《语言学》前三章部分答案

Chapter I Introduction

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D

IV. Define the following terms:

41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.

43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .

44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.

45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.

46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.

48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.

49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.

50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.

51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.

52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds

53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker

55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.

56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication

57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,

58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.