面板坝术语
面板堆石坝概说
汪 易 森 2010年7月8日
面板堆石坝发展过程
库克（Cooke）（1992）将面板堆石坝的 发展分成三个时期：早期（ 1850 ～ 1940 年），过渡期（ 1940 ～ 1970 年），及现 代期（1970年以后） 。 19 世纪 50 年代在美国加州内华达花岗岩 山脉开始修建为淘金供水的堆石坝，这 些堆石坝往往采用木面板防渗 ，大约从 1910 年开始，开始采用按堆石的天然休 止角修建堆石坝，并采用混凝土面板防 渗。
天荒坪面板堆石坝例介
本工程严格规定按 Reece坝的施工规程进行。还规定 上游区30m（El. 315以上15m）范围内必须平起填筑 。施工顺序为在已填筑的平面上先填一层主堆石，在 上游界面上用反铲清除大于 30cm 的超径石以后，再 铺一层过度料，在过度料上游界面用反铲清除大于 20cm 的超径石以后，再在其上游铺一层垫层料，接 着对已铺好的过度料及垫层料同时进行碾压，再在其 碾压完毕的面上再按相同的要求铺过度料及垫层料， 接着对主堆石、过度料、垫层料同时进行碾压，上游 坝面于是平起了 80cm 。以后重复以上工序，每次升 高 80cm。过度料最大粒径为 40cm，主堆石最大粒径 为 80cm ，通过界面的超径石的清除，来达到满足层 间水力过度的要求。天荒坪是我国先于天生桥的第一 个采用这种施工方法的工程。这种施工方法目前在国 际上已成为标准的施工方法，其好处是可以更好地保 证工程质量，又能节省费用，是值得推广的。
面板堆石坝与土心墙堆石坝方案比较
面板堆石坝比土心墙堆石坝的造价要低。两 种坝型的堆石数量大致相同，但是面板堆石 坝堆石的单价比土心墙坝低。面板堆石坝坝 内坡道布置比较自由，因此方便面板堆石坝 的堆石填筑，并且可以不平起填筑。土心墙 堆石坝的心墙及反滤料总造价通常大于面板 造价。面板堆石坝基础处理费用（包括岩石 表面处理、上游防渗铺盖、坝基帷幕灌浆） 一般要比土心墙堆石坝低得多，这是由于面 板堆石坝的处理面积较小，同时可以与坝体 填筑独立进行。在多雨地区，面板堆石坝在 造价方面的优势更为明显
水利专业名词(中英文对照)
水利专业名词（中英）A安全储备safety reserve安全系数safety factor安全性safety岸边溢洪道river-bank spillway岸边绕渗by-pass seepage around bank slope岸墙abutment wall岸塔式进水口bank-tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面downstream face of dam坝顶dam crest坝顶长度crest length坝顶超高freeboard of dam crest坝高dam height坝顶高程crest elevation坝顶宽度crest width坝段monolith坝基处理foundation treatment坝基排水drain in dam foundation坝基渗漏leakage of dam foundation坝肩dam abutment坝壳dam shell坝坡dam slope坝坡排水drain on slope坝体混凝土分区grade zone of concrete in dam 坝体排水系统drainage system in dam坝型选择selection of dam type坝址选择selection of dam site坝趾dam toe坝踵dam heel坝轴线dam axis本构模型constitutive model鼻坎bucket比尺scale比降gradient闭门力closing force边墩side pier边界层boundary layer边墙side wall边缘应力boundary stress变形观测deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数number of standard penetration test 冰压力ice pressure薄壁堰sharp-crested weir薄拱坝thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝differential settlement crack不平整度irregularityC材料力学法method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道side channel spillway侧轮side roller侧收缩系数coefficient of side contraction测缝计joint meter插入式连接insert type connection差动式鼻坎differential bucket掺气aeration掺气槽aeration slot掺气减蚀cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流spill over power house沉降settlement沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉沙池sediment basin沉沙建筑物sedimentary structure沉沙条渠sedimentary channel沉陷缝settlement joint沉陷观测settlement observation衬砌的边值问题boundary value problem of lining 衬砌计算lining calculation衬砌自重dead-weight of lining承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态limit state of bearing capacity 持住力holding force齿墙cut-off wall冲击波shock wave冲沙闸flush sluice冲刷坑scour hole重现期return period抽排措施pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房pump-storage power house出口段outlet section初步设计阶段preliminary design stage初参数解法preliminary parameter solution 初生空化数incipient cavitation number初应力法initial stress method船闸navigation lock垂直升船机vertical ship lift纯拱法independent arch method次要建筑物secondary structure刺墙key-wall粗粒土coarse-grained soil错缝staggered jointD大坝安全评价assessment of dam safety大坝安全监控monitor of dam safety大坝老化dam aging大头坝massive-head dam单层衬砌monolayer lining单级船闸lift lock单线船闸single line lock挡潮闸tide sluice挡水建筑物retaining structure导流洞diversion tunnel导墙guide wall倒虹吸管inverted siphon倒悬度overhang等半径拱坝constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘bottom edge地基变形foundation deformation地基变形模量deformation modulus of foundation地基处理foundation treatment地下厂房underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞ventilation tunnel of underground power house地下厂房尾水洞tailwater tunnel of underground power house地下轮廓线under outline of structure地下水groundwater地形条件topographical condition地形图比例尺scale of topographical map地应力ground stress地震earthquake地震烈度earthquake intensity地质条件geological condition垫层cushion垫座plinth吊耳lift eye调度dispatch跌坎drop-step跌流消能drop energy dissipation跌水drop迭代法iteration method叠梁stoplog丁坝spur dike定向爆破堆石坝directed blasting rockfill dam动强度dynamic strength动水压力hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel 洞内漩流消能energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段tunnel body section洞室群cavern group洞轴线tunnel axis陡坡steep slope渡槽短管型进水口intake with pressure short pipe断层fault堆石坝rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸multi-stage lock多线船闸multi-line lock多心圆拱坝multi-centered arch dam多用途隧洞multi-use tunnelE二道坝secondary damF发电洞power tunnel筏道logway反弧段bucket反滤层filter防冲槽erosion control trench防洪flood preventi，flood control防洪限制水位restricted stage for flood prevention防浪墙parapet防渗墙anti-seepage wall防渗体anti-seepage body放空底孔unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道emergency spillway非线性有限元non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝nonoverflow gravity dam分岔fork分洪闸flood diversion sluice分项系数partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法limit state design method of partial factor 封拱arch closure封拱温度closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门floating camel gate浮运水闸floating sluice辅助消能工appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌reinforced concrete lining钢筋计reinforcement meter钢闸门steel gate高边坡high side slope高流速泄水隧洞discharge tunnel with high velocity工程管理project management工程规划project plan工程量quantity of work工程设计engineering design工程施工engineering construction工作桥service bridge工作闸门main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析up-sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形shape of arch dam拱端arch abutment拱冠arch crown拱冠梁法crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面profile of crown cantilever拱内圈intrados拱外圈extrados固结consolidation固结灌浆consolidation grouting管涌piping灌溉irrigation规范code，specification过坝建筑物structures for passing dam 过滤层transition layer过渡区transition zone过木机log conveyer过木建筑物log pass structures过鱼建筑物fish-pass structuresH海漫flexible涵洞culvert河道冲刷river bed scour荷载load荷载组合load combination横缝transverse joint横拉闸门horizontal rolling /sliding gate 洪水标准flood standard虹吸溢洪道siphon spillway厚高比thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门radial gate护岸工程bank-protection works护坡slope protection护坦apron戽琉消能bucke-type energy dissipation滑坡land slip滑楔法sliding wedge method滑雪道式溢洪道skijump spillway环境评价environment assessment换土垫层cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆backfill grouting混凝土concrete混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合basic load combination基本剖面basic profile基面排水base level drainage激光准直发method of laser alignment极限平衡法limit equilibrium method极限状态limit state坚固系数soundness coefficient剪切模量shear modulus剪切应力shear stress检查inspection检修闸门bulkhead简单条分法simple slices method建筑材料construction material简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop’s method渐变段transition键槽key/key-way浆砌石重力坝cement-stone masonry gravity dam 交叉建筑物crossing structure交通桥access bridge校核洪水位water level of check floo校核流量check flood discharge接触冲刷contact washing接触流土soil flow on contact surface节制闸controlling sluice结构可靠度reliability of structure结构力学法structural mechanics method 结构系数structural coefficient截流环cutoff collar截水槽cutoff trench进口段inlet进口曲线inlet curve进水喇叭口inlet bellmouth进水闸inlet sluice浸润面saturated area浸润线saturated line经济评价economic assessment井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质土坝homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway开裂机理crack mechanism勘测exploration survey坎上水深water depth on sill抗冲刷性scour resistance抗冻性frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式shear-break strength formula抗剪强度shear strength抗裂性crack resistance抗磨abrasion-resistance抗侵蚀性erosion-resistance抗震分析analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve可靠度指标reliability index可行性研究设计阶段design stage of feasibility study空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝hollow arch dam空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage空隙水压力pore water pressure控制堰control weir枯水期low water period库区reservoir area宽顶堰broad crested weir宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽高比width to height ratio扩散段expanding section扩散角divergent angleL拦沙坎sediment control sill拦污栅trash rack廊道gallery浪压力wave pressure棱体排水prism drainage理论分析theory analysis力法方程canonical equation of force method连续式鼻坎plain bucket联合消能combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽beam-type flume量水建筑物water-measure structure裂缝crack临界水力坡降critical hydraulic gradient临时缝temporary joint临时性水工建筑物temporary hydraulic structure流量discharge流速flow velocity流态flow pattern流土soil flow流网flow net流向flow direction露顶式闸门emersed gateM马蹄形断面horseshoe section脉动压力fluctuating pressure锚杆支护anchor support门叶gate flap迷宫堰labyrinth weir面流消能energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验model test摩擦公式friction factor formula摩擦系数coefficient of friction目标函数objective functionN内部应力internal stress内摩擦角internal friction angle内水压力internal water pressure挠度观测deflection observation泥沙压力silt pressure粘性土cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力cohesion扭曲式鼻坎distorted type bucketP排沙底孔flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗flush funnel排沙隧洞flush tunnel排水drainage排水孔drain hole排水设施drainage facilities抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道log chute平板坝flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight平面闸门plain gate平压管equalizing pipe坡率slope ratio破碎带crush zone铺盖blanketQ启闭机hoist启门力lifting force砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam潜坝submerged dam潜孔式闸门submerged gate倾斜仪clinometer曲线形沉沙池curved sedimentary basin渠首canal head渠道canal渠系建筑物canal system structure取水建筑物water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门mitre gate任意料区miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞solution cavern柔度系数flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水horizontal blanket drainage 软弱夹层weak intercalationS三角网法triangulation method三角形单元三心圆拱坝三轴试验扇形闸门上游设计洪水位设计基准期设计阶段设计阶段划分设计流量设计状况系数设计准则伸缩缝渗流比降渗流变形渗流分析渗流量渗流体积力渗流系数生态环境生态平衡失效概率施工导流施工缝施工管理施工条件施工图阶段施工进度实体重力坝实用剖面实用堰事故闸门视准线法收缩段枢纽布置triangular element three center arch dam triaxial testsector gate upstreamdesign flood level design reference period design stagedividing of design stage design discharge design state coefficient design criteria contraction joint seepage gradient seepage deformation seepage analysis seepage discharge mass force of seepage permeability coefficient ecological environment ecological balance probability of failure construction diversion construction jointconstruction managementconstruction conditionconstruction drawing stageconstruction progresssolid gravity dampractical profilepractical weiremergency gatecollimation methodconstringent sectionlayout of hydraulic complex输水建筑物water conveyance structure竖式排水vertical drainage数值分析numerical analysis双层衬砌double-layer lining双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam水电站地下厂房underground power house 水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水垫塘cushion basin水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水环境water environment水库吹程fetch水库浸没reservoir submersion水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库坍岸reservoir bank caving水库淹没reservoir inundation水力资源water power resource水力劈裂hydraulic fracture水利工程hydraulic engineering，water project 水利工程设计design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等rank of hydraulic complex 水利枢纽hydraulic complex水面线water level line水能hydraulic energy水平位移horizontal displacement水体污染water pollution水土流失water and soil loss水位急降instantaneous reservoir drawdown 水压力hydraulic pressu水闸sluice水质water quality水资源water resources顺坝longitudinal dike四边形单元quadrangular element塑性破坏failure by plastic flow塑性变形plastic deformation塑性区plastic range锁坝closure dike锁定器dog deviceTT型墩T-type pier塌落拱法roof collapse arch method塔式进水口tower intake台阶式溢流坝面step-type overflow face 弹塑性理论elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁beam on elastic foundation 弹性抗力elastic resistance弹性中心elastic centre弹性理论theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合special load combination 体形优化设计shape optimizing design 挑距jet trajectory distance挑流消能ski-jump energy dissipation挑射角exit angle of jet调压室surge tank贴坡排水surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物navigation structure通气孔air hole土工复合材料geosynthetic土工膜geomembrane土工织物geotexile土石坝earth-rock dam土压力earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth-rock dam with central soil core驼峰堰hump weir椭圆曲线elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰WES curve profile weir外水压力external water pressure弯矩平衡moment equilibrium围岩surrounding rock围岩强度strength of surrounding rock围岩稳定分析围岩压力surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆curtain grouting维修maintenance尾水渠tailwater canal温度缝temperature joint温度计thermometer温度应变temperature strain温度应力temperature stress温降temperature drop温升temperature rise污水处理sewage treatment无坝取水undamed intake无粘性土cohesionless soil无压泄水孔free-flow outletX下游downstream现场检查field inspection橡胶坝rubber dam消力池stilling basin消能防冲设计design of energy dissipation and erosion control消能工energy dissipator校核洪水位water level of check flood 校核流量check flood discharge斜缝斜墙泄洪洞泄洪雾化泄水重力坝胸墙悬臂梁汛期Y压力计压缩曲线淹没系数扬压力养护液化溢洪道溢流面溢流前缘溢流重力坝翼墙翼墙式连接引航道引水渠引张线法应力分析应力集中应力应变观测应力重分布永久缝优化设计有坝取水有效库容预压加固预应力衬砌inclined joint inclined coreflood discharge tunnel flood discharge atomization overflow gravity damcantiever beamflood periopressure meter compressive curve coefficient of submergence upliftcureliquifactionspillwayoverflow facelength of overflow crest overflow crestoverflow gravity dam wing wallwing wall type connection approach channel diversion canaltense wire method stress analysisstress concentrationstress-strain observationstress redistributionpermanent jointoptimizing designbarrage intakeeffective storagesoil improvement by preloading prestressed lining原型prototype约束条件constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradient Z增量法increment method闸底板floor of slui闸墩pier闸孔sluice opening闸孔跨距span of sluice opening闸门槽gate slot闸室chamber of sluice闸首lock head闸址sluice site正槽溢洪道chute spillw正常使用极限状态limit state of normal operation 正应力normal stress正常溢洪道main spillw支墩坝buttress dam止水watertight seal止水装置sealing device趾板toe slab趾墩toe pier滞回圈hysteresis loop主应力principal stress纵缝longitudinal joint阻尼比damped ratio作用action作用水头working pressure head最优含水率optimum moisture content。
水电站混凝土大坝中facing的意思
水电站混凝土大坝中facing的意思在水电站混凝土大坝中，“facing”通常指的是面板或者护面的意思。
比如说大坝的迎水面，为了抵抗水流的冲刷、侵蚀等作用，会设置专门的混凝土面板作为护面（facing），这层护面就像大坝的“盔甲”一样，保护着大坝主体结构的安全稳定。
它能够防止水流对大坝内部混凝土结构造成损害，并且有助于保持大坝表面的平整度等特性。
衍生注释：从工程学的角度来看，这个“facing”的设计和施工是至关重要的。
其厚度、强度以及材料的选择都需要经过精心计算和考量。
如果厚度不够，就像给大坝穿了一件薄得可怜的衣服，根本抵挡不了水流长期的冲击。
而材料的选择也如同我们挑选合适的布料制作衣服一样，必须适合大坝所处的环境条件。
赏析：这个概念体现了工程设计中的精妙之处。
它不仅仅是一个简单的结构部件，更是整个大坝安全性和耐久性的关键因素。
就如同我们看一幅画，表面的那层保护漆（类比facing）虽然不起眼，但却能让这幅画保存更久，大坝的facing也是如此，默默守护着大坝。
由于这是一个工程术语相关的解释，并没有特定的作者。
例子1我在参观那个宏伟的水电站大坝的时候，导游指着大坝的迎水面说：“看到没，那一层就是facing。
”我当时就懵了，啥是facing啊？导游笑了笑说：“你可以把它想象成大坝的脸，水总是冲着它，要是没有这层坚固的‘脸’，大坝就像没脸见人似的，早被水冲得千疮百孔了。
这facing啊，可是用特殊的混凝土做的，就像给大坝敷了一层超级厚的面膜，而且是永远不会掉的那种。
你想想，要是你脸上没有皮肤（类比facing），那得多恐怖啊！所以啊，这facing对大坝来说，那可是比命根子还重要呢。
”我这才恍然大悟，原来这个小小的facing有这么大的作用啊。
例子2小张和老李站在水电站大坝下，小张好奇地问老李：“李师傅，我听说大坝里有个叫facing的东西，到底是什么呀？”老李哈哈一笑，拍了拍小张的肩膀说：“年轻人啊，这facing就像是大坝的防护盾。
水工建筑物专业词汇
水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate 工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall岸墙land wall*** land和边有什么关系。
水利水电工程结构设计专用术语
水利水电工程结构设计专用术语7．1 水利水电工程等别及荷载7．1．1 水利水电工程等别rank of water resources and hydrau-lic project 对水利水电工程按其规模、效益及其在国民经济中的重要性所划分的等别。
7．1．2 水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure按水工建筑物所在工程的等别、作用及其重要性所划分的级别。
7．1．3 永久性建筑物permanent structure工程运用期间长期使用的建筑物。
7．1．4 临时性建筑物temporary structure仅在工程施工及维修期间使用的建筑物。
7．1．5 主要建筑物main structure在工程中起主要作用、失事后将造成严重灾害或严重影响工程效益的建筑物。
7．1．6 次要建筑物secondary structure在工程中作用相对较小、失事后影响不大的建筑物。
7．1．7 基本荷载basic load；usual load建筑物在正常运用情况下所承受的荷载。
7．1．8 特殊荷载special load；unusual load建筑物在特殊运用情况下可能承受的荷载。
7．1．9 基本荷载组合basic load combination建筑物在正常运用情况下对可能同时出现的基本荷载的组合。
7．1．10 特殊荷载组合special load combination建筑物在特殊运用情况下对可能同时出现的基本荷载与特殊荷载的组合。
7．2 挡水建筑物7．2．1 挡水建筑物water retaining structure拦截水流、抬高水位以及阻挡河水泛滥或海水入侵的水工建筑物。
7．2．2 坝dam修建在河道或山谷中拦截水流、抬高水位、调蓄水量的挡水建筑物。
7．2．3 混凝土坝concrete dam用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料浇筑的坝。
7．2．4 碾压混凝土坝roller compacted concrete dam(RCCD)将干硬性的混凝土拌和料分薄层铺开并经振动碾压密实而成的混凝土坝。
水工建筑物术语
水工建筑物术语1．坝 dam阻拦或拦蓄水充、壅高或调节上游水位的挡水建筑物。
顶部不泄水的称非溢流坝，顶部泄水的称溢流坝。
2．坝轴线 dam axis代表坝位置的一条横贯河谷的线。
3．重力坝 gravity dam主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于坝体的推力以保持稳定的坝。
4．拱坝 arch dam平面呈拱向上游的曲线形坝，主要依靠拱的作用将壅水作用于坝体的推力传至两岸，以保持稳定的坝。
5．支墩坝 buttress dam由一系列支墩和其上游挡水结构组成的坝6．土石坝 earth-rock dam; embankment dam用土、砂、砂砾石、卵石、块石、风化岩等材料经碾压或填筑建成的坝。
7．混凝土坝 concrete dam用混凝土筑成的坝。
8．橡胶坝 rubber dam; flexible dam; fabric dam锚着于底板上，以聚酯或橡胶为基质合成纤维织物形成袋囊，经充水（气）后形成的坝。
9．丁坝 spur dike; groin一端接河岸，一端伸向整治线，在平面上形成丁字形，坝轴线与流向交角分上挑、下挑或正挑的横向整治建筑物。
10．顺坝 training dike一端接河岸，一端向下游延伸，坝轴线与流向平行或成一锐角，引导水流的纵向整建筑物。
11．溢洪道 spillway从水库向下游泄放超过水库调蓄能力的洪水，以保证工程安全的泄水建筑物。
12．堰（溢流堰） weir在顶部溢流的挡水、泄水建筑物。
13．围堰 coffer dam用于水下施工的临时性挡水设施。
14．水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel在山体中或地面以下开挖的，具有封闭形断面和一定长度的过水建筑物。
15．深式进水口 deep water intake人水库水面下一定深度处引水的水工隧洞或坝下埋管的首部建筑物。
16．堤坝式水电站 dam type hydropower station用筑坝集中河段落差，形成发电淼砂的水电站。
水利工程技术用语(水工建筑物)
水利水电工程技术术语——水工建筑物1、水利枢纽：为实现一项或多项水利任务，在一个相对集中的场所修建若干不同类型的水工建筑物组合体，以控制调节水流。
2、工程规模：对水利水电工程用库容、坝高、装机容量、灌溉面积等特性指标所反映的工程的大小。
3、水利水电工程等别：对水利水电工程按其规模、效益、及其在国民经济中的重要性所划分的等别。
4、水工建筑物级别：按水工建筑物所在工程的等别、作用及其重要性所划分的级别。
5、永久性建筑物：工程运用期间长期使用的建筑物。
6、临时性建筑物：仅在工程施工及维修期间使用的建筑物。
7、主要建筑物：在工程中起主要作用、失事后将造成严重灾害或严重影响工程效益的建筑物。
8、次要建筑物：在工程中作用相对较小、失事后影响不大的建筑物。
9、挡水建筑物：拦截水流、抬高水位以及阻挡河水泛滥或海水入侵的水工建筑物。
10、泄水建筑物：宣泄多余水量或排放泥沙、冰凌等的水工建筑物。
11、输水建筑物：输送水的水工建筑物。
12、取水建筑物：从水源取水的水工建筑物。
13、渠系建筑物：在各级渠道上修建的水工建筑物。
14、安全系数：建筑物为保持稳定或结构强度安全所应具有的抵抗力与作用力的比值。
15、安全超高：挡水建筑物顶部高程超出最高静水位加波浪高度或爬高后的富裕程度。
16、坝：修建在河道或山谷中拦截水流、抬高水位、调蓄水量的挡水建筑物。
17、堤：在江、河、湖、海沿岸或水库区、分洪区周边修建的挡水建筑物。
18、坝轴线：代表坝平面位置的一根基准线。
19、坝肩：坝体与两岸岩体的接触部位。
20、坝踵：坝底上游端部位。
21、坝址：坝底下游端部位。
22、重力坝：主要依靠自身重量抵抗水的作用力等荷载以维持稳定的坝。
23、混凝土坝：用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料浇筑的坝。
24、碾压混凝土：将干硬性的混凝土拌合料分薄层铺开并经振动碾压密实而成的混凝土坝。
25、挑流鼻坎：建在泄水建筑物末端，能将下泄的高速水流向下游抛射，具有一定反弧半径和一定角度的坎。
水利专业名词(中英文对照)
水利专业名词（中英）A安全储备safety reserve安全系数safety factor安全性safety岸边溢洪道river-bank spillway岸边绕渗by-pass seepage around bank slope岸墙abutment wall岸塔式进水口bank-tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面downstream face of dam坝顶dam crest坝顶长度crest length坝顶超高freeboard of dam crest坝高dam height坝顶高程crest elevation坝顶宽度crest width坝段monolith坝基处理foundation treatment坝基排水drain in dam foundation坝基渗漏leakage of dam foundation坝肩dam abutment坝壳dam shell坝坡dam slope坝坡排水drain on slope坝体混凝土分区grade zone of concrete in dam坝体排水系统drainage system in dam坝型选择selection of dam type坝址选择selection of dam site坝趾dam toe坝踵dam heel坝轴线dam axis本构模型constitutive model鼻坎bucket比尺scale比降gradient闭门力closing force边墩side pier边界层boundary layer边墙side wall边缘应力boundary stress变形观测deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数number of standard penetration test 冰压力ice pressure薄壁堰sharp-crested weir薄拱坝thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝differential settlement crack不平整度irregularityC材料力学法method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道side channel spillway侧轮side roller侧收缩系数coefficient of side contraction测缝计joint meter插入式连接insert type connection差动式鼻坎differential bucket掺气aeration掺气槽aeration slot掺气减蚀cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流spill over power house沉降settlement沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉沙池sediment basin沉沙建筑物sedimentary structure沉沙条渠sedimentary channel沉陷缝settlement joint沉陷观测settlement observation衬砌的边值问题boundary value problem of lining衬砌计算lining calculation衬砌自重dead-weight of lining承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态limit state of bearing capacity持住力holding force齿墙cut-off wall冲击波shock wave冲沙闸flush sluice冲刷坑scour hole重现期return period抽排措施pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房pump-storage power house出口段outlet section初步设计阶段preliminary design stage初参数解法preliminary parameter solution初生空化数incipient cavitation number初应力法initial stress method船闸navigation lock垂直升船机vertical ship lift纯拱法independent arch method次要建筑物secondary structure刺墙key-wall粗粒土coarse-grained soil错缝staggered jointD大坝安全评价assessment of dam safety大坝安全监控monitor of dam safety大坝老化dam aging大头坝massive-head dam单层衬砌monolayer lining单级船闸lift lock单线船闸single line lock挡潮闸tide sluice挡水建筑物retaining structure导流洞diversion tunnel导墙guide wall倒虹吸管inverted siphon倒悬度overhang等半径拱坝constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘bottom edge地基变形foundation deformation地基变形模量deformation modulus of foundation地基处理foundation treatment地下厂房underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞ventilation tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房尾水洞tailwater tunnel of underground power house地下轮廓线under outline of structure地下水groundwater地形条件topographical condition地形图比例尺scale of topographical map地应力ground stress地震earthquake地震烈度earthquake intensity地质条件geological condition垫层cushion吊耳lift eye调度dispatch跌坎drop-step跌流消能drop energy dissipation跌水drop迭代法iteration method叠梁stoplog丁坝spur dike定向爆破堆石坝directed blasting rockfill dam动强度dynamic strength动水压力hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel洞内漩流消能energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段tunnel body section洞室群cavern group洞轴线tunnel axis陡坡steep slope渡槽短管型进水口intake with pressure short pipe断层fault堆石坝rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸multi-stage lock多线船闸multi-line lock多心圆拱坝multi-centered arch dam多用途隧洞multi-use tunnelE二道坝secondary damF发电洞power tunnel筏道logway反弧段bucket反滤层filter防冲槽erosion control trench防洪flood preventi，flood control防洪限制水位restricted stage for flood prevention防浪墙parapet防渗墙anti-seepage wall防渗体anti-seepage body放空底孔unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道emergency spillway非线性有限元non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝nonoverflow gravity dam分洪闸flood diversion sluice分项系数partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法limit state design method of partial factor 封拱arch closure封拱温度closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门floating camel gate浮运水闸floating sluice辅助消能工appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌reinforced concrete lining钢筋计reinforcement meter钢闸门steel gate高边坡high side slope高流速泄水隧洞discharge tunnel with high velocity工程管理project management工程规划project plan工程量quantity of work工程设计engineering design工程施工engineering construction工作桥service bridge工作闸门main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析up-sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形shape of arch dam拱端arch abutment拱冠arch crown拱冠梁法crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面profile of crown cantilever拱内圈intrados拱外圈extrados固结consolidation固结灌浆consolidation grouting管涌piping灌溉irrigation规范code，specification过坝建筑物structures for passing dam过滤层transition layer过渡区transition zone过木机log conveyer过木建筑物log pass structures过鱼建筑物fish-pass structuresH海漫flexible涵洞culvert河道冲刷river bed scour荷载load荷载组合load combination横缝transverse joint横拉闸门horizontal rolling /sliding gate洪水标准flood standard虹吸溢洪道siphon spillway厚高比thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门radial gate护岸工程bank-protection works护坡slope protection护坦apron戽琉消能bucke-type energy dissipation滑坡land slip滑楔法sliding wedge method滑雪道式溢洪道skijump spillway环境评价environment assessment换土垫层cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆backfill grouting混凝土concrete混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合basic load combination基本剖面basic profile基面排水base level drainage激光准直发method of laser alignment极限平衡法limit equilibrium method极限状态limit state坚固系数soundness coefficient剪切模量shear modulus剪切应力shear stress检查inspection检修闸门bulkhead简单条分法simple slices method建筑材料construction material简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop’s method渐变段transition键槽key/key-way浆砌石重力坝cement-stone masonry gravity dam交叉建筑物crossing structure交通桥access bridge校核洪水位water level of check floo校核流量check flood discharge接触冲刷contact washing接触流土soil flow on contact surface节制闸controlling sluice结构可靠度reliability of structure结构力学法structural mechanics method结构系数structural coefficient截流环cutoff collar截水槽cutoff trench进口段inlet进口曲线inlet curve进水喇叭口inlet bellmouth进水闸inlet sluice浸润面saturated area浸润线saturated line经济评价economic assessment井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质土坝homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway开裂机理crack mechanism勘测exploration survey坎上水深water depth on sill抗冲刷性scour resistance抗冻性frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式shear-break strength formula抗剪强度shear strength抗裂性crack resistance抗磨abrasion-resistance抗侵蚀性erosion-resistance抗震分析analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve可靠度指标reliability index可行性研究设计阶段design stage of feasibility study空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝hollow arch dam空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage空隙水压力pore water pressure控制堰control weir枯水期low water period库区reservoir area宽顶堰broad crested weir宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽高比width to height ratio扩散段expanding section扩散角divergent angleL拦沙坎sediment control sill拦污栅trash rack廊道gallery浪压力wave pressure棱体排水prism drainage理论分析theory analysis力法方程canonical equation of force method 连续式鼻坎plain bucket联合消能combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽beam-type flume量水建筑物water-measure structure裂缝crack临界水力坡降critical hydraulic gradient临时缝temporary joint临时性水工建筑物temporary hydraulic structure流量discharge流速flow velocity流态flow pattern流土soil flow流网flow net流向flow direction露顶式闸门emersed gateM马蹄形断面horseshoe section脉动压力fluctuating pressure锚杆支护anchor support门叶gate flap迷宫堰labyrinth weir面流消能energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验model test摩擦公式friction factor formula摩擦系数coefficient of friction目标函数objective functionN内部应力internal stress内摩擦角internal friction angle内水压力internal water pressure挠度观测deflection observation泥沙压力silt pressure粘性土cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力cohesion扭曲式鼻坎distorted type bucketP排沙底孔flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗flush funnel排沙隧洞flush tunnel排水drainage排水孔drain hole排水设施drainage facilities抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道log chute平板坝flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight平面闸门plain gate平压管equalizing pipe坡率slope ratio破碎带crush zone铺盖blanketQ启闭机hoist启门力lifting force砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam潜坝submerged dam潜孔式闸门submerged gate倾斜仪clinometer曲线形沉沙池curved sedimentary basin渠首canal head渠道canal渠系建筑物canal system structure取水建筑物water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门mitre gate任意料区miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞solution cavern柔度系数flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水horizontal blanket drainage软弱夹层weak intercalationS三角网法triangulation method三角形单元triangular element三心圆拱坝three center arch dam三轴试验triaxial test扇形闸门sector gate上游upstream设计洪水位design flood level设计基准期design reference period设计阶段design stage设计阶段划分dividing of design stage设计流量design discharge设计状况系数design state coefficient设计准则design criteria伸缩缝contraction joint渗流比降seepage gradient渗流变形seepage deformation渗流分析seepage analysis渗流量seepage discharge渗流体积力mass force of seepage渗流系数permeability coefficient生态环境ecological environment生态平衡ecological balance失效概率probability of failure施工导流construction diversion施工缝construction joint施工管理construction management施工条件construction condition施工图阶段construction drawing stage施工进度construction progress实体重力坝solid gravity dam实用剖面practical profile实用堰practical weir事故闸门emergency gate视准线法collimation method收缩段constringent section枢纽布置layout of hydraulic complex输水建筑物water conveyance structure竖式排水vertical drainage数值分析numerical analysis双层衬砌double-layer lining双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam水电站地下厂房underground power house水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure水垫塘cushion basin水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水环境water environment水库吹程fetch水库浸没reservoir submersion水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库坍岸reservoir bank caving水库淹没reservoir inundation水力资源water power resource水力劈裂hydraulic fracture水利工程hydraulic engineering，water project 水利工程设计design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等rank of hydraulic complex水利枢纽hydraulic complex水面线water level line水能hydraulic energy水平位移horizontal displacement水体污染water pollution水土流失water and soil loss水位急降instantaneous reservoir drawdown水压力hydraulic pressu水闸sluice水质water quality水资源water resources顺坝longitudinal dike四边形单元quadrangular element塑性破坏failure by plastic flow塑性变形plastic deformation塑性区plastic range锁坝closure dike锁定器dog deviceTT型墩T-type pier塌落拱法roof collapse arch method塔式进水口tower intake台阶式溢流坝面step-type overflow face弹塑性理论elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁beam on elastic foundation弹性抗力elastic resistance弹性中心elastic centre弹性理论theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合special load combination体形优化设计shape optimizing design挑距jet trajectory distance挑流消能ski-jump energy dissipation挑射角exit angle of jet调压室surge tank贴坡排水surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物navigation structure通气孔air hole土工复合材料geosynthetic土工膜geomembrane土工织物geotexile土石坝earth-rock dam土压力earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth-rock dam with central soil core 驼峰堰hump weir椭圆曲线elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰WES curve profile weir外水压力external water pressure弯矩平衡moment equilibrium围岩surrounding rock围岩强度strength of surrounding rock围岩稳定分析围岩压力surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆curtain grouting维修maintenance尾水渠tailwater canal温度缝temperature joint温度计thermometer温度应变temperature strain温度应力temperature stress温降temperature drop温升temperature rise污水处理sewage treatment无坝取水undamed intake无粘性土cohesionless soil无压泄水孔free-flow outletX下游downstream现场检查field inspection橡胶坝rubber dam消力池stilling basin消能防冲设计design of energy dissipation and erosion control 消能工energy dissipator校核洪水位water level of check flood校核流量check flood discharge斜缝inclined joint斜墙inclined core泄洪洞flood discharge tunnel泄洪雾化flood discharge atomization泄水重力坝overflow gravity dam胸墙breast wall悬臂梁cantiever beam汛期flood perioY压力计pressure meter压缩曲线compressive curve淹没系数coefficient of submergence扬压力uplift养护cure液化liquifaction溢洪道spillway溢流面overflow face溢流前缘length of overflow crest溢流堰顶overflow crest溢流重力坝overflow gravity dam翼墙wing wall翼墙式连接wing wall type connection引航道approach channel引水渠diversion canal引张线法tense wire method应力分析stress analysis应力集中stress concentration应力应变观测stress-strain observation应力重分布stress redistribution永久缝permanent joint优化设计optimizing design有坝取水barrage intake有效库容effective storage预压加固soil improvement by preloading预应力衬砌prestressed lining原型prototype约束条件constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradientZ增量法increment method闸底板floor of slui闸墩pier闸孔sluice opening闸孔跨距span of sluice opening闸门槽gate slot闸室chamber of sluice闸首lock head闸址sluice site正槽溢洪道chute spillw正常使用极限状态limit state of normal operation 正应力normal stress正常溢洪道main spillw支墩坝buttress dam止水watertight seal止水装置sealing device趾板toe slab趾墩toe pier滞回圈hysteresis loop主应力principal stress纵缝longitudinal joint阻尼比damped ratio作用action作用水头working pressure head最优含水率optimum moisture content。
大坝土建标常用专业名词
大坝土建标常用专业名词洪家渡水电站招标设计阶段大坝土建标常用专业名词英汉统一译名对照表(水工部分)按: 洪家渡水电站大坝土建工程(含围堰工程)将进行国际公开竞争性招标, 为此, 招标设计图纸将同时用中英文书写, 上行为英文, 下行为中文。
为便于设计人员在工作中英译方便及保证各专业和设计人员的图纸上常用专业名词译名、以及标题栏和常用说明的统一, 特编制本对照表。
Aaccess bridge 交通桥access gallery 交通廊道access tunnel 交通洞adit tunnel 支洞adverse slope 逆坡aeration system 掺气减蚀设施anchor rod 锚杆anchor cable 锚索angle point 角点装机年利用小时annual operation hours of installedcapacityapproved 批准apron 护坦asphalt silt 沥青砂auxiliary plant 副厂房axis 轴线Annual energy production 平均年发电量Bbackfill grouting 回填灌浆balustrade 栏杆bending point 弯点berm 马道bidding design 招标设计bituminous emulsion 沥青乳剂block slope protection 块石护坡booster station 升压站bridge rubber waterstop 桥型橡胶止水Ccable gallery 电缆道cable outlet 电缆出线central control building 中控楼check flood level 校核洪水位clay blanket 粘土铺盖competitive bid 公开招标, 竞争性招标compression joint 受压缝concrete 混凝土concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土面板堆石坝concrete facing 混凝土面板concrete pavement 混凝土路面concrete plinth 混凝土趾板concrete slope protection 混凝土护坡confirmed 核定congitudinal slope 底坡consolidation grouting 固结灌浆construction road 施工公路control point 控制点contact joint 接触缝contact grouting 接触灌浆controlled catchment area by the dam 坝址以上流域面积copper waterstop 止水铜片cost per kW 单位千瓦造价crest joint 坝顶分缝crest structure 坝顶结构cultivated land 耕地curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆cushion material 垫层料cooling plant 制冷站, 制冷厂corresponding downstream water level 相应下游水位cut-off wall 截水墙Ddam 坝dam abutment 坝肩dam axis 坝轴线dam slope 坝坡date 日期dead water level 死水位designed 设计design flood level 设计洪水位dimension 尺寸discharge flow 下泄流量diversion tunnel 导流洞downstream balastrade 下游栏杆downstream cascade benefits 下游梯级效益downstream cofferdam 下游围堰downstream check level 下游校核水位downstream design level 下游设计水位downstream flood level 下游洪水位downstream normal tailwater level 下游正常尾水位drainage ditch 排水沟drainage gallery 排水廊道drawing 制图drawing no. 图号distorted concrete 变态混凝土Eearth and rock material 土石混合料economic data 经济指标elevation of dam crest 坝顶高程embankment material 填筑料embedded pipe of consolidation grouting 固结灌浆予埋管embedded pipe of curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆予埋管emptying tunnel 放空洞engineering quantitiy 工程量enlargement 扩机entrance access tunnel 进厂交通洞erection bay 安装间examined 审查excavation 开挖exhauast ventilation tunnel 排风洞expansion joint 伸缩缝Ffacing joint place 面板分缝处flat emergency gate 平板检修门flat slope 缓坡Fly ash 粉煤灰flexible filler 柔性填料flood level 洪水位foundation stripping 清基foundation trench 基坑，基槽F-shaped copper waterstop F型止水铜片Firm power 保证功率，额定功率Flip bucket 反弧段，挑流鼻坎Ggate slot 门槽中心general layout 总布置图, 总平面图generator model 机组型号generator room 主机间generator units 机组台数gradation 级配grouting gallery 灌浆廊道guaranteed output 保证出力Gross head 总水头Hhardwood pad 硬木垫板headstock gear platform 启闭机平台Head loss 水头损失highest up surge level 最高涌浪水位horizontal joint 水平缝hydraulic gradient 水力梯度hydraulic part 水工部分hydraulic tunnel 水工隧洞hydrology and reservoir 水文及水库hydropower station index 水电站指标hydropower project 水电站工程Iimpervious curtain 防渗帷幕impervious enhanced zone 防渗补强区inlet 进水口增加保证出力(近期/远景) increasing guaranteed output (in the nearfuture / in the future)initial point 起点inflection point 拐点inspection gallery 检查廊道installed capacity 装机容量intake 进口intersection point 交点innudution loss 淹没损失investment per kW 单位千瓦投资Jjoint 缝joint face 缝面Kkarst 喀斯特Llayout of hydroproject 枢纽布置leakage path 渗径limiting level during flood season 防洪限制水位list of coordinate of control point 控制点坐标表location 位置lowest down surge level 最低涌浪水位Mmain rockfill material 主堆石料main transformer 主变压器max. head 最大水头max. recorded flow 实测最大流量max. section of dam 坝体最大剖面max. discharge of turbine 单机最大过水流量mean annual discharge 多年平均流量mean annual energy output 年平均发电量min downstream level 下游最低水位min head 最低水头min level 最低水位Nneoprene pipe 氯丁橡胶管neoprene rod 氯丁橡胶棒normal pool level 正常蓄水位Net head 净水头Ooperating bridge 工作桥original ground surface 原地面线outgoing-feeder gallery 出线洞outgoing-feeder platform 出线平台outlet 出口overburden 复盖层Ppathway 马道penstock 高压管道peripheral joint 周边缝phreatic line 浸润线plain concrete 素混凝土plan layout 平面布置plant access tunnel 厂站交通洞plant layout 电站布置plastic rubber mixing material 塑料橡胶混合料Plunge pool 消力塘plate plastic cover 平板塑料盖板plinth section 趾板剖面positive slope 正坡power-house 厂房power conduit system 引水系统preliminary design 初步设计阶段profile 纵剖面Qquarry area 料场Rreinforced concrete facing rockfill dam 钢筋混凝土面板堆石坝refringerating plant 制冰厂, 冷冻设备reinforcement bar 钢筋regulating storage 调节库容relocation population 迁移人口reservoir regulating performance 水库调节性能road in dam slope 坝后公路rockfill 堆石rockfill mass 堆石体Rolled concrete dam 碾压混凝土坝Rolled earth(fill) dam 碾压土坝Rolled rockfill dam 碾压堆石坝Sscale 比例section 剖面secondary rockfill material 次堆石料service level 工作水位shotcrete 喷混凝土side walk 人行道signature 会签单位silt accumulation elevation 泥沙淤积高程single unit capacity 单机容量slightly weathered surface 微风化线slope protection 护坡sloping core 斜心墙special grading zone 特别级配区spillway 溢洪道steap slope 陡坡steel lining 钢衬step-up substation 升压变电站stone ballast 石碴stone ballast cushion 碎石垫层strata 岩层surge shaft 调压井switch-yard 开关站Ttailrace platform 尾水平台tailrace surge chamber 尾水调压室tailrace surge tank 尾水调压井tailrace system 尾水系统tailrace tunnel 尾水隧洞tailwater canal 尾水渠tailwater level 尾水位tensile joint 受拉缝terminal point 终点terrace 阶地total capacity of reservoir 总库容total cost 总造价total investment (static) 总投资(静态)total investment (dynamic) 总投资(动态)total no. 总序号transformer station in dam area 坝区变电所traced 描图transitional material 过渡料tunnel spillway 泄洪隧洞turbine model 水轮机型号Uupstream clay blanket 上游粘土铺盖upstream cofferdam 上游围堰upstream impervious enhanced zone 上游防渗补强区underground power-house 地下厂房Vvalley central line 河谷中心线vertical joint 垂直缝vertical shaft 竖井Wwave wall 防浪墙water-head 水头waterway 水道working head 工作水头W-shaped copper waterstop W型止水铜片NOTES:说明:1.The coordinate、elevation and chainage are in meter and the dimensions are in centimeter.图中坐标、高程、桩号以米计，尺寸以厘米计。
面板堆石坝简介
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名称 位置
作用
要求
垫层区
面板下方
平整面板，避免应力集中； 减少水荷载引起的变形； 辅助防渗
粒径不能太大，有较多细 料；良好级配
垫层区和 过渡区 主堆石区 保护垫层并起过渡作用
之间
级配连续，最大粒径 ≤300mm，低压缩性和高
抗剪强度，自由排水性能
主 石
堆 区
坝体上游
是承受水荷载的主要支撑 体
低压缩性、高抗剪强度、 较好的透水性和耐久性。
面板厚度的确定应满足下列要求：
•便于布置钢筋和止水，其相应最小厚度为0.30m；
•控制渗透水力梯度不超过200；
•在达到上述要求的前提下，应选用较薄的面板厚度，以提
高面板柔性，降低造价。
面板的顶部厚度宜取0.30m，并向底部逐渐增加，在相
应高度处的厚度：
t＝0.30十(0.002～0.0035)H
趾板下游面垂直于面板底面的高度应不小于0.9m。
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c、接缝止水 周边缝应设置止水。底部止水铜片应选为最基本的
防渗线，中部Pvc或橡胶止水片及顶部止水视情况选用。 低坝和50m以下中坝可以只采用一道底部止水。 中坝及100m以下高坝宜设置底、顶部两道止水。 100m以上的高坝宜选用底、顶部两道止水，或底、中、 顶部三道止水。
周边缝：面板与趾板或趾墙间的接缝。
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坝料填筑标准
料物或分区
垫层料 过渡层细堆石料 主堆石区堆石料 下游区堆石料 砂砾石料
孔隙率(%)
15～20 18～22 20～２5 23～28
相对密度 0.75～0.85
各区坝料填筑标准可根据经验初步确定，其值可 在上表范围内选用。设计应同时规定孔隙率(或相对密 度)、坝料级配范围和碾压参数。设计干密度可用孔隙 率和岩石密度换算。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇整理_ZCJ
A:asphalt沥青aquifer含水层adiabatic绝热的arch dam拱坝a storage or conservation reservoir蓄水水库accessory附件，配件at the foot of..坝后arch action拱效应abutment坝肩ancillary附属的available 可获得的available material 现有的材料angle折角air-driven气动annual temperature cycle稳定温度appurtenant structure次要建筑物age龄期alkali-aggregate reaction碱骨料反应absorption吸水性B:bus母线，总线be monolithic with与..连成整体bed河床be away from..引水式bulk cement散装水泥bituminous沥青的best advantage最优binding agent胶凝材料buttress dam支墩坝Bulk-mineral 矿物质batch配料batch plant拌和楼bucket料，罐C:construction施工concrete混凝土creep徐变，渗水cutoff截流constant常数condensation凝结conceptual概念上的cyclone气旋collide碰撞convection对流convergence集中conduit管道conduit system输水系统current 流c.大约的cyclopean masonry巨石cf.参阅constrain抑制concrete face面板curvature曲率cupola or double curvature arch dam双曲拱坝cut-off防渗墙categorized分类coarse-grained粗粒度的compact压实consideration考虑因素cure养护cement hydration process水泥硬化过程coarse aggregate粗骨料crane起重机cableway缆机content用量consolidate巩固consolidation密实consistency稠度closest practicable最可行的correct emphasis on恰如其分地强调crushing strength抗压强度cylinder圆柱体cube立方体cutting core取芯样chemical attack化学侵蚀crack裂缝composite material复合材料compressive strength抗压强度compressive stress压应力D:dispose处理，处置deposition沉积作用，沉淀droplet小水滴dew point露点depression洼地dissipate消散diversion system引水系统draft tube尾水管dry mortal干砂浆derivative衍生物dome圆屋顶decked buttress大头坝draw-off抽取discharge排水decked rockfill dam面板堆石坝zoned rockfill dam分区堆石坝discrete离散的defined zone分区designated指定的designation名称durability耐久性dozer推土机distribution分部desirable structure理想结构E:estuary河口evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration蒸散发eutrophication富营养化elevated提高的erosion腐蚀equator赤道energy dissipation消能empoly采用embankment dam土石坝earthfill embankment土坝escalate逐步增强，逐步上升excavate开挖external外部的elastic modules弹性模量F:feasible可行的，切实可行的feed water供水function函数，运行foerbay前池fresh water淡水flood plain洪泛区flood wall防洪墙front锋flow-control valve流量控制阀facing装饰面floor of the valley谷底flat slab buttress平板坝frictional摩擦力的fine aggregate细骨料facilitate使便利fresh concrete新拌制的混凝土fatigue strength疲劳强度flexural strength抗弯强度floor slab楼板G:generate 发电granite花岗岩groundwater地下水geo-membrane土工膜generate 产生gravity dam重力坝gate闸门guide vane导叶generator发电机gallery廊道green cut冲毛gradient梯度given特定的H:hydroelectric power station 水力发电站hydrologic cycle水文循环hydrosphere水圈hail冰雹head水头hydraulic structure水工建筑物horizontal construction joint水平施工缝hollow gravity dam空腹重力坝homogeneous section均质断面horizontal arch水平拱high-capacity mechanical plant重型机械highly mechanized process高度机械化的过程high-pressure air-water jet高压水-气喷射heat generated as cement hydrates水泥水化产生的热量harden硬化的I:interception植物截留impervious不透水的irrigation灌溉infiltration渗透intensity强度intake进水口initially最初地interval间隔integrity完整性impound蓄水instance例子impervious element防渗体intensively集中的intensive密集的incorporate采用impermeability抗渗性installation安装in some manner从某种程度上instantaneous stiffness瞬时刚度J:joint接缝K:karst岩溶Karez,Kariz坎儿井kinetic动力学的，动的L:large power station 大型电站load荷载lithosphere岩石圈levee堤防latent energy潜在能量lightened轻型的labour劳动lean贫M:masonry砖石结构，砌石meander 蜿蜒manifold多支管motion运动，移动merge汇moisture湿气，水气masonry dam圬工坝mechanical energy机械能mass concrete大体积混凝土multiple arch dam连拱坝moisture content含水量mix搅拌monolith坝段，巨型独石mix design配合比设计mixture proportioning配合比main reinforcement主筋N:navigation航运nature of duty工作特性normal maximum water level正常蓄水位nonoverflow section非溢流坝段compaction压实normal法向negative moment负弯矩O:overstressing超限应力P:perched water table上层滞水面pore 毛孔，小孔，气孔precipitation降水percolation渗水，渗漏pondage贮水pressure tunner压力隧道penstock压力管道periods of peak flows蓄水期periods of low flows枯水期power house厂房profile外形，轮廓，剖面pulverized fuel ash(PFA)粉煤灰principal主要的prominent最杰出的passage通过pervious透水的place铺筑，浇筑plant intensive机械化proportion配比preparation备仓perform实施precooling 预冷postcooling 后冷pozzolans火山灰property性质paste binder砂浆，水泥浆prefabricated units预制构件part of a structure结构部位precast concrete预筑混凝土preassemble预先绑扎,预装配permeability渗透性positive moment正弯矩preclude妨碍Q:quartzite石英岩R:runoff径流resettlement移民reservoir水库retaining structure挡水建筑物rainfall降雨rainfall intensity降雨强度rigid dam刚性坝R.C.C.（roller compacted concrete）碾压混凝土rack（trash rack）进水口拦污栅rotor转子rotate旋转rubble碎石rockfill dam堆石坝radius半径rarity罕见river diversion导流readily容易地rail有轨机车rapid placement using construction technique快速浇筑施工工艺relative proportion相对比例right angle直角S:strength强度sufficient足够的storage capacity库容saturation饱和sleet雪籽,霰sublimation升华spillway溢洪道surge tank调压室stator定子switchgear开关装置switch yard 开关站slag矿渣structurally结构上的shell壳体结构seismic disturbance地震扰动stilling basin消力池shaft竖井,轴secondary次要的secondary dam副坝section坝段supporting shoulders (心墙上下游侧的)坝壳slender薄的solid concrete structure实体砼结构site condition坝址条件slump坍落度spread摊铺successive layer连续层spud-type vibrator插入式振捣器mould 铸模，模具specimen试件simulate模拟sleeper枕木static ultimate极限静荷载splitting tensile strength劈裂抗拉强度shear strength抗剪强度stirrup箍筋steelbars钢筋stem from起源于stiffness刚度strain应变stress 应力shrinkage收缩subject受..的影响T:tracker(boat tracker) 纤夫turbid浑浊的transpiration蒸腾topography地形，地势tailwater尾水turbine涡轮transformer变压器step-up升压tailrace尾水渠transverse contraction joints横缝thermal热的term术语tensile stress拉应力tensile strength抗拉强度transverse bars横向钢筋longitudinal steel纵筋timber木材U:uniformly均一地utilize利用undergo 遭受，忍受，经历undesirable segregation and voids不理想的骨料分离和孔隙upstream上游的upstream face上游面V:variant变种volume of concrete混凝土的体积vertical垂直的vibration振捣vulnerability脆弱性vibratory rollers震动碾volume changes体积变化version版本vertical joint纵缝W:watershed流域water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering水利水电工程water table：top of zone of saturation地下水位线wetland湿地weir堰water hammer水锤water load水荷载workability工作度，和易性wet sand-blasting湿沙喷射water/cement ration水灰比weathering风化wear磨损widening开展Y:yield 屈服。
面板堆石坝——精选推荐
水利水电工程英文专业词汇
水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest,dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier,land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸(排沙闸) silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 就是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel,waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Method) 胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate 工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench;berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水与泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator;ship lift鱼道fish canal水利水电工程英文专业词汇旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall。
水利水电工程英文专业词汇
水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate 工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal精品文档旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall.。
面板堆石坝坝体分区.总结
面板堆石坝坝体分区.总结坝体分区一. 建筑材料资料整理分析坝体中应有畅通的排水通道且坝料之间应满足水力过渡的要求，各区坝料的透水性宜按水力过渡要求从上游向下游增加，下游堆石区下游水位以上的坝料不受此限制；坝轴线上游侧坝料应具有较大的变形模量且从上游到下游坝料变形模量可递减，以保证蓄水后坝体变形协调，尽可能减小对面板变形的影响，从而减小面板和止水系统遭到破坏的可能性；充分合理利用枢纽的开挖料，以达到经济的目的。
各料场概况一览表料场编号料场位置料场面积无用层有用层厚度（m）体积（万m3）厚度（m）储量（万m3）土料场T1 距上坝址距离0.7~1km4.5 0.5 2.25 7 30T2 距上坝址距离1~1.2km5.0 0.5 2.5 >10 50T3 距上坝址距离5km5.0 0.5 2.5 >10 50砂砾料场C1 距上坝址距离7~9km40 3.5 140 15 600石料厂P1 距上坝址距离1~1.5km2-5 30 >50 800P2 距上坝址距离0.8~1.3km2-5 23 600砼用粗骨料（砾石）实验之便与质量要求对比表项目C1 技术要求表观密度（g/cm3) 2.67 >2.6堆积密度（g/cm3) 1.60 >1.6孔隙率(%) <45吸水率(%) 1.02 <2.5针片状颗粒含量(%) 7.5 <15软弱颗粒含量(%) 4.3 <5含泥量(%) 0.3 <1So3(%) <0.5有机质含量(%) 浅于标准色浅于标准色粒度模数7.13 宜采用6.25~8.30 轻物质含量(%) 不允许存在砼用细骨料（砂）实验之便与质量要求对比表项目C1 技术要求表观密度（g/cm3) 2.69 >2.55堆积密度（g/cm3) 1.59 >1.50孔隙率(%) <40云母含量0 <2含泥量15.8 <3碱活性骨料含量硫酸盐及硫化物含量0.09 <1有机质含量浅于标准色浅于标准色轻物质含量0.25 ≤1细度细度模量 2.94 2.5~3.5为宜平均粒径（mm）0.38 0.36~0.5为宜二．坝体分区和料场规划基本原则根据分区原则，坝体从上游向下游依次分为：混凝土面板（F）、垫层区（2A）、过渡区（3A）、主堆石区（3B）、下游次堆石区（3C）及下游护坡（3D）。
水工建筑物专业英语词汇
水工建筑物部分
1、坝的种类 坝 dam
重力坝 拱坝 支墩坝 土坝 堆石坝 土石坝 均质土坝 平板坝
gravity dam arch dam buttress dam earth dam rock-fill dam earth-rock dam homogeneous earth dam flat slab buttress dam
宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam 软基重力坝 gravity dam on soft foundation 整体式重力坝 monolithic gravity dam
multiple-arch dam 连拱坝 单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam 双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam
11、灌浆grouting
• • • • • • 灌浆 grouting 接触灌浆 contact grouting 接缝灌浆 joint grouting 帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting 固结灌浆 consolidation grouting 灌浆帷幕 grout curtain
浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam 浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 溢流坝 overflow dam 大头坝 massive-head buttress dam
2、具体位置
• • • • • 坝顶 坝肩 坝踵 坝趾 坝址
dam crest，dam top dam abutment dam heel dam toe dam site
9、墙 wall
• • • • • • • • • • 岸墙 land wall 齿墙 cut-off trench 刺墙 key-wall 防浪墙 wave wall 混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall 胸墙 breast wall 导墙 lead wall 隔墙 partition wall 挡墙 retaining wall 翼墙 wing wall
水利工程施工名词解释简答题库
绪论1、水利工程施工的主要任务：①编制切实可行的施工组织设计②多快好省地全面完成施工任务③促进水利水电建设科学技术发展。
2、水利工程施工的特点：①施工复杂性②准备工作量大③干扰严重④质量要求高⑤注意施工安全。
3、水利工程施工组织与管理的基本原则：①执行国家有关法律、法规和政策，全面贯彻多快好省的施工原则②结合实际，因地制宜，力求工程与自然环境和谐，按基本建设程序办事③统筹安排、综合平衡、妥善协调各分部、分项工程，按系统工程原理合理组织工程施工④遵从施工的科学规律，实行科学管理⑤合理推广新技术、新材料、新工艺和新设备。
施工水流控制1、施工水流控制（又称施工导流）：水利水电工程中整个施工过程中的水流控制。
广义上可以概括为：采取“导、截、拦、蓄、泄”等工程措施来解决施工和水流蓄泄之间的矛盾，避免水流对水工建筑物施工的不利影响，把水流全部或部分导向下游或拦蓄起来，以保证水工建筑物的干地施工，在施工期内不影响或尽可能少影响水资源的综合利用。
2、施工导流（狭义）：在江河上修建水利水电工程时，为了使水工建筑物能在干地上进行施工，需要利用围堰维护基坑，并将水流引向预定的泄水通道往下游宣泄，称为施工导流。
3、全段围堰法导流：在河床主体工程的上下游各建一道断流围堰，使水流经河床以外的临时或永久泄水道下泄。
4、分段围堰法：又称分期围堰法，用围堰将水工建筑物分段、分期维护起来进行施工的方法。
5、基坑淹没法：洪水来临时围堰过水，基坑被淹没，河床部分停工，待洪水退落，围堰挡水时再继续施工。
6、围堰：施工导流过程中的临时挡水建筑物，用来围护基坑，保证水工建筑物在干地施工。
7、导流标准：是选择导流设计流量进行施工导流设计的标准，包括初期导流标准，坝体拦洪度汛标准，孔洞封堵标准等。
8、导流程序：不同导流方法组合的顺序。
9、导流时段：按导流程序所划分的各施工阶段的延续时间。
10、最优导流设计流量：导流建筑物与基坑淹没损失费用之和最小时，对应的导流设计流量。
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混凝土面板堆石坝主要技术术语表
坝高：从趾板清基后的建基面算起到坝顶路面之间的高度。
趾板：位于坝踵、连接面板和防渗帷幕的结构物。
趾墙：布置在趾板线上和面板连接的混凝土挡墙。
基准线：面板内坡延长线与趾板设计建基面交点的连接。
趾板面等高线：垂直于趾板长度方向的线条。
混凝土面板：位于堆石坝体上游面的防渗主体结构。
防浪墙：与面板顶部连接的L型混凝土挡墙。
周边缝：面板与趾板或趾墙之间的接缝。
垂直缝：面板条块之间的竖向接缝。
水平缝：分期施工面板的水平接缝。
防浪墙底缝：面板与防浪墙间的接缝。
其它接缝：面板与溢洪道电站进水口等建筑物之间的接缝。
施工缝：面板施工中的水平缝，为施工需要或临时产生的水平缝。
保护罩：用于覆盖和保护接缝顶部填料的材料。
挤压钢筋：布置于面板侧面和底面、承受挤压的附加钢筋。
堆石坝体：面板下游的堆石体。
垫层区：是面板的支承体，向堆石体均匀传递水压力，并起渗流控制作用。
特殊垫层区：位于周边缝下游侧垫层区内，对周边缝及其附近面板上的堵缝材料起反滤作用。
过渡区：是垫层料和主堆石料之间连接的过渡区，保护垫层并共同起渗流控制作用。
主堆石区：位于堆石坝体的上游，是承受水荷载的主要支撑体。
下游堆石区：位于堆石坝体的下游，与主堆石体共同保持坝体稳定，其变形对面板影响轻微。
上游铺盖区：用粉细砂、粉煤灰或土料覆盖面板和周边缝。
柔性填料：由沥青、橡胶和填充料混合而成并用于止水的材料。