Chapter 5 英译汉的疑点(形合意合)
大学英语精读第5册课后答案(包括汉翻英和英翻汉)
每个单元的汉翻英和英翻汉在文档最后5Unit1Study＆PracticeⅡ. Paragraph Analysis1. a2. c3. b4. c 5 .b 6 .cⅢ.Vocabulary Activities1.1) given 2) at a glance 3)fluency 4）Given 5) hopefully 6) define7）looked(him)up 8) no good 9)context 10)guidance11) immediate 12) disgust 13) come across 14)recognition15)scope2.1) washed his hands of 2) given 3) was confronted with 4) countering5) were reduced to eating 6) at a glance 7) took refuge in8) less practicable 9) countered 10) dedication 11) in disgust12) relied on 13) shorts-cuts to3,1) Without suitable entertainment, these young people often get bored and takerefuge in drinking and taking drugs.2) The school washed its hands of the students’ behavior during the spring recess.3) His cruel remarks reduced the innocent girl to tears.4) Many difficult words are out of the scope of this learner’s dictionary.5) The thief admitted his guilt as soon as he was confronted with the evidence.6) The incident should be viewed in the wider context of the political turmoil ofthat time.4.1) has come down 2) came to 3) comes out 4)come up to5) come in 6) came across 7) has come about 8) come off9) come to 10) give up 11) was given back 12) give away13) gave out 14）give in 15) gives off/outⅣ.Cloze1. express2. both3. intended4. still5. where6. personal7. of 8.them 9. make 10. before 11. still 12. before13. fluent 14. while 15. enough 16. on 17. in 18. In19. find 20. who 21. carefully 22. to 23. possible 24. make25. depend 26. than 27. made 28. use 29. phrases 30. above31. on 32. demonstrate 33. out 34. writingⅤ. Passage Translation（省略）Reading ActivityExercise A1.d2.d3.b4.c5.c6.c7.d8.c9.dExercise B1. d2. h3. g4. c5. f6. a7. j8. I9. b 10. e 1. flexible 2. haphazard 3. established 4. land 5. mediocrity6. identical7. assurance8. device9. a host of 10. quadrupledUnit 2Study &PracticeII. Comprehension Questions5. b6. c7. c 10. aIII. Paragraph Analysis: The Outline(Paras.3-6) We are losing this fifth freedom through three misunderstanding(Paras.4)A. The first misunderstanding is that of the meaning of democracy.We think that democracy in education means gearing all courses to the middlelevel.We reject special programs and schools for superior students as undemocratic.(Paras.5)B. The second misunderstanding is that of the meaning of happiness.This misunderstanding results from our stress on comfort rather than onaccomplishment.The stress on material well-being has been reflected in the schools by too littlediscipline and too easy subjects.(Paras.6)C. The third misunderstanding is that of ultimate values.These values have been denied in recent teacher education.The inevitable result in mass selfishness is already evident.(Paras.7-9)IV.To assure our children the freedom to develop, we must challenge their abilities.(Paras.7)A.We can give them a demanding curriculum.Michelangelo did not learn to paint by doodling.Mozart did not become a pianist by watching television.They, like Eve Curie and Helen Keller, were challenged by disciplined training.(Paras.8)B.We can give them the right to failure.We must not give high school diplomas without regard to merit.We must be realistic about failure to meet standards and must teach our childrenrealism.(Paras.9) C.We can give them the best values we know.We can show them what history has taught us to be true.These truths may inspire us to make a “ringing message”that could mean true freedomfor them.IV. Vocabulary Activities1) notion, inhabited 2）denial 3) independent 4) realistic5）passed for 6) consequent 7) a handful of 8) as opposed to9) urged, influential 10) eternal 11) descendants 12) cherish13) related 14) denial, was opposed to 15) haunted 16) discerned2.1) combat 2) capabilities 3) eternal 4) opposed to 5) outstanding6) stake… on 7) no wonder 8) In the light of 9) discern10) paralyzed 11) crying for 12) awaken to 13) consequent14) sensitive to3.1) No wonder that the children are excited, this is the first time they’ve beenabroad.2) Now that she’s got a part-time job, she is financially independent of her family.3) As a charity, we provide food and shelter for people in need, regardless ofthe reasons for their food.4) The depression that started in mid-1929 was a catastrophe of unprecedenteddimensions for the United States.5) Even to this day, the memory of hunger in his childhood still haunts him.6) Robert overcame his shyness which had formerly paralyzed him in Mary’s presence.7) The fall in the cost of living is directly related to the drop in the oil price.4.1) I don’t think it is realistic to turn to him for help. As a matter of fact,he himself is in need of help.2) More and more people are being awakened to the urgent need of combating airpollution.3) There are visible signs that some of the time-honored old traditions and valuesare no longer cherished by the young people.4) Many of us find the notion of a boundless universe hard to grasp.5) There being so many loopholes in the laws and regulations, it is little wonderthat a handful of speculators got rich overnight.6) An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the small bordertown, which was formerly inhabited by only three hundred people.7) In the light of this information, that country already has the capabilitiesto make nuclear weapons.8) Regardless of repeated warnings from his friends, he staked all his money onhighrisk ventures.5.1) Early rising makes for good health.2) I don’t know, I couldn’t make out the expression on his face.3) I’m sorry I can’t quite make out what you mean.4) No, she made the whole thing up.5) Well, I have to make up the hour we lost in Chicago.6) I learned from his wife that he had passed away before my letter reached him.7) I think it can pass for silk.8) It says the storm will pass off before dark.9) Well, I passed it on the manager.10) Perhaps we can pass on the next one.11) I think he will pass it over for this once.Ⅴ. Cloze1. other2. magazines3. consider4. times5. answered6. ways7. questions8. offer9. differ 10. for11. themselves 12. to 13 .open 14. making 15. so 16. single17. with 18. Others 19. young 20. private 21. than22. curriculum 23. kinds 24. Should 25. amount 26. or27. charge 28. whatⅥ. Error Correction1. must-----can2. start---starting3. to(which you go)4. (learn)from5. that---what6. are---were7. (as)if8. imaginative---unimaginative9. Inspite---Despite 10. (way)outReading ActivityExercise A1.a2.d3.c4.b5.d6.c7. c8.dExercise B1.e2.f3.g4.h5.j6.b7.c8.a9.d 10.i1. go against the grain2. bent on3. elite4. preoccupied with5. echo6. set in my ways7.on his mind8. get through9. were lingering 10.wary ofUnit3Study&PracticeⅡ.Comprehension Questions3. c 6. b 9. d 11. bⅢ. Outlining Activity1. The most important psychological discovery of this century is the discovery ofthe “self-image”.A.Self-image is our opinion of ourselves.B.All of us have it and we do not question its validity, but proceed to actupon it just as if it were true.2.This self-image becomes a golden key to living a better life because of twoimportant discoveries.3.The first important discovery is that all our actions, feelings, behavior andabilities are always consistent with this self-images.A.People tend to act like the sort of person they think themselves to be.B.Self-image is a base upon which their entire personality and behavior arebuilt.C.They are unaware of the true causes of their troubles.4.The second important discovery is that one’s self-image can be changed at anytime in his life.A.Up to now our efforts at change have been directed to the circumference ofthe self instead of the center.B.“Positive thinking” about a particular thing will not help as long as wehold a negative self-image.5.Prescott Lecky is often mentioned because he was a pioneer in self-imagepsychology.A.He was a school teacher and made experiment on thousands of students to helpthemChange their self-images.B.He believed that if a student could change his self-image, his learningability would change too.C.The real trouble with those students was an inadequate or negativeself-image.IV. Vocabulary Activities1.1) accordingly 2) credits 3) ideal 4) honorable 5) conceive of6) defect 7) conception 8) premise 9) objective 10) lies in11) have borne out 12) induce 13) vicious 14) venture15) as the case may be2.1) ideal 2) objective 3) negative about 4) honorable 5) external6) as the case may be 7) premise 8) prevailed upon 9) defects10) accordingly 11) is not consistent/inconsistent with12) a miraculous 13) conceive of 14) verified 15)induce 16)vicious 3.1) This medicine is for external use ,not to be taken orally.2) It never occurred to him that people could deliberately do harm to others purelyout of malice.3) An atmosphere of warm friendship prevailed at the reception.4) Many women can identify with the movie’s heroine, who struggles to gain respectand fulfill her ambitions.5) He claimed credit for the success of this project even though he had contributedvery little.6) Women are often the first to victim to rising unemployment at a time of recession.7) What he does is not consistent with what he says.8) I will start working or pursue graduate studies, as the case may be.4.1) set up 2) set side 3) set back 4) set out 5) set about 6) set off 7) was going on 8) went on 9) go by 10) has gone without11) go after 12) went through with 13)go over 14) go into15) went off 16) are going in forV. Cloze.1) as 2) in 3) confirm 4) stupid 5) way 6) rather 7) that8) out 9) longer 10) how 11) from 12) sales 13) to14) continued 15) more 16) still 17) not 18) self-image19) certain 20) from 21) from 22) comeReading ActivityExerciseA1. c2. c3. d 4 a 5. c 6. d 7. d 8. c 9. d10. a 11. d 12. b 13. a 14. cExerciseBI.1. h2. i3. c4. f5. b6. d7. j8. a9. e 10. g II.1. transition2. unique3. spontaneous4. status quo5. appropriate6. potentials7. facilitate8. enhance9. rigid 10. break away from11. equivalents 12. orthodoxUnit4Study & PracticeIII. Vocabulary Activities1.1) ahead of the pack 2) priorities 3) permissive 4) be tailored to5)assumption 6) eligible 7) stopped by 8) correlation 9) in between 10) prestigious 11) enrich 12) Excessive 13) the norm 14) rot15) epidemic 16) presume/presumed 17) exceptional 18) took charge of2.1) looked upon as 2) sprouted up 3) more likely than not 4) presumed5) eligible 6) correlation 7) take the initiative to 8) competence 9) tremendous 10) staying ahead of the pack 11) exceptional12) self-esteem 13) carve out 14) involved in3.1) Harvard, Yale, and Stanford are all exceptional in academic excellence.2) Statistics show that violent crime has been an epidemic in all big U.S. citied.3) Don’t you think high school students are being pushed too hard for good grades.4) Rational persons are most unlikely to go to extremes, for they tend to stick tothe middle ground they’ve occupied.5) For a team, the most important thing is to have close teamwork ; the rest willtake care of itself6) We should be as concerned with the development of variety as with the improvementon quality.4.1) Far from being permissive, many parents are putting tremendous pressure on theirchildren to be exceptional in everything.2) Owing to her academic excellence, this Changsha girl has been accepted by severalprestigious, American universities, including Harvard, Yale and MIT.3) Many parents start their children in piano or violin lessons at ever-earlier agesin hopes that they will become exceptional pianists or violinists.4) In modern society, clothing styles change yearly. Some are in this year but willbe out the next.5) More likely than not, what this“new” parenting idea brings about will be“superproblems” rather than “super kids”.6) Young people should be given the opportunity to take the initiative, to takeresponsibility for their mistakes and credit for their achievement.7) In my view, he is so weak-willed that he could hardly give up smoking. To mysurprise, he has easily cured himself of this bad habit.8) Demands on students have to be tailored to their interests and abilities.5.1) looking forward …to 2) looked on 3) look up to /look on 4) Look out5) look up 6)look into 7) looked upon as 8) look down on9) look back 10) Look through 11) looked over 12) looking back on 13) took off 14) take to 15) took on 16) taken on17) took…for 18) takes after/took after 19) took down 20) taken in21)took over 22) taken up 23) take in 24) take upIV. Cloze1.just2. around3. directions4. why5. major6. in7. with8. language9. pairs 10. makes 11. to 12. groups 13. low-status 14. hold 15. skill 16. purpose 17. in 18. out 19. case 20. men 21. where 22. which 23. by 24. from 25. costV. Error Correction1. tried-managed2. (in)the(mid-1970s)3. handwriting-handwritten4. eighth-eight5. for-/6.illterate-literate7.to-for8. parenting-parental 9. between-of 10. for-toReading ActivityExercise A1.N2.N3.Y4.NG5. in the college dining hall/went through all sorts of interviews6. A full-time job supervising student labor in the dining hall7. settle for a job as a bookstore clerk8. mild irony9. a classicist working in the capacity as a bookstore clerk10. It’s about time college graduates from the class of’86 started their lucky orunlucky life journey! Or: It’s about time for college graduates from the class of 1986 to start their lucky or unlucky life journey!Exercise B1. thrive on2. minimal3. persisted in4. ultimate5. aptitude6.plight7. enthusiastic 8. otherwise 9. is/was supervising 10. inquiries11. entails 12. simultaneous 13. desperate for 14.be taken into account 15.pursue 16.prospective 17. at the mercy of 18. recession19. contagious 20. unconcernedUnit5Study＆PracticeⅠ. Comprehension Questions3.c4.d5.b 7.d 8.d 11.bⅡ. Outlining Activity3. The Church banned Copernicus’ book, burned Bruno at the stake and imprisoned Galileo for popularizing Copernicus’ and his own scientific ideas.4. Every age has one or more groups of intellectual rebels who are persecuted, condemned or suppressed; but to a later age, they seem harmless and often essential to the improvement of human conditions.5. Most people have believed that the enormous success of science is due to the use of a scientific method by scientists and Galileo is known as the “Father of the Scientific Method”.6. Rather than the scientific method, the scientific attitude is the key to the successof science.7. Scientists must accept facts whether they like them or not and they must be good at changing their minds because the purpose of science is not to defend their beliefs but to improve them.8. Honesty is the most valuable quality of scientists because it is not only essential to the progress of science but also a matter of self-interest to the scientists themselves.Ⅲ. Vocabulary Activities1.1) distinguish between 2) opposition 3) to the contrary 4) procedures 5) in principle 6）proportional 7) rebels 8) strive for9) Predictions 10) outcome 11) criterion 12) adopted13) speculation 14) banned 15) outweigh 16) formulated, represented 17) ingredients 18) circulated 19) retain 20) pointed out21) condemned2. 1) took his word for it 2) formulated 3) adequate 4) met with5) representing 6）strive 7) immense 8) infinite 9) adopt10) persecuted 11) circulates 12) retaining 13) are subjected to14) its outcome 15) modified 16) condemned 17) suppressing18) largely 19) ingredient 20）criteria3. 1) You’ll buy nothing but trouble if you buy that house, take my word for it.2) Dr. Li has always been credited with being able to understand and sympathize with his patients.3) If I don’t hear anything to the contrary, I’ll come and meet you on July 8th.4) It’s very important to follow the safety procedures laid down in the service manual.5) The new Medicare program puts a high premium on prevention and primary care.6) Children’s comics were banned back then at home because my parents thought they weren’t a good influence.7) It’s essential that children be taught to distinguish right from wrong.8) The number of representatives each state is entitled to is proportional to the size of its population.9) A novelist cannot be a great one unless he has a well-developed insight into human nature.10) More and more people have come to realize that cancer of the lung has more to do with smoking than with anything else.11) Late frosts account for the poor fruit-crop of this year.12) What’s the matter with you today! Everything I say you contradict.Ⅳ. Cloze1.questions2. solving3. out4. between5. establishing6. these7. with8. science9. do 10. in 11. so 12. universe 13. highest 14. dislikes 15. did 16. unpleasant 17. believe18. hear 19. flying 20. breathe 21. age 22. terms23. reverse 24. serve 25. those 26. themselves 27. toReading ActivityExercise A1. c2. c3. a4. d5. d6. Behavioral: b, c, e, g, h, i Medical: a, d, fExerciseB1. c2. e3. a4. f5. g6. b7. d8. j9. h 10. i1. serves you right2. precede3. data4. evaluate5. backs/backed up6. dramatically7. radical8. undergraduates9. plainly 10. deliveredUnit6Ⅲ. Vocabulary1.1. virtual2. reconciliation3. deliberately4. precedent5. essence6. rational7. get to the point8. go out of my mind 9. immersed in 10. cut (you) off11. scared to death 12. lost his nerve 13. Supreme14. apology 15. invasion 16. muttering2.1. awaiting2. lost my never3. immersed in4. alleged5. deliberately6. involving her in7. in celebration of8. ironic 9. get to the point 10. yelled 11. is in need of12. rational 13. fierce 14. squeeze3.1. Because of the bank’s refusal to give him another loan, Morris had to abandon the project.2. Although both of them were ready for a reconciliation, neither was prepared to make the first move.3. The old lady nearly died of fright when a gunman suddenly appeared in front of her.4. Bob seems to have an instinct for knowing which products will sell.5. The organizers of the appeal are reaching out to the public in order to get their help.6. I have an apology to make to you-I’m afraid I opened your letter by mistake.4.1. cut off2. cut back/cut down3. cut in4. cut across5. cut down6. cuts in7. cut (Oliver) off8. cut off9. hangs back 10.hang up 11. hanging about12. hang together 13. hang on 14. hang on toⅣ. Cloze1. other2. with3. increased4. for5. last/past6. who7. adult/grown-up8. summed9. in 10. who11. better 12. teach 13. without 14. as 15. view16. generation 17. granted 18. only 19. decision 20. importantReading ActivityExercise A1. d2. T, T, X, T, F, F, T, F3. b, c, e4. c5. d6. 2, 3; 4, 5; 6, 17 Exercise B1. j2. f3. e4. h5. c6. g7. l8. b9. d 10. k11. a 12. i1. fragrance2. knocked off3. cozy4. gasped5. discharged6. furnished7. smashed8. for dear life9. clinhing10. tipped 11. shove 12. scrubbedUnit7Study & PracticeⅡ. Comprehension Questions1. d2. b3. c4. d5. b6. c7. d8. d9. d 10. bⅢ.Vocabulary Activities1.1. dense2. accompanied3. theses4. disorderly5. evoked6. voluntary7. intellect8. in sequence9. deterioration10. distinguished himself 11. deviated from 12.lit up13. over the hill 14. talking shop 15. put…back together16. uncertain2.1. was confined to2. distinguished himself3. irresistible4. accompany5. accurately6. (a year) to the day7. reigned from8. overwhelmed 12. clumsy 3. come to anything 14. over the hill15. broke down3.1. To my great surprise, they agreed to all our demands.2. They had to overcome formidable obstacles if they want to finish the taskon time.3. She managed to maneuver her car into the parking space.4. The manager’s explanation evoked even greater anger from the employees.5. When the doctor told him he had lung cancer, Jim was overwhelmed.6.The new method deviated sharply from the traditional approach and the results were far more satisfactory.4.1. When I was a kid, I was so fascinated with the idea of travelling round the world that I would spend hours in my grandfather’s spinning the globe and dreaming of the places I would like to visit.2. A time bomb exploded this afternoon in one of London’s biggest supermarkets, evoking a great panic among the population.3. Accompanied by his father, Bill went to the police station ago confessed to the police officer that he had robbed an old man of his gold watch two weeks before.4. After getting engaged to Jane, Stephen started working hard for the first time in his life. And before long he distinguished himself as a young theoretical physicist.5. Prof. Stone is distinguished for his sternness. But, to everyone’s surprise, the speech he made at his daughter’s wedding last Saturday was full of wit and humor.6. It’s amazing that so many people are willing to do voluntary work for the benefit of the community.5.1. broke up2. broke out3. have broken through4. break down5. broke in6. broke down7. had been broken into8. broke away from 9. broke in 10. breaks up 11. turn into12. turned in 13. turn up 14. was turned down 15. turning out16. have turned over 17. turn down 18. had turned over19. turned out 20. turned over 21. turn in 22. turned upⅣ. Cloze1. first2. wheelchair3. height4. weigh5. suffered6. worsening7. harmed8. things9. is 10. difficult11. those 12. down 13. hold 14. take 15. if 16. details17. at 18. to 19. books 20. progress 21. conferences22. disease 23. stay 24. law 25. difficult 26. simplestⅤ. Error-Correction1. had-was/had been2. progress-progressive3. (carry) on4. satisfy-satisfying5. apparent-apparently6. the-/7. belief-disbelief 8. annoyed-annoying 9. have-having10. nurse-nursesReading ActivityExercise A1. a2. b3. a4. b5. d6. c7. d8. dExercise B1. e2. g3. c4. h5. i6. b7. j8. a9. f 10. d1. petty2. Compassion3. dormant4. subtleties5. chronic6. impending7. accustomed8. quiver9. compulsory 10. phasePassage Translation(汉翻英)Unit 1Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings.A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind.Unit 21. I don’t think it is realistic to turn to him for help. As a matter of fact, he himself is in need of help.2. More and more people are being awakened to the urgent need of combating air pollution.3. There are visible signs that some of the time-honored old traditions and valuesare no longer cherished by the young people.4. Many of us find the notion of a boundless universe hard to grasp.5. There being so many loopholes in the laws and regulations, it is little wonder that a handful of speculators got rich overnight.6. An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the small border town, which was formerly inhabited by only three hundred people.7. In the light of this information, that country already has the capabilities to make nuclear weapons.8. Regardless of repeated warnings from his friends, he staked all his money on high-risk ventures.Unit 3If you started on some venture and failed, do not despair/lose heart. There is a world of difference between “ I have failed three times” and “I am a failure”. So long as you do not hold a negative concept of self or identify with failures but try to learn from them, you stand a good chance to succeed in the future. Does it ever occur to you that those who fail repeatedly are often victims of a poor self-image? Often their failures are due to internal causes rather than external causes. Numerous cases have borne it out that if they can be induced to change their viewpoint and construct a positive self-image, miraculous changes may take place in their performance. Success can come anytime --- at thirty, forty or even after a lifetime of apparent failure. Early triumphs may be sweet, but success in later life often tastes even better.Unit 41. Far from being permissive, many parents are putting tremendous pressure on their children to be exceptional in everything.2. Owing to her academic excellence, this Changsha girl has been accepted by several prestigious American universities, including Harvard, Yale and MIT.3. Many parents start their children in piano or violin lessons at ever-earlier ages in hopes that they will become exceptional pianists or violinists.4. In modern society, clothing styles change yearly. Some are in this year but will be out the next.5. More likely than not, what this “new” parenting idea brings about will be “super problems” rather than “super kids”.6. Young people should be given the opportunity to take the initiative, to take responsibility for their mistakes and credit for their achievements.7. In my view, he is so weak-willed that he could hardly give up smoking. To my surprise, he has easily cured himself of this bad habit.8. Demands on students have to be tailored to their interests and abilities.Unit 5Scientists are a small group of people who strive to gain insights into nature, seeking order in seeming disorder. They are credited with a special ability to think and analyze, and with infinite patience in making observations and collecting data. But ability and patience do not account for all scientific discoveries, which often have。
(完整)Unit 5 难句翻译
Unit 5 难句翻译教学目标及基本要求:通过学习,掌握各种从句及长句的翻译技巧，会变通,使译文符号目标语表达习惯。
教学重点：名词性从句和定语从句的翻译教学难点:状语从句的以及其他长句的翻译实用训练：英译汉：1.The difference between a brain and a computer2。
Why measure life in heart beats汉译英:1.“不沉之船”的厄运2.。
转变教育思想I . Nominal Clauses名词性从句1 。
Subject Clauses主语从句（1) Subject Clauses Introduced by PronounsThese clauses include such pronouns as what,whatever,whoever ,etc一and when they are translated into Chinese，they may generally remain their original position.What he told me was only halt一 truth。
他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。
Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
Whoever comes to our public reference library will be welcome什么人到我们公共参考图书馆来都受欢迎.(2）“It”Functions as a Formal SubjectIn this case，the subject clauses may either precede or follow the principal clauses。
It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not。
英汉翻译中的形合与意合及其应用
英汉翻译中的形合与意合及其应用一、英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”和“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。
但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”。
这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英文语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，即它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式（词法和句法结构）来体现的。
因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
例如：原文：我们过了江，进了车站。
我买了票，他忙着照看行李。
…这时我看见他的背影，我的泪很快地流下来了。
我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他看见，也怕别人看见。
译文：We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage...At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.以上汉语原文似乎是由几个并立的流水句组成，在表面上看不出有什么连贯逻辑关系。
但细细分析，发现此段中文中隐含着逻辑连贯关系，在将其译为英文时，就应该把汉语中的这种逻辑连贯关系显现出来。
英文译文中分别用了关系副词、从属连词、并立连词等，在句法上较好地体现了汉语原文中隐含的逻辑连贯关系。
如果我们再根据英文译文，将其回译成汉语，这时我们就应该将英文中通过形合而表现出的“显性”化为汉语通过意合表现出的“隐性”。
具体来说，就是将英文中的where，while，but，so that 等略去不译。
例如：1) As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.译文：天气变好了，我们决定第二天去远足。
英汉语言形合与意合的比较研究——以《背影》及其英译的对比分析为例
英汉语言形合与意合的比较研究―以《背影》及其英译的对比分析为例口张咪常州铁道高等职业技术学校［摘要］形合与意合是英汉语言对比中最为明显的一个特征。
近年来，随着中西方文化交流与融合的不断加深，人们对英汉语言形合和意合的关注度也越来越高。
《背影》作为中国现代著名散文家朱自清先生具有代表性的一篇抒情散文，被不少译者译成了英文，尤其是外籍译者David Pollard对这部作品的英译本，更促进了中华文化的传播和中西文化的交流。
本文以《背影》及其英译的对比分析为例，对英汉语言形合与意合进行比较研究，以期提高译者对英汉两种不同语言特征的了解与掌握。
［关键词］英汉语言；形合；意合；《背影》；对比［中图分类号］G112［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1009-6167（2021）03-0042-03***************** Tel: ************ 177****4031n研究背景因形合、意合词语对比分析美国的语言学家、翻译理论学家Nida曾经指出，汉语和英语在语言结构上最大的区别在于英语注重形合，而汉语注重意合。
英汉语言AQ形合和意合之间存在着很大的差异。
形合是借分也助语言形式手段来实现词语和句子的连接，包括词汇手段和形态手段；意合是不借助语言形式手段而借助词语和句子所含意义的逻辑联系，来实现词语或句子的连接。
对这两种语言现象的对比，据王菊泉、郑立信的统计，仅“1995年到2003年国内这方面的论文就已超过2100篇，专著和论文集有124部之多”。
（王菊泉等，2004）在两种语言的转换过程中，译者要充分考虑形合与意合的差异，牢牢把握形合手段与意合特征，做到表达准确，符合译入语的习惯和特征。
《背影》作为一篇描述父子间深切感情的名篇，其原文及David的英译本在遣词造句、文化思维转换和交际意图传递上，都反映出了英汉语言形合与意合的语言现象。
下面，笔者以《背影》及David英译本为例，从词语和句子两个方面，对英汉语言的形合与意合现象作较为全面的对比研究。
形合与意合在英汉互译中的运用
一、引言形合与意合是英汉对比研究中带有普遍意义的专题,当代著名翻译家奈达在其“Translating Meaning”一书中提出,对于英语和汉语而言,在语言学上最重要的一个区别在于其形合与意合的差异。
英语和汉语都有形合句和意合句,但在语言学界和翻译界一般都认为英语重形合,汉语重意合。
意合法在汉语里属“常态”,在英语里属“变态”。
二、英语的形合与汉语的意合形合(hypotaxis)是靠关联词语建立句内和句际关系的衔接手段。
The American Heritage Dictionary给形合定义为:“The dependent or subordinate construction or relatio nship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shal l despair if you don’t come.”总体而论,英语中形合连接的运用率要高于汉语。
意合(parataxis)是不靠关联词语,仅靠语义的逻辑联系而建立的句内和句际衔接手段。
The World Book Dictionary给意合定义为:“The arrange of clauses one after the other w ithout connectives showing the relation between them.”汉语的意合连接运用率要高于英语。
例如:(1) Even if the monk can run away, his temple cann ot run with him.跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
(2) Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
(3)All was cleared up that some time later when ne ws came from a distant place that an earthquake was fe lt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。
从形合与意合看翻译中的语篇衔接
摘要：“形合”与“意合”是英汉两种语言语篇结构的不同组织特点。
英语重“形合”，讲究“以形制意”；中文则重“意合”，讲究“以意统形”。
这种不同导致了英汉互译过程中需要运用不同的衔接手段以保持译文的连贯性和粘着性。
本文拟从“形合”与“意合”的角度来探讨一下英汉互译过程中的语篇衔接问题。
关键词：形合；意合；语篇衔接形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）是王力先生在《中国语法理论》一书中提出的两个概念，是语言的两种基本组织手段。
所谓形合是指词语或语句间的连接主要依仗连接词或语言形态手段来实现。
意合则指词语间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现。
形合是组词造句的外在逻辑形式，意合则是遣词造句的内在认知事理(张思洁、张柏然，2001：13)。
此外，王力先生在他的《中国语法理论》中还指出：“中国语里多用意合法，连接成分并非必需；西方多用形合法，连接成分在大多数情形下是不可缺少的”（转引自任晓霏，2002：33）。
汉语在行文时不注重空间构架的完整，而是线性的流动、转折，追求流动的韵律、节奏，不滞于形，以意统形，自上而下讲究一种“意合”（转引自刘明东，2001：33）。
相比之下，西方人重视形式分析和逻辑推理，强调“由一而多”的思维传统，因而在行文时便特别喜爱使用明显的形式标记，讲究一种“形合”。
（刘明东，2001：35）正是由于汉英两种语言的这种“异质性特征”（刘宓庆，1992：18），导致了其在语篇衔接上的不同特点。
在这方面，牛保义（1999）曾对638个英语句子和696个汉语句子做过调查，发现这638个英语句中的衔接总数为4252；而汉语句中的衔接总数为2154。
这组调查数字清楚的说明汉语是一种讲究“意合”，长于省略衔接的语言。
而“衔接（cohesion）”这一概念是韩礼德（Halliday）于1962年首次提出的。
是语篇语言学研究在翻译领域中的应用之一。
韩礼德在他与哈森（Hasan）合著的Cohesion in English 一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”（转引自刘明东，2001：33）。
句子翻译技巧(1)
汉译英：一定要为译句选择一个合适的主语，将 汉语原文中不明确的主语予以明确化。
薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。 It took him two long months to finish such a thin book. 我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我 感到扫兴。 It was a disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to America in February.
英语中经常使用被动语态，尤其在科技语体中， 这是因为被动语态比主动语态更少主观色彩、 结构更简单，还因为不必、不愿或无从说出主 动者或强调受动者。 相比之下，汉语中被动语态使用较少，是因为 汉语往往将宾语提前作为说话的主题，通过词 汇的手段或词序的手段来表示被动。
英译汉被动句的翻译
译成被动句
Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep. 船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，孩子们不久就睡着了。
汉译英：先弄清楚各分句之间的关系，确定其类 别，然后再选择恰当的关联词把句子组织起来
a. 汉语用表示被动意义的词 b. 不用表示被动意义的词，汉语句子的结构本身可以 表示被动意义 c. 把谓语部分译成“是……的”
译成主动句
a. 用原句的施事者作主语 b. 补充施事者作主语 c. 译成汉语的无主句
1. He was seen to play ping-pong there.
有人看见他在那儿打乒乓球。
英汉翻译中的形合与意合
“ ｔｉ ａ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｏ ｏ ｔ ｏ ｍｅ ｗｈ ｎ Ｉ ｌ ｎｏ ｅ ｈ ｔｙ ｕ Ｉ ｓ ｕ ｒ ｍｅ ｃ ｍｆ ｒ ｔ ｅ ｎ ｉ ｆｒ ｄ ｔ ａ ｏ ａ ｍ ａ ｅａ ｅ ｌ ｙ ａ ｖ ｒ” ｒ ｓ ａｔ ｓ ｅ ． ｈ ｈ ｅ
“ 男孩 吃过 早 餐 上 学 去 了 。 ” 原 句 主干 为 “ｈ ｂ ｙ ａ…ａ ｄ ｅｔ ｆ． ：ａ ｄ 将 两 个 动 Ｔ ｅ ｏ ｈ ｄ ｎ ｗ ｎ ｏ ．” “ｎ ” ． 词 “ ａ ” “ ｅ ｔｆ 连 接 起 来 并 表 明它 们 的先 后 顺 序 。 ｈ ｄ 和 ｗ ｎｏ ” 泽成 汉 语后 句子没有 了主ｆ ， 个动词 “ 过早 餐” “ 学去 了” 两 吃 和 上 一 脉相承 ， 个意思像一条线 ， 整 直铺 到 底 ， 来 顺 畅 自然 。 读 如果 完
“ ｈ ｒ ｓａ ｌ ｉ ａ ｅ ｃ ｌ ｄ Ｇｒ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｔｒ ａ ｄ ａ ｒ ｈ ｒ Ｔ ｅ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｏｄ ｖｌ ｇ ａ ｌ ａ ｔ ｈ ｓｅ ． ｎ ｎ ｏ ｃ ａ ｄ ｌ ｅ
ｗｈ ｒ ｏ ａ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｌ ｓｅｉ ｇ ｆ ｒ — ｒ ｅ，ｉ ｐ ｎ ｅ ， ｓ ｏ ｅ ｅ ｙ ｕ ｃ ｎ ｌ ｕ ｄ ｒｃｕ ｔ ｒ ｉ ｔｅ ｓｐ ｉ ｇｔ ａ ａ ｗ— ｅ ｎ ｕ ｔ ｌ ｆ ｅ ｓ ｒ ｒ ｉ ｈ ｎ ｏ ｔ ｏ ｒｔａ ｕ ａ ｄ ｌ ｔ ｐ ￣ ｗｓｃ ｍｅ ｔ ｒ ｏ ｕ ｔ ａ ｇｄ ｗｎ ｉ ｏ ｙ ｕ ｅ ｐ， ｎ ｔ ｅ ｓ ａ ｏ ｏ ｆ ｎ ｅ ｉｌ ｏ ｙ ｕ ｂ ｅｔ ｅ — — ｔ １ ａ ａ ｉｅｏ ａ ｔ ． ｏ ｒ ａ ｌ ｆ ｄ ｔ ｏｅ ｍ ｙａｐ ｒ ｄ ｓ ｎ ｅ ｒ ” ｈ
英语形合、汉语意合对大学英语汉译英教学的助益
龙源期刊网 英语形合、汉语意合对大学英语汉译英教学的助益作者：凌成德来源：《文理导航》2017年第16期【摘要】汉语以意合为主，形合为辅，以意驭形；而英语以形合为主，意合为辅，以形制意。
大学英语教学中指导学生了解这组概念对英汉句子、语篇的不同影响，通过译例讲解、实际练习，帮助学生准确地把握汉译英翻译技巧。
【关键词】形合；意合；大学英语；汉译英一、引言意合和形合是语言组织法，所谓“形合”，指借助语言形式手段实现词语或句子的连接；所谓“意合”，指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。
汉语以意合为主，形合为辅，以意驭形；而英语以形合为主，意合为辅，以形制意。
英语注重结构与形式，多显性连接。
在英语语篇组织时，通过连接方法将一个句子置于另一个句子的从属位置。
英语句子内部的逻辑推理关系清晰可辨。
二、用形合、意合理论分析汉译英汉语分句组合成复句时，联系的手段往往并不靠语法成分，而是依赖于语义条件。
这表现出汉语的一种很强的“意合特性”。
汉译英就是把意合的汉语语篇翻译成形合的英语语篇。
因此，汉译英时，要关注以下几点：1.英语名词的性、数、格，谓语动词的时态与语态，可以起到纽带作用，把句子衔接起来。
例1也有人相信风筝是中国古代木匠鲁班发明的。
据说他的风筝用木头和竹子制作，飞了3天后才落地。
（2016.6.CET4）译文：There are also people who believe that kites were invented by Luban， an ancient Chinese carpenter. It is said that his kite， made of wood and bamboo， flew three days before it fell to the ground.。
翻译硕士(mti)考试中六点英汉差异指导 (1)
年翻译硕士（MTI）考试中六点英汉差异指导下面，英语考研辅导专家们就为广大的年考研同学们总结一下英语和汉语的几个重大的差别,希望同学们多家体会和注意，减少对考研英语翻译的恐惧心理，从而提高翻译能力和水平。
1 英语形合，汉语意合2 英语多长句，汉语多短句3 英语多被动，汉语多主动4 英语多替代，汉语多重复5 英语重省略，汉语重补充6 英语重心在前,汉语重心在后一、形合和意合不同的语言中句子内部或外部连接几乎都使用句法、词汇、词义这三种手段。
用前两种手段连接称为形合，用后一种手段连接称为意合。
就英语和汉语来说，英语是强调形式上紧密结合，汉语是强调意义上结合紧密。
具体来讲，英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起，强调结构上正确，逻辑上严密，思维上严谨。
而汉语则不然，就是说一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间，或是短语与短语之间，在意思上有联系，但很少用关联词。
使用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。
大家在从高中考大学的时候也一定做过语文中有一种题让我们根据意思来为一篇文言文断句，那么断句的基础是什么呢?是不是通过每个文字的意思以及整个文章的意思来断句的，那么就是说汉语是通过意义来紧密结合起来的，表面上可以看起来是一些毫不相干的汉子，但是组合在一起却意义深刻。
比如我们看下面这个句子。
这个句子是美国林肯总统《盖茨堡演讲》结尾的一句。
We here highly resolve that these dead should not die in vain-that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world. (参考译文：我们在此立志誓愿，不能让他们白白死去--要使这个国家在上帝庇佑之下，得到新生的自由--要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失。
英译汉教程形合与意合Hypotactic & Paratactic
“…Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately …”
9.早知今日，何必当初？ If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.
10.江山易改，本性难移。 It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.
Hypotactic & Paratactic
我陷入冥想，仿若看见某种铅灰色 雾霭，一点点地从朽木灰墙里，从冰冷孤 寂的湖中渗出弥散，阴森森，迟缓缓，将 整座府邸及其四周包裹起来，捉摸不定， 快要让人窒息。这气息与天空中的大气迥 然不同，唯独这里才感觉得到。
Hypotactic & Paratactic
当我试图理解让许多美国人不能像 期待的那样幸福的原因的时候，我 发现有两个原因，其中一个比另外 一个影响更深广。
Hypotactic & Paratactic
英文翻译-形合与意合
*笑掉脑袋？ *你在我眼睛里看到了绿色吗？
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译者的素质
1、扎实的语言功底 bilingual competence（双语能力）
2、广博的知识
3、严谨的工作态度 4、善于使用合适的工具书
英汉词典、英英词典、百科全书、网络
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Procedures of the class
参考书： 杜争鸣、陈胜利，英汉互译原理与实践教程[M]，北京， 中国经济出版社，2008
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Assessment(考评）
• Make –up of the final score:
Total Mark(总评成绩) = 70%×期末考试成绩+ 30%× 平时成绩
• 平时成绩： • attendance:
英语的主语显著与汉语的主题显著 英语的被动与汉语的主动 英语的末端开放与汉语的首端开放 英语的抽象概括与汉语的具体形象 英语的树状结构与汉语的竹式结构
英语的形合与汉语的意合 英语的静态与汉语的动态 英语的演绎与汉语的归纳
2、语义对比 my uncle
3、文化对比 to laugh off one’s head: Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我幼稚可欺的吗？
• 2) learn to use the related translation skills properly
3) cultivate bilingual(双语的）translation ability
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Textbook and reference books
教材：
彭萍，实用英汉对比与翻译[M]，中央编译出版社，2009
Chapter5Semantics教材练习题答案
Chapter 5 Semantics1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancienttimes. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use,context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms.Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms(2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may havemore than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.(3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and amore specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion;in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms.Examples（略）4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?north/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/belowdoctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter答：They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposite Gradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/richComplementary antonyms: vacant/occupiedRelational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:Tom's wife is pregnant. My sister will soon be divorced'Tom has a wife. My sister is a married woman.He likes seafood, They are going to have another baby.He likes crabs. They have a child.答：“Tom's wife is pregnant” presupposes “Tom has a wife.”“My sister will soon be divorced” presupposes “My sister is a married woman.”“He likes seafood” is entailed by “He likes crabs.”“They are going to have another baby” presupposes “They have a child.”6. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?答：They both base on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components.7. What is grammaticality? What might make a grammatically meaningful sentencesemantically meaningless?答：Grammaticality refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence. The violation of the selectional restrictions, i.e., constrains on what lexical items can go with what others, might make a grammatically meaningless.8. Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:The man sells ice-cream. Is the baby sleeping?It is snowing. The tree grows well.答：The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM (SELL)Is the baby sleeping?BABY (SLEEP)It is snowing.(SNOW)The tree grows well.TREE (GROW)【理财规划师基础知识】第七章理财计算基础一、单项选择题1．下面事件是必然事件的是（）。
英汉的形合与意合之别(DOC)
摘要: 汉语和英语在语言组织和表达方式本质差别在于汉语以意合为主，英语以形合为主。
这种差异根源于东西方思维模式的不同，即东方综合，西方分析。
对比两种语言各自的形合手段与意合特征可以发现：英汉语中形合与意合的使用是量的、而非质的差别。
关键词:形合；意合；思维方式；形合手段；意合特征。
0、导言：全世界共有几千种语言，它们都是以形式和意义相结合的方式来表达思想的，这一点是共同的；至于这两方面如何结合，各民族的语言都有其自身的特点。
根据它们的发音特点、语法结构等特征，可以归并成类，称为语系。
其中汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英语属于印欧语系（Indo-European Family）。
属于汉藏语系的汉语是一种表意文字，在词汇上具有多义性、模糊性的特点，在语法上具有灵活性、随意性的特点，在语音上具有用声调来区别意义的特点。
（陈炎，2007）把一些相关连的语意表达片断粘合在一起而很少用关联词，就构成了句子，因此汉语的句子没有固定的模式和句型。
相比较而言，属于印欧语系的英语则是一种拼写文字，靠词尾，前后缀（用一定的字母组合）、连接词等来产生语法形式，表示各种语言关系，非常重视结构上的完整和表达的科学性、逻辑性。
英语的最基本表达结构是句子，并遵循严格的结构模式--句型。
简而言之，英语强调的是形式上紧密结合，汉语强调的则是意义上紧密结合。
通过以下举例对比，汉英表达上的这种差异可见一斑："枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。
"（马致远《天净沙o秋思》）"鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
"（温庭筠《商山早行》）中国古诗词充分利用了汉语的意合手法，了了数笔，不用一个动词，仅通过几个意象的简单罗列便使一幅幅意境深远的画面跃然纸上，语句的简练达到了极致。
We here highly resolve that these dead should not die in vain-that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world. （Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address）在此句中，动词"resolve"的三个并列宾语，分别用"that"与"and" 等语法手段连接以体现它们之间的逻辑关系。
英汉十大差异
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The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 译文 小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器， 掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国 的侵略。 • 揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看， 号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是 五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。 译文 A A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.
译文 我们就住在路边。过路人和外乡人常到 我们家，尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很 有名气。我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。 我这话像历史学家说的话一样靠的住。 7. 英语重后饰；汉语重前饰 • The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I
• It may be… a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached and barren. 译文 那可能是……低洼、连绵数英里、人迹
汉译英翻译技巧讲解一(词的翻译)
再确定修饰成分如定语、状语、补语等。
03
1.理清句子主干
二、句子的翻译 (1)
一、词的翻译
词义选择 增词 减词 词性转换
词义选择 汉英两种语言在具体运用中，词义往往随着语言情境而变，同样一个汉语词，翻译成英文时不是一成不变的，选用什么词得根据不用的语境而变。
例如： 汉语中的“大”在英语中根据不同语境翻译也不同，“大城市”译为 a big city,但是“大雨”就译成heavy rain,再来看看下面几个词怎么翻译：
It’s becoming fashionable again to have
popular traditional folk arts. 注解：“流行”在第一句中是指时尚、时髦，因此译为fashionable比译成常用的popular要更加合适；而在第二句 中“流行”指普遍的、受欢迎的，即可
03
答案：
Thank you!
It was widespread/popular particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.（动转形容词）
在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。
练习：
农业发展在养活中国庞大人口方面起着很重要的作用。
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史。
从20世纪50年代开始，政府鼓励居民植树造林、退耕还林。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。
词性转换 汉译英时，为了让译文更加通顺，有时要适当改变词性进行翻译。汉语中动词用的多，因此，汉译英时常见的是将汉语的动词转换为英语的名词、形容词、介词短语等，使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。
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Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• • 汉语意合语言和英语形合语言 : 雨是最寻常的，一下就是三两天。可别恼，看，像 花针，像细雨，密密地斜织着，屋顶上全笼着一层 薄烟。（朱自清《春》） 试比较： 雨是最寻常的，（它）一下就是三两天。（不 过）（你）可别恼，（你）（试着向外边）看， （它正在下着），像花针，（也）像细雨，（它那 么）密密地斜织着，（以至于）（人家的）屋顶上 全笼着一层薄烟。
• •
试比较： （如果）一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位， 不能自由地保证其经济，社会和文化的发展，要享 受其基本权利，/ 即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。 这一论断是无可置疑的了。
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• More examples: • 1. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. • 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天， 确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
Байду номын сангаасypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion(显性接应)，frequently using various cohesive ties such us relatives (relative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs, eg. who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how), connectives (coordinate or subordinate conjunctions, eg. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either … (n)or …, when, while, as, since, until, so … that, unless, lest), prepositions, and some others.
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• Compare English with Chinese:
• 1. 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。（语序） • We will not attack unless we are attacked. • 2. 说是说了，没有结果。 （= 我虽然说了，但是没有结果。） （语序） • I’ve made proposals, but they proved futile. • 3. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 （对偶） • Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. • 4. 不到黄河心不死。 （紧缩句） • Until all is over, ambition never dies. • 5. 不进则退。 （四字格） • He who does not advance falls backward. / Move forward, or you’ll fall behind.
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• Parataxis(意合法) is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. • Eg. The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. • Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.
形合与意合在翻译中的表现
• 试比较下面各英文例句的两组汉语译文： • (1) He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence.
a. 他说得那么好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。
• • • • •
b.他说得那样好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。 （2） If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance. a.如果你向左转弯，你就可以远远看到我们学校。 b.向左转弯就可以远远看到我们学校。 （3） In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. a.门口放着一堆伞，少说也有一打，五颜六色，大小不一的。 b.门口放着至少十来把五颜六色、大小不一的伞。
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言上最重要的一 个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语及大多 数印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接 词，如if, when, so that等词明确地表达出来。 但是，同一概念，汉语用意合的方法也基本可 以表达出来，两个句子之间的关系主要通过句 子本身的意思体现出来。（Eugene A. Nida， 1982：16）
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• 3. It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. • 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱 情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能 零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有 了归宿，自己才能得到满足。
• •
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• The assertion / that it was difficult, / if not impossible, / for a people to enjoy its basic rights / unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure its economical, social and cultural development / was now scarcely contested.
形合与意合在翻译中的表现
• • • • • • • • • 1)英译汉中的意合法 A. 简单句。 We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散。 B. 并列句。 （1）He was a free-will agent and he chose to do careful work, and if he failed, he took the responsibility without subterfuge. 他是个有主见的人，干活就要认真干好，没干好，他就承 担责任，决不借故推诿。 （2）And with this, and a proud bow to his patrons, the Manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里，向观众深深地鞠了一躬，退到后台，幕 起。（《名利场》杨必译）（三个and省略，让文字显得 清新流畅。）
形合与意合在翻译中的表现
• 2） 代词的增减 • My old friend Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in English and had planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer it rained continuously and it was often bitterly cold. • 哈里逊是我的旧友，侨居地中海多年，近返英国。哈早已梦 想在英国本土退休，迁往乡间定居。归国伊始，便买下一栋 清雅的别墅。可是刚一住下，就抱怨起英国的天气来，原来 当时虽说炎暑未尽，但阴雨连绵，寒冷彻骨。（译文省略了 代词，读来简洁清晰）
Chapter 5 英译汉的疑点
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• Hypotaxis(形合法) is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. • Eg. I shall despair if you don’t come.
Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• By contrast, Chinese more frequently relies on covert coherence(隐性连贯) and context, focusing on temporal or logical sequences. Instead of using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connectives and prepositions as in English, Chinese more often resort to word order, contracted sentences(紧缩句)， four-character expressions(四字格)，and some grammatical or rhetorical devices such as repetition, antithesis, and parallelism.