刀具文献中英文对照
UG平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照完整版
U G平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照
HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】
平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照
——FLOOR-WALL底壁加工（替代之前版本中的FACE-MILLING-AREA）
——FLOOR-WALL-IPW底壁加工IPW（其中IPW全称为IN PROCESS WORKPIECE
意为“参考前一步加工余量进行加工”）
——FACE-MILLING面铣（使用边界面铣削）
——FACE-MILLING-MANUAL手工面铣削
——PLANAR-MILL平面铣
——PLANAR-PROFILE平面轮廓铣
——CLEANUP-CORNERS清理拐角
——FINISH-WALLS精加工壁
——FINISH-FLOOR精加工底面
——GROOVE-MILLING槽铣削
——HOLE-MILLING孔铣
——THREAD-MILLING螺纹铣
——PLANAR-TEXT平面文本
——MILL-CONTROL铣削控制
——MILL-USER用户定义的铣削
——MILL立铣刀（端铣刀）
——CHAMFER-MILL倒斜铣刀
——BALL-MILL球头铣刀
——SPHERICAL-MILL球面铣刀
——T-CUTTER T型刀
——BARREL鼓型刀（桶型刀）
——THREAD-MILL螺纹铣刀
——MILL-USER-DEFINED用户定义的铣刀
——CARRIER刀库
——MCT-POCKET刀头（刀槽）
——HEAD动力头。
机械加工常用刀具英汉对照
adjustable spanner 活动扳手angle cutter 角铣刀anvil 铁砧arbour 心轴backing 衬垫belt sander 带式打磨机buffing 抛光chamfering machine 倒角机chamfering tool 去角刀具chisel 扁錾chuck 夹具compass 两角规concave cutter 凹面铣刀convex cutter 凸形铣刀cross joint 十字接头cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角drill stand 钻台edge file 刃用锉刀file 锉刀flange joint 凸缘接头grinder 砂轮机hammer 铁锤hand brace 手摇钻hatching 剖面线hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺帽index head 分度头jack 千斤顶jig 治具kit 工具箱lapping 研磨metal saw 金工锯nose angle 刀角pinchers 钳子pliers 铗钳plug 柱塞头polisher 磨光器protable driller 手提钻孔机punch 冲头sand paper 砂纸scraper 刮刀screw driver 螺丝起子scribing 划线second out file 中纹锉spanner 扳手spline broach 方栓槽拉刀square 直角尺square sleeker 方形镘刀square trowel 直角度stripping 剥离工具T-slot T形槽tool for lathe 车刀tool point angle 刀刃角tool post 刀架tosecan 划线盘trimming 去毛边waffle die flattening 压纹效平wiper 脱模钳wrench 螺旋扳手。
数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述
数控机床刀具设计中英文资料英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditi D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing.1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device tion, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical fu as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc sc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knifeand capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.s, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and com mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (includingradial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of theknife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c).D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use theknife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of theknife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be verybeneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of theknife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Toolnumber not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitablygiven the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity andmore occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, morecompact layout, the number ofapply to small and medium-sizedprocessing center.(3) the chain knife Includingsingle-and multi-ring chain ringchain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though.Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view,generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simpleinstallation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NCinstructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 º rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 º rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, thetool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure,the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 º "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 º, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-endpackages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two,respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions onthe knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: randomsequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. Theneed to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNCtool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First to knives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。
UG 平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照
UG10.0平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照——FLOOR-WALL底壁加工（替代之前版本中的FACE-MILLING-AREA）
——FLOOR-WALL-IPW底壁加工IPW（其中IPW全称为IN PROCESS WORKPIECE
意为“参考前一步加工余量进行加工”）
——FACE-MILLING面铣（使用边界面铣削）
——FACE-MILLING-MANUAL手工面铣削
——PLANAR-MILL平面铣
——PLANAR-PROFILE平面轮廓铣
——CLEANUP-CORNERS清理拐角
——FINISH-WALLS精加工壁
——FINISH-FLOOR精加工底面
——GROOVE-MILLING槽铣削
——HOLE-MILLING孔铣
——THREAD-MILLING螺纹铣
——PLANAR-TEXT平面文本
——MILL-CONTROL铣削控制
——MILL-USER用户定义的铣削
——MILL立铣刀（端铣刀）
——CHAMFER-MILL倒斜铣刀
——BALL-MILL球头铣刀
——SPHERICAL-MILL球面铣刀
——T-CUTTER T型刀
——BARREL鼓型刀（桶型刀）——THREAD-MILL螺纹铣刀
——MILL-USER-DEFINED用户定义的铣刀——CARRIER刀库
——MCT-POCKET刀头（刀槽）——HEAD动力头。
刀具术语中英文对照大全(1)
刀具术语中英文对照大全（1）本文选自：主题名品网小编前段时间给大家介绍了些刀具中英文对照术语，大家都挺支持的，但是也说不是很全面，这次就给大家补上了！ABS：是一种混合物，一般是由丙烯腈和苯乙烯的聚合物混合丁腈橡胶或者聚丁二烯制成，这种乙烯树脂混合物结合了硬度和韧性这两个互对立的特性，这种材质首字母缩略为ABS。
合金（Alloying Element）：是某种金属在锻熔过程中，加上一些其他金属，例如钢和铝，来增加这种材质的抗腐蚀性、硬度、韧性等各种特性。
铬、镍和钒是三类比较常用的金属材质。
铝（Aluminum）：是一种轻质银白色的金属，地壳的7%都是由该种金属元素组成。
铝一般是以铝土矿的形式存在，这种铝是和氧气混合的氧化铝。
在现代高超的合金锻造技术下，铝的用途非常的广泛。
因为铝的的耐磨性，可以作为刀柄的材质，它给人一种非常结实的触感，但同时，作为金属材质，又非常的轻。
这种金属刀柄握感非常的舒服并且很安全。
铝最常用的处理方式是通过阳极氧化给它着色和加以保护膜。
阳极氧化（Anodization）:是一种电化过程，给金属加上一层氧化膜，可以改变金属的外观颜色，也增强金属的抗腐蚀性。
通常这种电化过程用于加工制作铝和钛的刀柄。
经阳极电化的铝（Anodized Aluminum）：经过阳极电化的铝，有了一层氧化的保护膜。
AUS 8 Steel：是一种含碳量高的低铬不锈钢。
这种不锈钢融合了学多优良的钢材特征，比如说硬度很高、韧性好、刀刃的锋利保持度高、抗腐蚀能力强。
自动刀（Automatic Knives）：是一种刀片可以收起来的刀。
刀柄上有个按钮或者滑动的装置，通过手动的按压这种装置，刀片就可以自动弹出刀柄。
自动刀又分为两种类型：一种是侧边出刀，另一种是前方出刀。
侧边出刀的自动刀就和普通的折刀的出刀方式是一样的，从刀柄的一边出刀。
前方出刀的的自动刀就是刀片直接从刀柄内部滑出。
刀背（Back Of The Blade）：单刃刀刀刃相反的那面，也可以是刀脊。
数控机床设备资料中英文对照
数控机床设备资料中英文对照一：说明书名次解释：lubrication hole［机]润滑孔；［机］滑油孔；加油孔; ［机]注润滑油孔Pressure Lubrication［机]压力润滑; 强制润滑; [机］加压润滑lubrication device润滑装置; 润滑油; 润滑装配AUTO LUBE 自动润滑Spindle motor 主轴马达Hydraulic pump motor 油压马达Auto Cross feed motor 前后马达High Pressure Through Coolant刀具高压冷却系统once—through coolant system一次流过冷却系统Coolant through spindle油水分离机sp。
through coolant主轴通过冷却液through coolant通过冷却剂coolant jet冷却剂喷嘴flood coolant motor洪水冷却电机base coolant/gun motor基地冷却剂/枪电动机mist collect motor雾收集电动机Coolant motor (for tools/chips）切削水马达Chip conveyor motor 铁屑输送机马达ATC motor 储刀仓马达fan cooler风扇冷却器fan draught cooler冷风机fan cooler（for amp）:风扇冷却器(对放大器（amplifier））containment fan cooler安全壳风机冷却器fan—draught cooler风扇冷却器fan unit 风扇设备风扇单元风扇装置panel cooling 嵌入式降温panel door 镶板门panel heating 板壁供热tool counter工具柜台MAGAZINE CW 刀库正转MAGAZINE CCW 刀库反转 .。
COUNTER （计数器）TOTAL COUNTER（总计数器)Mate：配对物(伴侣）Rotation:旋转回转Caution:谨慎radiator brake:散热器制动air duster blow gun吹尘器喷枪air-blow pipe喷气管Air Blow：鼓风Overload：超载overload protection防止过载,超载防护information overload信息过载;信息超载；信息超负荷overload capacity过载容量overload operation超负荷运行，超载运行thermal overload relay热继电器；热过载继电器overload current［电]过载电流 ; 过载电流过负荷电流dis connect jumper pin in case of using sub op存保计划连接跳线针如果使用子运算(in case of using如果使用;usb op 子运算)disconnect jumper pin断开连接跳线针beta-i servo ：β—i 伺服spindle amplifer：主轴放大器manual feed delay：手动进给延迟rigid tapping ontime：刚性攻丝准时z—axis cancel：z轴取消Current Tool Number现行刀具号Reset Current Tool恢复当前工具预设servo amp module伺服放大器模块optical fiber cable：光缆、光纤光缆sheet key板键Head sheet Key头型图要点key sheet键盘纸；转印盘纸i series servo motor：i系列伺服电动机call light：警示灯lub。
刀具中英文对照表n
tool cutting edge inclination [tu:l]; ['kʌtiŋ] ;[edʒ];[,inkli'neiʃən] helix angle straight flute helix flute square repair director chamfer grind grinding wheel technical machining square round ['hi:liks];['æŋɡl] [streit] ; [flu:t] ['hi:liks];[flu:t] [skwε ə] [ri'pε ə] [di'rektə] [kæmfə] [ɡraind] ['ɡraindiŋ] ; [hwi:l] ['teknikəl] [mə'ʃi:niŋ] [skwε ə] [raund]
['spaiərəl];[pɔint] ['maikrəu]-[mi:tə] [kɔ:leipə] [pɔint];['maikrəu]-[mi:tə] [θ ri:] ;[pɔint];['maikrəu]-[mi:tə] [ɡəu'neo];[mi:tə] ['meʒə] ['maikrəu]; [skəup] [prəu'dʒektə] [in'spektə] ['mænidʒə] ['æləukeitə] ['ɔpəreitə] [in'spekʃən] [ri'kɔ:d] [rʌn] [θ red] [eks'sə:kl] ['əuvə] ; [leŋθ ] [edʒ] ;[leŋθ ] [ʃæŋk]; [dai'æmitə] [widθ ,] [leŋθ ] [hait] [aut]
机械加工刀具中英文对照外文翻译文献
机械加工刀具中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译英文原文Selection of optimum tool geometry and cutting conditions using a surface roughness prediction model for end milling Abstract Influence of tool geometry on the quality of surface produced is well known and hence any attempt to assess the performance of end milling should include the tool geometry. In the present work, experimental studies have been conducted to see the effect of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the machining performance during end milling of medium carbon steel. The first and second ordermathematical models, in terms of machining parameters, were developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of experimental results. The model selected for optimization has been validated with the Chi square test. The significance of these parameters on surface roughness has been established with analysis of variance. An attempt has also been made to optimize the surface roughness prediction model using genetic algorithms (GA). The GA program gives minimum values of surface roughness and their respective optimal conditions.1 IntroductionEnd milling is one of the most commonly used metal removal operations in industry because of its ability to remove material faster giving reasonably good surface quality. It is used in a variety of manufacturing industries including aerospace andautomotive sectors, where quality is an important factor in the production of slots, pockets, precision moulds and dies. Greater attention is given to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of products by the industry these days. Moreover, surface finish influences mechanical properties such as fatigue behaviour, wear, corrosion, lubrication and electrical conductivity. Thus, measuring and characterizing surface finish can be considered for predicting machining performance.Surface finish resulting from turning operations has traditionally received considerable research attention, where as that of machining processes using multipoint cutters, requires attention by researchers. As these processes involve large number of parameters, it would be difficult to correlate surface finish with other parameters just by conducting experiments. Modelling helps to understand this kind of process better. Though some amount of work has been carried out to develop surface finish prediction models in the past, the effect of tool geometry has received little attention. However, the radial rake angle has a major affect on the power consumption apart from tangential and radial forces. It also influences chip curling and modifies chip flow direction. In addition to this, researchers [1] have also observed that the nose radius plays a significant role in affecting the surface finish. Therefore the development of a good model should involve the radial rake angle and nose radius along with other relevant factors.Establishment of efficient machining parameters has been a problem that has confronted manufacturing industries for nearly a century, and is still the subject of many studies. Obtaining optimum machining parameters is of great concern in manufacturing industries, where the economy of machiningoperation plays a key role in the competitive market. In material removal processes, an improper selection of cutting conditions cause surfaces with high roughness anddimensional errors, and it is even possible that dynamic phenomena due to auto excited vibrations may set in [2]. In view of the significant role that the milling operation plays in today’s manufacturing world, there is a need to optimize the machining parameters for this operation. So, an effort has been made in this paper to see the influence of tool geometry(radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions(cutting speed and feed rate) on the surface finish produced during end milling of medium carbon steel. The experimental results of this work will be used to relate cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius with the machining response i.e. surface roughness by modelling. The mathematical models thus developed are further utilized to find the optimum process parameters using genetic algorithms.2 ReviewProcess modelling and optimization are two important issues in manufacturing. The manufacturing processes are characterized by a multiplicity of dynamically interacting process variables. Surface finish has been an important factor of machining in predicting performance of any machining operation. In order to develop and optimize a surface roughness model, it is essential to understand the current status of work in this area.Davis et al. [3] have investigated the cutting performance of five end mills having various helix angles. Cutting tests were performed on aluminium alloy L 65 for three milling processes (face, slot and side), in which cutting force, surface roughnessand concavity of a machined plane surface were measured. The central composite design was used to decide on the number of experiments to be conducted. The cutting performance of the end mills was assessed using variance analysis. The affects of spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate on the cutting force and surface roughness were studied. The investigation showed that end mills with left hand helix angles are generally less cost effective than those with right hand helix angles. There is no significant difference between up milling and down milling with regard tothe cutting force, although the difference between them regarding the surface roughness was large. Bayoumi et al.[4] have studied the affect of the tool rotation angle, feed rate and cutting speed on the mechanistic process parameters (pressure, friction parameter) for end milling operation with three commercially available workpiece materials, 11 L 17 free machining steel, 62- 35-3 free machining brass and 2024 aluminium using a single fluted HSS milling cutter. It has been found that pressure and friction act on the chip – tool interface decrease with the increase of feed rate and with the decrease of the flow angle, while the cutting speed has a negligible effect on some of the material dependent parameters. Process parameters are summarized into empirical equations as functions of feed rate and tool rotation angle for each work material. However, researchers have not taken into account the effects of cutting conditions and tool geometry simultaneously; besides these studies have not considered the optimization of the cutting process.As end milling is a process which involves a large number f parameters, combined influence of the significant parameters an only be obtained by modelling. Mansour and Abdallaet al. [5]have developed a surface roughness model for the end milling of EN32M (a semi-free cutting carbon case hardening steel with improved merchantability). The mathematical model has been developed in terms of cutting speed, feed rate and axial depth of cut. The affect of these parameters on the surface roughness has been carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A first order equation covering the speed range of 30–35 m/min and a second order equation covering the speed range of 24–38 m/min were developed under dry machining conditions. Alauddin et al. [6] developed a surface roughness model using RSM for the end milling of 190 BHN steel. First and second order models were constructed along with contour graphs for the selection of the proper combination of cutting speed and feed to increase the metal removal rate without sacrificing surface quality. Hasmi et al. [7] also used the RSM model for assessing the influence of the workpiece material on the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. The model was developed for milling operation by conducting experiments on steel specimens. The expression shows, the relationship between the surface roughness and the various parameters; namely, the cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. The above models have not considered the affect of tool geometry on surface roughness.Since the turn of the century quite a large number of attempts have been made to find optimum values of machining parameters. Uses of many methods have been reported in the literature to solve optimization problems for machining parameters. Jain and Jain [8] have used neural networks for modeling and optimizing the machining conditions. The results have been validated by comparing the optimized machining conditions obtained using genetic algorithms. Suresh et al. [9]have developed a surface roughness prediction model for turning mild steel using a response surface methodology to produce the factor affects of the individual process parameters. They have also optimized the turning process using the surface roughness prediction model as the objective function. Considering the above, an attempt has been made in this work to develop a surface roughness model with tool geometry and cutting conditions on the basis of experimental results and then optimize it for the selection of these parameters within the given constraints in the end milling operation.3 MethodologyIn this work, mathematical models have been developed using experimental results with the help of response surface methodolog y. The purpose of developing mathematical models relating the machining responses and their factors is to facilitate the optimization of the machining process. This mathematical model has been used as an objective function and the optimization was carried out with the help of genetic algorithms.3.1 Mathematical formulationResponse surface methodology(RSM) is a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for modelling and analyzing the problems in which several independent variables influence a dependent variable or response. The mathematical models commonly used are represented by:where Y is the machining response, ? is the response function and S, f , α, r are milling variables and ∈is the error which is normally distributed about the observed response Y with zero mean.The relationship between surface roughness and other independent variables can be represented as follows，where C isa constant and a, b, c and d are exponents.To facilitate the determination of constants and exponents, this mathematical model will have to be linearized by performing a logarithmic transformation as follows:The constants and exponents C, a, b, c and d can be determined by the method of least squares. The first order linear model, developed from the above functional relationship using least squares method, can be represented as follows: where Y1 is the estimated response based on the first-order equation, Y is the measured surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x0 = 1 (dummy variable), x1, x2, x3 and x4 are logarithmic transformations of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius respectively, ∈is the experimental error and b values are the estimates of corresponding parameters.The general second order polynomial response is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response based on the second order equation. The parameters, i.e. b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b12, b23, b14, etc. are to be estimated by the method of least squares. Validity of the selected model used for optimizing the process parameters has been tested with the help of statistical tests, such as F-test, chi square test, etc. [10].3.2 Optimization using genetic algorithmsMost of the researchers have used traditional optimization techniques for solving machining problems. The traditional methods of optimization and search do not fare well over a broad spectrum of problem domains. Traditional techniques are not efficient when the practical search space is too large. These algorithms are not robust. They are inclined to obtain a local optimal solution. Numerous constraints and number of passesmake the machining optimization problem more complicated. So, it was decided to employ genetic algorithms as an optimization technique. GA come under the class of non-traditional search and optimization techniques. GA are different from traditional optimization techniques in the following ways:1.GA work with a coding of the parameter set, not the parameter themselves.2.GA search from a population of points and not a single point.3.GA use information of fitness function, not derivatives or other auxiliary knowledge.4.GA use probabilistic transition rules not deterministic rules.5.It is very likely that the expected GA solution will be the global solution.Genetic algorithms (GA) form a class of adaptive heuristics based on principles derived from the dynamics of natural population genetics. The searching process simulates the natural evaluation of biological creatures and turns out to be an intelligent exploitation of a random search. The mechanics of a GA is simple, involving copying of binary strings. Simplicity of operation and computational efficiency are the two main attractions of the genetic algorithmic approach. The computations are carried out in three stages to get a result in one generation or iteration. The three stages are reproduction, crossover and mutation.In order to use GA to solve any problem, the variable is typically encoded into a string (binary coding) or chromosome structure which represents a possible solution to the given problem. GA begin with a population of strings (individuals) created at random. The fitness of each individual string isevaluated with respect to the given objective function. Then this initial population is operated on by three main operators –reproduction cross over and mutation–to create, hopefully, a better population. Highly fit individuals or solutions are given the opportunity to reproduce by exchanging pieces of their genetic information, in the crossover procedure, with other highly fit individuals. This produces new “offspring” solutions, which share some characteristics taken from both the parents. Mutation is often applied after crossover by altering some genes (i.e. bits) in the offspring. The offspring can either replace the whole population (generational approach) or replace less fit individuals (steady state approach). This new population is further evaluated and tested for some termination criteria. The reproduction-cross over mutation- evaluation cycle is repeated until the termination criteria are met.中文翻译选择最佳工具，几何形状和切削条件利用表面粗糙度预测模型端铣摘要：刀具几何形状对工件表面质量产生的影响是人所共知的，因此，任何成型面端铣设计应包括刀具的几何形状。
五金类词汇中英文对照
五金类词汇中英文对照钳类PLIERS钢丝钳COMBINATION PLIERS多用钳MULTI-PURPOSE PLIERS鲤鱼钳COMBINATION PLIERS SLIP JOINT水泵钳GROOVE JOINT PLIERS钓鱼钳FISHING PLIERS斜咀钳DIAGONAL SIDE CUTTING NIPPERS尖咀钳LONG FLAT NOSE PLIERS弯咀钳BENT NOSE PLIERS剥线器WIRE STRIPPERS大力钳LOCK WRENCH雷管夹钳CRIMPING PLIERS断线钳或者螺栓切割器BOLT CUTTERS台型断线钳BOLT CUTTERS BENCH TYPE重型拆链期HEAVY DUTY CHAIN CUTTERS拉铆枪HAND RIVETERS焊条钳ECECTRODE HOLDER瓷砖钳TILE NIPPERS篱笆钳FENCE PLIERS旋转打眼钳revolving punch pliers扳手SPANNERS & WRENCHES活络扳手ADJUSTABLE WRENCHES两用扳手COMBINATION WRENCHES双头扳手DOUBLE OPEN END WRENCHES套筒扳手SOCKET WRENCH SET锤类HAMMERS羊角锤CLAW HAMMERS泥工锤MASON'S HAMMERS钳工锤MACHINIST'S HAMMERS八角锤DOUBLE-FACED BLACKSMITH'S HAMMERS 木工锤JOINER'S HAMMERS奶子锤ENGINEER'S BALL-PEIN HAMMERS扁尾锤ENGINEER'S CROSS PEIN HAMMERS安装锤RUBBER HAMMERS螺丝批SCREW DRIVERS水管工具PLUMBING TOOLS管子钳PIPE WRENCHES管子台虎钳HINGED PIPE VICES管子铰板RATCHET DIE STOCKS管子割刀PIPE CUTTERS泥木工具TOOLS FOR MASONRY & WOOD WORKING 切削工具CUTTING TOOLS钢锉STEEL FILES锯SAWS手摇钻HAND DRILLS量刃具MEASURING AND CUTTING TOOLS钢卷尺STEEL TAPE ROLLERS游标卡尺VERNIER CALIPERS直柄麻花钻HSS TWIST DRILL BITS其他工具OTHER TOOLS千斤顶JACKS钢丝刷STEEL WIRE BRUSHES压胶枪CAULKING GUNS农具AGRICULTURAL TOOLS刀类KNIVES剪类SCISSORS园林工具GARDEN TOOLS金属网METAL MESHES镀锌方眼网GALVANIZED SQUARE MESH镀锌电焊网GALVANIZED WELDED WIRE MESH菱形网HEXAGON MESH紧固件FASTENERS螺杆BOLT地脚螺丝ANCHOR BOLT双头螺丝DOUBLE HEAD BOLTS连板螺丝BOLTS WITH PLATE螺母STEEL NUT基础件COMPONENT PARTS轴承BEARING工业链条INDUSTRIAL CHAIN建筑小五金CONSTRUCTION HARDWARES木螺丝WOOD SCREW合页HINGE门锁DOOR LOCK插销BOLT门拉手DOOR PULL滑轮ROLLER阀门VALVES家俱小五金HOUSEHOLD HARDWARES铝合金货架GOODS SHELVES脚轮CASTOR金属椅脚垫GLIDE长管LEG ASSY. PAINTED UPPER/CHROME LOWER WITH GLIDE 短管785 LOWER LEG NON-ADJ. GLIDE CHROME金属底座BASE METAL日用五金HABERDASHERY & HARDWARES小刀KNIFE指甲钳NAIL CLIPPERS汽灯KEROSENE HEATER索具RIGGINGS金属制品METAL PRODUCTS镀镍铁丝NICKEL PLATED IRON WIRE镀锌铁丝GALVANIZED WIRE钢丝STEEL WIRE法兰盘FLANGE杜美丝DUMET WIRE杂项小五金OTHER HARDWARES电工产品ELECTRIC PRODUCTS 电源配电箱POWER DISTRIBUTION BOX 机床电器MACHINE TOOL ELECTRIC ARTICLES继电器RELAY电动机MOTOR变压器TRANSFORMER电动工具POWER-DRIVEN TOOL电焊机ELECTRIC WELDER电焊条WELDING ROD电线ELECTRICAL WIRE花电线FLEX铅酸蓄电池LEAD-ACID STORAGY BATTERY凸轮开关HAND OPERATED STARTER纺织品TEXTILES棉坯布COTTON FABRICS色织布YARN-DYED COYYON FABRICS棉涤纶布POLYSTER/COYYON BLENDED FABRICS毛巾FACE TOWELS餐巾NAPAINS方巾FACE CLOTHS擦机布CLEAN CLOTHS丝绸制品SILK PRODUCTS领带NECKTIES绣品EMBROIDERED PRODUCTS和服腰带KIMONOS & BELTS服装GARMENTS衬衫SHIRTS绣衣EMBROIDERED SHIRTS长西裤WESTERN-STYLE TROUSERS短西裤WESTERN-STYLE SHORTS运动短裤SPORT SHORTS浴衣BATH ROBES睡袍NIGIT GOWNS茄克JACKETST恤衫 T-SHIRTS背心(马甲) VESTS牛仔裤JEANS自行车BICYCLE自行车BICYCLE 16",28"童车BMX 12",16",20"自行车零件BICYCLE PARTS外胎TYBE 26",28"内胎TYBE 26",28"飞轮FREE WHEEL 16T,18T,20T,22T前叉FRONT FORK 26",28"车把HANDLE-BAR 26",28"泥板MUDGUARDS 26",28"链条CHAIN 114L,112L打气筒FOOT PUMP摩电灯DYNAMO LIGHT SET 12V/5.5W 鞍座SADDLE PVC TOP车铃BELL 21/4",25/16",3" 脚蹬PEDALS C.P.4"车锁BICYCLE FRAME LOCK铜丝锁WIRE LOCK 23",27" 缝纫机SEWING MACHINE缝纫机马达SEWING MOTORtoolbox 工具箱bench 工作台vice, clamp 虎钳(美作:vise)saw 锯bow saw 弓锯circular saw 圆锯(美作:buzzsaw) compass saw, scroll saw 钢丝锯fretsaw 细锯handsaw 手锯chisel 口凿cold chisel, burin 冰凿gouge, firmer gouge 半圆凿plane 刨子moulding plane 型刨jack plane 粗刨rabbet plane 槽刨drawknife 刮刀scraper 三角刮刀rasp 粗锉file 锉square 尺miter 斜槽规scriber 近线尺set square, triangle 三角板brace 手拉曲柄锉hand drill 手钻drill, bit 钻,有柄钻gimlet, auger 钻,无柄钻countersink 锥口钻gauge, marking gauge 量规hammer 锤mallet 木槌nail 钉brad 平头钉tack, stud 圆头钉screw 螺丝钉screwdriver 螺丝刀,改锥screw tap 螺丝攻nail puller 拔钉器ruler 尺tape measure 卷尺folding ruler 折尺sandpaper, emery paper 砂纸toolbox 工具箱bench 工作台vice, clamp 虎钳(美作:vise) saw 锯bow saw 弓锯circular saw 圆锯(美作:buzzsaw) compass saw, scroll saw 钢丝锯fretsaw 细锯handsaw 手锯chisel 口凿cold chisel, burin 冰凿gouge, firmer gouge 半圆凿plane 刨子moulding plane 型刨jack plane 粗刨rabbet plane 槽刨drawknife 刮刀scraper 三角刮刀rasp 粗锉file 锉square 尺miter 斜槽规scriber 近线尺set square, triangle 三角板brace 手拉曲柄锉hand drill 手钻drill, bit 钻,有柄钻gimlet, auger 钻,无柄钻countersink 锥口钻gauge, marking gauge 量规hammer 锤mallet 木槌nail 钉brad 平头钉tack, stud 圆头钉screw 螺丝钉screwdriver 螺丝刀,改锥screw tap 螺丝攻nail puller 拔钉器ruler 尺tape measure 卷尺folding ruler 折尺sandpaper, emery paper 砂纸stepladder 高凳,折梯trestle 支架trowel 灰泥镘子float 抹子spatula 抹刀,刮铲brush 刷子paintbrush, brush 画刷roller 滚子scissors 剪子spade 锄fork 叉子shovel 铁锹,铲rake 耙roller 滚压器,碌碡dibble 掘穴机wheelbarrow 小车,独轮车watering can 喷壶garden hose, hosepipe 橡胶软管lawnmower 剪草机shears, garden shears 园艺剪刀pruning shears 修枝剪pruning knife 修枝刀sickle 镰刀scythe 钐刀,钐镰trowel 镘weeding hoe 除草耙seed drill 条播机penknife 铅笔刀glass cutter 玻璃刀plumb line 铅垂线spirit level 水平仪pickaxe 鹤嘴锄(美作:pickax)the axe 斧子(美作:the ax)sledgehammer 长柄大锤bushhammer 石工锤rammer 撞针anvil, beakiron, bickiron, two-beaked anvil 砧,砧子bellows 弹簧awl 锤子beam compass, trammel 长圆规lever 杠杆tyre lever 轮胎撬杠crank 柄soldering iron 焊铁,烙铁blowlamp 吹嘴,吹炬(美作:blowtorch)die 冲模diestock 螺丝攻machine tools 工作母机lathe 车床turret lathe 六角车床milling cutter 铣刀milling machine 铣床electric drill, power drill 电钻grinder, crusher 粉碎机riveter 打铆机rolling mill 轧板机press 压床,冲床drop hammer pile hammer, drop hammer 蒸汽汽锤air hammer, pneumatic hammer 气锤pile hammer 打桩机螺丝类Bolts and Nuts商品名称: Item:BS916 英制六角螺丝带母(丝闩) BS916 Hex Bolts & NutsDIN931-933 (8.8) 拉力公制六角头螺丝DIN931-933 Hex Head Bolt G8.8(8.8) 镀锌公制拉力六角头螺丝DIN931-933 Hex Head Bolt G8.8 Electrogalvanized (8.8) 热浸沿水公制六角头螺丝DIN931-933 Hex Head Bolt G8.8 Hot-Dip Galvanized (10.9)级高强度拉力公制六角头螺丝DIN933-931 Hex Head Bolt G10.9(8.8) 拉力公制六角螺丝母DIN934 (8.8) Hex Nuts(8.8) 镀锌公制拉力六角螺丝母DIN934 Hex Nuts G8.8 Electrogalvanized(8.8) 热浸沿水公制拉力六角螺丝母DIN934 Hex Nuts G8.8 Hot-Dip Galvanized (8.8) 公制幼牙六角螺丝母“8.8”Hex Nuts镀锌公英制牙条长驳母Connectors (Long Huts)镀锌公英制拉力埃砵(拉令) DIN580 Lifting Eye Bolts ZINC镀锌水喉“U”型螺丝带母Electrogalvanized “U”Bolts & Nuts304 (A2) 不锈钢英制六角头螺丝A-2 Stainless Steel Hex Head Bolts304 (A2) 不锈钢英制六角头螺丝A-2 DIN931-933 Stainless Steel Hex Head Bolts 316 (A4) 不锈钢英制六角头螺丝A-4 Stainless Steel Hex Head Screws304 (A2) 不锈钢英制六角螺丝母A-2 Stainless Steel Hex Nuts316 (A4) 不锈钢英制六角螺丝母A-4 Stainless Steel Hex Nuts304 (A2) 不锈钢英制尼龙保险螺母A-2 Stainless Steel Hex Nylon Lock Nuts304 DIN580 不锈钢公英制拉令Lifting Eye Bolts Stainless Steel “DIN580”304 不锈钢水喉“U”型螺丝带母A-2 Stainless Steel “U”Bolts and Nuts普通圆铁钉Common Round Iron NailsDIN934 透明塑料六角螺母DIN934 Nylon Hex Nut NatureDIN125 透明塑料平介子Nylon Flat Washers Nature日本锅盖塑料拉手螺母Stainless Steel G-Type Knob Nuts Black (KG-N) Japan手工具类: Tools:商品名称: Item:炼钳Pipe Chain Wrench喉钳Pipe Wrench平咀钳Combination Plier尖咀钳Long-Nose Plier斜咀钳Diagonal-Cutting Plier鲤鱼钳Combination Slip-Joint Plier大力钳Vise Grips敲锈锤Chipping Hammer w/handle羊角锤Claw Hammer w/handle圆头锤Ball Pein Hammer w/handle八角大锤Sledge Hammer w/handle木工锤Carpenter Hammer w/handle木锤柄Wood Hammer Handle大木锤柄Standard Wood Sledge Hammer Handle粗平扁锉Flat File (1st)中平扁锉Flat File (2nd)幼平扁锉Flat File (3rd)粗?锉Half-Round File (1st)中?锉Half-Round File (2nd)幼?锉Half-Round File (3rd)粗方锉Square File (1st)中方锉Square File (2nd)幼方锉Square File (3rd)粗圆锉Round File (1st)中圆锉Round File (2nd)幼圆锉Round File (3rd)中三角锉Three-Square File板锯Hand Saw铁锯片Hacksaw Blade铁锯架Hacksaw Frame铁锯连铁锯片Hacksaw Frame w/blade石矢尖凿Concrete Chisel石矢扁凿Flat Concrete Chisel铁柄番铲Shovel w/steel handle木柄番铲Shovel w/wooden handle胶辘石矢车仔Single Rubber Wheel Barrow斧头柄Axe Handle细斧头Lumberjack Axe (mini.)中斧头Lumberjack Axe (med.)大斧头Lumberjack Axe (max.)番钉柄Picks Handle番钉头Clay Picks Head番钉连柄Clay Picks w/handle锄头柄Dick Handle锄头Dick铁笔Wrecking Bar白铁剪Tinman Snip蛇头剪Bolt Cutter威也钳Cable Cutter水泵钳Pump Plier锯路钳Saw Set通头丝批Screw Driver磁批Magnetic Hand Screw Driver防滑批High-Torque Screwdriver卜批Nutdriver细他笔Screwdriver Tester大他笔Screwdriver Tester细钢头他笔Steel Head Screwdriver Tester中钢头他笔Steel Head Screwdriver Tester大钢头他笔Steel Head Screwdriver Tester石矢钻咀Masonry Shank Drill锋钢钻咀High Speed Drill套庄锋钢钻咀High Speed Drill Set油压钻咀SDS Plus Shank Drill长身小林式钻咀Auger Bit套庄六角匙Hex Key Set加长套庄六角匙Hex Key Set (extra-long)加长波头套庄六角匙Ball Point Hex Key Set (extra-long) 白叻套庄六角匙S/S Hex Key Set昔士Adjustable Wrench Spanner平身钢凿Flat Steel Chisel木凿Wood Chisel弹弓凿Spring Chisel令梗Combination Wrench套庄令梗Combination Wrench Set令士Offset Box Wrench套庄令士Offset Box Wrench Set六角卜士 6 Point Standard Drive Socket十二角卜士12 Point Standard Drive Socket40T 钻石介木碟Circular Saw Blade (Carbide Tipped) 60T 钻石介木碟Circular Saw Blade (Carbide Tipped) 80T 钻石介木碟Circular Saw Blade (Carbide Tipped) 100T 钻石介木碟Circular Saw Blade (Carbide Tipped) 120T 钻石介木碟Circular Saw Blade (Carbide Tipped) 湿介碟Wet-Cutting Saw Blade干介碟Dry-Cutting Saw Blade云石介碟Masonry Cutter Blade磨碟Abrasive Grinding Wheel拮碟Abrasive Cutting Wheel油辘Paint Roller尼龙辘Nylon Caster有掣尼龙辘Nylon Caster w/brake生铁辘Heavy-Duty Caster平底波辘Ball Caster薄身油扫Economic Paint Brush厚身油扫Delux Paint Brush油灰刀Standrad Scraper细灰池Small Steel Trowel中灰池Medium Steel Trowel大灰池Large Steel Trowel胶泥斗Plastic Bucket铁泥斗Steel Bucket3行钢丝刷Steel Wire Brush4行钢丝刷Steel Wire Brush5行钢丝刷Steel Wire Brush4行铜丝刷Brass Wire Brush5行铜丝刷Brass Wire Brush油石Sharpening Stone扁型钢丝辘Wire Wheel Brush扁型有柄钢丝辘Shank-Mounted Wire Wheel Brush碗型有柄钢丝辘Cup Shank-Mounted Wire Wheel Brush 油灰鎗Caulking Gun铜喉拮打Copper Pipe Cutter胶喉剪PVC Pipe Cutter2脚啤令乍2-legs Gear Puller3脚啤令乍3-legs Gear Puller锋钢令梳High Speed Steel Hole Saw钻石钢令梳Diamond Steel Hole Saw尖尾卜Ratchet Wrench1A 玻璃笔Diamond Glass Cutter2A 玻璃笔Diamond Glass Cutter3A 玻璃笔Diamond Glass Cutter火水笔Oil Cutter细尖凿Standard Bull Point Chisel细平凿Standard Cold Chisel细扁凿Standard Pneumetic Chisel加长尖凿Long Bull Point Chisel中尖凿Extra-Long Bull Point Chisel大尖凿Heavy Duty Bull Point Chisel绿色胶塞Plastic Plug (Green Color)红色胶塞Plastic Plug (Red Color)蓝色胶塞Plastic Plug (Blue Color)。
机械类英文文献+翻译
机械类英文文献+翻译20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、Tool life obtained;3、Force and power requirements;4、Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causingincreased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and alumin um and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface du ring cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentra tions of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting spee ds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Le aded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numeral s (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means 〝low carbon,〞a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are se rious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free ste els). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lea d in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidize d steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These f lakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to mac hine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness.However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. M artensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and req uire tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitati on-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasio n-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements com bine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and a brasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is es sential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) c an produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are mor e abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. To ol and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing pr ior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, w hich hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vana dium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. T he effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrog en can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio an d the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strengt h of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Se ction 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical prop erties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the fo rmation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent suchformation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (aniso tropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced so lely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades te nd to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speed s, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminu m alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a pro blem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expans ion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, t hough, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating to ols with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge form ation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to ma chine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronz es are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolong ed tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxi dation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surfac e finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high tempe ratures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surf ace finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modul us, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the work piece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips f rom becoming 〝gummy〞and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be a chieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses m ay develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from to ( to ), and th en cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significa nt problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful rem oval of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processi ng parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, d epending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or wh iskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machinin g (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy bea m (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased too l life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machi ning are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiment s are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends n ot only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper sele ction and control of process variables.20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
MILLING铣削-中英文对照
MILLING（铣削）——中英文对照MILLINGMilling is a basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotatin旋转g cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. In some cases the workpiece is stationary 固定 and the cutter is fed to the work. In most instances a multiple-tooth 多齿cutter is used so that the metal removal rate is high, and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the work.The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter. It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece. 1 In some cases the teeth extend part way across one or both Ends of the cylinder.铣削是机械加工的一个基础方法。
UG10.0平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照
UG10.0平面铣工序和刀具中英文名称对照
——FLOOR-WALL底壁加工（替代之前版本中的FACE-MILLING-AREA）
——FLOOR-WALL-IPW底壁加工IPW（其中IPW全称为IN PROCESS WORKPIECE
意为“参考前一步加工余量进行加工”）
页脚内容1
——FACE-MILLING面铣（使用边界面铣削）
——FACE-MILLING-MANUAL手工面铣削
——PLANAR-MILL平面铣
——PLANAR-PROFILE平面轮廓铣
——CLEANUP-CORNERS清理拐角
——FINISH-WALLS精加工壁
——FINISH-FLOOR精加工底面
——GROOVE-MILLING槽铣削
——HOLE-MILLING孔铣
——THREAD-MILLING螺纹铣
页脚内容2
——PLANAR-TEXT平面文本
——MILL-CONTROL铣削控制
——MILL-USER用户定义的铣削
——MILL立铣刀（端铣刀）
页脚内容3
——CHAMFER-MILL倒斜铣刀
——BALL-MILL球头铣刀
——SPHERICAL-MILL球面铣刀
——T-CUTTER T型刀
——BARREL鼓型刀（桶型刀）
——THREAD-MILL螺纹铣刀
——MILL-USER-DEFINED用户定义的铣刀——CARRIER刀库
——MCT-POCKET刀头（刀槽）
——HEAD动力头
页脚内容4。
中英文刀具词汇对照表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 body shank cutting part tip indexable insert blade neck flute
1109 normal tooth profile 1110 modified tooth profile 1111 roughing tooth profile 1112 finishing tooth profile 1113 pre-finishing tooth profile 1114 pre-shaving tooth profile 1115 pre-grinding tooth profile tooth profile with 1116 protuberance 1117 topping tooth profile 1118 semi-topping tooth profile 1119 tooth thickness 1120 circular tooth thickness 1121 chordal tooth thickness displacement over a given 1122 number of teeth 1123 whole depth 1124 cutting depth 1125 chordal addendum 1126 cutter addendum 1127 cutter dedendum 1128 tooth space 1129 space width 1130 tooth trace 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 axial lead number of threads right hand helix left hand helix gash number of gashes gash depth straight gash helical gash inverse helical gash gash lead number of teeth module pitch normal pitch axial pitch transverse pitch axis of symmetry of basic rack amount of addendum modification addendum modification coefficient cam rise chamfer chamfer length back plate normal sharpening sharpening with hollow groove
MILLING铣削-中英文对照
MILLING（铣削）——中英文对照MILLINGMilling is a basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotatin旋转g cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. In some cases the workpiece is stationary 固定 and the cutter is fed to the work. In most instances a multiple-tooth 多齿cutter is used so that the metal removal rate is high, and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the work.The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter. It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece. 1 In some cases the teeth extend part way across one or both Ends of the cylinder.铣削是机械加工的一个基础方法。
刀具角度英文翻译
Twist Drill with parallel shank Driving tang 尾舌Shank diameter 柄直径Parallel shank 直柄Shank length 柄长Twist Drill with taper shank Flat tang 尾扁Taper shank 锥柄Recess(space for inscription)空刀Taper length 锥柄长度Recess length 空刀长度Overall length 总长Flute length 槽长Length of cut section 刃部长度Point length 锋尖长度Cutting portion 切割部分Drill diameter 钻头直径Cutting portion Flank 下齿面Margin width 刃带宽Leading edge of land 圆柱刃带Body clearance清背Body clearance diameter 清背直径Margin 边缘chisel edge 横刃Drill diameter 钻头直径Detail X 放大图X Heel deburred 踵倒角Chamfered 倒棱Face 前刃面Flute land 刃背宽度Web thickness 心厚Flute 刀槽Heel 踵Radiused 导圆弧Point angle(sigma) 锋角Chisel edge angle(psi) 切齿角Angle at the cutting edges α× =side clearance angIe(alpha) 侧间隙的角度α×e=effective side clearance angle有效的侧间隙角度βx=side wedge angle(beta〉内/外角γx =Front rake angle (gamma) 前角γ×e=Working front rake angle工作前角=Resultant cutting speed ang|e(eta) 切削速度的角度Cutting direction 切削方向Direction of cutting motion 主刃的切削方向立铣刀Flute 刃背Radial rake angle周齿前角Radial land 周齿刃带Radial （primary）relief angle第一后角Radial （secondary）clearance angle第二后角Shank dia 尾柄直径Length of cut 刃部长度End cutting edge concavity angle侧隙角Back taper 倒锥End gash 切齿Helix angle螺旋角Axial （secondary）clearance angle端齿第二后角Axial （primary）relief angle 端齿第一后角Axial rake angle端齿前角Square end mill 平头立铣刀Ball nose end mill 球头立铣刀Radius end mill 圆弧铣刀Taper end mill 锥度立铣刀Taper ball end mill 锥度球头立铣刀Revolution 转速Depth of cut 切削深度Feed 进给量Cutting speed 切削速度米每分Diameter of tool 刀具直径毫米Revolution per minute 每分转速转/分Tough materials 粗加工Better finishes 精加工Broach 拉刀Corner 刀尖；角Cuning 固化Cylindrical 圆柱形的Insert 刀片。
刀具角度中英
Twist Drill with parallel shankDriving tang 尾舌Shank diameter 柄直径Parallel shank 直柄Shank length 柄长Twist Drill with taper shankFlat tang 尾扁Taper shank 锥柄Recess(space for inscription)空刀Taper length 锥柄长度Recess length空刀长度Overall length 总长Flute length 槽长Length of cut section 刃部长度Point length 锋尖长度Cutting portion 切割部分Drill diameter 钻头直径Cutting portionFlank 下齿面Margin width 刃带宽Leading edge of land 圆柱刃带Body clearance 清背Body clearance diameter 清背直径Margin 边缘chisel edge 横刃Drill diameter 钻头直径Detail X 放大图XHeel deburred 踵倒角Chamfered 倒棱Face 前刃面Flute land 刃背宽度Web thickness 心厚Flute 刀槽Heel 踵Radiused 导圆弧Point angle (sigma) 锋角Chisel edge angle（psi) 切齿角Angle at the cutting edgesα× =s ide clearance angIe（alpha）侧间隙的角度α×e=effective side clearance angle 有效的侧间隙角度βx=side wedge angle(beta〉内/外角γx =Front rake angle （gamma) 前角γ×e=W orking front rake angle 工作前角=Resultant cutting speed ang｜e（eta) 切削速度的角度Cutting direction 切削方向Direction of cutting motion 主刃的切削方向立铣刀Flute 刃背Radial rake angle 周齿前角Radial land 周齿刃带Radial （primary）relief angle 第一后角Radial （secondary）clearance angle 第二后角Shank dia 尾柄直径Length of cut 刃部长度End cutting edge concavity angle 侧隙角Back taper 倒锥End gash 切齿Helix angle 螺旋角Axial （secondary)clearance angle 端齿第二后角Axial （primary）relief angle 端齿第一后角Axial rake angle 端齿前角Square end mill 平头立铣刀Ball nose end mill 球头立铣刀Radius end mill 圆弧铣刀Taper end mill 锥度立铣刀Taper ball end mill锥度球头立铣刀Revolution 转速Depth of cut 切削深度Feed 进给量Cutting speed 切削速度米每分Diameter of tool 刀具直径毫米Revolution per minute 每分转速转/分Tough materials 粗加工Better finishes 精加工Broach 拉刀Corner 刀尖；角Cuning 固化Cylindrical 圆柱形的Insert 刀片。
Tool Use Tips(五金工具中英文对照)
Tool Use TipsHammer （锤子）SelectionNail Hammers: For common and finishing nail sets. Not for masonry nails, cold chisels and other metal.Ball Pein Hammers: For cold chisels, punches, rivets and shaping metal.Brick Hammers: For setting splitting bricks, tiles, concrete blocks. Also for chipping mortar.Blacksmith Hammers: For spikes, stakes, cold chisels, hardened nails, etc.Hammer Safety TipsStrike squarely with the hammer striking face parallel with the surface being struck. Always avoid glancing blows and over and under strikes.When striking another tool (chisel, punch, wedge, etc.), the striking face of the proper hammer should have a diameter approximately 3/8" larger than the struck face of the tool. Always use a hammer of suitable size and weight for the job. Don't use a tack hammer to drive a spike, nor a sledge to drive a tack.Never use on hammer to strike another hammer or a hatchet. Never use a striking or struck tool with loose or damaged handle.Discard any striking or struck tool if tool shows dents, cracks, chips, mushrooming, or excessive wear.Never regrind, weld or reheat-treat a hammer.======================================== Pliers （钳子）Safety TipsPliers should not be used for cutting hardened wire unless specifically manufactured for this purpose.Never expose pliers to excessive heat. This may draw the temper and ruin the tool.Always cut at right angles. Never rock from side to side or bend the wire back and forth against the cutting edges.Don't bend stiff wire with light pliers. Needle nose pliers can be damaged by using the tips to bend too large a wire. Use a sturdier tool.Never use pliers as a hammer nor hammer on the handles. They may crack or break, or edges may be nicked by such abuse. Never extend the length of handles to secure greater leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers or a bolt cutter.Pliers should not be used on nuts or bolts. A wrench will do the job better and with less risk of damage to the fastener.Oil pliers occasionally. A drop of oil at the hinge will lengthen tool life and assure easy operation.Safety glasses or goggles should be worn when cutting wire, etc. to protect eyes.======================================== Screwdriver （螺丝刀）Tip ConfigurationsSlotted(一字头): Standard or flat for drivingsingle slotted screws. Tip width range from1/6" to 1/2".Phillips®(十字头): Designed specifically foruse with Phillips®head screw, which has tworecessed slots at right angles to each other.Sizes range from 0 point (small) to 4 point(large).Pozidriv®(米字头): Similar to thePhillips® style, the screw can be identified byadditional lines on the face. Sizes range from 1point (small) to 4 point (large).Square head(方头): Square tip, used in mobilehomes, recreational vehicles and industrialapplications. Sizes range from 1 point (small)to 3 point (large).Torx®(梅花头): Star shaped, used in theautomotive industry. Sizes range from T-10(small) to T-30 (large).Screwdriver Safety TipsNever use a screwdriver as a cold chisel, or for prying, punching, chiseling, scoring or scraping.Make sure the tip fits the slot of the screw; not too loose or tight. Never expose a screwdriver to excessive heat or cold.Always discard a screwdriver with a worn or broken handle.Never use a screwdriver on a workpiece held in your hand. A slip could cause serious injury.Never depend on a screwdrivers' handle or covered blade to insulate you from electricity.Vinyl covered blades are intended only as a protective measure against shorting out components.======================================== Tape Rule （卷尺）Keep blade cleanThe graduated blade is protected by Mylar® but dirt, sand, drywall dust or metal chips can scratch through or wear away the protective layer. Wipe the blade clean frequently when working with gritty materials. Sticky roofing tar and glues can ruin the winding action of your tape rule.Watch out for water & other fluidsMoisture left on the blade will work its way into the spring motor and rust will follow. Wipe the blade dry after working in wet environments. Beware of solvents; some will attack the Mylar® seal or melt the protective skin. Use only mineral spirits or alcohol to remove tar or glue.Control retraction speedDon't let the blade recoil at high speed; it will strike the case with the force of a hammer blow and the whipping action can damage the blade or pinch your finger. Practice slowing the blade with your finger under the tape's mouth. Leverlock® models will stop the blade when the lock is released.Tru-Zero hook is supposed to moveThe hook slides to accommodate inside and outside measurements, helping you avoid errors due to the thickness of the hook. Clinching the rivets will make the hook inaccurate. Watch where you stepBeware of sharp corners. Stepping on the blade will almost always cause damage. Pulling the tape over a sharp edge may create a kinked or twisted blade. Continual flexing of these kinks, when the blade rewinds into the case, will eventually break the blade.Look out for hook trapsThe hook can be snared easily on cracks, on exposed nail heads, and the like. Take care to dislodge the hook before pulling sharply on the blade. Otherwise you might bend the hook or cause the blade to kink or tear.Whoops - "Look Out Below"The rugged case will withstand most accidents, but just as you could be hurt by a fall from a ladder or a roof, your tape rule could be damaged by the impact of a major fall. Keep your rule secure in a leather holster or in your tool apron.Use special care around power toolsWhen measuring near power tools, be sure your tape rule blade stays clear of the cutting path. Spinning saw blades and drill bits will rip a tape rule.======================================== Knife and Blade （刀具）SelectionRetractable blade knives are a good choice for general use, and offer the convenience of being able to quickly adjust the cutting depth of the blades plus the safety of allowing the blade to be retracted completely into the handle when not in use.Fixed blade knives lock blades into a fixed, non-retractable position between the halves of the knife handle. This improves blade stability in severe cutting applications and allow the knife to accept special-purpose blades that are too large to retract into the handle.Snap blade knives, like Stanley's Quick Point™ knives, are built around a blade designed to snap-off or break away in sections, providing a fresh, sharp cutting point, without having to open the knife. These knives are a good choice for light and medium duty applications, or when adhesive materials like packing tape leave a residue on the blade, making a fresh, sharp edge critical.Special purpose blades (utility, round point, hook, scoring, carpet, linoleum, etc.) are available for a variety of cutting applications.Knives Safety TipsAlways be sure that blades are properly seated in knives and that knives are properly closed and/or fastened together before use.Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed. Consider using a self-retracting knife with a spring-loaded blade which automatically retracts when the knife is released.Always use sharp blades. A dull blade requires more force and is more likely to slip than a sharp one. Change the blade whenever it starts to tear instead of cut.Protect your eyes - wear safety goggles when working with knives or any other tools.Always keep your free hand away from the line of cut.When making cuts on a surface below you, stand or kneel to one side of the line of the cut.Always pull the knife toward you when making a cut on a flat surface.A pulling motion is stronger and more positive than pushing the knife away from you, and the knife is less likely to slip.When using a straight edge to guide a cut, either clamp it down or keep your free hand well away from the cutting path of the knife. Be sure the straight edge is thick enough to prevent the knife from "riding up" over the edge and cutting you.Don't bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to open cans or pry loose objects. Blades are brittle and can snap easily.When using a knife to cut through thick materials, be patient - make several passes, cutting a little deeper into the material with each pass. ======================================== Chisel （凿子）Safety TipsKeep both hands back of the cutting edge at all times when using chisels.Always shield the cutting edge when not using.Always wear safety goggles when using a wood chisel.Never place a wood chisel in your pocket.Use the appropriate tool for prying and screwing, not a chisel.======================================== Vernier Caliper （游标卡尺）The vernier caliper provides the three basic functions of inner, outer and depth gauge. In all cases the measurement is read from the same scale. The vernier caliper is first set over the object to be measured with the caliper shut so that it is firm but not tight.The scale is then read by first taking note of where the zero mark on the vernier scale falls on the main scale. This is the number of complete divisions on the main scale. This is the whole number that should be noted. The fraction or decimal is then read from the vernier scale. This number is taken as the line on the vernier scale that aligns with any line on the main scale (see the two following examples).This reads 3.3This reads 5.6========================================Name Picture Remarks Name Picture RemarksScrewdriver 螺丝刀Slotted (一字头) Phillips (十字头) Pozidriv (米字头) Square Head (方头) Torx(梅花头)Sledge Hammer大锤Double-faceSledge Hammer双面大锤Axe斧子Stoning Hammer石工锤Pickaxe镐Machinist Hammer钳工锤Shovel 铁锹/ 铲Claw Hammer 羊角锤Chisel 凿子Roofing Hammer独角锤Pliers钳子Long NosePliers长嘴钳Ball Pein Hammer Ball Hammer圆头锤Tape Rule 卷尺Wrench / Spanner扳手Hoe 锄头Ring Wrench 环型扳手Box(End)Wrench套头扳手Vernier Caliper游标卡尺Combination Wrench组合扳手Bench Vice/Vise 台钳/台虎钳Box Spanner T型套筒扳手Pipe Wrench 管扳手/管钳Adjustable Wrench活扳手Torque Wrench 力矩扳手Hex WrenchAllen Wrench 六角扳手Hexagon WrenchScissors剪刀Saw 锯Electric (Motor)Saw电锯Dot PunchCenter Punch冲子Drift PinPrickerElectric Drill电钻Power DrillFile / Rasp锉刀(Lifting) Jack 千斤顶Scissor Jack剪式千斤顶Plug AdapterElectric Plug插头PinTwo-Pin PlugElectric Socket插座Outlet。
中英文文献翻译-切削加工工序和夹具设计
英文原文Cutting process and fixture designMachine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation.Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed.Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools.Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether thedrill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions.Basic Machine ToolsMachine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable.The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed.A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case.Speed and Feeds in MachiningSpeeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables.The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves.Turning on Lathe CentersThe basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool.All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation.Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock center or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck.Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Workpiece is mecained;then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the cutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, and perhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks.While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplatejaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have.I ntroduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations.Primary Cutting ParametersThe basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut.The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute.For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed.Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. "Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions.The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thicknesstends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Wears of Cutting ToolDiscounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and workpiece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines workpiece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an over sized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component.Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds.At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut workpiece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture.If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the workpiece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset ofcatastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the workpiece, and a significant increase in the noise level.Mechanism of Surface Finish ProductionThere are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are:(l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the work price and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut.(2) The efficiency of the cutting operation. It has already been mentioned that cutting with unstable built-up-edges will produce a surface which contains hard built-up-edge fragments which will result in a degradation of the surface finish. It can also be demonstrated that cutting under adverse conditions such as apply when using large feeds small rake angles and low cutting speeds, besides producing conditions which lead to unstable built-up-edge production, the cutting process itself can become unstable and instead of continuous shear occurring in the shear zone, tearing takes place, discontinuous chips of uneven thickness are produced, and the resultant surface is poor. This situation is particularly noticeable when machining very ductile materials such as copper and aluminum.(3) The stability of the machine tool. Under some combinations of cutting conditions; workpiece size, method of clamping ,and cutting tool rigidity relative to the machine tool structure, instability can be set up in the tool which causes it to vibrate. Under some conditions this vibration will reach and maintain steady amplitude whilst under other conditions the vibration will built up and unless cutting is stopped considerable damage to both the cutting tool and workpiece may occur. This phenomenon is known as chatter and in axial turning is characterized by long pitch helical bands on the workpiece surface and short pitch undulations on the transient machined surface.(4)The effectiveness of removing swarf. In discontinuous chip production machining, such as milling or turning of brittle materials, it is expected that the chip (swarf) will leave the cutting zone either under gravity or with the assistance of a jet of cutting fluid and that they will not influence the cut surface in any way. However, when continuous chip production is evident, unless steps are taken to control the swarf it is likely that it will impinge on the cut surface and mark it. Inevitably, this marking besides looking.(5)The effective clearance angle on the cutting tool. For certain geometries of minor cutting edge relief and clearance angles it is possible to cut on the major cutting edge and burnish on the minor cutting edge. This can produce a good surface finish but, of course, it is strictly a combination of metal cutting and metal forming and is not to be recommended as a practical cutting method. However, due to cutting tool wear, these conditions occasionally arise and lead to a marked change in the surface characteristics.Limits and TolerancesMachine parts are manufactured so they are interchangeable. In other words, each part of a machine or mechanism is made to a certain size and shape so will fit into any other machine or mechanism of the same type. To make the part interchangeable, each individual part must be made to a size that will fit the mating part in the correct way. It is not only impossible, but also impractical to make many parts to an exact size. This is because machines are not perfect, and the tools become worn. A slight variation from the exact size is always allowed. The amount of this variation depends on the kind of part being manufactured. For examples part might be made 6 in. long with a variation allowed of 0.003 (three-thousandths) in. above and below this size. Therefore, the part could be 5.997 to 6.003 in. and still be the correct size. These are known as the limits. The difference between upper and lower limits is called the tolerance.A tolerance is the total permissible variation in the size of a part.The basic size is that size from which limits of size arc derived by the application of allowances and tolerances.Sometimes the limit is allowed in only one direction. This is known as unilateral tolerance.Unilateral to learning is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is shown in only one direction from the nominal size. Unilateral to learning allow the changing of tolerance on a hole or shaft without seriously affecting the fit.When the tolerance is in both directions from the basic size it is known as a bilateral tolerance (plus and minus).Bilateral to learning is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is split and is shown on either side of the nominal size. Limit dimensioning is a system of dimensioning where only the maximum and minimum dimensions arc shown. Thus, the tolerance is the difference between these two dimensions.Surface Finishing and Dimensional ControlProducts that have been completed to their proper shape and size frequently require some type of surface finishing to enable them to satisfactorily fulfill their function. In some cases, it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the surface material for resistance to penetration or abrasion. In many manufacturing processes, the product surface is left with dirt .chips, grease, or other harmful material upon it. Assemblies that are made of different materials, or from the same materials processed in different manners, may require some special surface treatment to provide uniformity of appearance.Surface finishing may sometimes become an intermediate step processing. For instance, cleaning and polishing are usually essential before any kind of plating process. Some of the cleaning procedures are also used for improving surface smoothness on mating parts and for removing burrs and sharp corners, which might be harmful in later use. Another important need for surface finishing is for corrosion protection in a variety of: environments. The type of protection procedure will depend largely upon the anticipated exposure, with due consideration to the material being protected and the economic factors involved.Satisfying the above objectives necessitates the use of main surface-finishing methods that involve chemical change of the surface mechanical work affecting surface properties, cleaning by a variety of methods, and the application of protective coatings, organic and metallic.In the early days of engineering, the mating of parts was achieved by machining one part as nearly as possible to the required size, machining the mating part nearly to size, and then completing its machining, continually offering the other part to it, until the desired relationship was obtained. If it was inconvenient to offer one part to the other part during machining, the final work was done at the bench by a fitter, who scraped the mating parts until the desired fit was obtained, the fitter therefore being a 'fitter' in the literal sense. J It is obvious that the two parts would have to remain together, and m the event of one having to be replaced, the fitting would have to be done all over again. In these days, we expect to be able to purchase a replacement for a broken part, and for it to function correctly without the need for scraping and other fitting operations.When one part can be used 'off the shelf' to replace another of the same dimension and material specification, the parts are said to be interchangeable. A system of interchangeability usually lowers the production costs as there is no need for an expensive, 'fiddling' operation, and it benefits the customer in the event of the need to replace worn parts.Automatic Fixture DesignTraditional synchronous grippers for assembly equipment move parts to the gripper center-line, assuring that the parts will be in a known position after they arc picked from a conveyor or nest. However, in some applications, forcing the part to the center-line may damage cither the part or equipment. When the part is delicate and a small collision can result in scrap, when its location is fixed by a machine spindle , or when tolerances are tight, it is preferable to make a gripper comply with the position of the part, rather than the other way around. For these tasks, zaytran Inc. Of Elyria, Ohio, has created the GPN series of non- synchronous, compliant grippers. Because the force and synchronizations systems of the grippers are independent, the synchronization system can be replaced by a precision slide system without affecting gripper force. Gripper sizes range from 51b gripping force and 0.2 in. stroke to 40Glb gripping force and 6in stroke. Grippers。
数控类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译——模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究
Mould type of numerical control process computer assist the cutter choose and studyForewordNumerical control include cutter production and cutter of orbit choose two key problems process ,. The first problem has been got and studied extensivly and deeply over the past 20 years, a lot of algorithms developed have already got application in commercial CAD/ CAM system. Most CAM systems can produce the cutter orbit automatically after users input relevant parameters at present. Comparatively speaking , it is still not ripe to regard quality , efficiency as the research of choosing the problem of cutter of optimizing the goal correctly, do not have commercial CAM system that can offer the preferred decision support tool of cutter at present, therefore it is difficult to realize the integrating automatically and organically of CAD/ CAM.. The cutter is chosen to usually include cutter type and cutter size. Generally speaking , suitable for one processing cutter of target for much kind , one cutter can finish different processing tasks, so it is easier to only consider meeting the cutter that basically processes the requirement and choose, especially to geometirc characteristics of model such as the hole , trough ,etc.. But in fact, it is common for cutter to choose and sure optimization goal interrelate, for instance most heavy to cut efficiency , process time , minimum process cost , longest service life ,etc. at least, so the cutter is chosen it is a complicated optimization question. Such as mould type one of parts, because the geometirc form is complicated (usually include curved surface of freedom and island), influence geometry that cutter choose it restrains from to be can explicit to say among CAD model, need to design the corresponding algorithm to draw, therefore choose the cutter specification suitable and cutter association , it is not easy things by improving efficiency and quality processed in numerical control.Mould type generally with preparation method that numerical control mill, usually including rough machining, half finish machining , precise process of processing etc.. The principle of rough machining is to spare no effort to remove the surplus metal with high efficiency, therefore hope to choose the larger cutter, but the cutter is oversized, may causethe increase of the crude volume ; Half finish machining of tasks to remove rough machining leave over step that get off mainly; Finish machining mainly guarantees size of the part and surface quality. Consider , go on , select exist , sure by computer difficult automatically totally up till now, therefore assist the cutter to choose in the computer that we developed (Computer Aided Tool Selection , CATS) among the system, base on , provide one aid decision tool for user, rough machining , half finish machining , precise to process etc., the real policy-making power is still left to users, in order to give full play to the advantages of computer and people.1 Basic structure of the systemCATS system is CAD model, output for cutter type , cutter specification , mill depth of sharpening , enter the giving amount , rotational speed of main shaft (cut the pace ) and process six parameters such as time (such as Fig. 1), including choosing the aid decision tool in cutter type, rough machining cutter choose aid decision tool, half finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool and finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool ,etc.Given the rough machining in Xingqiang processing of the important position (usually rely time 5~10 times), rough machining, the system automatically optimize portfolio with cutlery functions to enhance overall processing efficiency. In addition to the decision-making tools, the system also has a detailed look cutlery norms, based on the type and size cutlery recommended processing parameters and assess the function of processing time, the last generation of the overall results of choice cutlery statements (figure 2). All the data and knowledge systems cutlery done by the background database support.2Key technologies and algorithms2.1C utlery type choiceAccording to Assistant Xingqiang digital processing practice, Xingqiang Xi state general processing cutlery into milling cutter, milling cutter radius milling cutter and the first three balls. D based cutlery diameter, radius radius r when r=0 for milling cutter, 0<R Cutlery can be divided into the overall style and embed films ceremony. For inlay film style, the key is to select the materials razor blades, razor blades materials choice depends on three elements : the processing of working materials, machine tools and cutlery jig stability of the state structures. Processing system will be translated intomaterial steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nonferrous metals, materials and hard to cut materials six groups. Machine tool jig stability into good, better and less than three levels. Cutlery investigation into the short and long cantilever structures two, the system automatically reasoning on the basis of the specific circumstances of razor blades materials, decision-making knowledge from Walter cutlery manual system by the users first choice cutlery type in the world. To embed film style cutlery, a rules-based automated reasoning suitable razor blades materials. For example, if the final processing of materials for the "steel", machine tool jig for good stability, cutlery cantilever structures for short, razor blades materials for WAP25.Rough machining cutlery portfolio optimizationXingqiang rough machining the aim is to maximize the removal of excess metal normally used milling cutter, take-cutting approach. Thus, 3D mould Xingqiang the rough machining process, is actually a series of 2.5D components Xingqiang processing. Cutlery optimization is to find a group of cutlery portfolio, allowing for maximum efficiency removal of most metals. Cutlery portfolio optimized basic methods as follows :A.To do some long step into knife in the direction of a group of vertical and horizontal search Xingqiang another entity to form a search layer.B.Derive closed to the contours.C.Calculated between Central and outside the island or islands and the distance between the key that affect cutlery choice geometric constraints algorithm flow As shown in figure 3D.According to the principle of the merger (adjacent to the critical distance will be smaller than the difference between the threshold) to search layer merger, graphic processing and identifying viable cutlery sets, a processing layer.E.Determine the use of each processing layer cutlery, cutlery Xingqiang processing portfolio.F.According cutlery recommended processing parameters (cutting speed, depth and into Xianxiao to speed), the calculation of material removal.G.According to the actual removal of the volume processing layer, the processing time for each processing layer.H.Xingqiang calculating the total processing time and residual volume.I.The overall portfolio of the Group cutlery processing efficiency assessment.J . Repeat a~i until derive optimal mix of cutlery. If time is the goal, called for the entire processing time t Xingqiang shortest portfolio to optimize cutlery.2.2Semi-finished cutlery choiceThe main purpose is to remove semi-finished rough machining residual contours of the new warrants. To completely remove height, depth must be greater than Xianxiao parts of each level to the surface distance x. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1:entity models from parts of two adjacent to the cross section of the surface contours and the corresponding length;Step 2: The average length of contours;Step 3:calculate its width;Step 4 : calculating height floor to the surface of parts to the law distance x;Step 5 : steps 1~ repeat steps 4, each level of decision Xianxiao depth;Step 6 : calculate cutlery diameter D, by or under cutlery experience D=x/0.6 manual recommended;steps7 : choose Xianxiao x depth than the smallest cutlery.2.3fine cutlery choiceFine cutlery choice is the basic principle : cutlery parts surface radius smaller than the smallest size R curve radius r, the general admission R= (0.8~0.9) r. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1 : from the smallest curve radius calculation model parts entities;Step 2 : From cutlery database search radius of less than a cutlery calculated radius of the curve all cutlery;Step 3 : select the best cutlery meet the above requirements;Step 4 : If all cutlery than the smallest curve radius, the smallest chosen as a recommended cutlery.3 summary and discussionMould type of craft of processing plan , need high technology and experience very usually, prepare NC time of data nearly and process time to be large. So person whoproduce of craft of processing plan and NC process demand of the order right away seem further more urgent automatically.This text system research mould type of craft cutter plan , choose problem, put forward mould of rough machining , half finish machining , finish machining principle and method that cutter chooses, the realization algorithm with corresponding structure , and has carried on the realization of preliminary programming under the environment of UG/OPEN API, have developed CATS prototype system. In cutter type and on the foundation that the specification is fixed, system also can recommend parameter of processing according to cutter manual (cut pace , mill , sharpen depth , enter person who give ,etc.), evaluate corresponding processing time. Final purpose its to realize integration of CAD/CAM really , produce through aftertreatment numerical control process the order.Need to point out , should improve the mould type totality of and process efficiency, need it from the rough machining , half finish machining , consideration on the whole of finish machining , make up and optimize many targets, this will be work that we want to carry on next .模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究引言数控加工中包括刀具轨迹的产生和刀具选择两个关键问题。
五金工具中英文对照
五金工具中英文对照五金工具toolbox 工具箱bench 工作台vice, clamp 虎钳（美作：vise）saw 锯bow saw 弓锯circular saw 圆锯（美作：buzzsaw） compass saw, scroll saw 钢丝锯fretsaw 细锯handsaw 手锯chisel 口凿cold chisel, burin 冰凿gouge, firmer gouge 半圆凿plane 刨子moulding plane 型刨jack plane 粗刨rabbet plane 槽刨drawknife 刮刀scraper 三角刮刀rasp 粗锉file 锉square 尺miter 斜槽规scriber 近线尺set square, triangle 三角板brace 手拉曲柄锉hand drill 手钻drill, bit 钻，有柄钻gimlet, auger 钻，无柄钻countersink 锥口钻gauge, marking gauge 量规hammer 锤mallet 木槌nail 钉brad 平头钉tack, stud 圆头钉screw 螺丝钉screwdriver 螺丝刀，改锥screw tap 螺丝攻nail puller 拔钉器ruler 尺tape measure 卷尺folding ruler 折尺sandpaper, emery paper 砂纸toolbox 工具箱bench 工作台vice, clamp 虎钳（美作：vise）saw 锯bow saw 弓锯circular saw 圆锯（美作：buzzsaw） compass saw, scroll saw 钢丝锯fretsaw 细锯handsaw 手锯chisel 口凿cold chisel, burin 冰凿gouge, firmer gouge 半圆凿plane 刨子moulding plane 型刨jack plane 粗刨rabbet plane 槽刨drawknife 刮刀scraper 三角刮刀rasp 粗锉file 锉square 尺miter 斜槽规scriber 近线尺set square, triangle 三角板brace 手拉曲柄锉hand drill 手钻drill, bit 钻,有柄钻gimlet, auger 钻，无柄钻countersink 锥口钻gauge, marking gauge 量规hammer 锤mallet 木槌nail 钉brad 平头钉tack, stud 圆头钉screw 螺丝钉screwdriver 螺丝刀，改锥screw tap 螺丝攻nail puller 拔钉器ruler 尺tape measure 卷尺folding ruler 折尺sandpaper, emery paper 砂纸stepladder 高凳，折梯trestle 支架trowel 灰泥镘子float 抹子spatula 抹刀，刮铲brush 刷子paintbrush, brush 画刷roller 滚子scissors 剪子spade 锄fork 叉子shovel 铁锹，铲rake 耙roller 滚压器，碌碡dibble 掘穴机wheelbarrow 小车，独轮车watering can 喷壶garden hose, hosepipe 橡胶软管lawnmower 剪草机shears, garden shears 园艺剪刀pruning shears 修枝剪pruning knife 修枝刀sickle 镰刀scythe 钐刀，钐镰trowel 镘weeding hoe 除草耙seed drill 条播机penknife 铅笔刀glass cutter 玻璃刀plumb line 铅垂线spirit level 水平仪pickaxe 鹤嘴锄（美作：pickax）the axe 斧子（美作：the ax）sledgehammer 长柄大锤bushhammer 石工锤rammer 撞针anvil, beakiron, bickiron, two-beaked anvil 砧，砧子 bellows 弹簧awl 锤子beam compass, trammel 长圆规lever 杠杆tyre lever 轮胎撬杠crank 柄soldering iron 焊铁，烙铁blowlamp 吹嘴，吹炬（美作：blowtorch）die 冲模diestock 螺丝攻machine tools 工作母机lathe 车床turret lathe 六角车床milling cutter 铣刀milling machine 铣床electric drill, power drill 电钻grinder, crusher 粉碎机riveter 打铆机rolling mill 轧板机press 压床，冲床drop hammer pile hammer, drop hammer 蒸汽汽锤air hammer, pneumatic hammer 气锤pile hammer 打桩机(二）、机械工具英语spanner 扳子(美作:wrench)double-ended spanner 双头扳子adjustable spanner, monkey wrench 活扳子,活络扳手box spanner 管钳子(美作:socket wrench) calipers 卡规pincers, tongs 夹钳shears 剪子hacksaw 钢锯wire cutters 剪线钳multipurpose pliers, universal pliers 万能手钳adjustable pliers 可调手钳punch 冲子drill 钻chuck 卡盘scraper 三角刮刀reamer 扩孔钻calliper gauge 孔径规rivet 铆钉nut 螺母locknut 自锁螺母,防松螺母bolt 螺栓pin, peg, dowel 销钉washer 垫圈staple U形钉oil can 油壶jack 工作服grease gun 注油枪机械加工拋光polishing安装to assemble衬套bushing半机械化semi-mechanization; semi-mechanized 半自动滚刀磨床semi-automatic hob grinder半自动化semi-automation; semi-automatic扳手wrench备件spare parts边刨床side planer变速箱transmission gear柄轴arbor部件units; assembly parts插床slotting machine拆卸to disassemble超高速内圆磨床ultra-high-speed internal grinder 车床lathe; turning lathe车刀lathe tool车轮车床car wheel lathe车削turning车轴axle。
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英文文献Design Of Tool Machine PropThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.（1）Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management,security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.（2）Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing.Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.中文翻译：机床刀具设计机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。