thetranslator’sguidetochinglish《中式英语之鉴》joanpinkham外语教学与研究出版社

中式英语

Unnecessary Words 1
• Nouns
• These are redundant because their sense is already included or implied in some other element of the sentence:
• accelerate the pace of economic reform (加快经济改革) “accelerate” = increase the pace of
• Repetition, either directly or in a synonymous form, is often used stylistically to create a sense of symmetry, balance and rhythm (particularly in idioms)
Chinglish, 中式英语之鉴，by Joan
Pinkham and Jiang Guihua 姜桂华, first published in 2000, by 外语教学与研究出版社
Definition of Chinglish
• Chinglish is English that is basically grammatically and syntactically correct, but has a strong “Chinese” flavour
C-E Translation: Chinglish 中式英语
施晓菁
July 2010 Monterey Institute of International Studicture, I am heavily indebted to The Translator’s Guide to

Chinglish+杂谈

C hinglish 杂谈1．Pidgin English；Chinglish；China English; JanglishPidgin English:洋泾滨英语Originally a trade jargon developed between the British and the Chinese in the 19th century（注：形成于18世纪的广州，是中国人同英国商人进行贸易使用的语言，词汇以英语为主，杂有广东话、葡萄牙语、马来语以及印地语，而语法结构是广东话。

据霍尔(Hall, Robert A., Jr.1966)研究指出，中国人使用的洋泾浜语于特定时期产生发展，到19世纪末已基本消亡）, but now commonly and loosely used to mean any kind of ‘broken’ or ‘native’ version of the English language.Pidgin is believed to have been a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business. There have been many forms of pidgin English, often with common elements because of the wide range of contacts made by commercial shipping. The original pidgin English of the Chinese ports combined words of English with a rough-and-ready Chinese grammatical structure. Melanesian pidgin English (also known as Tok Pisin) combines English and the syntax of local Melanesian languages. For example, the English pronoun ‘we’ becomes both yumi(you and me) and mifela(me and fellow, excluding you).Melanesian Pidgin has a vocabulary of about 1,500 words. Many others are curious compounds, such as haus kuk ("house cook"), meaning "kitchen"; haus sik ("house sick"), meaning "hospital"; and hauspepa ("house paper"), meaning "office." The common word bilong (from "belong"), which simply means "of," appears in glas bilong lukluk ("glass belong look-look"), meaning "mirror"; smok bilong graun ("smoke belong ground"), meaning "dust"; lait bilong klaut ("light belong cloud"), meaning "lightning"; and man bilong longwe ples ("man belong long-way place"), meaning "foreigner." The ubiquitous suffix -pela (from "fellow") appears in the plural of personal pronouns (e.g., mi—I, mipcla— we), in numerals up to 12 (wanpela— one, tupela—two), in one-syllable adjectives (bikpela—big, gutpcla—good), and in some other common words (dispela—this, sainpela—some).Chinglish：中式英语泛指中国人说的不地道的英语，因其往往受到汉语语法结构、词汇和思维习惯的影响，所以这类英语往往被称为Chinglish，而日本人的则是Janglish。

《中式英语之鉴》电子版

The English Learner`s Guide to Chinglish. 中式英语之鉴——大家千万不要犯了哦~所谓[正]和[误]，是为便于比较而设的形式而已，是想借此形式为学生学习巩固英语常用习惯用法起助记提醒之作用。

所谓[正]、[误]是个相对概念，不是绝对的，有很多表达只是得体与不得体、地道与不地道的问题。

考虑初学者接受能力有限，一个单项不益搞得面面俱到或超出能力范围，他们读到的一条只是相对较为得体的一种表达法而已，随着不断的学习，想必其知识自然会扩展和深入的。

总之，我们学的是英语，所以就要尽量按英语的表达法说话、造句，克服中式英语自然是我们努力的目标。

01.有他这颗扫帚星，什么事情都办不成。

[误] With a comet like him,nothing can be accomplished.[正] With a jinx like him,nothing can be accomplished.注：“扫帚星”是中国人对“慧星”（comet）的俗称，因其后面象拖着的一条像扫帚一样的长尾巴而得名。

在中国古代，“扫帚星”被认为是灾难的预兆，并被用来比喻不吉利的人或事；祸根：（person or thing that is thought to bring）bad luck（to sb/sth）；curse。

英语的 comet 虽然没有这层含义，但却有一个对应的说法，即 jinx。

例：There's a jinxon/Someone'sput a jinx on this car: it's always giving me trouble. “这辆汽车上有什么妨人的东西，总给我找麻烦”。

02.萝卜青菜，各有所爱。

[误] Some prefer radish but others prefer cabbage.[正] Tastes differ.注： Tastes differ/vary 是句英语谚语，除此以外，原句还可翻译成 No dish suits all tastes 或 You can never make everyone happy 等。

成人教育--英汉汉英互译

Part One Introduction (1)Part Two A Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and Westerners (2)Part Three A Comparison between Chinese and English Languages (4)Part Four Translation Strategies (10)Part One Introduction1. General Translation Principles“信、达、雅” “化境” “传神” “直译”Vs“意译”――impressionist.遵循译语句法和惯用法规范，采取适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重要意义的优先传译为前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息地多重意义，以争取原文和译文最大限度地等值。

(柯平)1) 译语句法和惯用法规范扫盲班 literacy class. 冒冷汗 #sweat cold sweat, break out in coldsweat. 我和她在公园分手了。

2) 适当地变通和补偿手段，即“翻译技巧” 。

包括：加注(annotation)、增益(contextualamplification) 、视点转换 (shift of perspective) 、具体化 (specification) 、概略化 (generalization)、释义(paraphrase)、归化(adaptation)和回译(bask translation)。

3)上下文中最重要意义的优先传译:争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship (程镇球译)4) 多重意义，最大限度的等值小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。

（夏衍：《考验》）Fussy about trifles, careless about big things. Penny wise, pound foolish. (Ying Yu 译)如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。

《中式英语之鉴》-笔记

一、About repetition（一）冗余词1.好的写作通常言简意赅。

Careful writers say what they mean in as few words as possible. -----p1 The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish2.冗余词的词义在句子的其他成分中已有体现。

包含或隐含义。

Superfluous/unnecessary words (冗余词) they are redundant because their sense is already included or implied in some other element of the sentencee.g.Harvest implies agriculture harvest in agriculture （X）充当动词语义的形容词或名词均应提高至动词词性？adjective or nouns that do the verb work should be promoted to the rank of verb.Duplicate the sense/add nothing to3.对于重复语义的用词：例如，形容词本就是描述其修饰名词的特征，通常附有“in nature” 等范畴词。

A ny adjective describes the “nature” or “character” of the noun it modifies. E.g., these hardships are temporary in nature（X）4.冗余词不影响语义，删除该类词，并不有损语义，反而使语义更明晰some unnecessary words add nothing to the meaning of the sentence, whenthey are deleted the sense is not diminished, only clarified.5.不必要的修饰词-加强词：用一个能有力且准确地表达加强语与虚词两者语义的词。

中式英语之鉴第十二部分

cal connectives
Two sentences needed to be connected logically require coordinating conjunctions. E.g. Luo‘s art is based on traditional techniques, but he does not allow himself to be restricted by tradition. (two independent clauses) Luo‘s art is based on traditional techniques. But he does not allow himself to be restricted by tradition. (two sentences)
The problem of Chinese translators is that running less risk of sprinkling a text with too many ―however‖s and ―moreover‖s than of failing to insert enough of conjunctions to provide coherence.
The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
ΧΙΙ. Logical Connectives
制作人：李洁宋锦霞李雨涵刘天凤刘思雨
We talked many about unnecessary words and sentence structure before. Then, let‘s think something about the logical connectives. A logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences.

中式英语之鉴from-nowhere

真正指定教材！China has always followed a policy of peaceful coexistence[here the words are essential to express the meaning. Plainly, they should be retained.]We must follow the policy of putting quality first.We must make it our policy to put quality first.The English learner’s guide to Chinglish中式英语之鉴1.有他这颗扫帚星，什么事情都办不成。

[误]With a comet like him, nothing can be accomplished.[正]With a jinx like him, nothing can be accomplished.注：“扫帚星〃是中国人对''慧星〃（comet)的俗称，因其后面象拖着的一条像扫帚一样的长尾巴而得名。

祸根：（person or thing that is thought to bring) bad luck (to sb/sth );curse。

对应的说法，即 jinx。

例：There’s a jinx on/Someone’s put a jinx on this car: it’s always giving me trouble. “这辆汽车上有什么妨人的东西，总给我找麻烦"。

2.萝卜青菜，各有所爱。

[误] Some prefer radish but others prefer cabbage.[正]Tastes differ.注：Tastes differ/vary是句英语谚语，除此以外，原句还可翻译成：No dish suits all tastes. /You can never make everyone happy. / All things fit not all persons. / Every man has his hobbyhorse [liking]. / It is difficult to cater for [to] all tastes. /There is no accounting for tastes. / There is no disputingabout tastes.等。

中式英语

Chinglish
(Chapter 4, textbook)
《中式英语之鉴》The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish，Joan Pinkham编著, 姜桂华协助, 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000
Part A: Unnecessary Words I. Unnecessary nouns and verbs II. Unnecessary modifiers III. Saying the same thing twice IV. Redundant twins Part B: Chapter 4 (textbook)
II. Unnecessary Modifiers
Unnecessary Adjectives (look for them) 1. Singapore will bar America’s popular female pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territory. Singapore will bar America’s pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territory. 2. The Chinese government took all possible eventualities into account when it made this policy decision × possible eventuality: all possible occurrences 3. Hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses in China × various 4. Imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this year × foreign

TheTranslator’sGuidetoChinglish《中式英语之鉴》JoanPinkham外语教学与研究出版社

The Translator’Guides to Chinglish《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham外语教学与研究出版社Unnecessary nouns:1)redundant (the meaning is included or implied in other parts of the sentence)A:to accelerate the pace of economic reformB:to accelerate economic reformA:there have been good harvests in agricultureB:there have been good harvestsA:living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to riseB:living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise2) category nounsA:promoting the cause of peaceful reunificationB:promoting peaceful reunificationA: this, coupled with the factor of price instability, caused ⋯⋯B: this, coupled with price instability, caused⋯⋯Unnecessary verbs:A:It is impossible for us to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.B: It is impossible for us to transform the whole society overnight.A: they should conduct a careful examination of . B: they should carefully examine⋯..A:until China realizes industrial modernizationB:until China modernizes its industryMore unnecessary verbs:To give guidance to = to guideTo provide assistance to = to assistTo carry out the struggle against = to struggle againstTo conduct reform = to reformTo engage in free discussion of = to discuss freelyTo place stress on = to stressTo exercise control over = to controlUnnecessary verb phrasesA:it is especially necessary to make great efforts to assimilate the achievements of other culturesB:it is especially necessary to assimilate the achievements of other culturesA:all enterprises must pay attention to promoting excellent workers B:all enterprises must see to it that excellent workers are promoted Unnecessary modifiersA:that theory too is a valuable ideological treasure of the PartyB:that theory too is an ideological treasure of the Party’ s popular female pop star Madonna from A: Singapore will bar Americastaging a show in its territoryB: Singapore will bar America’ s pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territoryA:now the government is working hard to improve taxationB:the government is working hard to improve taxationA:previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleB:we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleA:hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses inChinaB:hundreds of transnational firms have started businesses in ChinaA:imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this yearB:imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year。

探析经济词汇英语翻译(精)

探析经济词汇的英语翻译中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进度的加速促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不行分。

不但这样 , 中国经济的发展产生了好多拥有中国国情和中国特点的经济词汇 , 这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词 , 要么本源于人们现实经济活动中的商定成俗。

作为对外宣传和对内沟通的手段 , 这些经济词汇不行防备地会被翻译成英语 , 但是要保证翻译的正确性可接受性却其实不是一件简单的工作。

因为翻译是使用不一样语言的人们相互沟通的纽带和桥梁 , 其实质是不一样思想形式的变换 , 思想的方式决定着语言的表达形式。

对于同一思想对象或内容的思想角度就不尽一致 , 从而在语言上采纳不一样的表达形式 , 因此不一样民族在语言表达上存在着显然的差异。

因为东西方两个民族思想方式和文化心理结构的不一样以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不一样 , 在翻译过程中 , 很简单掉入“中式英语”的圈套。

《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出以下解说 :中式英语 (Chinglish,它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成)指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。

曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家 Joan Pinkham 曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义 : “Chingl ish,of course,is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese butthat might be described as‘English with Chinesecharacteristics ’” ( 所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混杂的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字 , 也可称其为“拥有汉语特点的英语” ) 。

中式英语的表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的 , 它不吻合英语的规律和习惯和思想方式 ; 它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。

英语高中作文锦集十篇(最新)

【精华】英语高中作文锦集十篇When we are small, we met this situation all the time, while our parents were talking to their friends, suddenly they called us to show our talent in front of their friends. This is very awkward situation to every child, they hate to show in front of parents’ friends, but they can’t resist what the parents tell them to do. The parents’ purpose is so obvious, they want to show off their children to their friends,so they can have face. All the parents ignore the negative effect on their children, all the children hate to do it, they have their dignity, they don’t like to be someone’s toy, so the children will become rebel. Parents should not take their children as the thing to show off, they will have pressure, they need to be respected. It hurts the children’s hearts, parents should show more respect to their children, let them have more freedom.当我们小的时候，我们会不断遇到这样的情形，当我们的父母和朋友聊天的时候，突然间他们叫我们在他们的朋友面前表演才艺。

经济词汇的英语翻译

经济词汇的英语翻译【摘要】本文通过收集中国经济词汇的中式翻译材料,并对其进行相关的分析和研究,试图找出经济词汇中“中式英语”翻译倾向出现的主要原因及其表现形式,并提出克服“中式英语”的各种技巧。

【关键词】经济词汇中式英语英语翻译中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进程的加快促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不可分。

不仅如此,中国经济的发展产生了许多具有中国国情和中国特色的经济词汇,这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词,要么来源于人们现实经济活动中的约定成俗。

作为对外宣传和对内交流的手段,这些经济词汇不可避免地会被翻译成英语,然而要保证翻译的准确性可接受性却并不是一件简单的工作。

因为翻译是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁,其本质是不同思维形式的转换,思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式。

对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致,从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式,因而不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。

由于东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同,在翻译过程中,很容易掉入“中式英语”的陷阱。

《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出如下解释:中式英语(Chinglish,它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成)指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。

曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家Joan Pinkham曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义:“Chinglish,of course,is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as ‘English with Chinese characteristics’”(所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混合的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字,也可称其为“具有汉语特色的英语”)。

TheTranslator’sGuidetoChinglish《中式英语之鉴》JoanPinkham外语教学与研究出版社

The Translator’Guides to Chinglish《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham外语教学与研究出版社Unnecessary nouns:1)redundant (the meaning is included or implied in other parts of the sentence)A:to accelerate the pace of economic reformB:to accelerate economic reformA:there have been good harvests in agricultureB:there have been good harvestsA:living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to riseB:living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise2) category nounsA:promoting the cause of peaceful reunificationB:promoting peaceful reunificationA: this, coupled with the factor of price instability, caused ⋯⋯B: this, coupled with price instability, caused⋯⋯Unnecessary verbs:A:It is impossible for us to accomplish the transformation of the whole society overnight.B: It is impossible for us to transform the whole society overnight.A: they should conduct a careful examination of . B: they should carefully examine⋯..A:until China realizes industrial modernizationB:until China modernizes its industryMore unnecessary verbs:To give guidance to = to guideTo provide assistance to = to assistTo carry out the struggle against = to struggle againstTo conduct reform = to reformTo engage in free discussion of = to discuss freelyTo place stress on = to stressTo exercise control over = to controlUnnecessary verb phrasesA:it is especially necessary to make great efforts to assimilate the achievements of other culturesB:it is especially necessary to assimilate the achievements of other culturesA:all enterprises must pay attention to promoting excellent workers B:all enterprises must see to it that excellent workers are promoted Unnecessary modifiersA:that theory too is a valuable ideological treasure of the PartyB:that theory too is an ideological treasure of the Party’ s popular female pop star Madonna from A: Singapore will bar Americastaging a show in its territoryB: Singapore will bar America’ s pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territoryA:now the government is working hard to improve taxationB:the government is working hard to improve taxationA:previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleB:we used to overemphasize the need for class struggleA:hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses inChinaB:hundreds of transnational firms have started businesses in ChinaA:imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this yearB:imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year。

The Translator's Guide to Chinglish

to have a dislike for to have trust in to have an influence on to give guidance to to achieve success in to place stress on to exercise control over to provide assistance to
Their speech is very dull and meaningless
Sentence Structure
The need to make an English sentence clear and logical
The Noun Plague Pronouns and Antecedents The Placement of Phrases and Clauses Dangling Modifiers Parallel Structure Logical Connectives
The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
Contents
Unnecessary Words Sentence Structure
The Elements of Style
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts
B: facts will prove that these policies are correct

中式英语之鉴英文版

中式英语之鉴英文版英文回答：Chinese English, also known as Chinglish, is a blend of English and Chinese languages that is characterized by the use of English words and phrases with Chinese grammar and syntax. It is often used in informal settings, such as social media, text messages, and spoken conversations.There are several reasons why people use Chinese English. Some people find it easier to express themselvesin this way, as it allows them to use familiar Chinese words and phrases while still communicating in English. Others use it as a way to show their cultural identity or to create a sense of humor.Chinese English can sometimes be difficult to understand for native English speakers, as it often uses words and phrases that have different meanings in English. For example, the phrase "no problem" is often used inChinese English to express agreement, whereas in English it usually means that there is no difficulty.Despite its potential for misunderstandings, Chinese English can also be a valuable tool for communication. It can help to bridge the gap between English and Chinese speakers, and it can provide a unique and creative way to express oneself.Here are some examples of Chinese English:Can you give me a ride? -> Can you dai wo yi tiao lu ma?I'm so hungry. -> Wo hen e.What are you doing? -> Ni zai gan ma?I'm going to the store. -> Wo qu mai dongxi.I love you. -> Wo ai ni.中文回答：中式英语，也称为Chinglish，是一种英语和汉语的混合，其特点是用汉语语法和句法来表达英语单词和短语。

浅析林语堂的翻译思想、策略和技巧——以《浮生六记》英译本为例

2472020年34期总第526期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS浅析林语堂的翻译思想、策略和技巧——以《浮生六记》英译本为例文/李媛媛译。

至于“美”这一标准，与林语堂把翻译看作艺术有关。

译文要追求内容和形式上的“美”，但当两者矛盾时，就要放弃形式。

林语堂认为，翻译其实主要和译者的心理及目的语两者之间的关系有关，他“把严复的翻译理论从文字的技巧，提升到了美学心理学的高度”。

2. 译者的素质。

林语堂对于翻译者所应有的素质，也给出了清晰的界定。

总结起来就是译者要精通双语，既要能读懂原文，又要能熟练地用目的语来表达，同时要知道好的翻译标准，以及翻译时应该采用的策略。

林语堂的翻译思想丰富而深厚，翻译的标准与译者的素质，只是笔者从他的思想中简要提取的核心问题。

本文以林语堂翻译的《浮生六记》英文本为例，分析他在翻译时采取的策略。

以及其翻译思想在其中的体现。

三、林语堂在《浮生六记》英译本中采取的翻译策略和技巧林语堂认为“直译”“意译”这种说法就是不恰当的，会让人误认为翻译的标准似乎可以有两个。

其实标准应该只有一个，好的译作应该能灵活地运用这两者，一方面不失原意，另一方面能够兼顾译文流畅。

本文在探讨时，会从 “异化”和“归化”两个大的原则下细分讨论。

1. 异化。

这是一种保留原语文化的翻译策略，在翻译中是非常重要的，能够促进文化交流。

例如，书名“浮生六记”，沈复化用了李白的诗句“浮生若梦，为欢几何”，极具本土色彩，里面蕴含的文化意象是西方读者需要用心领会的。

林语堂采用异化策略，他将“浮生六记”直译成“six chapters of a floating life”，并且译本在国外销量很好，可见，外国读者可以接受。

下面探讨的是林语堂在异化策略下，所采用的音译和直译技巧的情况。

(1)音译。

方梦之在《译学辞典》中对音译的定义是，音译“也称转写，即用一种文字符号(如拉丁字母)来表示另一种文字系统的文字符号(如汉字)的过程或结果。

《中式英语之鉴》电子版

The English Learner`s Guide to Chinglish. 中式英语之鉴——大家千万不要犯了哦~所谓[正]和[误]，是为便于比较而设的形式而已，是想借此形式为学生学习巩固英语常用习惯用法起助记提醒之作用。

所谓[正]、[误]是个相对概念，不是绝对的，有很多表达只是得体与不得体、地道与不地道的问题。

考虑初学者接受能力有限，一个单项不益搞得面面俱到或超出能力范围，他们读到的一条只是相对较为得体的一种表达法而已，随着不断的学习，想必其知识自然会扩展和深入的。

总之，我们学的是英语，所以就要尽量按英语的表达法说话、造句，克服中式英语自然是我们努力的目标。

01.有他这颗扫帚星，什么事情都办不成。

[误] With a comet like him,nothing can be accomplished.[正] With a jinx like him,nothing can be accomplished.注：“扫帚星”是中国人对“慧星”（comet）的俗称，因其后面象拖着的一条像扫帚一样的长尾巴而得名。

在中国古代，“扫帚星”被认为是灾难的预兆，并被用来比喻不吉利的人或事；祸根：（person or thing that is thought to bring）bad luck（to sb/sth）；curse。

英语的comet 虽然没有这层含义，但却有一个对应的说法，即jinx。

例：There's a jinx on/Someone'sput a jinx on this car: it's always giving me trouble. “这辆汽车上有什么妨人的东西，总给我找麻烦”。

02.萝卜青菜，各有所爱。

[误] Some prefer radish but others prefer cabbage.[正] Tastes differ.注：Tastes differ/vary 是句英语谚语，除此以外，原句还可翻译成No dish suits all tastes 或You can never make everyone happy 等。

《中式英语之鉴》书籍分享

Thank you!
垂悬成分平行结构
逻辑连词
总结
补充实例
原译：We must make an improvement in our work.（多余动词＋名词）
这是极具中国特色的表达方式：“make”在此句中没有明确意义，作用很弱，而该句要表达的实际含义，已通过名词improvement表达。既然make这个动词没有给句子增添任何实际含义，我们就可以将它删除，将原句改为：We must improve our work.同样的例子还有：
书籍介绍
这本书十分系统地探讨了中式英语这一非常普遍的现象。作者把这些加以归类，然后提供大量的该类别中式英语实例，并逐一修改，同时还扼要地加以分析。每一章后面还附有练习，并提供参考答案。
Contents
多余的词多余的名词和动词
多余的修饰同意堆叠
总结
重复两次重复提及
句子结构名词肿胀
代词与先行词短语与子句的位置
原译：to accelerate the pace of（赘余名词）economic reform 改译：toaccelerate economic reform 原译：following the realization of（空洞名词）mechanization... 改译：following mechanization... 原译：opposing the practice（类别式名词）of extravagance... 改译：opposing extravagance...
《OR’S GUIDE TO CHINGLISH
书籍分享
作者介绍
Joan Pinkham，美国职业翻译，毕业于哥伦比亚大学巴纳德学院。曾先后在世界卫生组织联合国总部担任双语秘书，外文出版社和中央编译工作过8年，专门给中国翻译工作者翻译的英译文作修改和润色。8年中她积累了大量的典型中式英语实例，她根据这些例子把中式英语的具体表现科学地加以分门别类。

谈汉英翻译中的意合与形合

谈汉英翻译中的意合与形合作者：沈园来源：《文教资料》2010年第21期摘要: 本文针对汉英翻译中引起中式英语的一个主要原因——意合与形合进行分析,回答了什么是意合和形合,为什么汉语是意合而英语是形合;并且,对于由于意合与形合的差异所引起的汉英翻译的问题提出了具体对策,以期减少中式英语的产生。

关键词: 汉译英意合形合中式英语一、引言中式英语是汉英翻译中普遍存在的问题,其产生的首要原因是汉英两种语言之间存在各种各样的差异。

中式英语已经引起国内外学者的共同关注。

美国学者Joan Pinkham就写过《中式英语之鉴》(The Translator’s Guide on Chinglish)一书,在该书中,她把中式英语分成了两类:一类是不必要的词语或词组,另一类就是句子结构的问题。

在汉英翻译中,由于意识形态和语言习惯的不同所引起的句子结构差异,确实给译者带来很大的障碍。

在本文中,笔者将就汉英句子结构差异的一个主要原因——意合与形合展开讨论,针对这一差异所引起的翻译困难进行研究并提出对策。

二、意合与形合根据系统功能语法,“语法最高结构单位是传统语法中所称的句子。

句子是由小句组合而成的,这些小句在系统功能语言学中被称为小句复合体或复句(clause complex)”(胡壮麟,2008:196)。

小句之间的关系可理解为语言逻辑关系,即构成自然语言逻辑关系的功能语义关系。

总共有两个语义层面:一个是意合(parataxis)与形合(hypotaxis)的相互依赖系统;一个是扩展(expansion)与映射(projection)的逻辑语义系统。

下面的表格可清楚表明它们之间的关系。

表1 语言的相互依赖系统和逻辑语义系统从以上表格我们可以看出,在相互依赖关系中,意合中的复句是起始句加接续句;形合中的是主句加从属句。

在逻辑语义关系中,复句不是扩展关系就是投射关系。

对于一个逻辑语义系统里是扩展关系的复句,小句之间的相互依赖关系不是意合就是形合;投射关系同样。