Beet Red-甜菜红
饮料工艺学
《饮料工艺学》中的专业术语第一章绪论饮料(beverage)软饮料(soft drinks)碳酸饮料类(carbonated drinks)果汁和蔬菜汁类(fruit and vegetables juices)蛋白饮料类(protein beverages)包装饮用水类(Packaging drinking water class)茶饮料类(tea beverages)咖啡饮料类(coffee beverages)植物饮料类(botanical beverages)风味饮料类(flavored beverages)特殊用途饮料类(beverages for special uses)固体饮料类(powdered beverages)其他饮料类(other beverages)第二章饮料用水及水处理饮料用水(beverage water)地表水(surface water)地下水(ground water)城市自来水(urban water supply)悬浮物质(suspended material)胶体物质(colloidal substance)溶解物质(dissolved substances)水的硬度(water hardness)总硬度(total hardness)碳酸盐硬度(carbonate hardness)非碳酸盐硬度(non-carbonate hardness)水的碱度(water alkalinity)总碱度(total alkalinity)氢氧化物碱度(hydroxide alkalinity)碳酸盐碱度(carbonate alkalinity)重碳酸盐碱度(Bicarbonate alkalinity)混凝(coagulation)过滤(filter)混凝剂(coagulant)助凝剂(coagulant aids)阻力截留(Resistance entrapment)重力沉降(gravity settling)接触凝聚(Contact condensed)冲洗(flush)滤料(filter material)级配(granular composition)孔隙率(poriness)砂滤棒(Sand filter rod)活性炭(activated carbon)超滤(ultra filtration)微滤(micro filtration)纳滤(nano-filtration)硬水(hard water)软化(soften)石灰软化法(Lime softening method)离子交换法(ion exchange method)离子交换树脂(ion exchange resin)阳离子交换树脂(cation exchange resin)阴离子交换树脂(anion exchange resin)强酸性阳离子交换树脂(strong-acid cation exchange resin)弱酸性阳离子交换树脂(weak-acid cation exchange resin)强碱性阴离子交换树脂(strong-base anion exchange resin)弱碱性阴离子交换树脂(weak-base anion exchange resin)交换容量(exchange capacity)全交换容量(complete exchange capacity)工作交换容量(operating exchange capacity)交换性能(Exchange capabilities)膨胀度(dilatation)交联度(degree of cross linking)颗粒度(granularity)机械强度(mechanical strength)固定床(stationary bed)复床(rehabilitation bed)混合床(mixed bed)双层床(stratified bed)双流床(Double flow bed)移动床(moving bed)流动床(fluid bed)反渗透(reverse osmosis)电渗析(electro dialysis)电法去离子(electro deionization)氯消毒(chlorine disinfection)紫外线消毒(ultraviolet disinfection)臭氧消毒(ozone disinfection)第三章饮料常用的辅料甜味剂(sweeteners)阿力甜(alitame)赤藓糖醇(erythritol)甘草(glycyrrhiza)甘草酸氨(monoammonium glycyrrhizinate)甘草酸氨及三钾(monopotassium and tripotassium glycyrrhizinate)罗汉果甜甘(luo-han-guo extract)麦芽糖醇(maltitol)木糖醇(xylitol)乳糖醇(lactitol)三梨糖醇液(sorbitol and sorbitol syrup)三氯蔗糖(trichlorosucrose)糖精钠(sodium saccharin)甜菊糖苷(stevioside)甜蜜素(sodium cyclamate)甜味素(Aspartame)异麦芽酮糖(Isomaltulose)酸度调节剂(acidity regulators)富马酸(fumaric acid)己二酸(adipic acid)酒石酸(tartaric acid)磷酸(phosphoric acid)柠檬酸(citric acid)柠檬酸钾(potassium citrate)柠檬酸三钠(trisodium citrate)柠檬酸钠(sodium dihydrogen citrate)苹果酸(malic acid)乳酸(lactic acid)碳酸氢钾(sodium cicarbonate)食品用香料(food flavoring agents)食品着色剂(colorant)茶黄色素(tea yellow pigment)茶绿色素(tea green pigment)赤藓红(erythrosine)赤藓红及其铝色淀(erythrosine aluminum lake)靛蓝(indigo blue)靛蓝及其铝色淀(indigo blue aluminum lake)蓝靛果红(uguisukagura red)多穗柯棕(tanoak brown)柑橘黄(orange yellow)黑豆红(black bean red))高粱红(sorghum red)黑加仑红(black currant red)红花黄(carthamus red)红米红(red rice red)红曲红(monascus red)红曲米(red kojic rice)花生衣红(peanut-skin red)β-胡萝卜素(β-carotene)姜黄(turmeric)姜黄素(curcumin)焦糖色(caramel color)金樱子棕(rosa laevigata michx brown)菊花黄浸膏(coreopsis yellow)可可壳色(cacao husk pigment)亮蓝(brilliant blue)亮蓝及其铝色淀(brilliant blue aluminum lake)萝卜红(radish red)落葵红(basella rubra red)玫瑰茄红(roselle red)蜜蒙黄(buddleia yellow)柠檬黄(tartrazine)葡萄皮红(grape-skin red)日落黄(sunset yellow)日落黄及其铝色淀(sunset yellow aluminum lake)桑葚红(mulberry red)酸枣色(jujube pigment)甜菜红(beet red)天然苋菜红(natural amaranth red)苋菜红(amaranth)苋菜红及其铝色淀(amaranth aluminum lake)橡子壳棕(acorn shell brown)胭脂红(ponceau 4R)胭脂红及其铝色淀(ponceau 4R aluminum lake)叶绿素铜钠(sodium copper chlorophyllin)叶绿素铜钾(potassium copper chlorophyllin)越橘红(cowberry red)藻蓝(spirulina blue )栀子黄(gardenia yellow)栀子蓝(cardenia blue)紫草红(gromwell red)紫胶红(lac dye red)防腐剂(preservatives)苯甲酸(benzoic acid)苯甲酸钠(sodium benzoate)对羟基苯甲酸丙酯及其钠盐(propyl p-hydroxy benzoate &sodium propyl p-hydroxy benzoate)对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠(sodium ethyl p-hydroxy benzoate)对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(ethyl p-hydroxy benzoate)对羟基苯甲酸乙酯及其钠盐(sodium ethyl p-hydroxy benzoate)山梨酸(sorbic acid)山梨酸钾(potassium sorbate)抗氧化剂(antioxidants)异抗坏血酸(isoascorbate acid)异抗坏血酸及其钠盐(sodium isoascorbate)植酸(phytic acid)增稠剂(thickening agents)阿拉伯胶(arabic gum)淀粉磷酸酯钠(sodium starch phosphate)果胶(pectin)海藻酸丙二醇酯(propylene glycol alginate)海藻酸钾(potassium alginate)海藻酸钠(sodium alginate)黄原胶(xanthan gum)甲壳素(chitin)聚葡萄糖(polydextrose)卡拉胶(carrageenan)磷酸化二淀粉磷酸酯(phosphated distarch phosphate)罗望子多糖胶(tamarind polysaccharide gum)明胶(gelatin)琼脂(agar)羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose)田箐胶(sesbania gum)酶制剂(enzyme preparations)果胶酶(pectinase)二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)乳化剂(emulsifier)单硬脂酸甘油酯(glycerol monostearate)改性大豆磷脂(modified soybean phospholipid)聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单油酸酯(polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate )聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯(polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate)聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单棕榈酸酯(polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate)酪蛋白酸钠(sodium caseinate)氢化松香甘油酯(glycerol ester of hydrogenated rosin)山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯(sorbitan monostearate)山梨醇酐单油酸酯(sorbitan monooleate)山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯(sorbitan monolaurate)山梨醇酐单棕榈酸酯(sorbitan monopalmitate)山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯(sorbitan tristearate)辛、葵酸甘油酯(octyl and decyl glycerate))蔗糖脂肪酸酯(sucrose esters of fatty acids)酪蛋白肽钙(casein calcium peptide)磷酸三钙(tri-calcium phosphate)氯化钾(potassium chloride)硫酸锌(zinc sulfate)氯化钙(calcium chloride)第四章碳酸饮料碳酸饮料(carbonated beverage)果汁型碳酸饮料(carbonated beverage of juice containing type)果味型碳酸饮料(carbonated beverage of fruit flavored type)可乐型碳酸饮料(carbonated beverage of cola type)其他型碳酸饮料(carbonated beverage of others type)汽水主剂(soda main agent)调和糖浆(Harmonic syrup)色素(pigment)均质(homogeneity)碳酸化作用(Carbonation)亨利定律(henry’s law)道尔顿定律(Dalton law)溶解度(solubility)饱和(saturation)饱和溶液(saturated solution)不饱和溶液(unsaturated solution)脱氧排气(Deoxidizing exhaust)真空脱氧(vacuum deaeration)CO2脱氧(CO2 deoxidizing)CIP(cleaning in place)杂质(impurity)灌装系统(filling system)灌浆机(grouting machine)配比器(Matching apparatus)灌装机(filling machine)封盖机(cap-tightener)浑浊沉淀(turbidity and sedimentation)变色(discoloration)变味(off-odor)第五章果蔬汁饮料果汁和蔬菜汁(fruit and vegetable juices)浓缩果汁(concentrated fruit juices)浓缩蔬菜汁(concentrated vegetable juices)果汁饮料(fruit juice beverage)蔬菜汁饮料(vegetable juice beverage)果蔬汁饮料浓浆(concentrated fruit and vegetable juice beverage)复合果蔬汁饮料(blended fruit and vegetable juice beverage)果肉饮料(nectar)水果饮料(fruit beverage)发酵型果蔬汁饮料(fermented fruit and vegetable juice beverage)其他果汁饮料(other fruit juice beverages)澄清汁(clear juice)混浊汁(cloudy juice)浓缩汁(concentrated juice)果汁粉(juice powder)破碎(fragmentation)热处理(heat treatment)酶处理(enzyme treatment)粗虑(coarse fear)澄清(defecation)自然澄清法(Natural clarification method)酶澄清法(enzyme clarification method)澄清剂法(clarifying agent method)冷热处理澄清法(Hot and cold processing clarification method)超滤澄清法(Ultra filtration clarification method)精滤(refined filtration)均质(homogeneity)脱气(degassing)脱油(deoiling)浓缩比(concentration factor)真空浓缩法(Vacuum concentration method)冷冻浓缩法(Freeze concentration method)反渗透浓缩法(Reverse osmosis concentration method)超滤浓缩法(ultra filtration concentration method)调配(mix)杀菌(sterilization)加热杀菌(pasteurization)巴氏杀菌(pasteurization)高温短时杀菌(high temperature short time sterilizing)超高温杀菌(ultra-high temperature sterilizing)纸包装(paper packing)塑料瓶(plastic bottle)玻璃瓶(glass bottle)金属罐(metal can)热灌装(hot-filling)冷灌装(cold-filling)无菌灌装(aseptic filling)后浑浊(after-haze)酶促褐变(enzymatic browning)非酶褐变(non-enzymatic browning)掺假(adulteration)非还原果汁(not from concentrate)高压加工(high pressure process)间歇式高压加工(batch high pressure processing)连续式高压加工(continuous high pressure processing)紫外杀菌(Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation)遮蔽效应(shadowing effect)湍流(turbulent flow)脉冲电场技术(pulsed electric field)电崩解(electric breakdown)电穿孔(electroporation)膜除菌(Membrane degerming)中温灌装技术(Medium temperature filling technology)第六章含乳饮料含乳饮料(milk beverage)配制型含乳饮料(formulated milk beverage)发酵型含乳饮料(fermented milk beverage)乳酸菌饮料(lactic acid bacteria beverage)咖啡乳饮料(coffee milk beverage)果汁乳饮料(fruit juice milk beverage)可可乳饮料(cocoa milk beverage)酸乳(yoghurt)凝固型酸乳(set yoghurt)搅拌型酸乳(stirred yoghurt)浓缩型乳酸菌饮料(Enrichment type lactic acid bacteria beverage)稀释型乳酸菌饮料(dilution type lactic acid bacteria beverage)非活性乳酸菌饮料(Inactive lactobacillus beverage)第七章植物蛋白饮料植物蛋白饮料(plant protein beverage)豆乳类饮料(soybean milky drinks)椰子乳饮料(coconut milk beverage)杏仁乳饮料(Almond milk beverage)其他植物蛋白饮料(other vegetable protein drinks)蛋白质(protein)氨基酸(amino acid)脂肪(fat)脂肪氧化酶(lipoxygenase)脲酶(urease)胰蛋白酶抑制因子(pepsin inhibitors)凝血素(prothrombin)豆皂苷(Bean saponins)基因工程技术(technique for gene engineering)发酵酸豆乳(Fermentation acid soymilk)花生蛋白饮料(peanut protein beverage)第八章包装饮用水包装饮用水(packaged drinking water)天然矿泉水(natural mineral water)充气(aeration)饮用纯净水(drinking purified water)第九章茶饮料茶饮料(tea beverages)儿茶素(catechins)黄酮醇类(flavonols)花青素(leucoanthocyanins)酚酸(phenolic acids)纯茶饮料(tea beverage)茶浓缩液(concentrated tea beverage)调味茶饮料(flavored tea beverage)果汁茶饮料(tea with fruit juice beverage)果味茶饮料(fruit flavored tea beverage)奶茶饮料(milk tea beverage)奶味茶饮料(milk taste tea drinks)碳酸茶饮料(carbonated tea beverage)其他调味茶饮料(other flavored tea beverage)复合茶饮料(blended tea beverage)茶叶碳酸饮料(carbonated drinks tea)灌装茶水(Filling tea)乌龙茶(oolong tea)红茶(black tea)绿茶(green tea)茶叶保健饮料(Tea health drink)茶叶调味饮料(tea flavor drinks)速溶茶(instant tea)速溶红茶(instant black tea)速溶绿茶(instant green tea)速溶花茶(instant flower tea)调味速溶茶(seasoning instant tea)净化(purification)浓缩(concentration)干燥(drying)茶可乐(tea-cola)荞麦茶-乌龙茶混合饮料(Buckwheat tea-oolong tea mixed drinks)茶藻饮料(Tea algae beverage)茶乳晶(Tea milk crystal)第十章咖啡及可可饮料咖啡(coffee)咖啡豆(coffee bean)咖啡因(caffeine)咖啡粉(coffee powder)速溶咖啡(instant coffee)咖啡复合饮料(Coffee compound beverage)咖啡茶(coffee)椰奶咖啡(coconut milk coffee)可可脂(cocoa butter)可可碱(theobromine)单宁(tannin)可可豆(cocoa beans)可可果汁饮料(cocoa juice beverage)第十一章植物饮料植物饮料(botanical beverages)食用菌饮料(edible fungi beverage)藻类饮料(algae beverage)可可饮料(cocoa beverage)谷物饮料(cereal beverage)其他植物饮料(other botanical beverage)灰树花保健饮料(HuiShuHua health drink)脱腥(deodorization)离心分离(centrifugal separation)均质(homogeneity)脱气(degasification)螺旋藻营养饮料(Spirulina nutrition beverage)糊化(gelatinization)酶解(enzymolysis)接种(inoculation)发酵(fermentation)第十二章风味饮料风味饮料(flavor drinks)果味饮料(fruit flavored drinks)乳味饮料(milk flavored beverage)茶味饮料(tea flavored beverage)咖啡味饮料(coffee flavored beverage)其他风味饮料(other flavored beverages)天然风味物质(Natural flavor substances)人工合成风味物质(Synthetic flavor substances)荔枝干风味饮料(Litchi dry flavor drink)果味荷叶汁清凉饮料(fruity lotus leaf juice cool and refreshing drink)酸性风味乳饮料(acid flavor milk beverage)铁观音茶饮料(Tieguanyin tea drinks)茶味乳酸菌饮料(Tea flavor to lactic acid bacteria beverage)烤玉米风味饮料(Grilled corn flavor drink)微细藻发酵风味饮料(Micro algae fermentation flavor drink)野菊花风味饮料(Wild chrysanthemum flower flavor drink)第十三章特殊用途饮料特殊用途饮料(beverages for special uses)运动饮料(sports beverage)电解质饮料(Electrolyte drink)高能饮料(High-energy drink)婴幼儿饮料(infants and young children drinks)食物的特殊动力作用(special dynamic action)母乳化婴幼儿配方乳粉(Change baby formula milk powder)强化婴幼儿乳粉(strengthen the infant milk powder)离乳主食饮品(Staple food from milk drinks)婴幼儿辅助饮品(Baby auxiliary drinks)绿色包装(green package)低热量饮料(Low quantity of heat drink)第十四章固体饮料固体饮料(powdered beverages)果香型固体饮料(powdered beverage of fruit flavored type)香精(essence)麦芽糊精(maltodextrin)蛋白型固体饮料(powdered beverage of protein type)甜炼乳(condensed milk)乳油(missible oil)蛋黄粉(egg yolk powder)麦精(malt extract)柠檬酸(citric acid)小苏打(baking soda)维生素(vitamin)速溶豆乳粉(Instant soymilk powder)冰激凌粉(Ice cream powder)其他类型固体饮料(powdered beverage of other types)粉末果汁(powder juice)。
天然甜菜红色素
甜菜红色素Beet Red(Beetroot Red)别名甜菜根红编码GB 08.101;INS 162化学结构本品主要着色成分为甜菜苷(betanine)甜菜苷C24H26N2O13相对分子质量550.48性状由食用红甜菜(Beta vulgaris L. var rabra)的根(我国俗称紫菜头)制取的天然红色素,主要由红色的甜菜花青(betacyanines)和黄色的甜菜黄素(betaxanthines)组成(除色素外尚可有糖、盐和蛋白质等)。
甜菜花青中的主要成分为甜菜苷(betanine),占红色素的75%~95%。
甜菜红为紫红色粉末。
易溶于水,微溶于乙醇,不溶于无水乙醇,水溶液呈红至紫红色,色泽鲜艳,在波长535nm附近有最大吸收峰。
PH3.0~7.0时较稳定,pH4.0~5.0时稳定性最好。
在碱性条件下则呈黄色。
染着性好,耐热性差。
其降解速度随温度上升而迅速加快,pH5.0时,色素的半减期为1150±100min(25℃)、310±30min(50℃)、90±10min (75℃)和14.5±2min(100℃)。
光和氧也可促进其降解。
金属离子的影响性一般较小,但如Fe3+,Cu2+含量高时可发生褐变。
抗坏血酸对本品有一定的保护作用。
制法将红甜菜根榨汁或用水溶液抽提后,经进一步精制、浓缩、喷雾干燥而得。
亦可将抽提液用离子交换树脂等处理后制成。
质量标准注:FAO甜菜红含量计算:甜菜苷%=(A*V)/(1120*L*W)式中A—最大吸光度(530nm)V—试液体积(mL)L—比色皿长度(cm)W—样品质量(g)1120—吸光系数鉴别方法1. 溶解性溶于水,不溶于无水乙醇。
2. 呈色反应向本品5ml水溶液中加氢氧化钠溶液(1+10)1mL,颜色由红或由紫变黄。
3. 分光广度测定甜菜苷在pH5.4水中,于波长530nm左右有吸收峰,在pH8.9时于545nm 显示宽吸收峰。
雪糕14种添加剂用编码表示,如何看懂编码
夏季来临,作为消暑佳品的雪糕尤其受儿童青睐。
但调查发现,雪糕几乎成为食品添加剂的“移动仓库”,有的竟然添加了多达14种食品添加剂。
有家长担忧:“这是吃雪糕呢,还是吃添加剂呢?”市场上的一些雪糕,它们的配料都包含了多种食品添加剂,少则六七种,多则十几种。
在一根“炼乳红豆加绿豆口味”的雪糕中,配料表中标注了5种增稠剂、3种乳化剂、1种甜味剂、5种着色剂,添加剂多达14种。
这些产品对食品添加剂的标注方式也不一致,有的直接标注了所含的各种添加剂名称,例如和路雪旗下的王牌产品可爱多(抹茶红豆口味),配料表中专门标出了“食品添加剂”一项,内容包括:单、双甘油脂肪酸酯,瓜尔胶,槐豆胶,卡拉胶,焦糖色,胭脂虫红,天然胡萝卜素,亮蓝,食用香精,磷脂。
而一款畅销奶砖雪糕却没有明确标出“食品添加剂”这一项,而是直接标注了增稠剂、乳化剂、着色剂等内容。
然而,不管哪一种标注方式,都没有标出具体含量。
有些雪糕的食品添加剂都是用编号表示的,像天书一样,根本看不明白。
以雀巢笨NANA 为例,这是一款四种口味随机包装的雪糕,包装上的配料表显示,这四种口味都含有乳化剂(471、477)、增稠剂(407、410、412)、酸度调节剂(330、339i),其中哈密瓜味和葡萄味还含有抗氧化剂(330)。
四种口味完全不同的一项食品添加剂是着色剂,哈密瓜味着色剂为天然胡萝卜素、141ii,香蕉味的着色剂为100ii,草莓味为120,葡萄味为163ii和栀子蓝。
那么每种添加剂都是用哪些数字来标识的?编号No. Food Additive 食品添加剂Technological Function(s) 技术用途100 Curcumins 姜黄素类; 姜黄素类colour 色素100 (i) Curcumin 姜黄素; 姜黄素colour 色素100 (ii) Turmeric 姜黄; 姜黄; 羌黄colour 色素101 Riboflavins 核黄素类colour 色素101 (i) Riboflavin 核黄素colour 色素101 (ii) Riboflavin 5'-Phosphate, Sodium 核黄素5-磷酸钠colour 色素102 Tartrazine 柠檬黄; 酒石黄colour 色素104 Quinoline Yellow 喹啉黄; 酸性喹啉黄colour 色素110 Sunset Yellow FCF 日落黄; 日落黄FCF colour 色素120 Carmines; Cochineal; Carminic acid 胭脂虫红; 胭脂红酸colour 色素122 Azorubine; Carmoisine 偶氮玉红; 淡红colour 色素123 Amaranth 苋菜红; 鸡冠花红; 蓝光酸性红colour 色素124 Ponceau 4R; Cochineal Red A 丽春红4R colour 色素127 Erythrosine 赤藓红colour 色素129 Allura Red AC 诱惑红AC; Allura红AC colour 色素131 Patent Blue V 专利蓝V colour 色素132 Indigotine; Indigo Carmine 靛蓝; 靛蓝洋红colour 色素133 Brillant Blue FCF; Brillant Blue FD&C No.1 亮蓝FCF;亮蓝FD及C第1号colour 色素140 Chlorophyll 叶绿素colour 色素141 Chlorophylls, Copper 叶绿素铜colour 色素141 (i) Chlorophylls, Ccopper complexes 叶绿素铜络合物colour 色素141 (ii) Chlorophylls, Copper complexes , Sodium and Potassium Salts 叶绿素铜络合物,钠盐及钾盐colour 色素142 Green S 绿色S; 绿S colour 色素150a Caramel I – Plain 酱色I - 普通法colour 色素150b Caramel II - Caustic Sulphite Process 酱色II - 苛性亚硫酸法colour 色素150c Caramel III - Ammonia Process 酱色III - 氨法colour 色素150d Caramel IV - Sulphite Ammonia Process 酱色IV - 亚硫酸铵法colour 色素151 Brillant Black; Black PN; Brillant Black BN 亮黑; 黑PN; 亮黑BN colour 色素153 Vegetable Carbon; Vegetable Black 植物碳; 木炭colour 色素154 Brown FK 棕色FK; 棕FK colour 色素155 Brown HT; Chocolate Brown HT 棕色HT; 朱古力棕HT colour 色素160a Carotenes 胡萝卜素类colour 色素160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, (Synthetic) β-胡萝卜素(合成)colour 色素160a (ii) Carotenes, beta-,Natural Extracts 胡萝卜素天然提取物colour 色素160b Annatto; Bixin; Norbxin 胭脂树橙; 红木素; 降红木素colour 色素160c Paprika Oleoresin 辣椒油树脂colour 色素160d Lycopene 番茄红素colour 色素160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal β-衍-8 '-胡萝卜醛colour 色素160f Beta-apo-8'- carotenoic acid, Methyl or Et hyl Ester β-衍-8'-胡萝卜酸甲酯或β-衍-8 '-胡萝卜酸乙酯colour 色素161b Luteins 叶黄素colour 色素本页已使用福昕阅读器进行编辑。
色素编号对照表
色素编号对照表
日本名称 食物红色的 No.6 acid yellow 17 食用赤色40号
食用赤色2号
食用赤色2号色淀
法定 编 号
C.I. 酸性红 52 ( 45100 ) C.I. 酸性黄17;食品黄(18965)
INS 129;
EEC No. No.E 129;
Brilliant black PN(Black PN)
食用青色1号
Brown HT (Chocolate brown HT) Cacao pigment(Cacao color;Cacao husk pigimint) Catechu(Cachou;Cutch;Pegu Cashoo0
INS 151;EEC No.E151; CAS 2519-30-4;C.I.食品黑1号(28840) GB12493-90(08.007); INS 133;EEC No.E133; CAS 3844-45-9; C.I.食用蓝2号 (42090) INS 155;EEC No.155; CAS 4553-89-3; C.I.食品棕3号(20285) C.I.食品褐3号 (20285-1975)
INS 153; EEC No.E153; CAS 1333-86-4; C.I.黑色素5号和6号(77266)
INS 120; EEC No.E120; CAS 1390-65-4; CAS1343-78-8;C.I 天然红4号75470 C.I. 天然红26号(75140)
Carthamus yellow
序号
名称
1 酸性红 52 2 酸性黄17 3 阿络拉红(艳红、诱惑红);
Allura red AC
4 苋菜红Amaranth
色素编号对照表
ß-Apo-8`-carotenal
INS 160(e);EEC No.E 160(e);CAS 1107-26-2;C.I.食用橙6号(40820)
ß-Apo-8`-carotenal acid ethyl ester
INS 160(f);EEC No.E 160(f);CAS 1109-11-1; C.I.天然橙7号(40825)
Azorubine(Carmoisine)
INS 122;EEC No.E122; CAS 3567-69-6;C.I.食品红3号(14720)
Beet red(Beet root red)
GB 12493-90(08.101);INS 162;EEC No.E162; CAS 7659-95-2(甜菜红苷)
29 赤藓红 Erythrosine
30 赤藓红铝色淀 31 坚牢绿 Fast greenFCF 32 坚牢红(食用大红) 33 栀子黄(藏花素) 34 栀子绿色素 35 栀子红色素 36 葡萄皮色素(葡萄皮红)
37 食用绿 S
38 玫瑰茄色素 39 靛蓝,天然品
40 靛蓝 Indigotine
41 靛蓝铝色淀Indigotine alum lake 42 氧化铁黑 (四氧化三铁) 43 氧化铁红(三氧化二铁) 44 氧化铁黄 45 高梁色素(高梁红) 46 紫胶红色素(虫胶红) 47 立索玉红 BK 48 角豆荚(I槐豆荚)胚色素 49 番茄红素 50 紫玉米色素 51 红曲色素(红曲米) 52 苔色素 (苔藓红素)
Brilliant black PN(Black PN)
食用青色1号
Brown HT (Chocolate brown HT) Cacao pigment(Cacao color;Cacao husk pigimint) Catechu(Cachou;Cutch;Pegu Cashoo0
甜菜红色素的研究进展
技术装备Technology and equipment甜菜红色素的研究进展摘要:本文结合国内外研究的最新进展,介绍了甜菜红色素的组成、理化性质、提取与纯化、检测方法、应用及其展望,为甜菜红色素的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考依据。
关键词:甜菜红 理化性质 提取纯化 应用张建霞 袁红波 薛强 李静 暴海军(河北省晨光生物科技集团股份有限公司,曲周 057250)1 引言食品中使用到的色素分为合成色素和天然色素两类。
近年来由于合成色素在安全性方面尚有争议,人们对安全性高、无毒副作用且兼有营养保健功效的天然色素颇为青睐,天然色素顺势成为色素行业发展的主要方向。
甜菜红色素以其安全,无毒副作用且具有改善肝功能、促进消化吸收的作用,成为取代合成红色素最理想的天然红色素之一[1]。
2 色素来源及组分甜菜红色素广泛存在于藜科、苋科、仙人掌科、商陆科等多种植物中,其中藜科最为人们熟悉的是红甜菜。
甜菜红色素就是从藜科植物红甜菜中提取的水溶性天然食用色素,属于吡啶类衍生物,基本发色团为1,7-二偶氮庚甲碱。
是红甜菜中所有的有色化合物的总称,由红色的甜菜花青和黄色的甜菜黄素所组成。
甜菜花青的主要成分为甜菜苷(Beranin),占红色素的75%~95%,其余尚有异甜菜苷、前甜菜苷和异前甜菜苷。
甜菜黄素包括甜菜黄素Ⅰ和甜菜黄素Ⅱ[1]。
3 理化性质3.1 溶解性甜菜红色素易溶于水和含水溶剂,为水溶性色素,难溶于醋酸、丙二醇,不溶于无水乙醇、甘油、丙酮、氯仿、油脂、乙醚等有机溶剂。
3.2 酸碱环境反应特性甜菜红色素呈红色或深紫色液体、块或粉末或糊状物,色泽鲜艳,但其色调受pH值影响,当pH在3.0~7.0时为红色,且较稳定;pH在4.0~5.0时最稳定;当pH<4.0和pH>7.0时,颜色有红色变成紫色;当pH>10.0时,甜菜红色素中的甜菜色苷转化为甜菜黄质,溶液颜色迅速变黄。
由此说明甜菜红色素在酸性和中性条件下较稳定。
常见营养词汇中英文对照表
中英文名词对照A烟曲霉A.fumigatus构巢曲霉A.nidulans模式曲霉A.nominus赭曲霉A.ochraceus寄生曲霉A.parasiticus杂色曲霉A.versicolor吸收剂量absorbed dose每日允许摄入量acceptable daily intake,ADI乙酰磺胺酸钾acesuffate potassium乙酰CoA acetyl CoA酸价acid value,AV酸度调节剂acidulating agent苯乙烯-丙烯腈-丁二烯共聚物acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,ABS 苯乙烯与丙烯腈的共聚物acrylonitrile styrene,AS活性系数activity coefficient,AC急性暴发性脚气病acute beriberi生热作用adaptive thermogenesis腺苷酸环化酶adenylate cyclase适宜摄入量adequate intake,AI脂联素adiponectin青春发育期adolescence黄曲霉毒素B l Aflatoxin B l,AFB l丙氨酸alanine(Ala)白蛋白albumin尿黑酸尿症alcaptonuria酒精滥用alcohol abuse酒精依赖alcohol dependence,alcoholism糊粉层aleurone layer白细胞缺乏症alimentary toxic aleukia,ATA阿力甜alitame蒜素allicin蒜苷alliin蒜氨酸酶allinase全反式视黄醛all-trans retinalα-胡萝卜素alpha-carotene交链孢霉属Alternaria苋菜红amaranth美国糖尿病协会American Diabetes Association,ADA 氨基酸amino acid氨基酸模式amino acid pattern氨基酸池amino acid pool氨基酸评分amino acid score,AAS氨基酸评分模式amino acid scoring pattern氨基咪唑氮杂芳烃ammo-imidazoaza-arenes,AIAs氨基咔啉amino-carbolines2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline,IQ2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹噁啉2-amino-3- methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoxaline,IQx 支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose抗神经炎素aneurin血管紧素原angiotensinogen抗生酮作用antiketogenesis抗氧化剂antioxidant口蹄疫aphtae epizooticae载脂蛋白E apolipoprotein E,ApoE表观消化率apparent digestibility阿拉伯胶arabic gum阿拉伯糖arabinose花生酸arachidic acid花生四烯酸arachidonic acid精氨酸arginine(Arg)节菱孢霉arthrinium芳烃羟化酶aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase,AHH抗坏血酸ascorbic acid,ascorbate天门冬酰胺asparagine(Asn)天门冬酰苯丙氨酸甲酯(阿斯帕坦) aspartame天门冬氨酸aspartic acid(Asp)黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus黄曲霉毒素aspergillus flavus toxin,aflatoxin曲霉菌属Aspergillus Micheli动脉粥样硬化atherosclerosis,AS三磷酸腺苷adenosine triphosphate,ATP2-氨基芴2-aminofluoreneB芽胞杆菌属Bacillus蜡样芽胞杆菌bacillus cereus基础代率basal metabolic rate,BMR基础代basal metabolism,BM基础能量消耗basic energy expenditure,BEE贝可勒尔becquerel甜菜红beet red苯甲酸benzoic acid苯并芘benzopyrene脚气病Beriberiβ-胡萝卜素beta-carotene双黄酮类biflavonoids生物富集作用bioconcentration生物电阻抗分析bioelectrical impendence analysis生物价biological value,BV生物标志物biomarker生物素biotin眼结膜毕脱氏斑Bitot’s spots黑豆红black bean red漂白剂bleaching agent体质指数body mass index,BMI谷皮bran母乳breast milk布氏杆菌病brucellosis布鲁塞尔芽甘蓝Brussels sprouts奶油butter丁基羟基茴香醚butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA二丁基羟基甲苯butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT丁酸butyric acidC大肠弯曲菌C.coli胎儿弯曲菌胎儿亚种C.fetus,subsp fetus空肠弯曲菌C.jejuni降钙素calcitonin钙calcium钙结合蛋白质calcium-binding protein卡calorie,cal环磷酸腺苷cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP 菜油固醇campesterol弯曲菌campylobacter癌cancer罐头食品canned food斑蝥黄canthaxanthin癸酸capric acid己酸caproic acid辛酸caprylic acid辣椒红素capsanthin焦糖caramel缕子种籽caraway seeds碳水化合物carbohydrate碳水化合物反应元件carbohydrate response element二氧化碳carbon dioxide羰基价carbonyl group value,CGV类胡萝卜素carotenoids红花黄carthamin yellow酪蛋白casein儿茶素catechin细胞视黄醛结合蛋白Ⅱcellular retinal binding protein typeⅡ,CRBP-Ⅱ纤维素cellulose环磷酸鸟苷cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP化学评分chemical score叶绿素chlorophyll胆钙化醇cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇酯cholesterol ester铬chromium乳糜微粒chylomicron,CM糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin顺式调控元件cis-acting element顺式脂肪酸cis-fatty acid柠檬酸循环citric acid cycle柑桔油citrus oil芽枝霉属Cladosporium梭状芽孢杆菌属Clostridium肉毒梭菌clostridium botulinum产气荚膜梭菌clostridium perfringens二十二碳五烯酸(鲦鱼酸) clupanodonic acid钴cobalt操作规codes of practice食品法典codex食品法典委员会Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC食品添加剂和污染物法典委员会Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants,CCFAC 冷链cold chain大肠菌群coliform group菌落形成单位colony forming unit,cfu着色剂colour护色剂colour fixative商业杀菌commercial sterilization膳食和健康委员会Committee on Diet and Health食品化学品法典委员会Committee on Food Chemicals Codex社区营养community nutrition竞争受体结合试验competitive receptor binding assay蛋白质互补作用complementary action成分混合component blending计算机控制的断层扫描computerized tomographic scans炼乳condensed milk条件必需氨基酸conditionally essential amino acid先天畸形congenital malformation眼结膜印迹细胞学法conjunctival impression cytology,CIC方便食品convenience food纠偏措施corrective action皮质醇cortisol库仑coulomb越桔红cowberry red关键控制措施critical control measure关键控制点critical control point,CCP关键限值critical limits酸奶cultured milk氰化甙cyanogenic glycosides环磷酰胺cyclophosphamide半胱氨酸cysteine(Cys)胱氨酸cystine细胞色素P450酶系cytochrome P450s,CYPβ-胡萝卜素-15,15′-二加氧酶β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenaseD大豆甙daidzein7,4′-二羟基异黄酮daidzin暗适应dark adaptationD值decimal reduction time脱氢醋酸dehydroacetic acid痴呆dementia脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇deoxynivalenol,DON脱氧核糖deoxyribose皮炎dermatitis糊精dextrin糖尿病diabetes mellitus,DM二醋酸藨草镰刀菌烯醇diacetoxyscirpenol,DAS二烯丙基-硫化物diallyl sulfide腹泻diarrhea双对氯苯基二氯乙烷dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane,DDD 双对氯苯基乙烯dichlorodiphenyl ethylene,DDE双对氯苯基三氯乙烷dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane,DDT 膳食纤维dietary fiber膳食叶酸当量dietary folate equivalence,DFE膳食指南或称膳食指导方针dietary guideline膳食营养素参考摄入量dietary reference intakes,DRIs消化率digestibility二甲基苯并蒽dimethylbenzanthracene二噁偀dioxin2肽dipeptide直接测热法direct calorimetry直接重复序列1 direct repeat-1,Dr-1双糖disaccharide5′-鸟苷酸二钠disodium-5'-guanylate二萜烯diterpene肠憩室病diverticulosisDL-丙氨酸DL-alanine脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid,DNADNA结合结构域DNA-binding domainDNA结合蛋白DNA-binding protein二十二碳六烯酸docosahexenoic acid,DHA基因供体donor organism剂量当量dose equivalent干性脚气病dry beriberi干浸dry infusion双能X线dual-energy X-ray2,4-二氯酚2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid,2,4-D8-氧-7,8-二氢-2-脱氧鸟苷8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-desoxyguanosineE大肠埃希菌E.coli反油酸elaidic acid元素elements胚芽embryo肽链切酶endopeptidase胚乳endosperm增强子enhancer肠杆菌属Enterobacter肠抑胃素enterogestrone肠出血性大肠埃希菌Enterohemorrhagic E.coli,EHEC肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌Enteroinvasive E.coli,EJEC肠致病性大肠埃希菌Enteropathogenic E.coli,EPEC肠产毒性大肠埃希菌Enterotoxigenic E.coli,TEC酶制剂enzyme preparation麦角钙化醇ergocalciferol麦角固醇ergosterol芥子酸erucic acid猪丹毒erysipelas suum红细胞谷胱甘肽还原酶活性系数erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient,EGRAC 红细胞转酮酶活性系数erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient,E-TKAC赤鲜糖醇erythtitol埃希菌属Escherichia必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid,EFA估计平均需要量estimated average requirement,EAR雌激素estrogen真菌Eumycetes淡炼乳evaporated milk猪水泡病exanthema vesiculosa suum照射量exposure dose12,13-环氧单端孢霉烯族化合物12,13-epoxytrichothecenesF禾谷镰刀菌F.graminearum雪腐镰刀菌F.nivale粉红镰刀菌F.roseum拟枝孢镰刀菌F.sporotrichioides三线镰刀菌F.tricinctum要因加算法factorial method去脂体质fat free mass,FFM脂肪替代产品fat substitutes脂肪酸fatty acid脂肪酸合成酶fatty acid synthetase,FAS脂肪酸结合蛋白fatty acid-binding protein,FABP铁蛋白ferritin纤维fiber平酸腐败flat-sour spoilage胀气因子flatus-producing factor黄烷醇类flavanols二氢黄酮及二氢黄酮醇类flavanones and flavanonols黄酮类化合物flavonoids黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide,FMN黄杆菌属Flavobacterium黄素激酶flavokinase黄酮及黄酮醇类flavones and flavonols黄素蛋白flavoprotein增味剂flavour enhancer亚麻flax氟fluorine叶酸folic acid食品添加剂food additives世界粮农组织Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO食品药品管理局Food and Drug Administration,FDA食品化学品法典Food Chemicals Codex,FCC食品药品化妆品法Food Drug and Cosmetic Act食品强化food fortification食品辐照food irradiation食物中毒food poisioning食品腐败变质food spoilage食源性疾病foodborne disease转基因食品food from genetically modified organisms,GMO food 污染食品的杂物foreign material亚胺甲基谷氨酸formiminoglutamic acid,FIGLU游离脂肪酸free fatty acid自由基free radicals果糖fructose伏马菌素fumonisin半知菌纲Fungi imperfecti杀(真)菌剂fungicide镰刀菌属Fusarium link梨孢镰刀菌Fusarium poaeG半乳聚糖galactosan半乳糖galactose半乳糖醛酸galacturonic acidγ-胡萝卜素gamma-carotene基因工程技术gene engineering基因多态性gene polymorphismGRAS物质general recognized as safe染料木黄酮genistein5,7,4'-三羟基异黄酮genistin鼻疽glanders河豚globefish球蛋白globulin葡萄糖二胺glucarates糖原异生作用gluconeogenesis葡萄糖glucose葡萄糖耐量因子glucose tolerance factor,GTF葡萄糖/胰岛素反应元件glucose/insulin response element,GIRE 芥子油甙glucosinolates葡萄糖醛酸glucuronic acid葡萄糖苷酸glucuronide谷氨酸glutamic acid(Glu)谷氨酰胺glutamine(Gln)谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶glutathione peroxidase,GSH—Px谷胱甘肽-S转移酶glutathione S-transferase,GST谷蛋白glutelin血糖指数glycemic index,GI甘油单月桂酸酯glycerol monolaurate氨基乙酸glycin甘氨酸glycine(Gly)配糖碱glycoalkaloids糖原glycogen甘油水解酶glycohydrolase甘草glycyrrhiza良好农业生产工艺good agricultural practice良好卫生规good hygienic practice,GHP棉酚gossypol戈瑞gray,Gy鸟苷酸环化酶guanylate cyclase瓜拉胶guar gum污染物指导性水平guideline levels for contaminants指南guidelines树胶gumγ-谷氨酰羧基肽酶γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase半乳糖醛酸多聚体β-1,4-D-galacturonic acid polymersH嗜盐杆菌属Halobacterium嗜盐球菌属Halococcus皮褶卡钳Harpenden危害hazard危害分析关键控制点hazard analysis critical control points,HACCP危害特征的描述hazard characterization危害的识别hazard identification年龄别身高height for age半纤维素hemicellulose含铁血黄素hemosiderin肝增强因子hepatic enriched factor,HNF-4肝核因子hepatic nuclear factor肝α-生育酚转移蛋白hepatic α-tocopherol transfer Protein,α-TTP除草剂herbicide杂环胺heterocyclic amines高密度脂蛋白high-density lipoprotein,HDL组胺histamine组氨酸histidine(His)基因受体host organism,host recipient人绒毛膜促性腺激素human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG人绒毛膜生长素human chorionic somatomammotropin,HCS囊虫病hydatid disease欧共体儿童保护组织hyperactive children’s support group,HACSG高胡萝卜素血症hyper-carotenemia高脂血症hyperlipidemia3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A,HMG-CoAI理想体重ideal weightIGF结合蛋白3 IGF binding protein 3,IGFBP3先天代性缺陷inborn errors of metabolism收入弹性income elasticity营养质量指数index of nutrition quality,INQ靛蓝indigo carmine吲哚-3-甲醇indole-3-carbinol吲哚indole肌醇inositol杀(昆)虫剂insecticide不溶性纤维insoluble fiber快速食品instant food胰岛素依赖型糖尿病insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,IDDM胰岛素样生长因子insulin-like growth factor,IGF个体间差异inter-individual variability白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6,IL-6白细胞介素-8 interleukin-8,IL-8细胞融合internalization国际辐射单位测量委员会International Commission of Radiation Units andMeasurements,ICRU国际数据系统international numbering system,INS碘iodine喹啉类IQ喹噁啉类IQx铁iron缺铁性贫血期iron deficiency anemia,IDA红细胞生成缺铁期iron deficiency erythropoiesis,IDE铁减少期iron deficiency store,ID铁调节蛋白iron regulatory protein,IRP铁反应元件iron responsive element,IRE辐照食品irradiated food异黄酮isoflavones异黄酮及二氢异黄酮类isoflavones and isoflavanones异亮氨酸isoleucine(Ile)异麦芽醇isomaltitol异硫氰酸盐isothiocyanates同位素isotopeJ焦耳joule,J少年期juvenileK神奈川Kanagawa酮血症ketosis千卡kilocalorie,kcalorie,kcal千焦耳kilojoule,kJ微量凯氏定氮法KjeldahlL乳糖醇lactitol乳杆菌属Lactobacillus乳铁蛋白lactoferrin乳糖lactose乳糖不耐受性lactose intolerance月桂酸laurie acid瘦体质量lean body mass,LBM瘦组织lean tissue卵磷脂lecithin乳素lectcynin植物凝血素lectins瘦素leptin亮氨酸leucine(Leu)木聚素lignans木质素lignin限制氨基酸limiting amino acid农药残留限量limits for pesticide residues柠檬油精limonene亚油酸linoleic acid脂类lipids斯特菌属Listeria罗汉果素lou han guo extract低出生体重low birth weight,LBW低密度脂蛋白胆固醇low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C 低级脂肪酸单甘油酯low fatty acid simple glyceride低密度脂蛋白low-density lipoprotein,LDLL-丙酮酸激酶L-pyruvate kinase,L-PK光黄素lumiflavin黄体素lutein番茄红素lycopene赖氨酸lysine(Lys)溶菌酶lysozymeα-亚麻酸α-linolenic acidγ-亚麻酸γ-1inolenic acidM摩氏摩根菌M.morganii常量元素macroelement,major element宏量营养素macronutrient美拉德反应maillard reaction丙二醛malondialdehyde,MDA麦芽糖醇maltitol麦芽糖maltose锰manganese甘露醇mannitol甘露糖-糖蛋白mannosylated glycoprotein最大无作用剂量maximal non-effect level,MNL大肠菌群最近似数maximum probable number,MPN最大残留限量maximum residue limits三聚氰胺甲醛melamine-formaldehyde,MF薄荷醇menthol蛋氨酸methionine(Met)亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶methylene tetrahydrofolate reducase,MTHFR 胶团micelles微球菌属Micrococcus微量元素microelement,trace element微量营养素micronutrient奶粉milk powder矿物质mineral奇异果素miracle混溶钙池miscible calcium pool丝裂霉素mitomycin复合奶mixture milk锰-超氧化物歧化酶Mn-SOD改进的相对剂量反应试验modified relative dose response test,MRDR 湿浸moist infusion霉菌molds分子营养学molecular nutrition钼molybdenum紫红曲霉monascaus purpureus红曲红素monascorubrin监控monitor单糖monosaccharide谷氨酸钠monosodium L-glutamate单萜类monoterpenes单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated fatty acid摩根菌属Morganella粘胶mucilage毛霉属Mucor簟类mushroom霉菌毒素mycotoxin肉豆蔻酸myristic acid葡糖硫苷酶myrosinase漆斑菌属Myrothecium toda4-甲基咪唑4-methylimidazoleN色甙nasunin天然等同色素nature-identical colours负氮平衡negative nitrogen balance新糖(果糖低聚糖) neosugar净蛋白质比值net protein ratio,NPR蛋白质净利用率net protein utilization,NPU尼克酸niacin烟酸又名尼克酸niacin,nicotinic acid镍nickel辅酶I nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD辅酶II nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosophate,NADP 烟酸当量nicotinic equivalence,NE乳酸链球菌素nisin亚硝酸盐nitrite氮平衡nitrogen balance氮平衡指数nitrogen balance index,NBI雪腐镰刀菌烯醇nivalenol,NIV甲基硝基亚硝基胍N-methyl—N’nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,MNNGN-亚硝酰胺N-nitrosamideN-亚硝基化合物N-nitroso compounds无明显作用水平no observed effect level,NOEL非必需氨基酸nonessential amino acid非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,NIDDM元明显损害水平non-observed adverse effect level,NOAEL核因子K B nuclear factor K B,NF K B磁共振扫描nuclear magnetic resonance scans核素nuclein营养素nutrient营养nutrition营养生理需要量nutritional requirement营养监测nutritional surveillance营养调查nutritional survey营养价值nutritional value尼龙nylonβ-硝基丙酸β-nitropropionic acidO燕麦素oatrim肥胖obesity必要的氮损失obligatory nitrogen losses赭曲霉毒素ochratoxin油酸oleic acid低聚原花青素oligomeric proanthocyanidins,OPCs寡肽oligopeptide寡糖oligosaccharide高赖氨酸玉米Opaque-2和Floury-2口服葡萄糖耐量试验oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT有机食品organic food鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase,ODC破骨细胞osteoclasts骨质软化症osteomalacia骨质疏松症osteoporosis过营养状况over nutrition氧化型谷胱甘肽oxidized glutathione,GSSG含氧oxygen-containing无氧oxygen-freeP黄绿青霉P.citreoviride桔青霉P.citrinum圆弧青霉P.cyclopium扩展青霉P.expansum奇异变形杆菌P.mirabikis雷氏普罗威登斯菌P.rettgeri皱褶青霉P.rugulosum荨麻青霉P.urticae普通变形杆菌P.vulgaris异麦芽酮糖醇(又称帕拉金糖) palatinose棕榈酸palmitic acid棕榈油酸palmitoleic acid辣椒红paprika orange麻痹性贝类paralysis shell巴氏消毒法pasteurization巴氏杀菌乳pasteurized milk展青霉素patulin果胶pectin癞皮病pellagra青霉Penicillium islandicum青霉菌属Penicillium link戊聚糖pentosan薄荷peppermint肽peptide过氧化值peroxide value,POV过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体peroxisome proliferator activated receptor,PPAR 农药pesticide农药残留pesticide residue猪瘟pestis suum酚酸phenolic acid苯丙氨酸phenylaIanine(Phe)苯丙酮酸尿症phenylketonuria,PKU磷脂phospholipids磷phosphorus苯酞phthalides体力活动水平physical activity level,PAL植酸phytic acid植物化学物phytochemicals植物红细胞凝集素phytohematoagglutinin,PHA植物雌激素phyto-oestrogens植物固醇phytosterols空斑形成细胞plaque forming cell,PFC纤维蛋白溶酶原激活因子抑制物plasminogen activator inhibitor,P AI聚碳酸酯polycarbonate,PC氯代二苯并呋喃polychloro-dibenzofurans,PCDFs氯代二苯并-对-二噁偀polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins,PCDDs多环芳烃polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯polyethylene terephthalate,PET聚乙烯polyethylene,PE多肽polypeptide多酚polyphenols聚丙烯polypropylene,PP多糖polysaccharide聚苯乙烯polystyrene,PS多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA聚氯乙烯polyvinyl chloride,PVC群体倍增population doublings,PDs正氮平衡positive nitrogen balancePPAR-结合蛋白PP AR-binding protein,PBP已形成的维生素A preformed vitamin A妊娠pregnancy学龄前儿童pre-school children防腐剂preservative抗癞皮病因子preventive pellagra,PP初级代产物primary metabolites孕酮progesterone激素原prohormone醇溶蛋白prolamin脯氨酸proline(Pro)启动子promoter基因启动子区域promoter region of gene丙酸propanoic acid没食子酸丙酯propyl gallate,PG前列腺素prostaglandins蛋白酶protease蛋白酶抑制剂protease inhibitors蛋白质protein经消化率修正的氨基酸评分protein digestibility corrected amino acid score.PDCAAS 蛋白质功效比值protein effciency ratio,PER蛋白质-能量营养不良protein-energy malnutrition,PEM变形杆菌proteus暂定每日最大耐受摄入量provisional maximum tolerable daily intake.PMTDI 暂定每周耐受摄入量provisional tolerable Weeklv intake,PTWI维生素A原provitamin A假单胞菌属Pseudomonas椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp.Farinofermentans 嗜冷菌psychrophile蝶酰谷氨酸,叶酸pteroylglutamic acid,PGA腐败putrefaction吡哆醛pyridoxal,PL吡哆胺pyridoxamine,PM吡哆醇pyridoxin,PN4-吡哆酸4-pyridoxic acid,4-PA5'-磷酸吡哆醛5'-pyridoxal phosphate,PLPQ槲皮素quercetin快餐食品quick serve-meal苯醌还原酶quinone reductaseR拉德rad放射性活度radiation activity放射性污染物radioactive contaminant放射性核素radionuclide萝卜红radish red氡radon,Rn棉子糖raffinose备餐食品ready to eat foods隐性高铁血红蛋白血症recessive methemoglobinemia膳食供给量recommended dietary allowance,RDA推荐摄入量recommended nutrient intake,RNI还原型谷胱甘肽reduced glutathione,GSH参考蛋白reference protein相对生物活性relative biologic activities相对剂量反应试验relative dose response test,RDR相对蛋白质值relative protein value,RPV伦琴当量rem肾溶质负荷renal solute load抵抗素resistin妊娠吸收实验resorption-gestation test静息代率resting metabolic rate,RMR视黄醛retinal视黄酸retinoic acid视黄酸受体/类维生素AX受体retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor,RAR/RXR 类维生素A的X受体retinoid X receptor,RXR视黄醇当量retmol equivalent,RE视黄醇结合蛋白retmol-binding protein,RBP视黄基磷酸酯retmyl phosphate视黄基酯retmyleasters视黄醇-磷酸-甘露醇的糖酯retinyl-phosphomannose根霉属Rhizopus核黄素riboflavin核糖ribose佝偻病rickets危险性分析risk analysis危险性评估risk assessment危险性特征的描述risk characterization危险性信息交流risk communication危险性管理risk management核糖核酸ribonucleic acid,RNARNA聚合酶RNA polymerase,RNA Pol玫瑰茄红roselle red红斑素rubropunctationS鲍氏志贺菌群S.boydii痢疾志贺菌S.dysenterine福氏志贺菌群S.flexneri宋志贺菌群S.sonnei糖精saccharin沙门菌属salmonella猪霍乱沙门菌salmonella cholera suis肠炎沙门菌salmonella enteritidis鼠伤寒沙门菌salmonella typhimurium卫生和植物卫生应用措施协定sanitary and phytosanitary,SPS协定皂甙saponins饱和脂肪酸saturated fatty acid学龄儿童school children调味品seasonings仲丁胺sec-butylamine次级代产物secondary metabolites硒selenium半必需氨基酸semiessential amino acid丝氨酸serine(Ser)性激素结合球蛋白sex hormone binding globulin,SHBG 羊红细胞sheep red blood cell,SRBC虫胶红(紫胶红) shellac red志贺菌属Shigella唾液酸sialic acid,SA单线态氧single oxygen,1 O2脱脂奶粉skimmed milk powder环己基氨基磺酸钠sodium cyclamates双乙酸钠sodium diacetate低亚硫酸钠sodium hydrosulfite焦亚硫酸钠sodium pyrosulfite无酒精饮料soft drinks龙葵素solanine可溶性纤维soluble fiber山梨酸sorbic acid山梨醇sorbitol高梁红sorghum red大豆皂甙soya saponin,SS节约蛋白质作用sparing protein action食物特殊动力作用specific dynamic action,SDA河豚毒素spheroidine拼接splicing原发性高血压大鼠spotaneous hypertension rat,SHR固醇调节元件结合蛋白激活蛋白SREBP cleavage-activating protein,SCAP黑色葡萄状穗霉Stachybotus corda水糖stachyose标准standard装量规定standards of fill of container特征性规定standards of identity质量规定standards of quality葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus金黄色葡萄球菌staphylococcus aureus淀粉starch硬脂酸stearic acid类固醇受体辅助激活剂-1 steroid receptor CO-activator-1,SRC-1固醇调节(或反应)元件-1 sterol regulatory element-1,SRE-1固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1 sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1,SREBP-1 固醇类sterols甜菊糖甙stevioside豆固醇stigmasterol链脲霉素streptozocin,STZ“实质等同”原则substantial equivalence琥珀酰CoA succinyl CoA三氯蔗糖sucralose蔗糖sucrose蔗糖聚酯sucrose polyester萝卜硫素sufforaphane硫化物sulphides超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase,SOD猪出血性败血症swine hemorrhagic septicaemiaβ-谷固醇β-sitosterolT柠檬黄tartrazine茶多酚tea polyphenols贸易技术壁垒协议technical barriers to trade,TBT协议叔丁基对苯二酚tertiary butylhydroquinone,TBHQ睾酮testosterone索马甜thaumates国际癌症研究机构The International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC 热力致死时间曲线thermal death time curve热力致死时间thermal death time,TDT食物热效应thermic effect of food,TEF硫胺素酶thiaminase硫胺素thiamine二磷酸硫胺素thiamine diphosphate,TDP一磷酸硫胺素thiamine monophosphate,TMP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP三磷酸硫胺素thiamine triphosphate,TTP匹格列酮thiazolidinediones,TZD硫氰酸盐thiocyanates钍射气thoron,Tn氨酸threonine(Thr)促甲状腺激素thyrotropic stimulating hormone,TSH二十碳五烯酸timnodonic acid,EPA生育酚tocopherols生育酚羟自由基tocopheroxyl redical生育三烯酚tocotrienols可耐受最高摄入量tolerable upper intake level,UL全身电传导total body electrical conductivity挥发性盐基总氮total volatile basic nitrogen,TVBN毒簟toxic mushroom反式作用因子trans-acting factor反式脂肪酸trans-fatty acid转铁蛋白transferrin转铁蛋白受体transferrin receptor,TIR谷氨酰胺转氨酶transglutaminase,TG转酮醇作用transketolation转甲状腺蛋白transthyretin,TTR海藻糖trehalose旋毛虫病trichinosis木霉属Trichoderma绿色木霉Trichoderma viride甘油三酯triglycerides3肽tripeptide真消化率true digestibility胰蛋白酶trypsin色氨酸tryptophan(Trp)结核病tuberculosis肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α黄turmeric yellow酪氨酸tyrosine(T yr)2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二恶偀2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins,TCDD2,4,5-三氯苯氧乙酸2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid,2,4,5-Tα-生育酚当量α-tocopherol equivalenceU超高温ultra high temperature,UHT解偶联蛋白-3 uncoupling protein-3,UCP-3不饱和聚酯树脂及其玻璃钢unsaturated polyester resin and glassfibre reinforced plastics 上游启动子元件upstream promoter element上游刺激因子upstream stimulating factor,USFV缬氨酸valine(Val)验证verification极低密度脂蛋白very-low-density lipoprotein,VLDL兽药veterinary drugs弧菌属Vibrio副溶血性弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus维生素vitamin维生素A vitamin A维生素D结合蛋白vitamin D binding protein,DBP维生素D受体vitamin D receptor,VDR维生素D反应元件vitamin D response elements,VDRE维生素E琥珀酸酯vitamin E succinate,VES致呕毒素vomitoxin奇尔克症Von Gierkes diseaseW水分活性water activity,a w身高别体重weight for height湿性脚气病wet beriberi全脂奶粉whole milk powder世界卫生组织World Health Organization,WHOX叶黄素xanthophyll-木糖醇xylitol木糖xyloseY小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌Yersinia enterocoliticaZ玉米赤霉烯酮zearalenone玉米黄素zeaxanthin零氮平衡zero nitrogen balance锌zinc- . - 总结资料-。
冰淇淋中添加剂的应用
蔬菜汁增进产品风味,韩国将提取的植物街醇用于冷冻甜食制造,泰国对冰淇淋产品中添加蓝莓感兴趣等。
目前,国内对冰淇淋添加剂的综合性研究概括较少。本文通过对冰淇淋乳化剂、稳定剂、甜味剂综合性对
比研究,更好地了解冰淇淋品质的影响因素,对生产有一定的指导作用。
PART
01
稳定剂在冰淇淋中的应用
冰淇淋中稳定剂的应用
杀菌、均质、成熟、凝冻、成型、硬化等加工过程制成的松软可口的冷冻食品。冰淇淋因其独特口感,细
腻结构组织、多样口味、丰富营养,深受广大消费者喜爱。
•
近年来,我国冰淇淋行业发生了巨大变化,不仅冰淇淋产量迅速增加,而且品种从几十种增加到几百种,
新产品更是层出不穷。据统计, 2000年我国冰淇淋总产量已跃居亚洲第一-位、世界第三位。但我国人口众
海藻酸丙二醇酯
海藻酸丙二醇酯(Propylene Glycol Alginate)又叫藻酸 丙二醇酯、藻酸丙二酯,简称PGA,明月海藻集团从天 然海藻中提取海藻酸与环氧丙烷酯化合成海藻酸丙二醇 酯,该产品外观为白色或淡黄色粉末,水溶液呈粘稠状 胶体。与传统胶体相比,海藻酸丙二醇酯不仅具有传统 胶体的水合、组织改良、增稠等特性,还具有独特的耐 酸、稳定、乳化等功能,应用于食品各领域,如乳及乳 制品、各类饮料、面制品、冰激凌等,现今又通过了国 家卫计委审批,可以用在面包、糕点、焙烤食品馅料等 食品分类中,是一种性能优良的海洋食品添加剂。
甜菜红(beet root red)亦称甜菜 根红,甜菜红色素是以食用红甜
菜缩为、原干料燥,而通成过的浸天提然、色分素B离,、主浓要
成分为甜菜花青素和甜菜黄素, 甜菜红为红紫至深紫色液体、块 状、粉末状或糊状物,有异臭,
易醇溶水于溶水液、,牛难奶溶A、于无50水%乙乙醇醇或、丙丙二C
食品添加剂安全性(与“食品”有关的文档共74张)
或自由流动的物质。 E.3 消泡剂:在食品加工过程中降低表面张力,消除泡沫的物质
。
E.4 抗氧化剂:能防止或延缓油脂或食品成分氧化分解、变 质,提高食品稳定性的物质。
E.5 漂白剂:能够破坏、抑制食品的发色因素,使其褪色或使 食品免于褐变的物质。
我国允许使用并已载入国家标准的天然色素有:
叶绿素铜钠盐(Sodium copper chlorophyllin)
可可壳色素(Cacao pigment)
紫胶红(Lac dye)
β-胡萝卜色素(β-Carotene)
红曲米(Red kojic rice)
菊花黄(Coreopsis-yellow)
红花黄色素(Carthamin yellow)
E.21 食品用香料:能够用于调配食品香精,并使食品增香的物
质。
E.22 食品工业用加工助剂:有助于食品加工能顺利进行的 各种物质,与食品本身无关。如助 滤、澄清、吸附、脱模 、脱色、脱皮、提取溶剂等。
E.23 其他:上述功能类别中不能涵盖的其他功能。
第二十五页,共74页。
(3)按安全评价分类: (以ADI值判断其毒性大小)
标准:亚硝酸钠可按GBl907国标生产作为食品添加剂,按 GB2760规定量添加,肉食中最大使用量是0.15克/千克,肉食中 亚硝酸钠残留量在罐头中不得超过0.05克/千克;肉制品不得超过
第三十二页,共74页。
附表 我国允许使用的合成色素及ADI值
名称
ADI值(mg/Kg·bw)
苋菜红(Amaranth)
0~0.5
胭脂红(Ponceau 4R或Carmine)
食品添加剂的国际编码-E代码(INS)
编码od Additi 食品添加剂别名100Cu rc 姜黄素类100 (i) u rcumin 姜黄素姜黄色素100 (ii) Turmeric 姜黄; 羌黄101iboflavins核黄素类101 (i) Riboflavin 核黄素维生素B 2101 (ii) 5'-Phosph 核黄素 5-磷酸钠102Tartrazine 柠檬黄; 酒石黄103Ai kanet 朱草染料104Quin 喹啉黄; 酸性喹啉黄 110t Yellow 日落黄; 日落黄FCF 120ochineal; C 胭脂虫红; 胭脂红酸 121itrus Red 柑橘红2柑桔红122bine; Carm 偶氮玉红; 淡红123Amaranth 苋菜红; 鸡冠花红; 蓝光酸性红 124R; Cochin 丽春红4R 胭脂红\朱红 4R 127ythrosine 赤藓红樱桃红、四碘荧光素128*Re d 2G* 红 2G *129lura Red 诱惑红 AC; Allura 131 Pa 专利蓝V 132e; Indigo靛蓝; 靛蓝洋红133BrillantBlueFCF;BrillantBlueFD&CNo.1亮蓝FCF; 亮蓝FD及C第1号140hlorophyll叶绿素141ophylls, C叶绿素铜叶绿铜141 (i) Ccopper叶绿素铜络合物叶绿素-铜复合物141 (ii)Chlorophylls,Coppercomplexes ,SodiumandPotassiumSalts叶绿素铜络合物,钠盐及钾盐叶绿素铜钠盐、叶绿素铜钠142Green S绿色S ; 绿S150a a mel I – P酱色I - 普通法普通焦糖(不加氨生产)150b austic Su酱色II - 苛性亚硫酸法苛性亚硫酸盐焦糖150c CaramelIII-AmmoniaProcess酱色III - 氨法氨法焦糖150d u lphite Am酱色IV - 亚硫酸铵法亚硫酸铵焦糖151ack PN; B亮黑; 黑PN; 亮黑BN153bon; Veg植物碳; 木炭植物炭黑、植物黑、炭黑、蔬菜碳154Brown FK棕色FK; 棕FK155Chocolate棕色HT; 朱古力棕HT160a (i) , beta-, (S β-胡萝卜素( 合成)160a (ii) beta-,Natu胡萝卜素天然提取物160b ; Bixin; N 胭脂树橙; 红木素; 降红木素胭脂树橙提取物160c rika Oleor辣椒油树脂辣椒红、辣椒红色素、辣椒色素含油树脂160d Lycopene番茄红素160e po-8'-caroβ-衍-8'-胡萝卜醛160f oic acid,M β-衍-8'-胡萝卜酸甲酯或β衍-8'-胡萝卜酸乙酯161b Luteins 叶黄素161g a nthaxant斑蝥黄質162Beet Red甜菜红甜菜根红163nthocyani花色素苷类163 (i) nthocyani花色素苷类163 (ii) pe Skin Ex葡萄皮提取物葡萄皮红、ENO 163 (iii) currant E黑醋栗提取物; 黑加仑子提取物黑加仑红、黑加仑163 (iv) e Corn C紫玉米色素163 (v) Cabbage C红球甘蓝色素; 卷心菜红色素164denia Yel栀子黄170um Carbo碳酸钙类170 (i) u m Carbo碳酸钙轻质碳酸钙170 (ii)Hydrogen 碳酸氢钙171nium Diox二氧化钛172ron Oxide氧化铁类172 (i) Oxide, Bl氧化铁黑172 (ii) n Oxide, R氧化铁红172 (iii) xide, Yel氧化铁黄173Aluminium铝174Silver银175ld (Metal金180ol Rubine立素玉红BK; 立索玉红BK红宝石岩 BK181ns, Food G食品级单宁200orbic Aci山梨酸花楸酸、2,4-己二烯酸201dium Sorb山梨酸钠202ssium Sor山梨酸钾2,4-己二烯酸钾203cium Sor山梨酸钙209-Hydroxy对-羟基苯甲酸庚酯庚基羟基苯甲酸盐210enzoic Ac苯甲酸安息香酸211ium Benz苯甲酸钠安息香酸钠212sium Ben苯甲酸钾213ium Benz苯甲酸钙214Hydroxyb对-羟基苯甲酸乙酯尼泊金乙酯215l p-Hydro对羟基苯甲酸乙酯钠乙基对-羟基苯甲酸钠216-Hydroxy对羟基苯甲酸丙酯尼泊金丙酯、丙基对-羟基苯甲酸酯217yl p-Hydr对羟基苯甲酸丙酯钠丙基对-羟基苯甲酸钠218-Hydroxy对羟基苯甲酸甲酯甲基对-羟基苯甲酸酯219hyl p-Hyd对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠甲基对-羟基苯甲酸钠220phur Diox二氧化硫亚硫酸酐、无水亚硫酸221dium Sulp亚硫酸钠222ydrogen S亚硫酸氢钠重亚硫酸钠223m Metabis偏亚硫酸钠; 焦亚硫酸钠224(Potassium Metabisulphite)偏亚硫酸钾; 一缩二亚硫酸钾焦亚硫酸钾225ssium Sul亚硫酸钾226ium Sulph亚硫酸钙227Hydrogen亚硫酸氢钙230Diphenyl 联二苯; 二苯基联苯231- Phenylp邻-苯基苯酚; 邻-苯酚邻羟基联苯、OPP232ol; Sodium 邻苯基苯酚钠;邻-苯酚钠联苯酚钠、2-苯基苯酚钠盐234Nisin尼生素; 乳链菌肽乳酸链球菌素、乳酸链球菌肽249assium Ni亚硝酸钾prese 250dium Nitr亚硝酸钠prese 251dium Nitr硝酸钠prese 252assium Ni硝酸钾prese 260 Acid (Gl冰乙酸乙酸、醋酸261ssium Ace乙酸钾类prese 261 (i) ssium Ace乙酸钾prese 261 (ii) ssium Dia双乙酸钾prese 262ium Acet乙酸钠类262(i) dium Acet乙酸钠262 (ii) ium Diac双乙酸钠双乙酸氢钠、二乙酸-钠263cium Ace乙酸钙醋酸钙264onium Ac乙酸铵265droacetic 脱氢醋酸脱氢乙酸、DHA266m Dehydro脱氢醋酸钠270d (L-, D-, (L-, D- 和 DL-) 乳酸2-羟基丙酸280opionic A 丙酸281m Propio 丙酸钠 282um Propio 丙酸钙 283sium Prop 丙酸钾290bon Diox 二氧化碳碳酸气296c Acid (D (DL-) 苹果酸羟基琥珀酸、羟基丁二酸297maric Ac 富马酸延胡索酸、反丁烯二酸300bic Acid (L-) 抗坏血酸 维生素C 301um Ascor 抗坏血酸钠维生素C 钠302ium Asco 抗坏血酸钙303sium Asc 抗坏血酸钾304rbyl Palm 抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯软脂酸L-抗坏血酸酯305orbyl Stea 抗坏血酸硬脂酸酯306opherols 混合生育酚浓缩物307pherol, al α-生育酚307(c)Vitamin E 维生素E DL- α-维生素E;DL-α-生育酚308Gamma- T 合成γ-生育酚309Delta- To 合成δ-生育酚310opyl Galla 沒食子酸丙酯 :棓酸丙酯 丙基棓酸盐;PG 311ctyl Galla 辛基棓酸盐;沒食子酸辛酯;棓酸辛酯312decyl Gall 十二(烷)基棓酸盐;沒食子酸十二酯 ;棓酸十二(烷)酯315Acid (Eryt 异抗坏血酸 316m Isoasco 异抗坏血酸钠 酸钠,异维生素C 钠,阿拉伯糖型抗坏血酸钠317um Isoasc 异抗坏血酸钾318um Isoasc 异抗坏血酸钙319Butylhydro 特丁基对苯二酚叔丁基对苯二酚、叔丁基氢醌TBHQ320d Hydrox 丁基羟基茴香醚; 丁化羟基茴香醚丁基-4-羟基茴香醚、丁基大茴醚BHA321d Hydrox 二丁基羟基甲苯; 丁化羟基甲苯2,6-二特丁基对-甲酚、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基甲苯、BHT 322Lecithin 卵磷脂324hoxyquin 乙氧基喹; 乙氧基奎虎皮灵、抗氧喹325dium Lac 乳酸钠326ssium Lac 乳酸钾327cium Lac 乳酸钙 acidity 328onium La 乳酸铵 acidity 329um Lacta(DL-) 乳酸镁acidity330itric Acid柠檬酸基-1,2,3-丙三羧酸、羟基丙三羧酸、枸331dium Citra柠檬酸钠类331 (i) Dihydroge柠檬酸二氢钠柠檬酸一钠Monohydro柠檬酸氢二钠331 (ii)331 (iii) odium Ci柠檬酸三钠柠檬酸钠332ssium Citr柠檬酸钾类332 (i) Dihydrog柠檬酸二氢钾332 (ii) tassium C柠檬酸三钾柠檬酸钾333cium Citr柠檬酸钙类柠檬酸钙334c Acid (L(L(+)-) 酒石酸2,3-二羟基丁二酸335ium Tartr酒石酸钠类335 (i) odium Tar酒石酸一钠335 (ii) odium Tar酒石酸二钠336sium Tart酒石酸钾类stabili 336 (i) tassium T酒石酸一钾stabili 336 (ii) assium Ta酒石酸二钾stabili 337m Sodium酒石酸钾钠stabili 338phosphori正磷酸磷酸339um Phosp磷酸钠类MonosodiumOrthophosphate(SodiumDihydrogenPhosph339(i)ate正磷酸一钠磷酸二氢钠、酸性磷酸钠、磷酸钠339 (ii) DisodiumOrthophosphate(DisodiumHydrogenPhos正磷酸二钠磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二钠339 (iii) m Orthop正磷酸三钠磷酸三钠、磷酸钠、正磷酸钠340um Phosp磷酸钾类340 (i) ium Ortho正磷酸一钾磷酸二氢钾、磷酸一钾340 (ii) um Ortho正磷酸二钾磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二钾340 (iii) um Ortho正磷酸三钾磷酸三钾。
美语怎么说1
1. You're in the pink! 要想说人气色好,“You look fine!”当然不错,可如果你说“You're in the pink!”就妙得多了,实际上,在英语口语中,巧妙使用一些表示颜色的词能使得句子非常形象生动。
2.He is bouncy。
“他精力充沛”美国人通常说:“He is bouncy。
”,而不说“He is energetic”,牢记一些日常对话中的句式是你生活中一把必备的钥匙。
如:久仰,“I get mind of you”比“I heard a lot about you。
”轻松得多。
3. Did you get lost? 有人开会迟到了,你若对他说“You are late。
”,听起来像是废话。
若说“Did you get lost?”,则更能让他感到歉疚,可千万别说成“Get lost!”,那可是让人滚蛋的意思。
4. Do you have the time? 别人征求你的意见,问能否开窗户等,你要是说“You can do that。
”就有点土了,用一句“Do you have the time?”或者“could you please…”就好多了。
实际上,问他人的姓名,地址都可以这么用:“May I have your name?”要比“What’s your name?”礼貌得多,不过警察例外。
5.I would rather not say。
别人问你不愿公开的问题,切勿用“It’s my secret,don’t ask such a personal question。
”回答,一来显得你没有个性,二来也让对方觉得你气短。
你可以说“I would rather not say。
”(还是别说了吧)。
6.It’s on the tip of my tongue。
有时候,你想说什么,可是想不起来,你可以说“Well…”、“Let me see。
食品添加剂中英文对照98年
现有的食品添加剂下表所列是1996年4月16日日本后生省公布的现有食品添加剂清单。
表中所列的任何一种食品添加剂和任何含有上述食品添加剂的食品或制剂,由于有对日本食品卫生法进行修订的临时措施,均不受该法第6条规定的约束。
因此,继续允许针对这些食品添加剂等而从事的经销、制造、进口等营销活动。
注:1)为便于使用,下表按字母顺序排列。
2)天然调味品,以及通常即可作为食品也可作为食品添加剂的物质,不属卫生法第6条规定的管制范围,因此,下表不包括这两类物质。
1.Absinth extract 苦艾提取物一种主要由从完整的苦艾草中获取的倍半萜构成的物质。
2. α-Acetolactate decarboxylase α-已酰乳酸脱羧酶3.N-Acetylglucosamine N-已酰基葡糖胺4.Achromopeptidase 消色肽酶5.Acid clay 酸性黏土6.Acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶7.Actinidine 猕猴桃碱8.Activated acid clay 活性酸性黏土9.Active carbon 活性炭一种通过炭化和活化含碳物质获取的物质。
10.Acylase 酰酶11.5'-Adenylic acid 5'-酰苷一磷酸12.Aeromonas gum 气单胞菌胶主要由通过气单胞菌属细菌培养液获取的多聚糖构成的一种物质。
13.Agarase 琼脂水解酶14.Agrobacterium succinoglycan 土壤杆菌属主要由通过土壤杆菌属细菌培养液获取的succinoglycan构成的一种物质。
15.L-Alanine L-丙氨酸16.Alginate lyase 藻酸盐裂解酶17.Alginic acid 藻酸18.Alkanet colour 紫草红色素主要由紫草根提取的紫草素构成的一种物质。
19.Almond gum[Cedo gum] 苦扁桃胶主要由杏树分泌物中提取的多聚糖构成的一种物质。
甜菜红色素的加工与利用
收稿日期:2007-03-27作者简介:卢秉福(1963-),男,吉林省梅河口市人,博士研究生,黑龙江大学农作物研究院,副研究员。
甜菜红色素的加工与利用卢秉福1,耿贵1,周艳丽2(11黑龙江大学农作物研究院,黑龙江哈尔滨150080;21黑龙江大学农学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150080)摘 要:介绍了甜菜红色素的加工工艺、理化性质及其应用,对食用甜菜的开发利用具有一定的意义。
关键词:食用甜菜;色素;甜菜红中图分类号:S56613 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-0551(2008)01-0040-03 食用甜菜是天然色素甜菜红的主要加工原料。
食用甜菜中含有甜菜红、甜菜碱、维生素等化学成分,其中甜菜红的含量最多。
甜菜红是重要的水溶性红色色素,我国北方早有将食用甜菜汁对食品着色者。
20世纪80年代至今,国际上对甜菜红的应用已日益感兴趣,欧美及日本对甜菜红及其应用进行了日益广泛的研究,目前国外已有商品甜菜红出售并应用于食品着色。
美国于1960年允许将食用甜菜汁浓缩液或脱水食用甜菜粉作为食品着色剂使用。
1963年,联合国FAO/WH O 联合食品添加剂委员会规定甜菜红色素为“食用甜菜根的水抽提物含糖符合规定”。
1976年,更新规定“甜菜红色素是由食用甜菜所得的压榨液、浓缩物或粉末”,并制定了规格标准。
1978年又规定甜菜红色素的ADI (人体每日允许摄入量)为“不限制”。
甜菜红色素安全无毒,对人体无害,完全符合卫生要求。
甜菜红色素,可广泛应用于食品、医药、保健品等行业。
1 甜菜红色素的组成及含量的测定111 甜菜红色素的组成甜菜红(beet red ;beet root red )是食用甜菜中所含有色化合物的总称,由红色的甜菜花青(betacya 2nines )和黄色的甜菜黄素(betaxanthines )所组成。
甜菜花青中主要的是甜菜苷(betanine ),属糖类衍生物,分子式为C 24H 26N 2O 13,相对分子质量是550148,占红色素的75%~95%,其余为异甜菜苷(is obeta 2nine )、前甜菜苷(pre -betanine )和甜菜色素的降解产物(淡棕色)。
食品添加剂--着色剂
第一章着色剂(Colorant)食品着色剂,是指使食品赋予色泽和改善食品色泽的食品添加剂。
功能分类代码,08;CNS:08.◇◇◇许多天然食品具有本身的色泽,这些色泽除了给人以视觉享受外,更主要的是能促进人的食欲,增加消化液的分泌,因而有利于消化和吸收,是食品的重要感官指标。
但是,天然食品在加工、保存过程中容易退色或变色,为了改善食品的色泽(或为模拟天然食品),人们常常在加工食品的过程中添加食用色素,以改善感官性质。
§1着色剂概述一、着色剂的分类常用的食品色素按来源,两类:天然色素与合成色素。
天然色素来自生物机体,主要由植物组织中提取,也包括来自动物和微生物的一些色素。
人工合成色素是指用人工化学合成方法所制得的有机与无机色素,主要是指以煤焦油中分离出来的苯胺染料为原料制成的有机色素。
按溶解特性,分为水溶性和脂溶性。
目前使用的合成着色剂均为水溶性(!!!)。
我国允许生成色淀,以改变它们的剂型。
目前主要使用的是铝色淀(××铝色淀)。
色淀:指将水溶性色素沉淀、吸附到不溶性的基质上而得到的一种水不溶性色素。
或者说,是色素物质在水溶液状态下与氧化铝反应而成的铝基料混合的盐。
种类:常用的基质有氧化铝、二氧化钛、硫酸钡、氧化钾、滑石、碳酸钙,目前主要使用的是铝色淀(××铝色淀)。
有点:可以代替油溶性色素,主要用于油基性食品,它可在油相中均匀分散,可在干燥下并入食品。
稳定性提高,耐光,耐热,耐盐。
中国:1988年批准使用,可用于各类粉状食品,糖果,糕点,甜点包衣,油脂食品,口香糖(不染口腔),药剂,药片,化妆品,玩具等。
§1着色剂概述二、着色剂的基本要求1.安全性:ADI值愈大,表示毒性愈小。
天然不等于无毒。
某些天然色素ADI值较小,并不比人工合成色素安全。
(见表格数据)不少天然色素的毒性资料比较少,未能制订ADI值。
就是说,它们的毒性还不甚清楚。
我国允许使用的人工合成色素,苋菜红与赤藓红ADI值较小,其他几种ADI值均在2.5以上,在一定使用量范围内是安全的。
蔬菜中颜料的提取
蔬菜中色素的提取食品的色泽是食品的重要感官指标,食品工业中广泛使用着人工合成的色素来增加色泽,但研究表明,一般合成的色素都有不同程度的毒性,有的甚至有致癌性。
因此开发天然无害的食用色素对保证人类健康有重要意义。
蔬菜种类繁多,色彩纷呈,是色素的巨大资源库,从蔬菜中提食品的色泽是食品的重要感官指标,食品工业中广泛使用着人工合成的色素来增加色泽,但研究表明,一般合成的色素都有不同程度的毒性,有的甚至有致癌性。
因此开发天然无害的食用色素对保证人类健康有重要意义。
蔬菜种类繁多,色彩纷呈,是色素的巨大资源库,从蔬菜中提取的天然食用色素,不仅具有较高的安全性,有的还具有一定的营养价值和保健作用。
且天然色素价格昂贵,市场前景广阔,能够促使蔬菜增值,是蔬菜深加工的一个发展方向。
本文将介绍几种蔬菜中的色素及其提取方法。
一、从番茄中提取番茄红素1.番茄红素的性质及功用番茄红素(Lycopene)是油溶性色素,对光线、氧和热都比较敏感,为类胡萝卜素的一种,也是一种强抗氧化剂,抗氧化能力是维生素E的100多倍,远远超过其他诸如。
胡萝卜素、β胡萝卜素的生物活性,能够有效清除体内的自由基,预防和修复细胞损伤,抑制DNA的氧化从而预防癌症的发生。
目前,番茄红素作为色素少量用于番茄酱和番茄汁制品中,多用于保健食品和制药行业。
2.茄红素的提取番茄红素的提取一般分为有机溶剂提取和二氧化碳超临界萃取两种方法,二氧化碳超临界萃取在大规模生产上有难度,目前主要采取有机溶剂提取,首先将番茄加工成番茄酱或番茄粉,用乙酸乙酯、乙醇或正己烷等溶剂进行提取,后经过滤浓缩得到番茄红素粗产品----含量6%以下的含油树脂,进一步冷冻结晶可以得到纯度较高的产品。
二、从辣椒中提取辣椒红素1.辣椒红素的性质辣椒红素(Capsanthin)又名椒红素、辣椒红,纯的辣椒红素为深胭脂红色针状晶体。
用于食品添加剂等方面的辣椒红素为暗红色油膏状,有辣味。
其主要成分为辣椒红素、类胡萝卜素、辣椒碱和植物油等,不溶于水,易溶于植物油和乙醇,在pH值为3--12时,色调不变化,耐光性和耐热性较好,耐酸碱,耐氧化,可用于罐头、糕点上彩装,也可用于油脂食品、调味品、果汁和冰激淋中。
Beet Red-甜菜红
BEET REDPrepared at the 31st JECFA (1987), published in FNP 38 (1988) and in FNP52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 59th JECFA(2002). An ADI 'not specified' was established at the 31st JECFA (1987) SYNONYMS Beetroot Red; INS No. 162DEFINITION Obtained from the roots of red beets (Beta vulgaris L var rubra) as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots; composed of differentpigments all belonging to the class betalaine; main colouring principle consistsof betacyanins (red) of which betanine accounts for 75-95%; minor amounts ofbetaxanthine (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown)may be present; the betanine content in extracts of beetroot will suffer aprogressive degradation which is accelerated by raising the pH, temperatureand water activity; it is therefore expected that all commercial products willslowly lose their colour and alter their shade according to the conditions ofstorage.Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, saltsand/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may beconcentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most ofthe sugars, salts and proteins. Food grade acids (e.g., citric, lactic, L-ascorbic)may be added as pH controlling agents and stabilizers and carriers (e.g.,maltodextrin) may be added as aids for manufacturing dry powders. Chemical names [S-(R*,R*)-4-[2-[2-Carboxy-5-( ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-[2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene) ethylidene]-5- ß-D-glucopyrano-syloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2- carboxylateC.A.S. number 7659-95-2 (betanine)Chemical formula Betanine: C24H26N2O13Structural formulaFormula weight Betanine: 550.48Assay Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0.4%.DESCRIPTION Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid.FUNCTIONAL USES ColourCHARACTERISTICSIDENTIFICATIONSolubility (Vol. 4) Soluble in or miscible with water; insoluble in or immiscible with ethanol Colour reaction Addition of an aqueous 10% w/v sodium hydroxide solution to an aqueous solution of the sample successively changes the colour from red to reddishviolet to yellow.Spectrophotometry (Vol. 4) Betanine in water at pH 5.4 has an absorbance maximum at about 530 nm and at pH 8.9 exhibits a broadened maximum at about 545 nm.Thin layer chromatography Passes testSee description under TESTSPURITYNitrate Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay)See description under TESTSArsenic (Vol. 4) Not more than 3 mg/kg (Method II)Lead Not more than 2 mg/kgDetermine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specifiedlevel. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may bebased on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “InstrumentalMethods.”Basic colouring To 1 g of the sample add 100 ml of 1% sodium hydroxide solution, and mixwell. Extract 30 ml of this solution with 15 ml of diethyl ether. When extractedwash the ether layer twice with 5 ml of dilute acetic acid TS; the dilute aceticacid layer does not produce a colour.Other acidic colouring matters To 1 g of the sample add 1 ml of ammonia TS and 8 ml of water, and shake well. Discard an oily layer when separated. Proceed as directed under Determination by Paper Chromatography (Ascending chromatography), using 2 µl of the solution as the sample solution, and a mixture of pyridine and ammonia TS (2:1 by volume) as the developing solvent. Stop the development when the solvent front has advanced about 15 cm from the point of application. No spot is observed at the solvent front after drying under daylight, or, if any spot is observed, it shall be decolourized when sprayed with a solution of stannous chloride (2 parts of stannous chloride by weight in 5 parts of water).TESTS IDENTIFICATION TESTSThin layer chromatography (a) On cellulose plates (0.25 mm) with Sørensen's phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as solvent, Beet Red colour gives a number of spots in various colours (yellow, orange, red, purple, violet). Betanine appears as a purple spot with an R f value of about 0.7.Sørensen's phosphate buffer (pH 5.6):- Solution A: 1/15 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: Dissolve 9.08 g ofKH2PO4 in water and dilute to 1000 ml.- Solution B: 1/15 M disodium hydrogen phosphate: Dissolve 11.88 g ofNa2HPO4 ·2H20 in water and dilute to 1000 ml.Sørensen's phosphate buffer is composed of a mixture of solutions A and B in the following proportions: 94.8 parts of solution A + 5.2 parts of solution B. (b) On cellulose plates (0.10 mm) in the solvent (2 g sodium citrate + 78.5 ml water + 21.5 ml ammonia TS), betanine follows the front of the solvent as distinct from acidic water-soluble synthetic dyes. In this solvent betanine is yellow.PURITY TESTSNitrate ApparatusA suitably sensitive potentiometric instrument, such as a pH/mV meter, withnitrate - selective electrode and reference electrode as prescribed by themanufacturer.Solutions- Standard nitrate solution (10,000 mg/l): Dissolve 16.31 g of potassium nitrate(KNO3), previously dried at 105º, 24 h in 1000 ml of water- Buffer solution: Dissolve 6.66 g of aluminium sulfate octahydrate, Al2(SO4)3 ·8H2O, 3.12 g of silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), 1.24 g of boric acid (H3BO3) and 1.94g of sulfamic acid (NH2HSO3) in 900 ml water, adjust to pH 3.0 with 1 Msulfuric acid and dilute with water to 1000 ml- Diluted buffer solution: Dilute the Buffer solution with an equal amount ofwater- Calibration solutions: Dilute the standard solution with the Diluted buffersolution in order to prepare the following solutions: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and500 mg nitrate/l.ProcedureAccurately weigh about 0.5 g of the sample in a conical flask, add 50 ml ofDiluted buffer solution and dissolve by swirling.Measure the potential of the calibration solutions and also of the samplesolution. Plot the calibration curve from the potential figures against thecorresponding nitrate concentrations using antilog paper with the nitrateconcentrations along the linear axis. From the calibration curve read thenitrate concentration of the sample.Calculationwherea = nitrate concentration of sample, mg/lw = weight of sampleA = % red colour as calculated from assayMETHOD OF ASSAY Dissolve a quantity of Beet Red accurately weighed in buffer TS (pH 5) and dilute to a suitable volume with the buffer solution (V ml in total); the maximum absorption shall be within the range of 0.2 to 0.8. Centrifuge the solution if necessary, and measure the absorption, correcting for a blank composed of Buffer TS (pH 5). The colour content is calculated on the basis of the maximum absorption A (at about 530 nm), using the specific absorbance for betanine, A (1%, 1 cm) = 1120.whereA = maximum absorptionV = volume of test solution measured in mlL = length of cell measured in cmW = weight of sample in g.。
绪论
绪论食品保藏——采取一系列技术措施尽可能保留食品中天然物质成分的过程,它既包括鲜活和生鲜食品的贮藏保鲜,也包括食品原辅料、半成品和成品食品的保藏。
一、食品保藏的意义和研究内容•食品保藏的主要目的:保持食品质量和食用安全性,减少损耗,增加经济效益。
•食品保藏学——研究食品在保藏过程中物理、化学和生物特性的变化规律,这些变化对食品质量及其保藏性的影响,以及控制食品质量变化应采取的技术措施的一门科学。
二、食品的分类和保藏特性食品按加工程度不同,分为天然食品和加工食品。
保藏性能差,容易腐败变质,故称为易腐性食品。
影响因素:原料的种类品种、产地、栽培和饲养条件、保藏环境条件营养组织:叶菜、茎菜、动物肌肉、鲜乳等,离开生物体后推动营养物质的补充来源,生理活动加强,水解酶活性增强,营养成分消耗,组织受破坏。
繁殖组织:种子、果实、根、茎类蔬菜、鲜蛋等,通常具有表皮或外壳保护,具有较高的保藏性。
加工食品的保藏特性加工食品是以天然食品为原料,再经过不同深度的加工处理而得到的各种加工层次的产品。
根据加工保藏方法不同,加工食品可以分为:干制品、腌制品、罐藏制品、冷冻制品、焙烤制品等大部分加工食品的保藏性优于天然食品。
三、食品保藏科学的发展两次重大的保藏技术改革:19世纪后半期的罐藏、人工干燥和冷冻技术20世纪的速冻、气调、减压、辐射保鲜和基因工程粮食油料、果品蔬菜、畜禽肉蛋、水产鱼虾食品原料和初级加工食品的保藏各种深加工食品的保藏条件四、我国食品保藏的现状及存在问题•山西和山东等地的苹果土窑洞简易气调保鲜技术、四川和浙江等地的柑橘控温通风库贮藏技术。
果蔬的机械冷藏已占我国贮藏果蔬总量的1/3左右。
•1997年在内蒙古建成了世界上第一座千吨级减压保鲜贮藏库。
我国食品保藏存在问题(1)农业产业化体系不健全,食品生产、贮藏、销售等环节严重脱节,生产者片面追求产量,而忽视了食品的质量及流通性,导致产品的质量低、贮藏性差、货架期短、市场竞争力不强,这点在果品蔬菜生产中表现尤为突出。
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BEET REDPrepared at the 31st JECFA (1987), published in FNP 38 (1988) and in FNP52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 59th JECFA(2002). An ADI 'not specified' was established at the 31st JECFA (1987) SYNONYMS Beetroot Red; INS No. 162DEFINITION Obtained from the roots of red beets (Beta vulgaris L var rubra) as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots; composed of differentpigments all belonging to the class betalaine; main colouring principle consistsof betacyanins (red) of which betanine accounts for 75-95%; minor amounts ofbetaxanthine (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown)may be present; the betanine content in extracts of beetroot will suffer aprogressive degradation which is accelerated by raising the pH, temperatureand water activity; it is therefore expected that all commercial products willslowly lose their colour and alter their shade according to the conditions ofstorage.Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, saltsand/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may beconcentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most ofthe sugars, salts and proteins. Food grade acids (e.g., citric, lactic, L-ascorbic)may be added as pH controlling agents and stabilizers and carriers (e.g.,maltodextrin) may be added as aids for manufacturing dry powders. Chemical names [S-(R*,R*)-4-[2-[2-Carboxy-5-( ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-[2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene) ethylidene]-5- ß-D-glucopyrano-syloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2- carboxylateC.A.S. number 7659-95-2 (betanine)Chemical formula Betanine: C24H26N2O13Structural formulaFormula weight Betanine: 550.48Assay Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0.4%.DESCRIPTION Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid.FUNCTIONAL USES ColourCHARACTERISTICSIDENTIFICATIONSolubility (Vol. 4) Soluble in or miscible with water; insoluble in or immiscible with ethanol Colour reaction Addition of an aqueous 10% w/v sodium hydroxide solution to an aqueous solution of the sample successively changes the colour from red to reddishviolet to yellow.Spectrophotometry (Vol. 4) Betanine in water at pH 5.4 has an absorbance maximum at about 530 nm and at pH 8.9 exhibits a broadened maximum at about 545 nm.Thin layer chromatography Passes testSee description under TESTSPURITYNitrate Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay)See description under TESTSArsenic (Vol. 4) Not more than 3 mg/kg (Method II)Lead Not more than 2 mg/kgDetermine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specifiedlevel. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may bebased on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “InstrumentalMethods.”Basic colouring To 1 g of the sample add 100 ml of 1% sodium hydroxide solution, and mixwell. Extract 30 ml of this solution with 15 ml of diethyl ether. When extractedwash the ether layer twice with 5 ml of dilute acetic acid TS; the dilute aceticacid layer does not produce a colour.Other acidic colouring matters To 1 g of the sample add 1 ml of ammonia TS and 8 ml of water, and shake well. Discard an oily layer when separated. Proceed as directed under Determination by Paper Chromatography (Ascending chromatography), using 2 µl of the solution as the sample solution, and a mixture of pyridine and ammonia TS (2:1 by volume) as the developing solvent. Stop the development when the solvent front has advanced about 15 cm from the point of application. No spot is observed at the solvent front after drying under daylight, or, if any spot is observed, it shall be decolourized when sprayed with a solution of stannous chloride (2 parts of stannous chloride by weight in 5 parts of water).TESTS IDENTIFICATION TESTSThin layer chromatography (a) On cellulose plates (0.25 mm) with Sørensen's phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as solvent, Beet Red colour gives a number of spots in various colours (yellow, orange, red, purple, violet). Betanine appears as a purple spot with an R f value of about 0.7.Sørensen's phosphate buffer (pH 5.6):- Solution A: 1/15 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: Dissolve 9.08 g ofKH2PO4 in water and dilute to 1000 ml.- Solution B: 1/15 M disodium hydrogen phosphate: Dissolve 11.88 g ofNa2HPO4 ·2H20 in water and dilute to 1000 ml.Sørensen's phosphate buffer is composed of a mixture of solutions A and B in the following proportions: 94.8 parts of solution A + 5.2 parts of solution B. (b) On cellulose plates (0.10 mm) in the solvent (2 g sodium citrate + 78.5 ml water + 21.5 ml ammonia TS), betanine follows the front of the solvent as distinct from acidic water-soluble synthetic dyes. In this solvent betanine is yellow.PURITY TESTSNitrate ApparatusA suitably sensitive potentiometric instrument, such as a pH/mV meter, withnitrate - selective electrode and reference electrode as prescribed by themanufacturer.Solutions- Standard nitrate solution (10,000 mg/l): Dissolve 16.31 g of potassium nitrate(KNO3), previously dried at 105º, 24 h in 1000 ml of water- Buffer solution: Dissolve 6.66 g of aluminium sulfate octahydrate, Al2(SO4)3 ·8H2O, 3.12 g of silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), 1.24 g of boric acid (H3BO3) and 1.94g of sulfamic acid (NH2HSO3) in 900 ml water, adjust to pH 3.0 with 1 Msulfuric acid and dilute with water to 1000 ml- Diluted buffer solution: Dilute the Buffer solution with an equal amount ofwater- Calibration solutions: Dilute the standard solution with the Diluted buffersolution in order to prepare the following solutions: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and500 mg nitrate/l.ProcedureAccurately weigh about 0.5 g of the sample in a conical flask, add 50 ml ofDiluted buffer solution and dissolve by swirling.Measure the potential of the calibration solutions and also of the samplesolution. Plot the calibration curve from the potential figures against thecorresponding nitrate concentrations using antilog paper with the nitrateconcentrations along the linear axis. From the calibration curve read thenitrate concentration of the sample.Calculationwherea = nitrate concentration of sample, mg/lw = weight of sampleA = % red colour as calculated from assayMETHOD OF ASSAY Dissolve a quantity of Beet Red accurately weighed in buffer TS (pH 5) and dilute to a suitable volume with the buffer solution (V ml in total); the maximum absorption shall be within the range of 0.2 to 0.8. Centrifuge the solution if necessary, and measure the absorption, correcting for a blank composed of Buffer TS (pH 5). The colour content is calculated on the basis of the maximum absorption A (at about 530 nm), using the specific absorbance for betanine, A (1%, 1 cm) = 1120.whereA = maximum absorptionV = volume of test solution measured in mlL = length of cell measured in cmW = weight of sample in g.。