环境学复习题

1Environment2Ecology3environmental science4gross domestic product (GDP) 5resource6 recycling7 ecological footprint8 pollution9 system10 matter11Energy12species13Population14Ecosystem15Biodiversity16biogeochemistry cycles17evolution18eutrophication19Soil erosion20external costs三. Analysis and comprehension1. what are two means of science? Name three applications of science. Describe the scientific method. What needs to occur before a researcher’s results are published? Why is important?2. Describe the benefits and costs of damming rivers. What particular environmental, health, and social concerns has China’s Three Gorges Dam and its reservoirs raised?3. What is environmental science? Name several disciplines involved in environmental science. Give examples of three major environmental problems in the world today, along with their causes.4. About how thick is the atmosphere? Name one characteristics of troposphere and stratosphere. How and why is stratospheric ozone beneficial for people, and tropospheric ozone harmful? What is photochemical smog, and how does it form?5. Describe four unique properties of water. Name three major types of water pollutants, and provide an example of each. Why do some sciences consider groundwater pollution a greater problem than surface water pollution?6. In the demographic transition model, describe the birth and death rates of the pre-industrial stage and the industrial stage? How does this model explain the increase in population growth rates in recent centuries and the decrease in population growth rates recent decades?7. What is a system? Distinguish among the inputs ,flows or throughputs, stores, and outputs of a system.8. Describe the three types of weathering that may contribute to the process of soil formation. Name the five primary factors thought to influence soil formation and describe one effect of each.9. Describe the reasons why some people support the development of genetically modified organisms and some oppose the genetically modified crops?10. Why are fossil fuels our most prevalent sources of energy today? Why are they considered nonrenewable sources of energy? What are some of the effects of fossil fuels emissions?11. Distinguish btween hgh-quality matter and low-quality matter，and give an example of each? what is energy efficiency?12.What is pollution ?Distinguish between point sources and nonpoint sources of pollution。

List three types of harm caused by pollution。

13.Distinguish between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning , and give an example of each.14.Dstinguish between the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics, and give an example of each law in action. Use the second law of thermodynamics to explain why energy cannot be recycled.15.what's a feedback loop? Distinguish between a postitive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop , and give an example of each.16. Distinguish between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.What are the disadvantages and advantages of sexual reproduction?What is coevolution, and what is itsimportant?17.What percentage of the water used by people throughout the world is wasted?List four benefits of conserving water.List three major cause of water waste.18.What is extinction?List three factors that have affected the earth’s long-term patterns of speciation and extinction.19. What are the disadvantages and advantages of trade-able pollution and resource-use rights to reduce pollution and resource waste?20. What does the study of Ethics encompasses? What is Environmental ethics? Describe the philosophical perspectives of Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism and Ecocentrism. Differentiate between the preservation ethic and the conservation ethic.四、Calculate and analyze1. If at a global scale, human’s crude birth rate is 23 babies per 1,000 individuals per year and the crude death rate is 7 deaths per 1,000 individuals per year. If the growth of the population measured by Nt=N0*e rt , then:1) what is the current per capita rate of increase ( r ) of humans?2) If there are currently 6 billion people in the world, calculate the number of“new humans”per year, and per day.3) According to the current per capita growth rates of humans, how many years will it take for the population to double?4) If there are currently 6 billion humans, and the population continues togrow exponentially, how many humans do you expect in the year 2057?5) Explain the I = PAT model. Why do poorer societies have the higher population growth rates than wealthier societies? How does the population affect the environment?2.One way of altering your ecological footprint is to consider transportation alternatives. Typical amounts of carbon dioxide released for each person per mile, through various forms of transportation, are listed in the table below,impact of choosing the alternatives to driving alone and record your results in the table.2)If you take 1,000 miles by Automobile (driver only), 4,000 miles by Automobile(4 persons) and 1,000 miles by bus and residual miles by walking and bicycle ,which CO2 emissions per year add up to were 2155.5 lbs, Calculate how much of the 10,000 miles you might travel by walking and bicycle respectively?3)Each gallon of gasoline is converted to approximately 20lb of carbon dioxideduring combustion. How many gallons of gasoline would you save per year if the last two columns were your choice. How could you reduce using your gasoline without affect your “quality of life”?。