托福阅读中的逻辑关系词
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知，政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：列举，增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语：用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语：哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词想要快速理解托福阅读的文章，考生需要学会把握文章句子和段落之间存在的各类逻辑关系。
下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览 ,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
【精选资料】托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览1.显示相同信息的信号词There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2.显示思路转折的信号词I'd like to go but I'm too busy.“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。
阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。
这类信号词还有：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet3.显示因果关系的信号词As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇
Paragraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data. Why does the author mention the survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3? A. To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals B. To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs C. To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs D. To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today
托福阅读过关三招之阅读童子功：逻辑关系把握
托福阅读的成败很大程度上取决于考生对词汇和句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
关于托福词汇的学习策略在本书前面已经有详细论述，所以这里只讨论句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
由于句子简化题、句子插入题、推理题等几乎所有托福阅读题型都与句子之间逻辑关系有密切联系，在讨论各种题型时都会详细阐述句子之间逻辑关系及其把握策略，因此这里只概要地罗列托福阅读中涉及的主要逻辑关系以及它们与解题的关系。
托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系：因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。
不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达，这些词汇既包含关联词，像while, but(表示对比转折关系)等，也包含一些实词，如lead to (表示因果关系)。
表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下：一)因果关系1. 显性因果：因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with(由于，随着)果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly2. 隐性因果：a. 导致(因—果)：cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forb. 由……而来(果—因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toc. 反映/体现(果—因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, showd. 考虑到，依赖于(果—因)：given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to; rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe. 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long asf. 被动语态(by之后为原因)g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语二)对比转折关系1. 对比：while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after2. 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however三)比较关系2. 最高级a. 本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, topb. 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively highc. 否定+比较=最高级3.a. 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remainb. 差异：different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare … toc. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over四) 否定关系1. 显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither2. 隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of3. 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-4. 双重否定：not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common五) 并列递进关系and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as下面以对比转折关系为例说明如何根据逻辑关系破解阅读问题。
托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系
托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系第一种因果关系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
托福写作中必知的那些逻辑关系词
托福写作中必知的那些逻辑关系词在托福写作中常用的逻辑词汇有下面几类，希望各位同学能熟练掌握：1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的逻辑句子：1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of …outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of …is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that …bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But wecan try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.银川雅思培训去哪家好？首选海派国际英语，我们打造专业师资团队。
托福阅读逻辑连接词
1.转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely2.让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while(虽然、尽管、即使), still(尽管如此)3.总分关系(举例&总结)举例：for example、for instance、such as、including总结：in sum，in general, overall, to sum up，on the whole, generally4.因果关系Because，in that，due to，thanks to ，owing toSince，now that， ever since ，because of，on account of (表示原因)lead tocontribute toresult in+名词 (前因后果)so thatsuch thatin order that+句子 (强调目的、结果的因果)thushencethereforeconsequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子 (因此)5.递进关系递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此外)、highlighting(突出、强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more6.条件关系连词：if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when7.并列关系并列词：and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly(类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时 )、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also。
托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词
托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词在托福的写作过程中，除了词汇和句型能力的不断累积之外。
其实，对于托福写作对于每个学生的逻辑能力还是有着很高的要求。
下面，我们就为大家介绍一下在托福写作中常用的逻辑词汇有下面几类，希望各位同学能熟练掌握.托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word 几个用得比较多的逻辑句子：1. As far as I am concerned, th e advantages of … outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that … bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.托福写作范文：A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale containsthe remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.托福写作范文：Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.托福写作范文：MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelph ia Museum of Art’s president.。
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。
对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。
逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。
所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。
下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因：because，because of，for，as，since，in that，on account of，with果：so，so that，therefore，thereby，as a result，hence，thus，coequently，accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause，reason，lead to，give rise to，result in，render，make，let，ask，push，stimulate，ark，ur，fuel，produce，be reoible for如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
托福写作中必知的逻辑关系词
TOEFL写作中必知的逻辑关系词在托福写作中常用的逻辑词汇有下面几类，希望各位同学能熟练掌握：1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的逻辑句子：1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of …outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of …is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that …bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeedremarkable and impressive.外朗教育精品课程 /course/newlist/1-20.html。
托福阅读中表示逻辑关系的词
托福阅读中表示逻辑关系的词英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列，比较，因果，递进，转折等等。
句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。
教育优选为大家带来托福阅读中的逻辑关系词，希望大家可以将托福阅读逻辑关系词牢记在心。
1.因果(明显)表示明显因果关系的词汇：Therefore，due to，as，for，thus，hence，consequently，because (of)，owing to，so (that)，as a result，since…2.因果(暗含)2.1表示“由……而来”的词Come from，result from，initiate from，derive from，originate from…2.2表示“导致”的词Spark，prompt，be responsible to，stimulate，cause，make，render，spur，push，motivate，lead to，result in +结果，due to，thanks to，2.3 其他in that ，now that，，in order that，on account of3.转折与并列3.1表示转折关系In contrast (to)，while，whereas，nevertheless，in spite of/despite，even if/even though，instead (of)，but/yet，conversely，on the contrary，contrary to，different from/differ from，however，rather than，unlike，in fact，actually弱转3.2表示并列关系Or/and，vice versa，also/as well as，both…and…，either...or...，neither…nor…，in (the) the same way，equally，similarly/similar to，like/just like，likewise(同样的)，while(与此同时)，meanwhile(同时)，not only...but also... ，more...than4.让步although，though，even though(if)，even，despite，in spite of，nevertheless，anyway，as while(虽然，尽管，即使)，still(尽管如此)5.总分(举例&总结)5.1举例：for example，for instance，such as，including5.2总结：in sum，in general，overall，to sum up，on the whole，generally6. 递进still，also，indeed，furthermore(进一步)，moreover(而且，此外)，even(甚至，更)，besides，additionally，in addition，what's more7. 条件表示条件概念的词：If，supposing (that)，providing / provided (that)，as(so) long as，in case(if)，on condition that…，unless，suppose (that)，only if，when8.比较结构(隐藏)8.1比较级表示最高级8.2自身含有最高级含义的词Top，favorite，outstanding，maximum…9.否定9.1明显的否定关系词汇：No，not，never，deny，none，neither…9.2暗含的否定关系词汇：little，few，fail to，absence from，lack (of)，refuse to…以上就是教育优选为大家带来的托福阅读中的逻辑关系词，逻辑是托福阅读中一个潜藏的考点，大家要在备考时熟悉。
托福综合写作常用词语及句型
托福综合写作常用词语及句型给在准备托福考试的同学分享一些干货托福综合写作常用词语及句型1. 常用词语提示逻辑顺序：First of all, First, to start with, Second, Also, Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, Another, in addition to, Finally, Lastly, Third阅读文章指代：The reading passage, the writer, the author, writer of the reading, the reading material听力材料指代：Professor, lecturer, speaker, instructor, presenter, lecture, speech, talk, the listening, the presentation 表转折类关系词语：However, but, yet, even so, despite that, even though, although, while, whereas反驳类词语：contradicts, challenges, clashes with, conflicts with, denies, opposes, runs counter to, raises doubts about, throws …into doubt, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of, questions, cast doubt on, disagree with,研究类词语：explore, analyzes, examines, deals with, is concerned with, is about, focuses on, concentrates on, investigates(深入研究)讨论类词语：think，believes, argues, asserts, claims, contends, insists, states, indicates, discusses, raise the issue that,支持类词语：Support, confirm, back up, strengthen, bolster, advocate, reinforce观点类：Idea, view, opinion, viewpoint话题类：Issue, subject, topic证明：Proves, shows, confirms, verifies对比：Contrary to, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of2. 写作常用句型开头段1. The lecture revises the idea presented in the text that______.2. The professor actually contradicts the statement made in the passage. She is the view that ______.3. The author of the reading passage proposes _____. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in _____.(Casting-Doubt)4. The lecture and the reading passage give contradictory opinions on the topic of ________. The reading passage explains that ______ while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view.5. The reading passage raises several doubts about _____, whereas the professor defends _____. (Casting-Doubt)6. The lecturer points out several problems with ______ in support of her claim that ________. (Casting-Doubt)7. The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about ______. In her opinion, _______.8. The lecturer and the reading passage hold completely different views toward ________, which is ________.9. The professor explains three aspects of _______, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage (concerning _____, ______ and _______). (Problem-Solution)10. The reading passage argues that _________. However, the professor raises serious counterarguments against the reading by providing three aspects as listed below.主体段1. ____ dissolves as the professor explains that _______. (Problem-Solution)2. ____ is also solved in the lecture. (Problem-Solution)3. ____ is refuted by the fact that _____.4. ____ contradicts the issue of _____. She says that _____.5. The issue of ______ does not please the professor either. She says that ____.6. The professor acknowledge/admit ____, but also points out that ____. (存在承认、让步)7. The lecturer argues that _____. The reading, however,______.8. The first/second theory, that ________ is (also) rejected by the lecturer. He explains that _______.9. Regarding the ______, the lecturer contends that _____. He argues that ______.10. The lecturer challenges the first/second/final point in the reading regarding the _______. She says that ________.11. According to the professor, ________. According to the reading, however, _______.12. The reading argues that ________. The reading, however, holds that _______.13. The professor rejects the claim in the reading that_______. She says that _______.14. Although the reading suggests that _______, the professor argues that _________.15. The lecturer does not agree with the first/second/final point made in the reading --- that ______. She contends that _______.16. The lecturer states that ______. In contrast, the reading passage states that _______.17. According to the speaker, ________. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.18. The reading passage states that _______. The professor, however, states that _______.19. The professor opposes the reading passage by pointing out _______. The professor counters the claim made by the reading passage.20. The professor doubts _______. On the contrary to the reading passage, he/she points out that _______.扫描二维码限时获取免费视频课程。
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词想要快速理解托福阅读的文章，考生需要学会把握文章句子和段落之间存在的各类逻辑关系。
下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览 ,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
【精选资料】托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览1.显示相同信息的信号词There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2.显示思路转折的信号词I'd like to go but I'm too busy.“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。
阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。
这类信号词还有：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet3.显示因果关系的信号词As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。
对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。
逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。
所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。
下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因：because，because of，for，as，since，in that，on account of，with果：so，so that，therefore，thereby，as a result，hence，thus，coequently，accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause，reason，lead to，give rise to，result in，render，make，let，ask，push，stimulate，ark，ur，fuel，produce，be reoible for如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
托福阅读中的逻辑关系词
作者在阐述观点时会大量使用逻辑关系词来组织结构，展开论证。
在阅读过程中，充分利用逻辑关系词（也称之为语言信号词）是定位主旨和查找细节信息的重要阅读应试技巧之一。
通过寻找信号词可以寻找线索，快速定位答案所在。
常见的信号词包括以下四类：
-Comparison 比较关系词
E.g. This approach is considered to be much more effective than the previous one.
Mobile telephones are much thinner than they used to be.
Australia is a dry continent, second only to Antarctica.
Of the various strains of this crop, this new hybrid produces by far the highest yields.
Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition.
-
-
-
-
-
-Contrast 转折关系词（让步）转折词+重点内容，让步词+背景之类的（次重点）
E.g. In recent times, however, that lofty ideal has not always been attained.
Rather than=rather=instead of=not take responsibility for their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism.
Nuclear power supplies 5% of the world’s energy from more than 400 plants. But with the exception of France and Japan, the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors.
Although the number of libraries multiplied, library users remained few in number until literacy became more widespread during the 18th century.
While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiation, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses.
-Cause and effect 因果关系词
因：because、because of、for、as、by、since、in that、on account of、with 果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、Accordingly,……..
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
-隐性因果：
- A 导致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce、tempt、encourage、draw、trigger
如：The increased pressures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas
completely lacking in trees.
在这段话中，有lead to表示了导致的意思，即结果，而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
- B 由…而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to、attribute to
如：“The extreme serious of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.”
在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
- C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect、show、present、demonstrate、suggest、imply - D 考虑到：given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
- E 依赖于：rely on、depend on、resort to
He resorted to books when he had problems.
- F 条件关系：when、once、as soon as、As long as
As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.
-G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried.
-Negativity 否定关系词
-显性否定：no、not、never、nor、none、neither
-隐形否定：fail to、refuse、remove、reject、lack of、deprive
-否定前缀：a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in-、non-、un-否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。
-双重否定：not fail to、not illegal、not uncommon、not unavailable双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。