口腔生理学术语(M)
病理生理学名词解释(口腔)
病理生理学名词解释1病理生理学（pathophysiology）：研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的学科。
2病理过程(pathological process，基本病理过程)：多种疾病中可能出现的、共同的、成套的功能、代谢和结构的变化。
如低钾血症，水肿等。
3健康（health）：不仅没有疾病或衰弱现象，而且躯体上、精神上和社会上处于完好状态。
4疾病（disease）：机体在一定条件下受病因损害作用后，因机体自稳调节紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程。
5诱因(precipitating factor)：是指引起疾病必不可少的赋予疾病特征或决定疾病特异性的因素。
6脱水:指人体由于饮水不足或病变消耗大量水分，不能即时补充，导致细胞外液减少而引起新陈代谢障碍的一类临床症状。
高渗性脱水（hypertonic dehydration）：又称低容量性高钠血症（hypovolemic hypernatremia），特点：失水＞失钠，血清Na+浓度＞150mmol/L，血浆渗透压＞310mmol/L,细胞内外液量均减少。
原因：水摄入减少；水丢失过多。
影响：口渴；有脱水症；细胞内液向外液转移；尿量减少、尿比重增高。
低渗性脱水（hypotonic dehydration）：也称低容量性低钠血症（hypovolemic hypnatremia），特点：失钠＞失水，血清Na+浓度＜130mmol/L，血浆渗透压＜280mmol/L，伴有细胞外液量的减少。
原因：肾内或肾外丢失大量的液体或液体积聚在第三间隙后处理措施不当所致，如只补水不补盐。
影响：细胞外液减少，易发生休克；血浆渗透压降低，无口渴感，饮水减少；经肾失钠-尿钠增多，肾外失钠-尿钠减少。
等渗性脱水（isotonic dehydration）：特点：失钠=失水，血容量减少，但血清Na+浓度和血浆渗透压仍在正常范围。
呕吐、腹泻、大面积烧伤等等渗性液体的大量丢失所造成的血容量减少，均可致等渗性脱水。
口腔生理考试知识点总结
口腔生理考试知识点总结第一部分：口腔生理学概述口腔生理学是研究口腔内部结构和功能的科学，包括口腔内的牙齿、牙龈、口腔黏膜、唾液腺、舌头等组织的结构和功能。
口腔生理学的研究对象是口腔内各种生理过程，如吞咽、咀嚼、味觉、唾液分泌、牙齿生长和再生等。
口腔生理学的研究对象主要包括以下几个方面：1. 牙齿结构和功能：牙齿是口腔生理学的一个重要研究对象，包括牙齿的结构、生长发育、营养供应、牙齿的感觉和运动等。
2. 口腔黏膜和唾液腺：口腔黏膜是口腔内覆盖着的细胞膜，具有保护作用，同时也参与进食和说话等功能。
唾液腺主要负责分泌唾液，润滑口腔黏膜、促进食物的消化和保护牙齿等作用。
3. 唾液分泌和功能：唾液包括由唾液腺分泌出来的唾液液体成分、细胞外的成分和细胞内的成分。
唾液具有保护口腔黏膜、促进食物消化、保护牙齿和口腔清洁、帮助咀嚼和吞咽等多种功能。
4. 咀嚼和吞咽：咀嚼是口腔内食物被咀嚼成小块并与唾液混合的过程。
吞咽是将嚼碎的食物通过食道送入胃内的过程。
咀嚼和吞咽是口腔内食物摄入的重要环节。
第二部分：口腔生理学知识点详解1. 牙齿的结构和功能（1）牙齿的结构：牙齿由牙冠、牙颈和牙根组成。
牙冠是牙齿的上部，包括牙釉质、牙本质和牙髓。
牙齿的牙釉质是牙齿最硬的部分，主要是由磷酸钙组成。
在口腔内的部分称为牙齿的根部，与骨质相连，称为根骨。
（2）牙齿的功能：牙齿主要的功能是咀嚼食物、保护口腔黏膜、帮助发音等。
咀嚼食物是牙齿的主要功能，通过咀嚼可以将食物咬碎，促进食物的消化。
同时，牙齿还可以保护口腔黏膜，预防食物碰伤机。
2. 口腔黏膜和唾液腺（1）口腔黏膜的结构：口腔黏膜是覆盖在口腔内表面的一层薄膜，由上皮细胞和基底膜组成。
口腔黏膜有保护作用，可以防止外界物质对口腔黏膜的侵害。
同时，口腔黏膜还参与延长食管和胃的消化功能。
（2）唾液腺的结构：唾液腺包括大唾液腺、颌下腺和颌骨颌舌下的小唾液腺。
唾液腺分泌唾液，润滑口腔黏膜、促进食物的消化和保护牙齿等作用。
口腔生理学术语(P)
口腔生理学术语(P)口腔生理学术语(P)口腔生理学术语(P) paracrine - cell messengers also called cytokines which are locally acting, produced by neighbouring cells or the extracellular matrix, as distinct from as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers.parakeratinised - an epithelium in which the superficial cells have not lost their nuclei, but have become filled with keratin. see also keratinisedparasympathetic - part of the autonomic nervous system concerned with maintaining routine functions. always acts as a balance to activity of the sympathetic nervous system.pathogenic - able to cause disease.pellicle - a thin layer of salivary proteins which forms on the surface of enamel.peptide bonds - a covalent bond made between the carbon atom of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom from the amine group of another. in the process a molecule of water is removed. peptide bonds allow chains of amino acids to form polypeptides and proteins whenpeptide bonds are broken apart they need water to reform the amino acids. this process is known as hydrolysis, and occurs during cooking and in digestion..periaquaductal grey - is an integrative centre for inputs form the autonomic nervous system, the limbic system and from sensory and motor pathways. it has an inhibitory affect on pain transmission due to descending connections through the raphe nucleus along the corticospinal tract to the cells of the dorsal horn.pericytes- small cells lying next to the endothelial cells of capillaries which have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts.periodontal pocket - loss of epithelial attachment to the tooth, producing an increase in gingival sulcus depth beyond the normal 1-2 mm.periosteum - a connective tissue layer containing osteoblasts on the external aspect of all bones. see alsoendosteum.peritubular dentine - see intratubular dentineph - a measure of how acid or alkali a solution is. as the ph gets lower, the solution is more acid. at a ph of 7 the solution is neither acid nor alkali. ph is the inverse of thelogarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions.phagocytosis - the ingestion of small particles, bacteria or viruses into the cell, by engulfing it in a vacuole.phosphate - a salt in which the negatively charged part is a phosphorus molecule joined to four oxygen molecules as po4.phospho-proteins - proteins which contain available phosphate groups.phospholipids - are the most common lipids in our cell membranes. the head group contains a phosphate and is readily soluble in water. phospholipids are also found inmatrix vesicles, and they provide the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandinsplanktonic - a form of life style in which an organisms floats freely in a fluid without significant attachment or association with other living forms.plaque is a film of bacteria in a matrix of salivary and bacterial polymers. it can be called a biofilm as it has a complex population of organisms which when mature, reach an ecological balance with one another.plasma - the fluid part of blood, containing proteins andsalts, from which the blood cells have been removed. see alsoserum.plasmid- a circular piece of dna found in the cell cy lasm of bacteria which is able to reproduce itself independently of it host. plasmids may transmit a resistance to antibiotics from one bacteria to another. they are of great importance in techniques using for recombinant dna.platelet- derived growth factor - a cytokine found especially in platelets. it stimulates cell proliferation and encourages wound healing.platelets - are small colourless discs of cy lasm found in blood. when platelets come into contact with a damaged vessels surface they change in several important ways. they begin to swell, their shape becomes irregular with protruding processes, they become sticky and they release an enzyme which causes the formation of thromboxane, one of the precursors of thrombin. thromboxane also activates nearby platelets, thus starting a positive feedback which rapidly increases the mass of sticky platelets which form a platelet plug. this process accounts for daily damage to capillary walls. damage on a larger scale requires other mechanism for haemostasis. platelets also release serotonin which acts as apowerful vasoconstrictorpolymers-large molecules made up of many joined units of a more simple molecule. examples are polysaccharides and polypeptides.polypeptides; -chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. they are not the size of proteins, but may be biologically very active. some hormones are peptides, such as insulin which has 51 amino-acid residues. peptides may also be powerful neurotransmitter substances.polyphyodont - continuous replacement of teeth with many generations (from "poly" =many; "phylo" = generation and "dont" =teeth). see also diphyodontpolysaccharides - long molecules made of chains of sugars linked together. examples are starch, glycogen and dextrans.predentine - the extracellular matrix produced by odontoblasts, which becomes mineralised to form dentine. similar in structure to osteoid.procaryote - a cell in which the genetic material is dispersed throughout the cell in distinction to a eucaryote which has a nucleus and other organelles. bacteria and blue-green algae are procaryotesprognathic- a prominent lower jaw which may bring the lower teeth ahead of the upper teethproline- one of 20 amino acids common in proteins. it is a common amino acid of collagen and like lycine must be hydroxylated by ascorbic acid in order to allow the formation of hydrogen bonds which will hold the triple helix together.proline-rich proteins - a group of proteins in saliva which have the ability to bind to calcium. they provide the protective layer of pellicle on the tooth surfaces by binding to the calcium in enamel. they also bind onto microorganism, providing a link between organism and the tooth surface. proline rich proteins help to de-toxify tanins, which are potentially poisonous plant substances found in tea, and unripe fruit.prostaglandins - are members of a class of hormones known as the eicosanoids. they are released by cells which have been damaged and have a powerful ability to sensitise nerve endings causing tenderness to the damaged area, and to cause vasoconstriction by contracting the smooth muscle of arterioles. they belong to a group of compounds which have a similar effect on nervous tissue, known asneuropeptides.proteins - usually very large molecules, from 10,000 to200,000 amino acids, which form the structural component of a cell'smatrix. and cytoskeleton. all enzymes are proteins.proton - the positively charged elements of the nucleus of an atom. a hydrogen atom without its electron amounts to a single proton charge.pulp - the dental pulp is a connective tissue trapped inside the fully formed tooth with just one entry and exit for nerves and vessels, at the apex of the root. the characteristic cell of the pulp, is the odontoblast, which lines the walls of the pulp chamber and is able to form dentine throughout life.pulpitis - inflammation of the dental pulp caused by irritation from chemical, physical or bacterial injury, usually transmitted to the pulp via the dentine. it is important for the clinical management of the tooth, to decide whether the pulpitis is reversible, that is will it resolve if the irritation is removed, or whether it has been damaged beyond its capacity to repair.pyrophosphate - inhibitors of mineralisation, they may offer up phospate ions in the presence of alkaline phosphatase. crystals of calcium pyrophosphates are found in abnormal calcification of soft tissue, such as the disc of the tm joint.口腔生理学术语(P) 相关内容:。
口腔解剖生理学-问答
【1牙的分类】1.根据牙在口腔内存在时间的久暂分类1）乳牙：6〜8个月至两岁半→萌出；6〜7岁至12〜13岁→脱落。
2）恒牙：6岁→萌出和替换，替代乳牙。
2．根据牙的形态特点和功能特性分类（3.根据牙在口腔内的位置分类：前牙、后牙）classification 切牙（incisor）尖牙（canine）前磨牙（premolor）磨牙（molor）Location口腔前部侧切牙远中尖磨牙间前磨牙远中Mount84812Function切割穿刺、撕裂协助尖、磨牙捣碎、磨细Root111~22~3【2牙的功能】咀嚼、发音和言语、保持面部的协调美观【3牙萌出规律】①在一定时间内，按照一定的顺序，左右成对萌出；②下颌牙萌出早于上颌同名牙；③女性同名牙萌出早于男性。
【4萌出顺序】乳牙：1→2→4→3→5恒牙：（注：最晚萌出的恒牙是上颌第三磨牙）上颌：6→1→2→4→3→5→7或6→1→2→4→5→3→7下颌：6→1→2→3→4→5→7或6→1→2→4→3→5→7●上颌乳中切牙：胚胎第14周开始钙化，1.5月牙冠完成，10月萌出，1.5岁牙根完成。
【5X牙X面的解剖特点+图示】【6牙体形态的生理意义】1.切端及牙合面牙冠形态切牙切嵴尖牙牙尖后牙三角嵴后牙牙合面窝后牙边缘嵴发育沟萌出早期，点-线接触磨耗后，小斜面接触生理意义切割食物穿透和撕裂食物磨细食物容纳食物局限食物于牙合面窝内，以便捣碎磨细食物溢向固有口腔或口腔前庭的通道单位面积咀嚼力大；有利于建立合适的咬合关系咀嚼效率高；有利于咬合关系稳定2.1唇颊舌面突度前牙唇舌面及后牙颊面的突度均在颈1/3，后牙舌面的突度则在中1/3。
①正常的突度，可使食物对牙龈起按摩作用，促进血液循环，有利牙龈健康。
突度过小或无突度，牙龈将受食物直接撞击而受伤；反之，若牙冠突度过大，牙龈失去食物的按摩作用，可能产生失用性萎缩。
②牙冠颈1/3的突度，还可扩展龈缘，使其紧张有力。
2.2邻面突度前牙及后牙邻面突度分别在切1/3和牙合处。
口腔学里的名词解释
口腔学里的名词解释口腔学是一门研究口腔和相关疾病的学科，它涵盖了广泛的知识领域。
在口腔学中，有许多专业术语和名词需要加以解释，以便更好地理解口腔健康和疾病的相关概念。
以下将对一些常见的口腔学名词进行解释，并探讨其在口腔健康中的作用。
1. 牙釉质（enamel）：牙釉质是牙齿最外层的硬组织，具有白色透明的外观。
它是由无生命的矿物质构成，主要由羟基磷灰石和碳酸钙组成。
牙釉质是口腔中最强硬的组织，能够保护牙齿内部的更敏感的组织。
2. 牙本质（dentin）：牙本质是位于牙釉质下的组织，占据了牙齿的大部分体积。
与牙釉质相比，牙本质相对柔软，富含微观通道和细胞。
当牙釉质受损时，牙本质的暴露将导致牙齿敏感。
3. 牙骨质（cementum）：牙骨质主要存在于牙根表面，它是一种黄色透明的组织。
牙骨质与牙龈组织之间的接触帮助稳定牙齿，并为牙齿提供支持。
与牙釉质和牙本质不同，牙骨质是一种生命活性组织。
4. 牙髓（pulp）：牙髓是牙齿中间的软组织，包含了血管、神经和结缔组织。
牙髓的主要功能是为牙齿提供营养和感受痛觉。
当牙釉质和牙本质受损时，牙髓可能受到感染，引发牙齿疼痛和炎症。
5. 牙周组织（periodontal tissues）：牙周组织包括牙龈、牙槽骨、牙周膜和牙骨质等。
它们共同支持和固定牙齿，帮助保持牙齿的稳固。
牙周疾病是指牙周组织受损的情况，包括牙龈炎和牙周炎等。
6. 牙垢（dental plaque）：牙垢是一种黏性的细菌聚集物，主要由食物残渣、唾液和细菌组成。
它会附着在牙齿表面、牙菌斑的形成是牙齿蛀牙和牙周疾病的主要原因之一。
7. 牙龈炎（gingivitis）：牙龈炎是指牙龈组织发炎的一种疾病。
它通常由牙菌斑引起，最常见的症状是牙龈发红、肿胀和出血。
如果不及时治疗，牙龈炎可能会发展成更严重的牙周炎。
8. 牙周炎（periodontitis）：牙周炎是指牙周组织发炎和受损的一种慢性感染性疾病。
除了牙龈炎的症状外，牙周炎还可以导致牙齿松动、牙齿脱落和骨质吸收等严重后果。
口腔生理学术语(英文)
口腔护生理学术语Calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface.Calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. When it is above the free gingival margin (supra-gingival) it is white and chalky. When it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard.Candidiasis - an infection caused by Candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called "thrush";Capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. It is only the variety of Pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumoniaCaries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids.Cariogenic - likely to cause caries. Sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaqueCarious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .Carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.CEJ - see cemento-enamel junction.Cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. There are three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. They m Template - an outline form which can be used to make many identical copies without being used itself. Metal templates can be used placed over a piece of clothing material, which is then cut according to the shape of the template. Many pieces can be made from the same template, and they will all be the right shape for that part of the garment. Molecular templates can guide the formation of crystals by providing a shape which is characteristic of, for example anapatite crystal. The role of templates in crystal formation is calledepitaxy.Temporomandibular joint - the joint between the condyle of the mandible and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. The joint is divided into an upper and lower compartment by a fibrous disc and surrounded by a capsule.Tenascin - an adhesive molecule of connective tissue related to fibronectin andlaminin.Thalamus - the major co-ordinating centre or sensory information in the brain.Threshold - the minimum level of a signal(sound. pressure, pain) which is detectable.Thrombin - the final chain in the series of blood clotting forms fibrin from fibrinogen. Thrombin is formed from prothrombin by a prothrombin activator, itself the end of a series of reactions. This cascade of events may begin two ways. One, is the release of tissue factors from damaged vessels. The other, is the activation of factors in blood platelets which are altered by coming into contact with collagen or an artificial surface.Thromboxanes - concerned with platelet clotting and a member of the eicosanoid family of hormones.ical - in a local area. e.g application of medication to the affected part only.Trabecula-bone -a description of the radiographic appearance of spongy bone. Radiographs provide an unusual opportunity to see condensations within spongy bone. These condensations form lines, or beams with are orientated so as to give the best support to loads tending to crush or fracture the bone.( the Latin word for a wooden beam was trabes, a small beam was a trabecula)Transcription- a process which leads to the copying of a gene's code, from a section of DNA, onto a strand of messenger RNA and which eventually leads to the synthesis of the peptide or protein which that gene codes for.Transforming growth factor- TGF a superfamily of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells (monocytes, T cells, platelets, fibroblasts). The family includebone morphogenic proteins, which stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and inhibit T cell proliferation.Tropocollagen - the precursor to the collagen molecule secreted by the cell. The removal of terminal peptides on the tropocollagen allows each molecule to join end to end with another to make a collagen fibril.Tubule - a small tube leading into a duct,or as in dentinal tubules.Turnover - the replacement of cells by mitosis which keeps pace with cell loss, as in epithelia and blood cells. Also refers to the continual replacement of connective tissues like bone and fibrous tissue.ay form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no leakage between cells. They are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells.Cemento-enamel junction- the junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. Often referred to as the CEJ.Cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth.Cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres.Central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. The nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system.Chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. The movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products..The term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nutrient.Cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. Cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. They are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system.Chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate.Chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. Each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of DNA wound round a protein.Clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. Clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva.Clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. They are produced by asexual reproduction. When a B lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities.Clotting - see blood clottingCode - the code of nucleotides is written in "words" of three letters using an"alphabet" of four "letters". These four components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.Collagen - the most common protein found in the body. It has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments.Collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblasts which breaks down collagen fibres. The fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. This process of remodelling occurs throughout life. Osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix.Several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and are thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament.Colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat .Competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell. Some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development.Composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different properties. For example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).Compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.Condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporomandibular joint.Connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. Some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. Others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.Contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. Often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side.Coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.Cortical-bone - the outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae.Covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. When an atom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. Those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. The carbon atom has 4 outer electrons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. Four hydrogen atoms make a good partnership for carbon,(CH4, C2 H6 ... etc)hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. One oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (H2O) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution.Cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth.Cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. They are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. There are several main families of cytokines including growth factors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. The method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. The result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. Cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other.Cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus.Cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, helping toand keep or change its shape. There are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.Cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells.Darwinian medicine - an approach to the treatment of infective diseases which takes account of the co-evolution between the host and its parasite.Deciduous - from the Latin "falling" it applies both to trees which lose their leaves in winter and teeth which are lost to make way for the permanent set.Demineralisation - reduction in amount of mineral in tissue. This reduction occurs when the crystals of apatite are dissolved, usually in an acid environment.Dental abscess- an abscess around the apex of a tooth due to spread of infection from the pulp .Dental papilla - the condensation of dental mesenchyme which provides the stem cells from which ondontoblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts will form the pulp-dentine, cementum and alveolar bone of the tooth socket.Dentary - one of several bone which together made up the lower jaw in early reptiles. During evolution the other bones, the articular and quadrate bones, became part of the inner ear, and the dentary became the single the mandible of mammals.Dentine - a hard material like bone which forms the root and inner core of the crown of teeth. Unlike bone, dentine has fine tubules which contain the elongated process of odontoblasts, the dentine forming cells.Dentine-pulp - a term used to describe the unity between dentine and pulp, and to view it as one integrated tissue.Depolarisation - all cells have a slight difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. This difference is called a membrane potential and is due to a greater number of sodium ions (positively charged) outside the cell than inside. This imbalance is maintained by a membrane pump which pushes sodium ions out of the cell. Another pump also pushes potassium ions into the cell so there should be no difference in the balance of positive ions. But the potassium ions leak back out again, so there is always a potential difference across the membrane. Nerve cells have the ability to depolarise or reverse the membrane potential so that the inside is positive and outside negative. This reversal is short lived and is soon corrected, but it is long enough to influence the adjacent parts of the membrane and to be carried, like a wave, all the way along a nerve axon to the next nerve where it reaches a synapse The reversal is caused by a sudden opening of cellmembrane gates which allow a flood of sodium ions into the cell. This flood causes the inside to become positive, but the gates are soon shut and potassium gates opened, which allows potassium ions to flood out and restore the membrane potential. This can all happen several times in one second, but after a while there is no flood, and the sodium pump has to get to work to build up enough pressure for the depolarisation to work again.Dermatan sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, tendon, blood vessel and heart valves.Desmosomes -one of the types of cell junctions by which cells join or communicate with each other. Desmosomes consist of a round plaque of protein, desmoplakin on the cell membrane. Into the plaque are attached fine filamanents which are part of the cell's cytoskeleton. So the plaque is attached to the skeleton of the cell. Where the filaments enter the plaque the are so dense as to be visible with a light microscope. They are then called tonofilaments. The plaque of one cell adheres to the plaque of another. This system of joining cells is designed to resist mechanical separation, so we see desmosomes joining epithelial cells which hold tightly to each other. If epithelium is processed for histology, some shrinkage occurs and the epithelial cells separate from each other, except where the desmosomes hold them together. The pulled out tags of cell membrane give these cells a star-like shape, and so they are called the stellate cells.Desquamation - the detachment of cells from the surface of an epithelium.Dextrans - polysaccharides made by bacteria. They have a slimy consistency and contribute to the sticky nature of plaque.Differentiate - change in the pattern of genes expressed by a cell resulting in altered function, from a more primitive parent cell to a more specialised group of daughter cells.Diphyodont - only two sets of teeth, one deciduous and one permanent (from "di" = two,"phyo+ = generation and "dont" =teeth). See also polyphyodontDisplacement - of a tooth refers to its movement within the confines of the tooth socket. A tooth can be displaced more easily when forced in a lateral direction than when forced into the socket. Continual or frequent displacement of a tooth may lead to it repositioning itself in the socket.DNA - Deoxyribosenucleic acid - a complex nucleic acid molecule which is used by cells to store genetic material as genes which control the structure of proteins and hence influencing all enzyme reactions. DNA is coiled in a single closed loop in procaryotes, but coiled round other proteins to form a chromosome, and stored in the nucleus of eucaryotesDuct - a tube which carries a secretion onto the surface of skin or mucosa.Ecological balance - astable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem. In the ecosystem of the mouth this balance is brought about by competition and cooperation between the different organism and the hosts defences which tend to control population size.Ecosystem - a stable environment in which live a large number of different forms of life, each affecting the other. Example are a forest, desert, tidal area, soil, oral cavity, gut.Ectoderm - the outer of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. The ectoderm will form the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the endoderm.Ectomesenchyme - a name given to dental MESENCHYME which reflects its partly ectodermal origin.Eicosanoids - are a class of hormones which are all made from phospholipids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leucotriens.Elastic fibres -are long, thin, ribbons-like fibres, sometimes even sheet-like. They are composed of a central core of elastin, a rubbery protein, surrounded by glycoprotein microfilaments. Elastin is found all over the body but particularly in the walls of blood vessels and in our vocal chords.Electron - the negatively charged elements of an atom which circle the nucleus. If an electron is lost the atom becomes a relatively positively charged ion. It has been ionised .Electron Transport System- Hydrogen ions produced during the 3 preparatory steps of aerobic respiration are carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The hydrogen ion plus one electron form NADH, which is taken to the electron transport system. This transport system is run by a series of 5 molecules. The first, removes the two electrons from NADH,( one comes from the hydrogen atom, leaving behind a hydrogen ion). These two electrons, bounce from the first molecule in the transport system to the second, third, forth and then last one, cytochrome oxidase, which finally places the electrons onto oxygen gas O2. The electron rich oxygen atoms are attractive to the hydrogen ions and they combine to form water. (Oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration acts therefore as an electron acceptor). In the process of bouncing "downhill" the electrons have released sufficient energy to power up a small battery. This battery has been made by pumping hydrogen ions out of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The collection of hydrogen ions outside, piles up and their electrical pressure mounts. They want to get back across the membrane, and are allowed, one at a time to pass back through the enzyme ATP synthase. This enzyme sits like a water wheel in the cell membrane, turned by the passage of hydrogen ions. Its turning wheel builds an ATP molecule in every turn. The wheel may be going at about 200 revolutions per second, powering the synthesis of an ATP molecule with each turn. ATP formed in this way takes a while but can be sustained to fuel the body during aerobic exercise. When the demand for power exceeds this rate, the cells have to rely on anaerobic respiration.Electrostatic - a force generated by differences in electric charge of two particles.Enamel prisms - rod-like bundles of hydroxyapatie crystals which are orientated at right angles to the tooth surface. Each prism can be traced from the outside of the enamel all the way to the dentine junction.Enamel - the outer layer hard layer which covers the dentine around the crown of a tooth. Enamel consists of closely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite with very little organic material. A recognisable unit of structure in enamel is the enamel prism.Enameloid - a type of enamel found in fish and reptiles in which the enamel prisms are haphazardly arranged; in contrast enamel prism are parallel to each other and orientated at right angle to the tooth surface.Endocrine glands - the secretion passes into the blood stream, like insulin, epinephrine.Endoderm - the inner of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. The endoderm will form the gut system and its associated organs. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the ectoderm.Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of inner cell membranes which is continuous with the nuclear membrane. It transports products of cell synthesis to the golgi apparatus. Described as rough endoplasmic reticulum when there are many ribosomes attached.Endorphins - a neuropeptide which has specific binding sites on nerve cells called opiate receptors. When the receptor is activated by endorphins or morphine it reduces the excitability of the post synaptic cell. Peptide receptors are also found on lymphocytes which suggest an association between neuropeptides and the regulation of the immune response.Endosteum - a layer of bone forming cells, osteoblasts which covers the entire surface of the internal aspect of cortical and spongy bone, separating it from the surrounding connective tissue. see also bone membrane.Endothelial cells - the epithelial cells of the endothelium which lines blood vessels. The cells are flattened into a pavement stone shape and are usually two or three layers thick.Endotoxins - the contents and cell wallsof dead bacteria which may be toxic to the host.Enkephalins - similar in structure and action to endorphins.Environment - describes the surroundings in which organisms live. Some physical features of an environment are fairly stable, like trees, rivers, mountains, houses, soil, teeth. Some physical features are changeable, like wind, water, light, pH, food supply. Others features are less predictable, such as the balance in the community of collaborators, competitors and parasites. All forms of life including bacteria in the mouth, have an environment, which has an important influence on their survival. Successful organisms manage to exploit their environment to the best advantage or to adapt to it, perhaps only after several generations, if it becomes a serious challenge to the species.Enzyme - a protein that controls and helps a chemical reaction to take place, but is not used up in the process. Usually each enzyme is specific for a particular step in a reaction. Enzymes are sensitive to their environment, especially to excessive temperature or pH.Epidermal growth factor - a cytokine that stimulates epithelial cell proliferation.Epinephrine - a neurotransmitter substance found at all adrenergic synapses (nor epinephrine or epinephrine). It is the most common neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in particular at ganglion cells of the sympathetic nervous system.Epitaxy - the initiation of crystalformation in a saturated solution by providing a template against which crystal can form. There are specific sites on collagen molecules which appear to function as templates against which hydroxyapatite crystals form.Epithelial attachment- the cuff of junctional epithelium which joins the gingival sulcus epithelium to the enamel of the tooth. Apical migration of the epithelium down onto the cementum may occur due to ageing or periodontal disease. Loss of attachment produces a periodontal pocket and a new habitat for anaerobic oral bacteria.Epithelium - a layer of cells which forms alining for a tube or the covering for an organ or the whole body.Eucaryote - a cell in which the genetic material is confined to the nucleus, in distinction to a procaryote in which the genetic material is dispersed throughout the cell. Other distinctions of eucarytoic cells are the presence of organelles such as the golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and mitochondriaExocrine glands - the secretion passes intoa duct like sweat, saliva and mucous.Extinct - a plant or animal species may entirely cease to exist. Recent examples are the dodo, a large flightless bird which used to live as recently as two hundred years ago, on the island of Mauritius. There are today many species of birds, flowers, fish, insects, large mammals, including certain types of whale, which are threatened with extinction, most as a result of human activity. Happily, the smallpox virus is about to become extinctExtra cellular matrix - the supporting surrounding material of a cell including ground substance and fibres.Extrinsic fibres - refers to those fibres of cementum which are continuous with periodontal ligament fibres. Extrinsic fibres have been trapped in cementum during its formation in order to anchor them. see also intrinsic fibres, and sharpey's fibres.Exudate - the fluid plasma which leaks out of blood vessels due to an increase in capillary permeability. The increased permeability, is caused by histamine, and bradykinin, which are released in response to tissue damage. The formation of an exudate is the first step in the process of inflammation.Fatty acids - long straight chains of carbon and hydrogen ending with an acid group at one end. Saturated fatty acids have no capacity to absorb more hydrogen atoms. Animal fats are mostly of this type and are considered less healthy as they end to accumulate in the linings of arteries.Feedback - a system of control, where work being done is modified by the product. For example the blood pressure is maintained by the strength of the heart beat and the muscle tone of the arterioles. In the walls of the large arteries are receptors sensitive to the degree of stretch in the muscle wall. As the blood pressure increases, the wall are stretched, and the receptor sends signals via the brain to the sympathetic nervous system back to the heart and blood vessels, causing decreased pumping effort and more relaxed muscle tone in the arteries. In chemical reactions the accumulated product slows down the rate of production. For example if the oxygen level of the body falls, the rate of respiration.increases to restore the levels to normal. These control system are thus circular; what is produced returns to control the further production. They are examples of negative feedback, and are common in maintaining stability or homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common as it tends to be unstable. An example is the release by platelets of thrompotaxin. When the levels of thrombotaxin are high, they do not inhibit further production as occurs in a negative feedback system but actually stimulate more platelets to produce more thrombotaxin and so on until there is an explosive increase in the number of sticky platelets. This is useful in an emergency to s bleeding, but very dangerous when a clot forms inside a blood vessel.Fibre - a long thin string-like structure constructed of smaller fibrils and even smaller microfibrils. Examples are collagen, elastic and keratin fibres. Collagen fibres are arranged parallel to each other in a tendon, to give it great resistance to tension (pulling).Fibrinogen - a large soluble protein found in blood which is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.Fibroblasts - cell of connective tissue which form both the intercellular matrix and fibres.Fibronectin - a glycoprotein which is found in the extracellular matrix and is important for the attachments, and therefore the movement of cells.Filamentous - long, thin, hair-like.Fluorapatite- an apatite crystal in which fluoride has replaced hydroxyl ions.Fluorosis - mottling of the teeth caused by an excess of fluoride in the drinking water. A fluorosis index recognises 4 stages of severity.Foramina - the plural of foramen, which is a hole, for example Foramen Ovale.Fossils - dead plant or animal remains whichhave become infused with minerals over many millions of years and are now hard and rock -like. The original shape of the animal or plant may be very well preserved.Fractal dimension - a dimension which is some fraction in between a line(1) and a plane(2), or a plane and a solid (3). These fractal dimensions are useful in describing the quality of natural lines and surfaces, such as coastlines, trees, vascular branching and the patterns of trabecula boneFreeway space - the space between the teeth when the jaw is in a rest position.Gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. May be caused by certain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate blood supply.Ganglion - a collection of nerve cells usually found outside the central nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery and proceed to the spinal cord or brain.Gene cloning - a technique which uses recombinant DNA, inserted into a host cell as a plasmid which reproduces copies of itself, and hence the inserted gene, many times。
口腔专业术语及名词解释
⼝腔专业术语及名词解释精⼼整理⼝腔基础理论部分．⼝腔的⼀般结构及其功能。
⼝腔是机体的⼀个重要器官，为消化管上部的扩张部分。
表⾯覆盖的粘膜，前是唇，上部是腭，下⽅是⾆和⾆下区，后⽅是⾆腭⼸，并与咽部连接，侧⽅是颊。
腔的重要组织包括⽛齿、⾆、唇、颊、颌⾻，以及分泌唾液及粘液的腺体。
（1）条系带，（2）上⾷物分裂成碎块，并混以唾液使其成团，吞咽⼊胃进⾏消化。
唾液中含有淀粉酶，有助于淀粉的消化，使其转变成麦芽糖。
此外，体内有些⾦属、盐类及有机物。
也常借助唾液腺的分泌⽽排出体外。
⼝腔的感觉和语⾔功能有独特的发展，如⾆尖和唇是粘膜感觉最灵敏的地⽅，⾆和唇、颊部还能作随意的运动，在语⾔的发⾳上，起着不可缺少的重要作⽤。
．⽛体组织的⼀般结构。
（1）⽛体组织⽛齿本⾝称为⽛体，排列在⼝腔前庭和固有部交界的⽛槽⾻上。
⽛齿覆盖釉质的部分叫⽛冠，覆盖⽛⾻质的部分叫⽛根，釉质与⽛⾻质交界处叫⽛颈。
釉质和⽛⾻质的内层为⽛本质，构成⽛齿的主体，此三部分均为钙化的硬组织。
⽛齿的中⼼为软组织⽛髓，位于⽛冠部的⽛髓较⼤，叫冠髓，位于⽛根部的⽛髓较狭窄，叫根髓。
⽛髓通过根尖孔与⽛周组织相连。
（2）（1）（2）（3）靠（4）合⾯（或切缘）上、下⽛齿相对咬合的⾯称合⾯；前⽛不是⼀个⾯，⽽是互相对切的缘，称切缘。
⽛冠的隆起和凹陷部分的名称；（1）⽛尖后⽛合⾯的尖形隆起称⽛尖，以其所在部位命名。
如颊尖，⾆尖等。
（2）嵴合⾯或其它各⾯细长的膨隆称为嵴，起于⽛尖的顶点，斜向合⾯中央的称三⾓嵴。
上颌磨⽛近中⾆尖和远中颊尖的三⾓嵴相接，联成⼀条通过合⾯对⾓线的嵴，称斜嵴。
（3）⾆⾯隆突前⽛⾆⾯近颈部1/3的釉质突起，称为⾆⾯隆突。
（4）窝⽛冠表⾯不规则的凹下部分称为窝。
如前⽛的⾆⾯窝；后⽛合⾯的中央窝等。
（5）沟亦称发育沟或裂沟，为细长线形的凹陷，为⽛齿发育时各发育叶相融合处。
（6）4（1）（2）（3）满状态。
（4）⽛齿排列的对称性，合乎美观要求，⽛齿的⼤⼩及形态左右相互对称，与⾯部五官的排列相适应⼀致。
口腔重点名词解释大全
口腔重点名词解释大全1. 牙齿 (Tooth)：口腔中主要的器官，用于咀嚼食物和帮助发音。
2. 牙釉质 (Enamel)：覆盖在牙齿表面的最外层，是人体最坚硬的物质之一，保护牙齿不受细菌和酸性物质的侵蚀。
3. 牙本质 (Dentin)：牙齿内部的组织，比牙釉质稍软，是牙齿的主要组成部分。
4. 牙髓 (Pulp)：位于牙齿中部，含有血管、神经和结缔组织，负责供给牙齿所需的营养物质。
5. 牙根 (Tooth root)：牙齿的隐藏部分，嵌入牙槽骨中，并通过牙槽骨与下颌骨连接。
6. 牙龈 (Gingiva)：充血的粉红色组织，覆盖在牙齿周围，保护牙齿，并提供给牙齿所需的血液供应。
7. 牙周组织 (Periodontal tissue)：包括牙龈、牙根膜、牙槽骨和牙周韧带，支持牙齿的存在，并帮助吸收咀嚼过程中所受的压力。
8. 牙周炎 (Gingivitis)：牙龈的炎症，常由细菌引起，常见症状包括牙龈出血、肿胀和发红。
9. 牙周病 (Periodontal disease)：慢性牙周组织感染，包括牙龈炎和牙周炎，如果不治疗，可能导致牙齿松动甚至脱落。
10. 牙周袋 (Periodontal pocket)：形成在牙齿和牙龈之间的深度凹陷，是牙周组织疾病的典型症状。
11. 龋齿 (Dental caries)：牙齿表面的细菌感染，释放酸性物质，导致牙釉质溶解并形成蛀牙。
12. 骨质吸收 (Bone resorption)：骨骼中骨细胞吸收骨组织的过程，可能导致牙槽骨萎缩，并最终导致牙齿松动。
13. 牙位 (Malocclusion)：牙齿的不正常排列，如龅牙、牙齿过高或过低等，14. 隐形矫正 (Invisible aligners)：通过透明的塑料矫正器来纠正牙齿畸形，无需传统的金属矫正器。
15. 牙髓炎 (Pulpitis)：由感染或刺激引起的牙齿髓腔的炎症，常表现为牙痛、敏感和肿胀。
16. 牙冠 (Dental crown)：位于牙齿部分，覆盖在牙釉质外面的保护膜，也可以是嵌体修复的一部分。
口腔解剖生理学词汇
8
钙化
calcification
gaihua
8
萌出
eruption
Mengchu
8
国际牙科联合会系统
Federation dentaire international system（FDI）
Guoji yake lianhehui xitong
11
中线
Medianline
zhongxian
16
下颌中切牙
Mandibularcentralincisor
Xiahe zhongqieya
16
下颌侧切牙
Mandibularlateralincisor
Xiahe ceqieya
17
上颌尖牙
Maxillarycanine
Shanghe jianya
18
下颌尖牙
Mandibularcanine
Xiahe jianya
颏肌
Mentalmuscle
Keji
89
口轮匝肌
Orbicularmuscleofmouth
Koulun zaji
89
颊肌
Buccinatormuscle
Jiaji
89
眼轮匝肌
Orbicularmuscleofeye
Yanlun zaji
90
皱眉肌
Corrugatormuscle
Zhoumei ji
21
下颌第二前磨牙
Mandibularsecondpremolar
Xiahe dier qianmoya
22
上颌磨牙
Maxillarymolar
Shanghe moya
(完整word版)口腔名词解释
1.龋病——是在以细菌为主的多因素影响下，牙体硬组织发生慢性进行性破坏的一种疾病。
2.生物学宽度——通常将龈沟底与牙槽嵴顶之间的恒定距离称为生物学宽度，包括结合上皮和牙槽嵴顶上方的结缔组织，约2mm。
随着年龄的增大或在病变情况下，上皮附着向根方迁移，牙槽嵴顶亦随之下降，沟（袋）底与牙槽嵴顶间的生物学宽度保持不变。
3.RCT——即根管治疗(rootcanaltherap y) ，是一种治疗牙髓病，根尖周病的有效方法，其核心是去除感染，杜绝再感染，它是通过机械和化学的方法预备根管，将存在于牙髓腔内已经发生不可复性损害的牙髓组织和作为根尖周病的病原刺激物全部清除，及清除感染并使根管清洁成形，再经药物消毒和严密的充填根管以达到防止再感染的目的。
4．Remouable partial denture——可摘局部义齿：是指利用口内余留的天然牙，黏膜，牙槽骨作支持，借助义齿的固位体及基托等部件获得固位与稳定，用以修复缺损的牙列及相邻的软硬组织，患者可自行摘戴的的一种修复体。
它是牙列缺损修复常用的方法。
5.颌位记录——是指用颌托来确定并记录在患者面部下1/3 的适宜高度和两侧髁突在下颌关节凹生理后位时的上下颌位置关系。
包括垂直和水平关系记录两部分。
6.ferrule————牙本质肩领：冠边缘以上，核根面以下大于1.5mm 的牙本质，牙本质肩领的作用：a. 提高牙体组织的抗折能力b. 抵抗桩的旋转c. 提高无髓牙和修复体结构上的完整性。
7.telescope denture————套筒冠义齿：是指以套筒冠为固位体的可摘义齿，套筒冠固位体由内冠与外冠组成，内冠粘固在基牙上，外冠与义齿其他组成部分连接成整体。
义齿通过两者之间的嵌合产生固位力,使义齿产生良好的固位与稳定,义齿的支持由基牙或基牙与基托下组织共同承担。
8.阻滞麻醉——是将局麻药液注射到神经干或其主要分支附近，以阻断神经末梢传入的刺激，使被阻滞的神经分布区域产生麻醉效果。
口腔解剖生理学重点
口腔解剖生理学重点1(中线(median line)将颅面部平分为左右两等份的一条假想垂直线，该直线位于面部正中矢状面上，中线通过左右两龈之间、鼻尖和左右两中切牙的接触区。
中线将牙弓分成左右对称的两部分。
2(牙体长轴(long axis)为经过牙冠与牙根中心的一条假想直线。
3. 接触区contact area:系相邻两牙邻面的接触部位，称接触区或接触处。
4. 外形高点height of contour:牙体各轴面上最突出的部分，称为外形高点。
3(线角:牙冠上两面相交处成一线，所成的角称线角。
4(点角:牙冠上三面相交处成一点，所成的角称为点角。
5(嵴:牙冠上细长形的牙釉质隆起，均称为嵴。
6(颈嵴:牙冠唇、颊面沿颈缘部位，微显突起的细长形的牙釉质隆起。
7(三角嵴:为牙合面牙尖两斜面汇合成的细长形牙釉质隆起。
8(轴嵴:为轴面上从牙尖顶伸向牙颈的纵形隆起。
9(生长叶:牙发育的钙化中心称为生长叶。
多数牙是由4个生长叶发育而成，部分牙是由5个生长叶发育而成。
10.发育沟:为牙生长发育时，两生长叶相连所形成的明显而有规则的浅沟。
11.临床牙冠:暴露于口腔的牙体部分称为临床牙冠。
12.解剖牙冠:牙体外层由牙釉质覆盖的部分称为解剖牙冠。
13.临床牙根:在口腔内不能见到的牙体部分称为临床牙根。
14(解剖牙根:外层由牙骨制裁覆盖的部分称为解剖牙根。
15(出龈:牙胚破龈而出的现象称出龈。
16(萌出:从牙冠出龈至达到咬合接触的全过程叫萌出。
17(楔状隙:相邻两牙邻面接触区为圆突面，在正常接触区的周围均有呈“V”字形的空隙，称之为楔状隙。
18(线角:牙冠上两面相交处成一线，所成的角称线角。
19(点角:牙冠上三面相交处成一点，所成的角称为点角。
20(.管间吻合:发自相邻根客间的交通支。
21(根管侧支:发自根管的细小分支，常与根管成垂直角度，贯穿牙本质、牙骨质，通向牙周膜。
23(根尖分歧:为根管在根尖分出的细小分支，此时根管仍存在。
口腔生理学术语(G)
口腔生理学术语(G)口腔生理学术语(G)口腔生理学术语(G) gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. may be caused by certain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate blood supply.ganglion - a collection of nerve cells usually found outside the central nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery and proceed to the spinal cord or brain.gene cloning - a technique which uses recombinant dna, inserted into a host cell as a plasmid which reproduces copies of itself, and hence the inserted gene, many timesgeneric - belonging to the same main group. for example generic medicines are identified by the main group they fall into rather than by their trade names.genes - the unit of inheritance that transmits information from one cell to its daughters and hence to the next generation. a gene consists of a specific series of dna nucleotides. each three nucleotides is the code for an amino acid. humans have about 200,000 genes which collectively are know as the genome.genetic engineering - see recombinant dna.genome - the complete complement ofgenetic material in a species.gingival crevice fluid - a secretion found in the gingival sulcus, formed by the cells attaching the gingival epithelium to the tooth.gingival sulcus - a potential space between the gingival margin and the tooth, lined by non-keratinised epithelium. the depth of the sulcus is normally between 1 and 2 mm in health.gingivitis - an inflammation of the gingival mucosa, due to the increase in the virulence or mass of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, or to reduced resistance of the host.glands - a collection of cells secreting a specific product such as insulin or sweat.glucocorticoids - one of the two major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. the most common glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone) but they all share the common effect of increasing blood glucose concentration. they may achieve this at the cost of body protein stores, by converting amino acids into glucose. cortisol also converts fatty acids into glucose. any type of stress, including trauma, infection, fear, anxiety or malnutrition causes an increase incortisol secretion. cortisol stabilises the membrane of lysosomes, which are then unlikely to rupture, a process which stimulates inflammation. cortisol therfore inhibits inflammation. cells like neutrophils, are less able to protect the body from foreign proteins. stress therefore reduces the bodies ability to cope with infection. malnutrition not only stunts mental and physical development but also allows viral, bacterial and parasitic infections to flourish.glucosamine - a glucose or galactose molecule with an amine group attached. see also glucuronic acid.glucose - a molecule of great importance to life as it provides a ready source of energy for both plant and animal cells. glucose can only be formed in plants with the aid of sunlight. this process of photosynthesis sustains all animal life on earth. the glucose molecule is formed by a ring of a six carbon atoms. it is progressively broken down in a process called glycolysis during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration into atpglucuronic acid- a glucose molecule with an acid carboxyl group. one of the two molecules which makes up the repeating disaccharide unit of glycosaminoglycans other molecule is a glucosamine.glycine - one of 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.glycogen - a polysaccharide made up of repeated glucose units. animals make glycogen and store it in liver and muscles.glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose in series of metabolic steps. energy in the form of atp is released even if there is no oxygen available as in anaerobic respiration. in the presence of oxygen as in aerobic respiration the breakdown is more complete and yields more energy.glycoproteins - are proteins which have many sugar molecules attached to them. they are an important component of saliva where they provide lubrication for the teeth. they also have a wide range of other functions in connective tissues. examples are fibronectin, osteonectin, osteopontin and interferon. glycoproteins are also found in cell membranes where they define part of the cells identity. the four major blood groups are defined by glycoproteins on the cell membranes of red blood cells.glycosaminoglycans (gags) - large to huge molecules of the connective tissue matrix, made up of repeating disaccharide units linked to a protein core. the disaccharideunits are made of glucosamine and glucuronic acid. the position of a sulphate molecule on the glucosamine determines the type of gag.golgi apparatus - a cell organelle which is part of the inner cell membrane. it collects and stores the products from the endoplasmic reticulum. it is prominent in actively secreting cells.gomphosis - a form of tooth attachment in which the root is help in a bony socket by a fibrous ligament.gonial angle - the angle made by the posterior part of the ramus and the lower border of the mandible.ground substance - a jelly-like substance which surrounds cells and provides, with fibre, a supportive matrix around each cell. it consists of water and huge molecules which helps transport nutrients to cells and carries away cell products.口腔生理学术语(G) 相关内容:。
口腔生理学术语(M)
口腔生理学术语（M）口腔生理学术语(M) 口腔生理学术语(M) macrophages - cells derived from mono cytes which have the ability to phagocytose foreign particles and dead tissue and to move through tissue, or to remai n fixed in one place. there are many macrophages in the splee n where they remove dead red blood cells from the circulati on.major salivary glands - are three large glands on each side of the face; the parotid, subma ndibular and submaxillary.malleus - one of the three bones of the inner ear. the others are the stapes and the in cus.masticatio n - the process of prepari ng food forswallow ing and digesti on by chew ing it.matrix - comes from the latin word "mater"meaning mother. it is a structure which encloses or holds something within it. cells are held or en closed in a matrix of fibres, water and large molecules called the ground substa nee.matrix vesicles. - small bubble-like structures containing calcium-b inding phospholipids and alkali ne phosphatase. crystals of hydroxyapatite from in side the vesicle whichruptures and releas ing crystals into the surro unding osteoid or predenti ne so as to start min eralis ing it.mecha no-receptors- sen sory receptors which respondwhen mechanically deformed by pressure, tension, vibration or touch.mese nchyme - den tal mese nchyme is tissue derived from the mesoderm of the embryo and which has bee n in filtrated and highly in flue need by migrat ing cells from the neural crest.mesial drift - a gradual movement of all the posterior teeth in a mesial directi on. it occurs only if there has bee n in terproximal wear betwee n the teeth. the drift is not a passive one however, as it has bee n show n that duri ng chew ing, the bite force has a a mesial comp onent.mesial - towards the midli ne.mesoderm - the middle of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. the mesoderm will form the muscles, blood system, connective tissue, including bone and dentine, thekid neys and the dermis of the skin. the other two layers are the ectoderm and thee ndoderm.messe nger rna - a ribose nu cleic acid acid which caries the dna code in matchi ng nu cleotides, from the nu cleus to the ribosome of the cell.metabolise - to obtain energy by breaking down amolecule in to smaller comp onen ts, as in respiratio n or to store energy by building a more complex molecule out of smaller components. it always takes place in a number of stages,con trolled by en zymes. each step in the process follows a predictable "metabolic" pathway for that reacti on.microbiology - the study of the microscopic forms of life.microfilaments - are the smallest filaments of the cytoskeleton. the filaments are made of hundreds of actin molecules, stacked in a line. they can be quickly broke n dow n or exte nded. actin filama nents give the cell its shape and help to change it. when cells move, in embryology and repair, or just during the continual patrol of lymphocytes, they must hold on to somethi ng in order to crawl. the filame nts serve to an chor one part of the cell, via fibron ect in to the cell matrix, so the rest of the cell can pull itself towards the anchor. lymphocytes move and scave nge by stick ing out arms and feet to help them crawl and en gulf foreig n particles. muscle cells cha nge their shape by using stacks of act in filame nts as a ladder on which myos in climbs.micr on - 1000th part of a millimetre.microorga nisms - si ngle celled ani mals which may range from the very small viruses, through bacteria and fungi to almost visible protozoa.microtubules - are the largest filame nt in the cytoskeleton. they are the hollow tubes along which cell products are con ducted long dista nces. the system is not un like a railway n etwork around the cell, sometimes inv olvi ng long dista nces. for example, n eur ones tran sport out n eurotra nsmitter substa nces along the axons to dista ntsyn apses, in side microtubules.minor salivary gla nds - are microscopic gla nds un der the surface of the oral mucosa. they are found throughout the lining mucosa of the mouth in clud ing the ton gue.mitoch on dria - a cell orga nelle found in eucaryotic cells which produces atp as a product of the kreb cycle and the electron transportsystem cells requiring large amounts ofen ergy, such as secreti ng odo ntoblasts, have large nu mbers of mitocho ndria. mitocho ndria are self replicati ng and con tai n their own dna for this purpose.mitosis- the divisio n of a cell in to two daughter cells, each of which is ide ntical.mitotic activity - the rate of mitosis, and hence celldivision. the mitotic activity of basal cells in an epithelium mustmatch the rate of desquamati on.molecules - a comb in ati on of atoms joined together infixed proporti ons.mono cytes - rema in in the blood only a short time before they migrate into the tissues particularly where dead tissue must be removed, where they are calledmacrophages.morphoge nesis - the process in which tissue shapes and orga n structures are developed duri ng embryology.morphoge nic fieled - an en vir onment in which the shapeor pattern of a develop ing orga n is determ in ed.motoneurone - nerve cells with their cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord, which tran smit impulses along their axons to effector orga ns, in cludi ng en docri ne, exocri ne gla nds and muscles fibres. the axons of most motoneurones have many branches, each of which ends at a neuromuscular jun cti on. the group of muscle cells inn ervated by one mot on eur one is called a motor un it.mucoperiosteum -a type of oral mucosa which has a fibrous lam ina propria, no submucosa, and is attached to the underlying periosteum of bone. the attached gingiva is a mucoperiosteum. mucous - a secreti on which is viscous and slimy due tothe prese nee ofglycoprote ins.mutati on - a cha nge in the order of nu cleotide bases on a gene, which alters the con figurati on of the protein produced, and thus may alter the behaviour of the cell. a mutatio n may cause a cell to die, or become can cerous. mutati ons in bacteria and viruses help them to evade detecti on by their hosts.myelin - the fatty covering of myelinated nerves which appears white to the naked eye. the parts of the brain and spinal cord, in which myelinated nerves run, has thereforebeen called the "white" matter as distinet from the "grey" matter composed of nerve cells. myelin also contains about 20 % of proteins whose prime role is to mediate adhesion betwee n adjace nt schwa nn cells. these cell membra ne glycoprote ins are also members of the immuno globuli n family of cell surface prote ins. defects in the these surface prote ins may cause them to act as an tige ns to the immune system. the disease multiple sclerosis is caused by antibodies to the myelin proteins, which results in inflammation and loss of myeli n.myeli nated - n erves axons which are completely wrapped in a sheath of myelin by schwa nn cells. one cell wrapsabout a millimetre of nerve axon, myelinated nerve axons carry impulses faster the n unm eyeli nated n erves impulse jumpsacross the myelin sheath of each schwa nn cell to that of the n ext.口腔生理学术语（M）相关内容:as the adj ace nt。
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口腔生理学术语(M)口腔生理学术语(M)口腔生理学术语(M) macrophages - cells derived from monocytes which have the ability to phagocytose foreign particles and dead tissue and to move through tissue, or to remain fixed in one place. there are many macrophages in the spleen where they remove dead red blood cells from the circulation.major salivary glands - are three large glands on each side of the face; the parotid, submandibular and submaxillary.malleus - one of the three bones of the inner ear. the others are the stapes and the incus.mastication - the process of preparing food for swallowing and digestion by chewing it.matrix - comes from the latin word "mater"meaning mother. it is a structure which encloses or holds something within it. cells are held or enclosed in a matrix of fibres, water and large molecules called the ground substance.matrix vesicles. - small bubble-like structures containing calcium-binding phospholipids and alkaline phosphatase. crystals of hydroxyapatite from inside the vesicle whichruptures and releasing crystals into the surrounding osteoid or predentine so as to start mineralising it.mechano-receptors- sensory receptors which respond when mechanically deformed by pressure, tension, vibration or touch.mesenchyme - dental mesenchyme is tissue derived from the mesoderm of the embryo and which has been infiltrated and highly influenced by migrating cells from theneural crest.mesial drift - a gradual movement of all the posterior teeth in a mesial direction. it occurs only if there has been interproximal wear between the teeth. the drift is not a passive one however, as it has been shown that during chewing, the bite force has a a mesial component.mesial - towards the midline.mesoderm - the middle of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. the mesoderm will form the muscles, blood system, connective tissue, including bone and dentine, the kidneys and the dermis of the skin. the other two layers are the ectoderm and theendoderm.messenger rna - a ribose nucleic acid acid which caries the dna code in matching nucleotides, from the nucleus to theribosome of the cell.metabolise - to obtain energy by breaking down a molecule into smaller components, as in respiration or to store energy by building a more complex molecule out of smaller components. it always takes place in a number of stages, controlled by enzymes. each step in the process follows a predictable "metabolic" pathway for that reaction.microbiology - the study of the microscopic forms of life.microfilaments - are the smallest filaments of the cytoskeleton. the filaments are made of hundreds of actin molecules, stacked in a line. they can be quickly broken down or extended. actin filamanents give the cell its shape and help to change it. when cells move, in embryology and repair, or just during the continual patrol of lymphocytes, they must hold on to something in order to crawl. the filaments serve to anchor one part of the cell, via fibronectin to the cell matrix, so the rest of the cell can pull itself towards the anchor. lymphocytes move and scavenge by sticking out arms and feet to help them crawl and engulf foreign particles. muscle cells change their shape by using stacks of actin filaments as a ladder on which myosin climbs.micron - 1000th part of a millimetre.microorganisms - single celled animals which may range from the very small viruses, through bacteria and fungi to almost visible protozoa.microtubules - are the largest filament in the cytoskeleton. they are the hollow tubes along which cell products are conducted long distances. the system is not unlike a railway network around the cell, sometimes involving long distances. for example, neurones transport out neurotransmitter substances along the axons to distant synapses, inside microtubules.minor salivary glands - are microscopic glands under the surface of the oral mucosa. they are found throughout the lining mucosa of the mouth including the tongue.mitochondria - a cell organelle found in eucaryotic cells which produces atp as a product of the kreb cycle and the electron transport system cells requiring large amounts of energy, such as secreting odontoblasts, have large numbers of mitochondria. mitochondria are self replicating and contain their own dna for this purpose.mitosis- the division of a cell into two daughter cells, each of which is identical.mitotic activity - the rate of mitosis, and hence celldivision. the mitotic activity of basal cells in an epithelium must match the rate of desquamation.molecules - a combination of atoms joined together in fixed proportions.monocytes - remain in the blood only a short time before they migrate into the tissues particularly where dead tissue must be removed, where they are calledmacrophages.morphogenesis - the process in which tissue shapes and organ structures are developed during embryology.morphogenic fieled - an environment in which the shape or pattern of a developing organ is determined.motoneurone - nerve cells with their cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord, which transmit impulses along their axons to effector organs, including endocrine, exocrine glands and muscles fibres. the axons of most motoneurones have many branches, each of which ends at a neuromuscular junction. the group of muscle cells innervated by one motoneurone is called a motor unit.mucoperiosteum - a type of oral mucosa which has a fibrous lamina propria, no submucosa, and is attached to the underlying periosteum of bone. the attached gingiva is a mucoperiosteum.mucous - a secretion which is viscous and slimy due to the presence ofglycoproteins.mutation - a change in the order of nucleotide bases on a gene, which alters the configuration of the protein produced, and thus may alter the behaviour of the cell. a mutation may cause a cell to die, or become cancerous. mutations in bacteria and viruses help them to evade detection by their hosts.myelin - the fatty covering of myelinated nerves which appears white to the naked eye. the parts of the brain and spinal cord, in which myelinated nerves run, has therefore been called the "white" matter as distinct from the "grey" matter composed of nerve cells. myelin also contains about 20 % of proteins whose prime role is to mediate adhesion between adjacent schwann cells. these cell membrane glycoproteins are also members of the immunoglobulin family of cell surface proteins. defects in the these surface proteins may cause them to act as antigens to the immune system. the disease multiple sclerosis is caused by antibodies to the myelin proteins, which results in inflammation and loss of myelin.myelinated - nerves axons which are completely wrapped in a sheath of myelin by schwann cells. one cell wrapsabout a millimetre of nerve axon. myelinated nerve axons carry impulses faster then unmeyelinated nerves as the impulse jumps across the myelin sheath of each adjacent schwann cell to that of the next.口腔生理学术语(M) 相关内容:。