蜂窝移动电话系统(带翻译)

实现个人电话的梦想——————蜂窝式移动电话的诞生
蜂窝式移动电话又叫手机
所谓蜂窝移动电话是指将移动电话服务区划分为若干个彼此相邻的小区，每个小区设立一个基站的网络结构。

由于每个小区呈正六边形，又彼此邻接，从整体上看，形状酷似蜂窝，所以人们称它为“蜂窝”网。

用若干蜂窝状小区覆盖整个服务区的大、中容量移动电话系统就叫做蜂窝移动电话系统，简称蜂窝移动电话。

中国和国外只不过叫法不同
自从电话发明之后，这一通信工具使人类充分享受到了现代信息社会的方便，但这仅仅是一个开始，而且普及范围也并不广，随着无线电报和无线广播的发明，人们更希望能有一种能够随身携带，不用电话线路的电话。

肩负着人类的希望，通信领域的科学家进行了不懈的努力，由于两次大战的需要，早期的移动通信的雏形已开发了出来，如步话机、对讲机等等，其中，步话机在1941年美陆军就开始装备了，当时的使用频段是短波波段，设备是电子管的。

从20世纪50年代开始，开始使用150MHz，后来发展为400MHz，紧接着60年代晶体管的出现，专用无线电话系统大量出现，在公安、消防、出租汽车等行业中应用。

但这些仅能在少数特殊人群中使用且携带不便，能不能有更小更方便适合大众使用的个人移动电话？
随着对电磁波研究的深入、大规模集成电路的问世，摆在科学家面前的障碍已被一一扫清，移动电话首先被制造出来，它是主要由送受话器、控制组件、天线以及电源四部分组成。

在送受话器上，除了装有话筒和耳机外，还有数字、字母显示器，控制键和拨号键等。

控制组件具有调制、解调等许多重要功能。

由于手持式移动电话机是在流动中使用，所需电力全靠自备的电池来供给，当时是使用镍镉电池，可反复充电。

移动电话制造出来了，如何规划网络？科学家首先想到蜂巢的结构，在建筑学上，蜂巢是经济高效的结构方式，移动网络是否可以采取同样的方式，然后在相邻的小区使用不同的频率，在相距较远的小区就采用相同的频率。

这样既有效地避免了频率冲突，又可让同一频率多次使用，节省了频率资源。

这一理论巧妙地解决了有限高频频率与众多高密度用户需求量的矛盾和跨越服务覆盖区信道自动转换的问题。

70年代初，贝尔实验室提出蜂窝系统的覆盖小区的概念和相关的理论后，立即得到迅速的发展，很快进入了实用阶段。

在蜂窝式的网络中，每一个地理范围（通常是一座大中城市及其郊区）都有多个基站，并受一个移动电话交换机的控制。

在这个区域内任何地点的移动台车载、便携电话都可经由无线信道和交换机联通公用电话网，真正做到随时随地都可以同世界上任何地方进行通信，同时，在两个或多个移动交换局之间，只要制式相同，还可以进行自动和半自动转接，从而扩大移动台的活动范围。

因此，从理论上讲，蜂窝移动电话系统可容纳无限多的用户。

第一代蜂窝移动电话系统是模拟蜂窝移动电话系统，主要特征是用模拟方式传输模拟信号，美国、英国和日本都开发了各自的系统。

在1975年，美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）开放了移动电话市场，确定了陆地移动电话通信和大容量蜂窝移动电话的频谱，为移动电话投入商用作好了准备，1979年，日本开放了世界上第一个蜂窝移动电话网。

其实世界上第一个移动电话通信系统是1978年在美国芝加哥开通的，但蜂窝式移动电话后来居上，在1979年，AMPS制模拟蜂窝式移动电话系统在美国芝加哥试验后，终于在1983年12月在美国投入商用。

我国开始在1987年开始使用模拟式蜂窝电话通信，1987年11月，第一个移动电话局在广州开通。

·第一代蜂窝移动电话系统：指模拟蜂窝移动电话系统，主要特征是用无线信道传输模拟信号。

·第二代蜂窝移动电话系统：指数字蜂窝移动电话系统，它以直接传输和处理数字信息为主要特征，具有一切数字系统所具有的优点，大大提高了频率的使用率。

具有代表性的第二代产品是蜂窝移动通信系统GSM。

GSM本来是欧洲成立的一个移动通信特别研究小组的简称。

这个小组在欧洲的蜂窝移动通信方面做了大量的工作，对8种不同的实验方案进行了论证，最后制定了泛欧洲的数字蜂窝移动通信系统，并用该研究小组的名字GSM命名。

什么是蜂窝技术
UMTS蜂窝通信技术是一种新的GSM数据通信技术，在移动用户和数据网络之间提供一种连接，给移动用户提供高速无线数据接入服务，其中UMTS是英文Universal Mobile Telecommuni cation System的缩写，中文含义为通用移动通信系统。

其标准的制订标志着无线数据传输成为现实，它是以蜂窝移动通信为组网方式的移动无线数据通信技术。

欧洲电信标准协会（ETSI）负责UMTS的标准化工作，并与国际电联负责的第三代移动通信系统IMT-2000标准化工作协调一致。

UMTS的支持者主要是以GSM系统为主的欧洲厂商，日本公司也或多或少地参与其中，包括爱立信、阿尔卡特、诺基亚、朗讯、北电，以及日本的NTT、富士通、夏普等。

这套系统能够基于现有的GSM网络，较轻易地过渡到3G，预计在GSM系统相当普及的亚洲各国会普遍接受这种新技术，因此UMTS具有先天的市场优势。

常见的蜂窝移动通信系统按照功能的不同可以分为三类，它们分别是宏蜂窝、微蜂窝以及智能蜂窝，通常这三种蜂窝技术各有特点。

1、宏蜂窝技术
蜂窝移动通信系统中，在网络运营初期，运营商的主要目标是建设大型的宏蜂窝小区，取得尽可能大的地域覆盖率，宏蜂窝每小区的覆盖半径大多为1km～25km，基站天线尽可能做得很高。

在实际的宏蜂窝小内，通常存在着两种特殊的微小区域。

一是“盲点”，由于电波在传播过程中遇到障碍物而造成的阴影区域，该区域通信质量严重低劣；二是“热点”，由于空间业务负荷的不均匀分布而形成的业务繁忙区域，它支持宏蜂窝中的大部分业务。

以上两“点”问题的解决，往往依靠设置直放站、分裂小区等办法。

除了经济方面的原因外，从原理上讲，这两种方法也不能无限制地使用，
因为扩大了系统覆盖，通信质量要下降；提高了通信质量，往往又要牺牲容量。

近年来，随着用户的增加，宏蜂窝小区进行小区分裂，变得越来越小。

当小区小到一定程度时，建站成本就会急剧增加，小区半径的缩小也会带来严重的干扰，另一方面，盲区仍然存在，热点地区的高话务量也无法得到很好的吸收，微蜂窝技术就是为了解决以上难题而产生的。

2、微蜂窝技术
与宏蜂窝技术相比，微蜂窝技术具有覆盖范围小、传输功率低以及安装方便灵活等，该小区的覆盖半径为30m～300m，基站天线低于屋顶高度，传播主要沿着街道的视线进行，信号在楼顶的泄露小。

微蜂窝可以作为宏蜂窝的补充和延伸，微蜂窝的应用主要有两方面：一是提高覆盖率，应用于一些宏蜂窝很难覆盖到的盲点地区，如地铁、地下室；二是提高容量，主要应用在高话务量地区，如繁华的商业街、购物中心、体育场等。

微蜂窝在作为提高网络容量的应用时一般与宏蜂窝构成多层网。

宏蜂窝进行大面积的覆盖，作为多层网的底层，微蜂窝则小面积连续覆盖叠加在宏蜂窝上，构成多层网的上层，微蜂窝和宏蜂窝在系统配置上是不同的小区，有独立的广播信道。

微蜂窝层的站点数量多，传输成本占整个设备投资的比例大于宏蜂窝基站，根据实际情况选择合理的网络结构和传输手段是非常重要的。

微蜂窝一般为1～2载频，采用PCM方式传输时，如果采用星型连接，传输线占有率非常低，一般微蜂窝之间采用链型方式，这样4～5个微蜂窝可以采用一对传输线路接到机房，可以有效地节约成本。

相对于PCM方式，利用现有电话线路进行传输的HDSL传输方式，是目前非常经济的一种传输方式，微蜂窝设备也趋向于内置HDSL传输设备。

当微蜂窝由于特殊原因不能采用上述方式传输时，光纤和微波也是较为常用的选择。

3、智能蜂窝技术
智能蜂窝是指基站采用具有高分辨阵列信号处理能力的自适应天线系统，智能地监测移动台所处的位置，并以一定的方式将确定的信号功率传递给移动台的蜂窝小区。

对于上行链路而言，采用自适应天线阵接收技术，可以极大地降低多址干扰，增加系统容量；对于下行链路而言，则可以将信号的有效区域控制在移动台附近半径为100～200 波长的范围内，使同道干扰大小为减小。

智能蜂窝小区既可以是宏蜂窝，也可以是微蜂窝。

利用智能蜂窝小区的概念进行组网设计，能够显著地提高系统容量，改善系统性能。

蜂窝移动通信系统根据使用频段的不同，还可以分为另外三种系统：
1、双频段网络
双频段是一种通常与GSM和DCS 1800有关的转移策略，因为，这两个频段已使用GSM技术作为单一系统运行。

双频段事实上是随着DCS 1800用于增加原先GSM网的容量而增加更多频谱。

这种转移的最显著的方面是要求GSM和DCS 1800系统共用相同的公用陆地移动网的标识符，即GSM网标识符。

一个GSM手机仅能在某一时间在一个PLMN上运行，这样使用相同的PLMN使GSM和DCS1800可起到单一系统的功能。

如果GSM和DCS1800系统不作为完全结合的系统使用，那么采用单个PLMN网能造成某种复杂性。

无论如何，系统必须决定在重叠地区用户可接入哪一频段，在此可能发生拥塞将是主要因素。

也许在拥塞的情况下宁可是GSM用户使用DCS 1800而不是相反。

2、双模式网络
双模式网均在北美800 MHz段，转移性能已成为其固有的特点。

每一种双模式规范的基本目的是：在例如大城市一类的中心地区首先叠加一网以增加现已拥塞网络的系统容量。

在重叠的边缘移动台能切换到AMPS模拟小区。

每一种双模式技术的系统起始频谱大致为1.25 MHz。

按照此技术，也许需要一个保护频段以便使新分配的频率与AMPS所用的分开。

在CDMA的情况下，系统的每一侧需要250 KHz的保护段。

一般情况是在商业业务开始前已设置了这个频谱以便能使新网络最优化。

3、双频段／双模式网络
双频段／双模式网络系统集合了上述两种网络系统的特点，如果其中之一的网络系统处于饱和时，可以自由地被切换到另外一个系统。

什么是蜂窝结构？
蜂窝结构是由许多正六边形小区作为基本几何图形覆盖整个服务区，从而构成形状类似蜂窝的移动通信网，称为小区覆盖蜂窝移动通信网或蜂窝网（Cellular Network）。

图2是一个全展开的蜂窝网，具有特定的蜂窝组网规律。

为了实施频率复用，使有限的频率资源最大程度地充分利用，同时有效控制同频道工作小区之间的干扰影响，发展了许多复用图样。

由若干个正六边形组成的区域图样称为区群或簇（Cluster）。

构成单元无线区群的基本条件是：①这一基本图样应能彼此邻接且无空隙地覆盖整个面积。

②相邻单元中，同信道的小区间距离相等，且为最大。

满足上述条件的簇的形状和簇内小区数N是有限的。

蜜蜂的蜂窝构造非常精巧、适用而且节省材料。

蜂房由无数个大小相同的房孔组成，房孔都是正六角形，每个房孔都被其它房孔包围，两个房孔之间只隔着一堵蜡制的墙。

令人惊讶的是，房孔的底既不是平的，也不是圆的，而是尖的。

这个底是由三个完全相同的菱形组成。

有人测量过菱形的角度，两个钝角都是109°而两个锐角都是70°。

令人叫绝的是，世界上所有蜜蜂的蜂窝都是按照这个统一的角度和模式建造的。

蜂房的结构引起了科学家们的极大兴趣。

经过对蜂房的深入研究，科学家们惊奇地发现，相邻的房孔共用一堵墙和一个孔底，非常节省建筑材料；房孔是正六边形，蜜蜂的身体基本上是圆柱形，蜂在房孔内既不会有多余的空间又不感到拥挤。

蜂窝的结构给航天器设计师们很大启示，他们在研制时，采用了蜂窝结构：先用金属制造成蜂窝，然后再用两块金属板把它夹起来就成了蜂窝结构。

这种蜂窝结构强度很高，重量又很轻，还有益于隔音和隔热。

因此，现在的航天飞机、人造卫星、宇宙飞船在内部大量采用蜂窝结构，卫星的外壳也几乎全部是蜂窝结构。

因此，这些航天器又统称为“蜂窝式航天器”。

The realization of individual telephone, dream -- -- -- cellular mobile telephone was born Cellular mobile telephone and mobile phone
The so-called cellular mobile phone is a mobile phone service area is divided into a plurality of adjacent to each cell, each cell a base station network structure. Because each district regular hexagons, and adjacent to
each other, look from whole, similar to the shape of honeycomb, so people called it" honeycomb" network. With a certain number of honeycomb cell coverage throughout the service area, in large capacity mobile telephone system is called a cellular mobile telephone system, referred to as a cellular mobile phone. China and foreign countries just a different name.
Since the invention of the telephone, a communication tool to enable mankind to fully enjoy the convenience of modern information society, but this is only a beginning, and popularization is not wide, with wireless telegraphy and radio broadcast of the invention, people hope to have a can carry, do not use the telephone line to the telephone.
Shoulders the hope of mankind, communication scientists have made unremitting efforts, as a result of the two war, the early mobile communication the prototype has been developed, such as walkie-talkie, intercom and so on, wherein, talkies in 1941 the United States Army began to equipment, then use the frequency band is the band, equipment is the electronic tube the. In the nineteen fifties, to start using 150MHz, later development for the 400MHz, followed by 60's transistor, wireless telephone system appeared in large numbers, in the public security, fire control, car rental and other industries in the application of. But these can only in a few special people use and inconvenient carrying, there can be smaller and more convenient for the public to use personal mobile phone?
With the in-depth study of the electromagnetic wave, large-scale integrated circuit technology, placed in front of one one scientists obstacles have been cleared away, the mobile phone is first created, it is mainly by the transmitter and receiver, control module, antenna and power supply is composed of four parts. In a receiver, in addition to a microphone and headset, and digital, an alphanumeric display, control keys and a dial key. The control assembly has a modulation, demodulation and many other important function. As a result of a
hand-held mobile phone is in the flow, power required by self-contained battery to supply, at that time is the use of nickel-cadmium batteries, rechargeable.
Mobile phone manufactured, how to plan the network? Scientists think first of the honeycomb structure, in architecture, is economic and efficient honeycomb structure, mobile network can act in the same way, then in the adjacent area to use different frequencies, in the far distance in the area with the same frequency. It is effective to avoid the frequency of conflict, but also can make the same frequency used for many times, saves frequency resources. This theory is cleverly solved the limited frequency with many high density of user demand contradiction and across the service coverage area channel automatic switching problem.
At the beginning of the 70's, Baer laboratory proposed cellular system covering the area of the concept and the correlation theory, immediately gets rapid development, quickly entered the practical stage. In a cellular network, every geographic range (usually a big in city and its suburb ) has a plurality of base stations, and a mobile telephone switch control. In this region, any location within the mobile vehicle, portable telephone can be via a wireless channel and switches Unicom public telephone network, truly whenever and wherever possible can communicate with any place in the world, at the same time, in two or more mobile exchange between systems, as long as the same, can also be used for semi-automatic and automatic switching, in order to expand the scope of activities of mobile station. Therefore, theoretically, a cellular mobile telephone system can accommodate an unlimited number of users. The first generation of cellular mobile telephone system is an analog cellular mobile telephone system, is mainly characterized by using analog analog signal transmission, the United States, Britain and Japan have developed their own system.
In 1975, the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to open the mobile phone market, determine the terrestrial mobile telephone communication and large capacity of cellular mobile telephone spectrum, for mobile phones is commercially available ready, 1979, Japan opened the world's first cellular
mobile telephone network. In fact, the world's first mobile phone communication system is in the United States in 1978 Chicago opened, but the cellular mobile telephone catch up from behind, in 1979, AMPS analog cellular mobile telephone system in the United States of Chicago after the test, finally in 1983 December in the United States is commercially available.
Our country started in 1987 to start using analog cellular telephone communication, in 1987 November, the first mobile telephone office opened in Guangzhou.
图
•the first generation of cellular mobile telephone system: a simulation of a cellular mobile telephone system, is mainly characterized by using wireless channel transmission of analog signal.
•second generation cellular mobile telephone system: digital cellular mobile telephone system, with direct transmission and processing digital information as the main character, has all the advantages of digital system, significantly increased the frequency of usage.
Representative of the second generation of products is a cellular mobile communication system GSM.
GSM is originally a European to set up a special mobile group referred to as the. The team in the European cellular mobile communication has done a lot of work, on 8 different experimental schemes are discussed, finally developed a pan European digital cellular mobile communication system, and the team name GSM naming.
What is the cellular technology
UMTS cellular communication is a new technology with GSM and data communication technology, mobile users and data networks to provide a link between mobile users, to provide high-speed wireless data access service, where UMTS is the English Universal Mobile Telecommunication System abbreviations, Chinese meaning for universal mobile telecommunications system. The formulation of standard marks the wireless data transmission becomes a reality, it is a cellular mobile communication network for mobile wireless data communication technology. European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) UMTS responsible for the standardization work, and with the International Union for the third generation mobile communication system IMT-2000 standardization work in harmony. Proponents of the UMTS is the main GSM system consisting mainly of European manufacturers, Japanese companies have also more or less involved, including Ericsson, Nokia, Alcatel lucent, Nortel,, as well as Japanese NTT, Fujitsu, sharp. This system can be based on the existing GSM network, easily transition to the 3G, expected in GSM system and very popular in Asian countries will generally accept this kind of new technology, so the UMTS has the congenital advantage of market. Common cellular mobile communication system according to different functions can be divided into three categories, they are the macrocell microcell, and intelligent cellular, usually the three cellular technology has a characteristic each.
In 1, the macrocellular Technology
Cellular mobile communication system, the network in initial stage of operation, operator's main goal is to build a large macro cell, made possible a large geographical coverage, macrocell per cell coverage radius is 1km ~ 25km, base station antenna as far as possible, do very high. In the actual macrocell small, there are two kinds of special micro area. One is the" blind spot", because the waves in the propagation of obstacles encountered in the process and cause of the shadow region, the regional communications quality seriously inferior; two is"
hot", because of the space business load distribution and the formation of the busy business area, it supports the macrocell in most business. More than two" points " of the problem solve, often rely on setting repeater, split plot method. In addition to economic reasons, from the principle of speaking, the two methods can unrestricted use, because of the expansion of the system coverage, communication quality to drop; improving the quality of the communication, often going to sacrifice capacity. In recent years, with the increase of users, macro cell cell division, becoming smaller and smaller. When the cell is smaller than a certain value, the station building cost will be increased dramatically, the cell radius reduction will bring about serious interference, on the other hand, blind area still exists, hot spots for high traffic can get very good absorption, microcellular technology is to solve the above problems stemming from.
In 2, the microcellular Technology
Compared with macro cellular technology, micro cellular technology with small coverage, transmission power is low and convenient and flexible installation, the cell coverage radius is 30m ~ 300m, base station antenna below the roof height, spread mainly along the street 's point of view, in the roof leakage of small signal. Micro macro cellular honeycomb can be used as a supplement and extension of cellular microenvironment, it is used mainly in two aspects: one is to improve the coverage rate, applied to a number of macrocell is hard to cover to the blind spot area, such as subway, underground chamber; two is to improve capacity, mainly used in high traffic areas, such as the bustling commercial street, shopping center, stadium. The microcell in as to improve network capacity when applied to general and macro cellular form a multilayer network. The macrocell for large area coverage, as the net bottom, microcell is a small area of continuous coverage is superimposed on the macrocell, to form a multi-layer network layer, micro - and macro cellular system configuration is different area, with independent radio channel.
Micro cellular layer site number, transfer cost holds whole equipment investment ratio greater than the macrocell base station, according to the actual situation, a reasonable network structure and transfer means is very important. The microcell is generally 1 to 2 carrier, using PCM transmission, if adopt star type connection, transmission line share is very low, generally between the micro cellular chain type, so that 4 ~ 5 microcell can use a pair of transmission line received a room, can effectively save the cost. Compared with the PCM method, using existing telephone lines for transmission of HDSL transmission mode, is economy of a kind of transmission mode, micro cellular device also tend to be built in HDSL transmission equipment. When the microcell due to special reasons for not adopting the mode of transmission, fiber optic and microwave is more commonly used selection.
3, intelligent cellular technology
Intelligent cellular base station with means of high resolution array signal processing capabilities of adaptive antenna system, the intelligent monitoring of the mobile station 's location, in a certain way and will determine the signal power transmission to the mobile station in the cell. For the uplink, the adaptive antenna array receiver technology, can greatly reduce the multiple access interference, increase the system capacity; for the downlink signal, can be effective for regional control in a mobile station within a radius of 100 to 200 wavelength range, the size to reduce co-channel interference. Intelligent cell can be both a macrocell, can also be a microcell. Using intelligent cellular concept network design, can significantly improve the system capacity, improve the system performance.
Cellular mobile communication system according to the use frequency band, but also can be divided into three other systems:
1, dual band network
Dual band is usually associated with an GSM and DCS 1800 related transfer strategy, because, in the two bands have been using GSM technology as a single system operation. Dual band is in fact with the DCS 1800 is used for increasing the original GSM network capacity and increase more spectrum. This transfer is the most significant aspect is the requirements of GSM and DCS 1800 system share the same public land mobile network identifier, namely GSM network identifier. A GSM mobile phone can only at a certain time in a PLMN running, it uses the same PLMN so that GSM and DCS1800 can play a single system function. If the GSM and DCS1800 system is not as fully integrated system using, then using a single PLMN network can cause a sort of complexity. In any case, the system must decide in the overlap region in which users can access a band, this can happen congestion will be the main factors. Maybe the congestion situations but rather GSM users use DCS 1800 rather than the reverse.
2, the dual mode network
Dual mode network are in North America 800 MHz, transfer performance has become the inherent characteristics. A dual mode regulate the basic aim is to : the example of big city a center region of the first overlay network to increase the capacity of the system is now a congested network. The overlapping edges of the mobile station to switch to the AMPS simulation area. A dual mode technology system starting spectrum is approximately 1.25 MHz. According to this technology, may require a protective band so that the newly assigned frequency and AMPS used separately. In the case of CDMA, the system on each side of the 250 KHz protection section. The general situation is in the commercial business before the start of the spectrum has been set up to enable the new network optimization.
3, dual band / dual mode network
Dual band / dual mode network system of collection of the above two kinds of network characteristics of the system, if one of the network system in saturated, can be freely switched to another system.
What is the cellular structure?
The honeycomb structure is composed of numerous hexagonal cell as a basic geometric covering the entire service area, which is similar in shape to a cellular mobile communications network, known as the cell coverage cellular mobile communication network or cellular network ( Cellular Network ). Figure 2 is a fully expanded cellular network, having a specific cellular network rule. In order to implement the frequency reuse, make limited frequency resources to maximize the full utilization, and effectively control the same channel interference between cells, the development of many reuse pattern. From a number of hexagons regional patterns known as zone group or cluster ( Cluster ). Unit wireless zone group of the basic conditions are: 1 the basic pattern should be adjacent to each other and no spaces covering the entire area. The adjacent unit, with the channel between the community with equal distance, and the largest. To meet the above conditions cluster shapes and cluster district number N is limited.
Bees honeycomb structure is very compact, and saves materials applicable. The hive from numerous the same size as the real hole, real bore are hexagonal, each housing bore holes are surrounded by other houses, two real hole between a wax wall. Surprisingly, the real hole bottom is not flat, but also not round, but sharp. The bottom is composed of three identical diamond-shaped. Some people have been measuring the rhombus perspective, two obtuse angles are 109 degrees and two acute angle is 70 deg. Surprising is, the world of all bee honeycomb are in accordance with the unified perspective and model construction.
Honeycomb structure has attracted great interest. After the hive of in-depth study, scientists were surprised to find the house, adjacent holes share a wall and a bottom hole, economizes the building materials; the real
Kong Shizheng hexagon, bee's body basically is cylindrical, bee on a real hole does not have extra space and do not feel crowded.
Honeycomb structure for spacecraft designers a great inspiration, in their development, the cellular structure: using metal manufacturing into a honeycomb, and then two pieces of metal plate clamp it up honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure is of high strength, weight is light, but also conducive to sound and heat insulation. Therefore, the space shuttle, artificial satellites, spacecraft in the interior of the cellular structure, the shell of the satellite are almost all cellular structure. Therefore, the spacecraft is also called" honeycomb type spacecraft".。