all the necessary information.6. Write a compelling introduction: The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. Start with a catchy hook to grab the reader's attention. Provide background information on the topic and gradually narrow it down to your thesis statement. Clearly state the purpose and significance of your research, and explain how your paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.7. Present a comprehensive literature review: A literature review demonstrates your understanding of the existing research on your topic. Summarize the key findings of relevant studies and identify any gaps in the literature. Make sure to cite all the sources properly and critically analyze the information presented.8. Methodology: In this section, describe the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. Clearly explain your approach, including the sample size, data collection instruments, andstatistical analysis methods. This will allow readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your findings.9. Present your findings: Share the results of your research in a logical and coherent manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures to illustrate your findings effectively. Interpret the results and explain their significance in relation to your research question. Remain objective and avoid making unsupported claims or overgeneralizing your findings.10. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research and review how they support your thesis statement. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest further areas of research. End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action.11. Revise and edit: The final step in writing a research paper is revising and editing. Review your paper for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting style required by your instructor. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.In conclusion, writing a research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication skills. By following this guide, you can navigate through the process with confidence and produce a well-structured and impactful research paper. Remember to allow yourself enough time for each step and seek help when needed.继续写相关内容，1500字12. Citations and References: In academic writing, it is crucial to give credit to the original sources of information and ideas. Proper citations and references not only demonstrate academic integrity but also allow readers to locate and verify the sources. Different disciplines may follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines and consistently apply them throughout your research paper. Keep track of your sources from the beginning and create a bibliography or reference list as you go along.13. Revise and Edit: Once you have completed the initial draft of your research paper, it is important to revise and edit it thoroughly. Revision involves rethinking, reorganizing, and rewriting sections for better clarity and coherence. Check for any gaps in your argumentation or supporting evidence. Make sure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument. Edit your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. It can be helpful to read your paper aloud or ask someone else to read it and provide feedback. Remember that revising and editing is an ongoing process, and it may take multiple rounds before your research paper is polished and ready for submission. 14. Pay Attention to Formatting: In addition to citations and references, it is important to pay attention to the overall formatting of your research paper. Follow the guidelines provided by your instructor regarding font size, margins, line spacing, and page numbering. Consider using headings and subheadings to organize your paper and make it easier to navigate. Make sure that all tables, figures, and illustrations are properly labeled and referred to in the text. A well-formatted research paper not only looks professionalbut also enhances readability and comprehension.15. Seek Feedback and Proofreading: Before submitting your research paper, it is beneficial to seek feedback from others. Share your paper with classmates, colleagues, or your instructor and ask for their opinions and suggestions. They may be able to point out any inconsistencies, weaknesses in your argument, or areas that need further clarification. Consider their feedback and make necessary revisions. Additionally, it is essential to have your research paper proofread by someone else or use proofreading tools and software. Even the most careful writers can overlook errors, and a fresh pair of eyes can catch mistakes that you may have missed.16. Practice Time Management: Writing a research paper can be time-consuming, so it is important to manage your time effectively. Break down the task into smaller, manageable steps and set deadlines for each step. Use a planner or online tools to schedule your research, writing, and revision sessions. Start working on your research paper well in advance to avoid any last-minute rush. It is also a good idea to allocate extra time for unexpected challenges or delays. By managing your time efficiently, you can reduce stress and produce a high-quality research paper.17. Emphasize Clarity and Coherence: Clarity and coherence are essential qualities of a well-written research paper. Make sure that your ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse readers. Use transition words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and sections. The overall structure of your paper shouldbe coherent, with each section and paragraph contributing to the central argument. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that readers can easily follow your thought process.18. Practice Ethical Research Conduct: Conducting research ethically is crucial to maintain the integrity of your research paper and respect the rights and privacy of others. Obtain proper permission and informed consent when conducting surveys, interviews, or experiments involving human subjects. Follow ethical guidelines when conducting research involving animals. When using other researchers' work, ensure proper citation and acknowledgment. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and quoting sources accurately. Familiarize yourself with your institution's policies on research ethics and ensure that your research adheres to ethical standards.19. Take Care of Your Mental and Physical Well-being: Writing a research paper can be mentally and physically demanding. It is important to take care of yourself throughout the process. Take breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a balanced diet. Get enough sleep and manage your stress levels effectively. If you feel overwhelmed or stuck, don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, instructors, or tutors. Remember that it is normal to experience challenges and setbacks during the research paper writing process, and taking care of your well-being can help you overcome them more effectively.20. Finalize and Submit: After incorporating feedback and making all necessary revisions, it is time to finalize your research paper.Review the formatting, citations, and references one last time to ensure accuracy and consistency. Proofread your work for any remaining errors. Once you are confident that your research paper is polished and meets all the requirements, submit it on time following the submission guidelines provided by your instructor. Celebrate your hard work and the accomplishment of completing your research paper!Writing a research paper may seem challenging at first, but by following these steps, you can approach the task with confidence and produce a high-quality paper. Remember that writing is a process, and it requires time, effort, and perseverance. Do not hesitate to seek help and guidance when needed. With practice and experience, you will become more proficient in writing research papers and communicating your ideas effectively.。
高效论文写作的顺序和技巧大全
高效论文写作的顺序和技巧大全The Ultimate Guide to Efficient Paper Writing: Order and TechniquesWriting a paper can be a daunting task for any scholar, but with the right techniques and approach, it can become an enjoyable experience. To write an effective paper, it is vital to follow a specific order and apply some essential techniques. In this paper, we shall explore nine vital outline titles that students can apply to polish their paper writing skills.1. Topic SelectionChoosing the right topic is an essential part of writing a quality paper. Consider picking a topic you care about or the one that interests you. Conduct thorough research to understand the suggested topic and explore various angles before settling for one.2. Collecting DataThe second step is to collect data. Data collection involves conducting research and gathering necessary information using various sources such as books, journals, online databases, or primary sources.3. OutliningAn outline is a skeleton or framework for your paper. It helps in organizing your thoughts and ideas in a logical order. An excellent outline should have a thesis statement, introduction, bodyparagraphs, and a conclusion.4. Thesis StatementThe thesis statement is the central argument of your paper that guides the reader's expectations about the content. It should be clear and concise, taking a stance on the topic.5. Writing the IntroductionThe introduction is the first section of your paper that sets the tone and captures the reader's attention. A well-written introduction should provide the background information, explain the purpose of your paper, and give a thesis statement.6. Body paragraphsThe body paragraphs follow the introduction and include supporting information, arguments or examples that back your thesis statement. It is critical to ensure that paragraphs have a logical flow and are well-organized.7. Writing the ConclusionThe conclusion is the last part of the paper that summarizes the paper’s content and restates the thesis statement. It provides closure to the paper to leave a lasting impression on the reader. 8. Editing and proofreadingEditing and proofreading your paper is crucial to ensure that it is well-written and error-free. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, punctuation errors, and ensure the ideas flow logically.9. Formatting and referencingFormatting and referencing your paper are essential to ensure that it follows the guidelines of the particular formatting style. This involves citing all the sources used in the paper and presenting them according to the citation style recommended by your professor.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective paper requires a systematic approach, which includes topic selection, data collection, outlining, thesis statement, introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion, editing, and referencing. Follow these techniques to polish your paper writing skills and produce high-quality papers.1. 主题选择这个提纲重点在于如何选择合适的主题。
how to write a paper
Note: make sure that your results have a common theme, and indicate the challenging nature in getting the results This forms the basis of your Results section
Phase 1: Outlining Your Message
Step #1: before you start writing, sit back and think hard about
What key results I want to write about Why someone might be interested in these results Who am I writing the paper for (who is your reader)
Example: Results section
Expand on “modeled the tertiary structure of protein X
Protein X has three domains, A, B, C, determined based on ProDom prediction and multiple sequence alignments. A has a close homolog A’ in PDB, with sequence XX%; hence we modeled the structure of A based on A’s using Modeller. B does not have a close homolog in PDB but has good threading scores against structure B’s by three different threading programs. C is a membrane protein with two helices, and we have modeled its structure using an ab initio approach. Side-chains are then added using Molleder. We then docked the three structures into one complex structure using a new docking program that is capable of utilizing limited NMR distant restraints.
How_to_Write_a_World_Class_Paper
如语法和拼写这样的统一标准去评判稿件的接受 与否。不要因为可以避免的失误而使稿件被期刊 拒绝；确保稿件看起来无懈可击”
Arnout Jacobs, Elsevier Publishing
因此，无论是学术内容还是语言都应当无懈可击
三 “C” 标准
优秀的文章符合三 “C” 标准：
•Clarity (清晰)
使用过去时
方法：写作窍门
• • • • • • 如果不描述结果的话，则不要提供方法部分 清楚描述每种方法对研究目标所起到的作用 精确描述时间、剂量 不要在方法部分使用患者基线数据 – 它们是结果 详细描述新技术，提供已成熟技术的参考信息 如果已经在其他文章里详尽地描述过了使用方法，则总结 要点然后作为引文在文章中引用
前言
不要 •发表大幅评论 •过多引用自己或同事的论著，或者一味引用只对自己的 研究结果有利的论著，而忽视观点对立的研究或论著 •在最后一段描述方法、结果或结论，而不是概述研究内 容和结果 •过度使用 “novel” (新颖) 或 “for the first time” (首次) 之 类的词语
方法
用稍微不同的语句将试验的原因描述了两次
歧义
确保正确使用 “which”、逗号和连字符
“Calcium regulated transcription” 与 “Calcium-regulated transcription” 意思截然不同
在 “To identify biomarkers of prostate cancer, we performed microarray analysis, using custom cDNA arrays” 这句中，第二个逗号应删除
Relationships among information processing, depression, fatigue and cognition in multiple sclerosis
how to write a research paper《如何写好英文文章》
A leading international Publishing original researchMany experienced scientists are thinking of the journalImpact Factor and Journal Selection Many authors select journals on the basis of the Impact FactorThe Impact Factor is the average number of citations of papers in the journal1. A high impact factor will NOT mean that your paper will be highly cited.2. A high impact factor means that the journal selects papers that have the potential to be highly cited.3. Each journal is a brand exactly in the same way as noodle brands.Choose the right brand for publishing your paperDo not choose noodles when you need toothpaste •References ( it’s easier to understand the referencing system if youNow, write an essay about the Industrial Revolution inEngland….Read the ‘Guide for Authors’! Again and again! And follow it EXACTLY.•Apply the Guide for Authors to your manuscript, even to the first draft(text layout, paper citation, nomenclature, figures and table, etc.). It will save your time, and the editor’s.•All editors hate wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. It is a sign of disrespect.• A poorly prepared manuscript will not be sent to referees. It will be rejected immediately.examples There is a careous boundary between quartz and feldspar. The boundary is generally convex with respect to the quartz…..Generally, tablesgive the actualexperimentalresults. In this case,the table is moredirect and clear. The graph ECOLOGICAL GROUPSupplementary data may include:Advance in international scienceDetailed conclusions Further workPaper highlighted in Editor’sChoice section of ScienceUniversity Registrar5µmpyriteFig. 3 Radiating textures suggest supersaturation with respect to pyritebeforeafterThe quality of EXCEL charts has improved but。
how to write a research paper
1. Topic Selection
For a research paper, essay, report or article, you learn information about a subject, then set forth a point of view and support it with evidence from authorities known as sources. All of your sources must be declared via citations, using the most recent edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and relevant websites for citing sources from the Internet, within the research paper.
Unsuitable topics: A research paper topic would be a poor choice if it were...
· Too broad: Should you try to cover the entire subject of Supply Management, the evolution of Purchasing or the Uniform Commercial Code in one research paper? No. You should narrow the scope of your topic to include only a portion of a broad subject.
How to write a paper
How to Write a Paper (Literature Review) for a Social Science Course 怎样写社会科学课程的文献综述Dennis H. Karpowitz, Department of PsychologyCopyright [Dennis H. Karpowitz] All Rights ReservedStep 1. Start Early第一步：尽早着手A good review paper takes thought, time and effort.一个好的文献综述需要很多思考，甚多时间和精力。
It may take time to locate important relevant journal articles.确定重要且相关的杂志文章也许要花些时间。
A relevant book may be in use by someone else and it takes time to get it back and check it out to you.你所需要的相关专著可能别人正在使用，你需要花些时间等那人还回在借过来。
Step 2. Select a topic relevant to the course第二步：选择与课程相关的一个题目Read an overview of the topic you choose in a text or professional book. Such an overview will give you a general feeling for the relevant variables and issues important to your topic. Your paper should be more specific, more narrow and deeper than such an overview.读一下课本或专著中你所选题的综述概况。
How to Write a Paper
第一印象：吸引读者 Need to be accurate and informative for effective indexing and searching
写作就是把你的工作成果推销给其他的科学家！
顾客需要什么？
读者的期望：在最短时间内找到最重要的信息。 典型的情况： 1.标题吸引人读者才会感兴趣 2.摘要要包含重要的新方法或新结果，读者才会读这篇文章。 3.对于读的论文，读者也会直接去找自己最感兴趣的东西。 明晰的文章结构可以帮助读者很快找到所需的信息。 文章的结构很关键，结构问题很常见！ 想要读者不费力，必须自己先费力！ 审稿人的期望：文章必须写得理由充分。没理由要找理由，有理由要强调！ 文章在发表前必须经过审稿人的评审。 审稿人一般是相关领域的专家甚至是竞争者。 审稿是无偿的，无偿审稿使审稿人只审批感兴趣的论文。 审稿人的眼光挑剔，会尽力找文章中的毛病，甚至试图阻止文章发表。 在被别人挑剔之前，自己必须先鸡蛋里挑骨头，预先回答审稿人的可能质疑。
庖丁解牛，出自《庄子》，比喻经过反复实践，掌握了事物的客观规律，做事得心应手，运用自如。
Publish or Perish
Publish or Perish
发表或灭亡！ 不发表文章就走人！ 不发表文章就毕不了业！ 研究工作不发表就没有意义！
What is a Scientific Paper？
A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent”. Well-written papers are read, remembered, cited. Poorly written papers are not. 科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向 读者论述。 论文是研究工作的中心部分。 研究目的不是简单的收集数据。 研究工作没有写成论文就等同于没有做研究。 研究工作有意义但没有发表就等同于没意义。 好的论文可读，能被记住，被引用，反之亦然。
How to write sci papers
30
示例
完稿
自己再三检查英文---单词、句子、段落、标点符号 请人检查
反 复 检 查 最 重 要
放置数天后再次修改 一篇英文文章需要2～3月
31
示例
Contribution
如何选择期刊 看文献时留意相关杂志---IF、杂志侧重点
Steps of Contribution
同行介绍 期刊分类排名 注意发表周期 选择期刊后 详细阅读Guide for authors
28
示例
References
All citations must be accurate and read Include the most important and most recent literature Quote only published journal articles or books Never quote ‘second hand’
20
示例
Introduction
21
示例
M＆M
让他人看到你的论文后能重复研究工作 相对好写的部分 模仿
最 容 易 的 部 分
22
示例
Results
在结果的开始部分简单介绍原理、实验目的和简要方法 按照结果在正文和图表中的逻辑顺序描述具体结果 合理使用图、表和文字说明 尽量不要涉及对结果的评论，最多是总结陈述结果就可以了。
投稿
选对杂志 锲而不舍，不断修改 不怕拒稿，修改后再投
经 验
42
示例
修改
Be calm about reviewers criticisms Always make editor your friend Never argue with reviewers Try to do everything that reviewers ask
科研方法：How to Write a Scientific Paper 中文版
What is a scientific paper?
What is a scientific paper? 什么是科技论文？
A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 科技论文是集假说、数据 和结论为一体的概括性描 述，以此向读者论述。论 文是研究工作的中心部分。 如果你的研究没有写成论 文，也就等同于没有做研 究。有意义但没有发表， 等同于不存在。
How should you construct an outline?
How should you construct an outline? 你应该如何起草你的提要？
The classical 最经典的方法就是找 approach is to start 一页空白的纸，以任 with a blank piece of 何顺序，写下与这篇 paper, and write down, 文章有关的所有重要 in any order, all 观点。 important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper.
The reason for outlines
如何写出精彩的英文论文
如何写出精彩的英文论文Writing an outstanding academic paper in English requires a lot of preparation, research, and writing skills. Whether you are a native user of English or a non-native speaker, producing exceptional content demands a lot of effort and dedication. In this article, we offer some tips on how to write a captivating English academic paper that is both informative and engaging.1. Choose an Interesting TopicThe first step in writing an excellent paper is to select an engaging and relevant topic. Choose a topic that is not only interesting to you but also to your readers. Your topic should address a specific problem or issue in your field of study.2. Conduct Thorough ResearchAfter selecting an appropriate topic, conduct in-depth research to gather as much information as possible about your subject. You can start by reading books and relevant academic articles on your topic. Ensure that you use credible sources to avoid presenting inaccurate or biased information.3. Create an OutlineBefore you start writing, create a detailed outline showing the main ideas and arguments that you want to present. This will help you to organize your thoughts and create a logical flow in your paper.4. Write a Compelling IntroductionThe introduction is the first part of your paper that your readers will see. A well-written introduction should grab the readers' attention and give them an idea of what to expect in the rest of the paper. It should also provide a brief background of your topic and thesis statement.5. Develop a Strong Thesis StatementYour thesis statement is the central argument of your paper. It should be clear, concise, and specific. Ensure that it effectively communicates your position on the topic and provides a roadmap for your paper.6. Use Clear and Concise LanguageTo write an excellent paper, use clear and concise language that is easy to understand. Avoid using jargon, complex sentence structures, or unfamiliar words that can confuse your readers.7. Provide Supporting EvidenceTo convince your readers of your argument, you need to provide supporting evidence. Use examples, statistics, and empirical evidence to strengthen your position. Ensure that you cite your sources properly to give credit to the original authors.8. Present Counterarguments and RebuttalAcknowledge opposing views and provide a rebuttal to strengthen your argument. This shows that you have considered alternative perspectives and that your argument is well-rounded.9. Conclude with a Call to ActionEnd your paper with a compelling conclusion that summarizes your main points and provides a call to action. Your conclusion should leave a lasting impression on your readers and motivate them to take action.In conclusion, writing an outstanding English academic paper requires a lot of effort and dedication. By following the tips above, you can create a compelling paper that is both informative and engaging. Remember to choose an interesting topic, conduct thorough research, create an outline, write a compelling introduction, develop a strong thesis statement, use clear and concise language, provide supporting evidence, present counterarguments and rebuttal, and conclude with a call to action.。
教你写好一篇英语议论文
教你写好一篇英语议论文议论文是很常见的一种文体，非常考验逻辑性。
自高中以来，想必大家写了不少议论文了吧?那么，英语的议论文又该怎么写呢?下面是小编为您收集整理的教你写好一篇英语议论文，供大家参考!教你写好一篇英语议论文1、Compose your essay with a clear purpose 带着明确的意图写文章一篇议论文旨在让读者接受你对于这个话题的看法。
以下都是些很好的话题例子：Whether governments should or should not fund embryonic stem cell research.Whether love is a virtue or a vice.Why Citizen Kane is the best movie of the 20th century.Why American citizens should be forced to vote.2、Write your essay as though you are conducting a debate 写文章的时候假设你正在参加一场辩论赛辩论赛里你需要向听众介绍你的主题，摆出论据并且进行总结性说明。
议论文和辩论文章的结构是相似的。
3、Collect facts from good sources to justify your opinions 收集一些来源好的事实证明你的观点。
使用合理的事实来支持你的论证。
一篇写的好的文章是好的，而一篇议论的好的文章是难以否认的。
除了做研究，你还可以通过调查、采访或者进行实验来获取论证。
另外，不要只说一个事实，可以讲故事。
比如：Since the death penalty has been reinstated, more than 140 inmates on death row have been released after evidence proved them innocent. Ask yourself: How would you like to be one of those 140 wrongfully-convicted inmates.4、Discuss conflicting opinions 讨论正反观点除了阐明自己的意见，还可以提出相反的意见，并论证它是不准确的或是过时的。
英语论文怎么写好作文
英语论文怎么写好作文How to Write a Good English Paper。
Writing a good English paper can be a challenging task, but with the right approach, it can also be a rewarding experience. Whether you are writing a research paper, a literary analysis, or a personal essay, there are several key steps you can take to ensure your paper is well-written and effective.Step 1: Choose a Topic。
The first step in writing a good English paper is to choose a topic that interests you. This may seem obvious, but it is important to select a topic that you are passionate about and that you have some knowledge of. If you are writing a research paper, you may want to choose a topic that is relevant to your field of study or that has been the subject of recent research. If you are writing a literary analysis, you may want to choose a work ofliterature that you have read and enjoyed.Step 2: Conduct Research。
How to write paper
the components of the research generally.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Abstract
Purpose: Summarize your contributions
Style . What is the problem . What is your work . Features of your work . Advantages of your work . Results Do not write an abstract. That can be done when the paper is complete.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Support (theoretical and experimental)
Purpose: Introduce your work
Theoretical analysis The methods must be described in such a way that another researcher can repeat exactly what is done. . Use references to describe standard or published methods. . Note any deviations that you have introduced in this work.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Title
The title of the paper is the last thing you write. This is because the paper will change as you write it. It’s easier to finalize the title last. Use a working title or original title which can describe
How to write a scientific paper
Whom Writing For?
• To please yourself? • Referees - to persuade the toughest one • Journal
- Choose before writing - General vs. subespecialty journal
Use and Misuse of English
• Tense - Previously published work: present tense
impact • State results
Figures
• Do before writing • Redraw, redraw, prune clutter • Least non-data-ink • Max 4 lines, all solid • No caption • Reduce to 1 column in journal
Methods Section
• Enough information for an experienced
investigator to repeat your work • Avoid tiresome detail • Cut-and-paste from previous work of
the author(s), not somebody else’s • It is the first section of the paper in
- Reduced xerox copy to check out - Original should be <3x final
Figures
how to write a paper
关于如何写SCI的文章（导师给我们发过来的，大家共享一下！！！）公开2011-12-18 21:09 |(分类:默认分类)一、研究生必备四本俗话说好记性不如烂笔头，所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯！作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的1，实验记录本（包括试验准备本），这当然首当其冲必不可少，我就不多说了；2，Idea记录本，每次看文献对自己有用的东西先记下，由此产生的idea更不能放过，这可是做研究的本钱，好记性不如烂笔头，以后翻翻会更有想法的；3，专业概念以及理论进展记录本，每个人不可能对自己领域的概念都了如指掌，初入门者更是如此，这时候小小一个本子的作用就大了；4，讲座记录本，这本本子可能有些零杂，记录听到的内容，更要记录瞬间的灵感，以及不懂的地方，不可小视！这四本是你必不可少的，不过作为我们这些非英语专业的研究生来说，还有一个应该具备的本子就是英语好句记录本。
二、论文写作要点1、选题要小，开掘要深；不要题目很大，内容却很单薄。
2、写作前要读好书、翻阅大量资料、注意学术积累，在这个过程中，还要注重利用网络，特别是一些专业数据库3、“选题新、方法新、资料新”的三新原则（老板教导的）4、“新题新做”和“小题大做总之，一点之见即成文。
三、如何撰写实验研究论文（唐朝枢）论文发表意识：基础研究成果的表达方式；是否急于发表（创新与严谨的关系）；发表的论文与学位论文的区别（反映科学事实而不是反映作者水平）论文格式：原著、快报、简报、摘要。
不同于教科书、讲义，更不同于工作总结。
撰写前的准备工作：复习和准备好相关文献;再次审定实验目的(学术思想,Idea);实验资料完整并再次审核1.Introduction:问题的提出；研究的现状及背景；以前工作基础；本工作的目的；思路（可提假说）；对象；方法；结果。
在… 模型上，观察… 指标，以探讨… （目的）2. M & M⑴材料的写法和意义; 伦理.⑵程序与指标。
怎样写好英文论文(How to write a research paper)
Manuscript Form
Center the title on the page about an inch and a half from the top or on the first ruled line. Leave the next line blank and begin the first paragraph on the third line. In this way the title will stand off from the text.
Manuscript Form
2. Indention: Indent the first lines of paragraphs uniformly, about an inch in handwritten copy and five spaces in typewritten copy.
Manuscript Form
How to Write a Research Paper
Introduction Procedure Discussion
general →specific
specific →general
Manuscript Form
Margins Indented Form Full Block Style Title
Samples of References
Newspaper or weekly magazine Matt Clark, Sharon Begley, and Mary Hager, “The Miracles of Spiced Genes,” Newsweek, 17 March 2003, p.69. Julie W. Munro, “A New Elitism in China?” Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 Nov. 1977, p.3.
英文学术论文写作与发表技巧
英文学术论文写作与发表技巧Academic writing and publishing are vital skills for those who want to excel in the fields of education, research, and professional discourse. Writing an academic paper involves a complex process of research, analysis, formatting, and editing, whereas publishing requires understanding the intricacies of manuscript preparation, submission, and peer-review. This article aims to provide an overview of the key techniques for academic writing and publishing, starting from selecting a topic, organizing the paper, citation and referencing, formatting, and submitting the manuscript for publication.1. Selecting a topicThe first step in writing an academic paper is to identify and narrow down a topic. The topic should be specific, precise, and relevant to the discipline or field of study. A good starting point is to review the literature, identify gaps or areas of interest, and formulate research questions that can be answered through empirical evidence. The topic should also be feasible in terms of time, scope, and resources available for conducting a study.2. Organizing the paperOnce the topic has been selected, the next step is to organize the paper into sections, beginning with an introduction that provides context and background information on the topic, followed by a literature review that outlines previous studies and research gaps. The methodology section should describe the research design, sample size, data collection methods, and statistical analysisprocedures.The results section should present the findings in an objective and clear manner, whereas the discussion section should interpret the results, discuss their implications, and suggest future research directions. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the key findings, restate the research questions, and draw overarching conclusions.3. Citation and referencingCitation and referencing are essential for academic writing because they provide evidence of the sources that have been used in the research, indicate the credibility of the study, and enable readers to locate and access the cited sources. The citation style should be consistent throughout the paper, and conform to the guidelines of the particular discipline or journal.4. FormattingFormatting involves the presentation of the paper in a professional and readable format, including the use of headings, fonts, margins, and spacing. The paper should also conform to the guidelines of the particular journal or publisher, including the preferred referencing style, manuscript length, and format. Attention to detail in formatting can increase the chances of acceptance for publication.5. Submitting the manuscript for publicationOnce the manuscript has been completed, it should be reviewed for grammatical errors, clarity, coherence, and overall quality before submitting it for publication. The submission process involves selecting an appropriate journal or publisher, following the guidelines for manuscript preparation, and submitting the paper online or through email. The review process involves evaluation by the editorial board or peer-reviewers, who provide feedback on the quality, relevance, and contribution of the study. Based on the feedback, authors can revise and resubmit the manuscript, or withdraw it and submit it to another journal or publisher.In conclusion, academic writing and publishing require a systematic and disciplined approach that involves selecting a suitable topic, organizing the paper, citing and referencing sources, formatting, and submitting it for publication. With practice, patience, and attention to detail, authors can improve their writing and publishing skills, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.6. Tips for effective academic writing- Start with a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes the main argument or research question, and guides the structure of the paper.- Use plain language and avoid technical jargon, unless it is necessary for clarity and precision.- Write in an objective and impersonal tone, avoiding personal opinions or emotions that may bias the interpretation of the data. - Use active voice and vary sentence structures to maintain reader engagement and clarity.- Follow the guidelines of the particular discipline or journal forcitation and referencing, which may include using footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citations.- Revise and proofread the paper multiple times, checking for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting errors.- Seek feedback from colleagues, mentors, or writing tutors who can provide constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement.7. Tips for publishing academic papers- Select a journal or publisher that is reputable, relevant to the topic, and aligned with the research goals and scope.- Follow the guidelines for manuscript preparation and submission, which may include instructions for formatting, word count, file format, cover letter, and author declaration.- Choose appropriate keywords, abstract, and title that capture the essence of the study and attract readers' attention.- Engage in peer-review, which involves evaluating other scholars' papers and providing constructive feedback that can improve the quality and relevance of the research.- Stay up-to-date with the latest trends, debates, and theoretical frameworks in the field, by attending conferences, reading journals, and networking with peers.- Take advantage of social media, blogs, and online platforms to disseminate the findings and insights of the research to wider audiences, including policymakers, practitioners, and the general public.8. Challenges and opportunities in academic writing and publishingAcademic writing and publishing can be a rewarding but also challenging endeavour, as it requires dedication, perseverance, and continuous learning. Some of the challenges that scholars face include:- Time management, as writing and publishing can be time-consuming and require balancing multiple tasks and priorities.- Rejection and criticism, as not all papers get accepted for publication, and the feedback from reviewers can be rigorous and demanding.- Ethical considerations, such as plagiarism, data fabrication, and conflicts of interest, which can undermine the credibility and integrity of the research and authorship.However, there are also opportunities for growth, innovation, and impact in academic writing and publishing, such as:- Collaboration and teamwork, as scholars can benefit from exchanging ideas, collaborating on research projects, and co-authoring papers that showcase diverse perspectives and expertise. - Interdisciplinary and cross-cutting approaches, as academic writing and publishing can bridge different fields, methods, and theories, and contribute to solving complex and pressing social, economic, and environmental issues.- Open access and public engagement, as academic writing and publishing can involve making research findings and insights available to wider audiences, including policymakers, practitioners, and citizens, who can use them to inform their decisions and actions.In conclusion, academic writing and publishing are essential skills for scholars who aim to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their fields, and communicate their ideas and insights to wider audiences. By following the key techniques and tips outlined in this article, scholars can improve their writing and publishing skills, overcome the challenges, and seize the opportunities of academic scholarship.。
如何写论文(剑桥大学)
Mike AshbyHow to Write a Paper6th Edition, February 2005IntroductionThis brief manual gives guidance in writing a paper about yourresearch. Most of the advice applies equally to your thesis or towriting a research proposal. The content of the paper reflects thekind of work you have done: experimental, theoretical,computational. I have used, as a model, a typical Materials project:one combining experiment with modeling and computation toexplain some aspect of material behaviour.Sections 1 to 8 give guidelines for clear writing with briefexamples. The Appendix contains longer examples of effectiveand ineffective writing. The manual is prescriptive—it has to be, if itis to be short. It is designed to help those struggling with their firstpaper, or those who have written several but find it difficult. Certainsections may seem to you to be elementary; they are therebecause, to others, they are not. Section 8, on Style, is open-ended, the starting point for more exciting things.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/051Contents1The Design p 32The Market—Who are your readers? p 43The Concept—Making a Concept-sheet p 54Embodiment—The first draft p 95 Detail I—Grammar p 166 Detail II—Spelling p 207 Detail III—Punctuation p 218 Detail IV—Style p 269 Further Reading p 34Appendix p 37How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0521 THE DESIGNWell-written papers are read, remembered, cited. Poorly writtenpapers are not.To write well, you need a design. Like any design activity, thereare a number of steps (Figure 1). I’ve used the language ofengineering design here—it fits well.The Market Need. What is the purpose of the document? Whowill read it? How will the reader use it? The answers help youdecide the length, the level of detail, the style.The Concept. Good writing starts with a plan. Writers havedifferent ways of developing plans. I find the concept-sheet(Section 3, below) is a good way to do it.Figure 1. The Design Process. Designing a paper is like designinganything else: there are five essential steps.The Embodiment. The embodiment is the first draft. Get the factsdown on paper without worrying about style; make drafts of eachsection; develop the calculations; sketch the figures; assemble How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/053references.Detail. Now comes the crafting: clarity, balance, readability; in aword —style.The End-Product. Appearance is important: good layout, clearheadings, well-designed figures.The Sections that follow expand on each of these in turn.2 THE MARKET—Who are your readers?Your market is your readers. Put yourself in their shoes: what, ifyou were they, would you wish to find?The readers of your thesis are your examiners. They expectdetails of all relevant parts of your research: why you did it, itsbackground, your thinking, what you did, your conclusions andyour views on where it is going. They don’t want the irrelevantparts—details of how standard equipment works, for instance. Findout as much as you can about content and format from yoursupervisor and other students, and look at some recent(successful) theses to get a feel for the product this marketexpects.A paper is read by one or more skilled referees, and, if accepted,by a scientifically-informed audience. This manual focuses onwriting papers. The pages that follow explain how this marketshould be addressed.A research proposal usually addresses two markets. One is thefunding agency: the EPSRC, the EU, another GovernmentAgencies, or a Charity. They will look for a match between theirpriorities and yours. The other is the referees that the fundingagency will use; they are charged with judging quality, promise How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/054and relevance.Hardest to write is a popular article, addressing an audience whois intelligent—one should always assume that—but who mayknow nothing of your subject. Here style, always important, mustbe fine-tuned to meet their needs. More on style in Section 8.Make no mistake. Write poorly and you’ll bore, exasperate andultimately lose your readers. Write well, and they’ll respond in theway you plan.Figure 2. Markets for technical writing.3 CONCEPT—Making a Concept-SheetWhen you can’t write, it is because you don’t know what you wantto say. The first job is to structure your thinking. Settle downcomfortably with a cup of coffee (or better, beer) and an A3 sheet How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/055How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/056of paper in Landscape orientation as in Figure 3. Devise a tentative title for the paper and write it at the top. Then—in as orderly way as you can, but disorder is OK too—jot down what seem like sensible section headings, each in its own box. Sketch in anything that occurs to you that belongs in a section—paragraph headings, figures, ideas. Think of things that might be relevant to the section—a reference, a graph you might need, an idea that requires further development. Put each in a bubble near the box to which it applies, with an arrow showing where it fits in. This is the time to de-focus, forget the detail and think both longitudinally and laterally.Figure 3. A model for a concept sheet.What should be in the paper? What else might be relevant? Whatelse might you need to do the job—a copy of X, a figure of Y, thereference Z? Put it all down. You realise that you need an extrasection—squeeze it in. You see that the order of sections is notgood—add arrows indicating the new order.All this sounds like a child’s game, but it is not. Its value lies in thefreedom of thought it permits. Your first real act of composition(this one) is to allow your thinking to range over the entire paper,exploring ways in which the pieces might fit together, recording theresources you will need and capturing ideas. That way, no matterwhich part you start drafting, you have an idea of the whole. Don’tyet think of style, neatness or anything else. Just add, at theappropriate place on the sheet, your thoughts. This can be themost satisfying step of writing a paper. Later steps can take time,be hard work, sometimes like squeezing water out of stone. Butnot this—it is the moment to be creative in whatever way yourideas may lead. You can add to the sheet at any time It becomes aroad-map of where you are going.Figure 4 shows, unexpurgated, the concept sheet I made whilethinking about this manual. Some bits were already planned; mostdeveloped in the hour I spent making the sheet; a few were addedlater, after some sections had been drafted. It is a mess, notes tooneself, but it guides the subsequent, more tedious, part of thejourney. It is possible that this starting point may not work for you,but try it more than once before you abandon it. It is the best way Iknow to break writers-block and launch the real writing of thepaper.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/057Figure 4. The concept sheet I made when writing this text.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0584 EMBODIMENT—The First DraftNow the hard work. Break the job down into stages. The usualstages in writing a paper are set out in the boxes below. Papersare not drafted sequentially; do it in any order you wish. Get thescientific facts and technical details down, the ideas formulated,the graphs and figures planned. If good ways of expressing theideas occur to you now, use them; but do not deflect effort fromthe key job of assembling the pieces, in whatever form them come.Here they are.4.1 TITLE• Meaningful and brief, in 14 pt bold.Fatigue of Metal Foamsis better thanThe Mechanical Response of Cymat and Alporas Metallic Foams toUni-axial Cyclic Loadingeven though it is less specific.4.2 ATTRIBUTION• The names of the authors, with all initials; the Institute ororganisation, with full address; the date.“A.M.Harte and C.Chen,The Cambridge Centre for Micromechanics,Cambridge University Engineering Department,Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UKJanuary 1999.”How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0594.3 THE ABSTRACT• Try for one sentence each on motive, method, key results,conclusions.• Don’t exceed 3 sentences on any one.The reader of an Abstract has been lured by the title. He or shenow want to know whether to read on. Tell them, in as fewsentences as possible, what they will find. No waffle, no spuriousdetails. Try not to exceed 100 words. Imagine that you are payinga 10p a word. See the Appendix for an example.4.4 INTRODUCTION• What is the problem and why is it interesting?• Who are the main contributors?• What did they do?• What novel thing will you reveal?Outline the problem and why it was worth tackling. Review theliterature, recording briefly the main contributors and summarisingthe status of the field when you started the research. Provide anyspecialised information that the reader might need if he is tounderstand what follows. State what you will do that has not beendone before (new experimental approach? new data? new model?new interpretation?) Keep it as brief as you can whilst still doing allthis.Start with a good first sentence—see Section 8 for examples. How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/05104.5 METHOD• Experimental paper: equipment, materials, methodModelling paper: assumptions, mathematical tools,methodComputational paper: inputs, computational tools, method• Explain what is especially different about your method.• Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce whatyou did.• Don’t mix Method with Results or Discussion—they comenext.This should be an easy section to write: just say what you did,succinctly. Use “we” but do so sparingly: too many “we’s” soundslike a child’s day out: “first we did this, then we did that.”Build up a reference list as you go. See Section 4.10 for the way todeal with references.It is one of the principles of science that a paper should containsufficient detail to allow the work to be repeated by someone else.Provide this but no more. Keep the results for the next section.4.6 RESULTS• Present the output of the experiments, model orcomputation.• Don’t mix Results with Discussion. It belongs—all of it—in4.7.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0511This, too, should be an easy section to write. Report your resultssimply, without opinion or interpretation at this stage. Define allsymbols and units. Present data in a form other people can use.Give emphasis in the text the most important aspects of the tables,graphs or figures. Give error-bars or confidence-limits fornumerical or graphical data. Statistics should be meaningful;avoid confidence-eroding statements such as “33.3% of thesamples failed: 33.3% survived; the third sample was unfortunatelymisplaced.”Aim for a concise, economical style.Poor: It is clearly shown in Figure 3 that the shear loading hadcaused the cell-walls to suffer ductile fracture or possibly brittlefailure.Better: Shear loading fractures cell-walls (Figure 3).4.7DISCUSSION• Extract principles, relationships, generalisations.• Present analysis, model or theory.• Show relationship between the results and analysis, modelor theory.Here you are seeking to extract principles, relationships, orgeneralisations from the results. Sometimes the results speak forthemselves.The novel heat-treatment described in Section 2 gives steels which How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0512are 10% stronger and 20% tougher than those heat-treated in thenormal way.could be all you need. Most of the research we do aims at whymaterials behave as they do, and this requires ideas aboutmechanisms, models and associated theory. The function of theDiscussion is to describe the ideas, models and theories and leadthe reader through a comparison of these with the experimental orcomputational data. Bring out the most significant conclusions first;develop subsidiary conclusions after that.Be clear and concise; a Discussion is not a license to waffle. SeeAppendix for examples of waffle and what to do about it.4.8 CONCLUSION• Draw together the most important results and theirconsequences.• List any reservations or limitations.The reader scanning your paper will read the Abstract and theConclusions, glance at the Figures and move on. Do not duplicatethe Abstract as the Conclusions or vice versa. The Abstract is anoverview of the entire paper. The Conclusions are a summing upof the advances in knowledge that have emerged from it. It isacceptable to present conclusions as a bullet-pointed list.4.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS• Thank people who have helped you with ideas, technicalassistance, materials or finance.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0513Keep it simple, give full names and affiliation, and don’t getsentimental. A formula such as this works well:I wish to thank Prof. L.M. Brown of the Cavendish Laboratory,Cambridge, for suggesting this review, and to acknowledge my debtto the books listed below.or:The authors wish to thank Professor A. G. Evans of HarvardUniversity for suggesting the approach developed in section 4.3; MrA. Heaver for his technical assistence throughout the project andMrs Jo Ladbrooke for proof-reading the manuscript. The researchwas supported by the EPSRC under grant number EJA S67, by theDARPA-ONR MURI program under contract number N00014-1-96-1028, and by a Research Fellowship from the National ResearchCouncil of Canada.4.10REFERENCES• Cite significant previous work.• Cite sources of theories, data, or anything else you havetaken from elsewhere.• References must be complete: name, initials, year, title,journal, volume, start-page and finish-page.References tell the reader where an idea, prior results and datahave come from. It is important that you reference all suchHow to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0514sources. It is a conventional courtesy to reference the originatorsof key ideas or theories or models, even if you modify them.There are almost as many different formats for references as thereare journals. If you have ENDNOTE on your PC it can solve theproblem. Best for drafts is the Name/year system (also called theHarvard system):In text : “Lu (1998)”. If there are two names then “Lu & Chen(1998)”. If there are more than two, then “Lu et al (1998)”.In reference list, ordered alphabetically: “Lu, T.J and Chen, C.(1998) An Analysis of Defects in Metal Foams, Acta Mater. 15,222-226”.For papers: Name, initials, year, title, journal, volume, start page-end page.For books: Name, initials, year, title, publisher, city and country ofpublisher, chapter number, start page-end page (if relevant).All are important. Do not be tempted to make a reference listwithout all of these. It takes far longer to track down the missinginformation later than to do it right in the first place.4.11 FIGURES• Flow charts show methods, procedures.• Graphs plot data.• Schematics show how equipment works, or illustrate amechanism or model.• Drawings and photographs illustrate equipment,microstructures etc.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0515Anyone scanning your paper will look at the figures and theircaptions, even if they do not read the text. Make each figure asself-contained as possible, and give it both a title (on the figureitself) and an informative caption (below it). Make sure that theaxes are properly labelled, that units are defined and that thefigure will tolerate reduction is size without becoming illegible.Label each curve of graphs.Good figures are reproduced or imitated by others, often withoutasking—the sincerest of compliments.4.12APPENDICES• Essential material that would interrupt the flow of the maintext.An appendix must have purpose; it is not a bottom drawer for thestuff that you cannot bear to throw away. It is the place for tediousbut essential derivations, or for data tables or descriptions ofprocedures, that would disrupt the flow of ideas in the main text. Itshould be well structured and stand by itself. Give it a title:“Appendix A1: The Equation for Toughness” The journal may set itin smaller type than the main text.… … … …When you get this far you have got a long way. Put the draft onone side for at least 48 hours. Get the graphs plotted, the figuresdrawn up, micrographs printed and references assembled. Do nottinker with the text yet. It is a good idea to have a check-list like theone on the last page of this manual; it helps you see where youare.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0516How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0517…………Time has passed. The draft has matured for 48 hours ormore. Now we must address the details.5 DETAIL I: GrammarGrammar tells the reader the function of words and theirrelationship. Mess up the grammar and you confuse the reader. What follows is a brief summary of the simplest essentials ofgrammar.5.1 The parts of speechParts of speech are descriptors for the functions of words. There are eight.• Nouns are the names of peoples or thing: Instron, metal, computer, foam.Nouns can be used as adjectives. When so used, they aregenerally hyphenated to the noun they qualify: table-tennis, metal-foam, computer-power .• Pronouns stand for nouns: he, she, it, they.• Adjectives qualify nouns: a small Instron, a red metal, a digital computer, an intricate foam.• Verbs signify being or action: is, seems, go, interpret, understand.Transitive verbs have a subject and an object: The load / deforms /the material.Intransitive verbs have no object: Flowers / bloom. The research /evolved.“Being” verbs have a complement: The test / was / completed. Thetheory / seemed / correct. (“Completed” and “correct” arecomplements)Many verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive form: Time /passed. And: Pass the biscuits.• Adverbs qualify verbs: today we interpret this differently.• Conjunctions link words and sentences: and, but, because...• Prepositions precede nouns, usually having to do with place ortime: on the table, after this procedure, on the graph, from theappendix.• Interjections are exclamations; the polite ones include: Alas!Great! Cheers! Many are impolite. They are inappropriate intechnical writing.5.2 Sentence structureA simple sentence has a subject and a predicate.Subject PredicateThe sample failed.The measurements fell into two classes.Fatigue-loading causes microstructural damage. How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0518The subject identifies what or whom the sentence is about.The predicate, containing a verb, says something about thesubject.5.3 Phrases and clausesPhrases and clauses are groups of words that do the jobs of theparts of speech listed on Section 5.1.A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a verb.Type of phrase ExampleNoun phrase The interpretation of the experiment presents aproblem.Adjective phrase The red and white striped cable is live.Adverbial phrase We examined the results with considerable care.Conjunctive phrase The test ended owing to the fact that the specimenfailed.Avoid the last of these; there is always a simpler, one-wordconjunction (here: “because”).A clause contains a verb and its subject or object. Sentences aremade by linking clauses. A sentence made with two equal clauses(each a separate sentence but linked together) is called acompound sentence. A sentence made with a main clause linkedto one or more subordinate clauses, which cannot stand bythemselves as separate sentences, is called a complex sentence.Adjective clauses do the work of adjectives; adverb clauses do thework of adverbs.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0519Type of Clause ExampleAdjective clause A computation that uses FE methods isappropriate.Adverb clause The modem will operate wherever a phone-lineis available.5.4 Compound sentencesA compound sentence has two co-ordinate (“equal”) clauses linkedby a conjunction:We measured the temperature and (we) adjusted the thermostat.The tooling cost is high but the material cost is low.The parts of a compound sentence must be of comparable weight.“We analysed the microstructures using SEM and left for lunch atmidday” is unbalanced.5.5 Complex sentencesA complex sentence has a main clause and a subordinate clause:What these results signify / is the subject of a paper by Wegst(1998).Maine (1998) demonstrates / that technical cost modelling isfeasible.It is possible / that the conclusions were mistaken.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/05205.6 “that” and “which”“The computations that were performed on a Cray were the moreaccurate.”“The computations, which were performed on a Cray, were themore accurate.”These two sentences appear at first sight to say the same thing,but they do not. The italicised part of the first sentence is anadjective clause, qualifying the word “computations”; it has theeffect of limiting the computations the sentence is talking about tothe ones done on the a Cray, as distinct (say) from those done ona Silicon Graphics work station. Adjective clauses are just likeadjectives; they are not separated from the noun they qualify bycommas.The italicised part of the second sentence, separated by commasfrom the rest, adds a new factor of equal importance to thatcontained in the main sentence. The two statements are: thecomputations were performed on a Cray; and they were moreaccurate. The emphases of the two sentences differ. The italicisedclause in the first sentence is subordinate, merely qualifying thenoun. The italicised clause in the second sentence is co-ordinate,meaning that it introduces a new fact.6 DETAIL II: SpellingUse the spell-checker on your computer, but remember that it willfail to distinguish “their” from “there”, “form” from “from”, “its” from“it’s”, and many more. Watch out particularly for “effect” and“affect”, “principle” and “principal”, “dependent” and “dependant”,“compliment” and “complement”.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0521Most word ending in “-ise” can also be spelt “-ize”, but not all. If,like me, spelling is one of your lesser talents, use “-ise”.And when in doubt, use a dictionary.7 DETAIL III: PunctuationPunctuation orders prose and sends signals to the reader abouthow to interpret it. Good sentence structure and punctuationmakes reading flow; it warns of what is to come; it helps the readerread without having to re-read. Meaning is changed, sometimesdramatically, by punctuation. It is one of the toolboxes of goodwriting. The next three pages give a resume, but if you really wantthe low-down on punctuation, and to be entertained at the sametime read “Eats, Shoots and Leaves” by Lynne Truss, listed under“Further Reading” at the end of this manual.7.1 The full stop, or period.The full stop is used to mark the end of a declarative sentence,and to signify abbreviation: Dr. A. M. K. Esawi, Ph.D.7.2 The comma,The comma keeps apart two words or larger parts of a sentencewhich would confuse if they touched. Forget any rules you haveheard about the comma and simply used it when it improves thesense of the sentence. Try the sentence with and without thecomma; keep it if, without it, the sentence becomes ambiguous.Thus:The measurements employed a photo-diode and a laser was used to How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0522check adjustment requires a comma after photo-diode to avoid amomentary misinterpretation, slowing the reader down.7.3 The semi-colon;The semi-colon is used to separate when the comma is notenough and the full stop is a more complete break than the sensedemands. Most commonly, it is used between closely relatedindependent clauses:At one time the optical microscope was the principal tool ofmetallography; today, it is the scanning electron microscope.When conjunctive adverbs accordingly, also, hence, likewise,similarly… link clauses, they are proceeded by a semi-colon. It isused, too, to separate members of a list when the comma is notenough:The literature includes Gibson (1997), who studied simplecompression; Olurin (1998), who studied the effect of holes andnotches; Deshpande (1999), who….7.4 The colon:The colon introduces part of a sentence that exemplifies, restatesor explains the preceding parts. It is expectant: it sets the readerup to anticipate elaboration.This raises the question: is the model right or wrong?There are two reasons for repeating this experiment: the first, toimprove the precision; the second, to establish reproducibility.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/05237.5 The exclamation mark!The exclamation mark signals surprise, excitement, imperative,even contradiction; it turns up the volume.Harte reports that metal foams sink in water.is a simple statement;Harte reports that metal foams sink in water!implies that this is startling, perhaps even mistaken. Scientificwriting does not need this sort of emphasis or innuendo. Delete it,and say what you want to say in a direct way.7.6 The question mark?The question mark is used after a direct question:Why was this work undertaken? The reason…….It is used to indicate uncertainty: Euclid, 450? —374 BC.It is optional after a rhetorical question:Who would trust that model.So what.7.7 The hyphen-The hyphen connects part of a compound word:Well-known; half-expected; curiosity-provoking; a ball-and-stickmodel.It is generally required when a noun is used as an adjective: a box-How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0524girder; a bar-chart. Its most engaging property is its capacity tocreate new words and meanings by combinations both establishedand original:A Fleck-inspired interpretation; a shark-skin-textured surface.But treat this with caution; it can easily descend into stomach-lurching purple-prosed absurdity.7.8 The dash—The dash sets off parenthetic material that results in a break incontinuity in a sentence.Magnetic materials—carbon steels for instance—contain atoms withunpaired electron spins.”This conclusion—and it is a significant one—appears to violate thefirst law of thermodynamics.The remaining specimens—those which had not fractured—weresent for analysis.A dash can lead to an upshot, a final summary word or statement,and give emphasis:Cell-wall bending, cell-wall buckling and cell-wall fracture—are allequally probable.How to write a paper, 6th edition MFA, 20/02/0525。
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Problem Formulation
Formulate the research problem in
professional/Mathematical language
Include background knowledge if necessary
Provide a starting point for the new research results
Very briefly highlight the results in this paper
Approach and/or feature
Organization of this paper
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Int. J. Systems Science;
Int. J. Mathematical and Computer Modelling; Int. J. Control and Intelligent Systems; Int. J. Optimal Control Applications and Methods; Int. J. Optimal Control Applications and Methods; ASCE J. Engineering Mechanics; Int. J. Computers & Mathematics with Applications; Int. J. Information Science; Int. J. Time-Critical Computing Systems; Int. J. Structural Control; SCI Journal of Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (DCDS); SIAM Journal On Control and Optimization; and
References
Following the journal requirements on references Journal papers Conference proceedings papers Books
Edited Chapter
Web – e-books, papers
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Other requirements from the journal
Paper page/size limitation Abstract word number limitation
Have reviewed numerous papers (>100) for 20 international
journals and 5 major international conference proceedings:
20 International Journals:
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics; IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems; IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics; IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation; IFAC Automatica; AIAA J. Guidance, Control, Dynamics; Systems Science & Mathematics; ASME J. Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control;
Have a look at Instructions for Referees. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization (SICON)
depends heavily on our referees
greatly indebted for maintaining the quality and
Select from a drop-down menu. This manuscript is:
--Excellent;
--Good;
--Fair; --Poor; --Not appropriate for the journal.
How to write a scientific paper?
4. Referees review the manuscript.
5. Associate Editor makes a recommendation, which is then
reviewed by the Corresponding Editor. The author is contacted.
1. Author submits a manuscript. 2. Editor-in-Chief assigns a Corresponding Editor and an Associate Editor to handle the review of the manuscript. 3. Associate Editor selects Referees to review and report on the manuscript.
A clear and unified exposition
Interested areas:
Stochastic and deterministic methods Modeling and realization of complex control systems Numerical analysis and related computational methodology
How to Write a Scientific Paper ? & How to Submit it to a Journal ?
Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
UNC Charlotte
Presented at
SWJTU
5-26-2011
Associate Editor – J. Dynamic Systems, Measurement & Control
derivation
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Main Results (may have several sections)
Describe and derivate your main results Organize them into suitable sections if necessary
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
A Scientific Paper
Title – Research topic
Author/Authors Abstract Introduction Problem Formulation Main Results (may have several sections)
Logical Meaningful
Assign suitable section titles
Summarizing/highlighting the main results in respective sections
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Select from a drop-down menu. I recommend: -- Reject outright; -- Return to the author for major revisions, outlined in comments; -- Publish after minor revisions, outlined in comments; or -- Publish as is.
Development of mathematical theories and techniques
Space limitations, journal pages
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Review Process
First personal style allowed or not
Statement about the submission solely
Cover letter….
E-submission
Copyright form
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Conclusion
Summarize main results Advantages Disadvantages or limitations
Possible future direction
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
How to write a scientific paper?
Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang