美国政党基础知识 英文版
美国政体英文版
美国政体英文版一美国政体.the Articles of Confederation《联邦条款》Congress requires each country to send representatives to a meeting in Philadelphia, the city signed the Declaration of Independence, to discuss which changes to strengthen the federal provisions. The smallest state, Rhode Island, refused to attend the meeting, but representatives from 12 other countries. The meeting came to be known as the Constituent Assembly (Constituent Assembly), began in May 1787.II. The making of the U.S ConstitutionU.S. Constitution developIn the course of the convention, the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States. Constitution established a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system in which power is shared between a central authority and its components, and each part rights reserved. The Constitution also calls for national leadership election, or the President. It provides (provisions), the federal law will only be made by the representatives of the people elected by a parliament composed. It also provides a national court system headed by the Supreme Court.The deputies set up a government composed of three parts, or branches, executive, legislative and judicial. Each branch has powers that no one I have, and limitations of each branch has resisted any wrongdoing by the other branch of the way. 1776 1789 of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution forms the basis of the U.S. federal government. The new constitution was finally in 13 states approved by the majority of the nine members of the public andcame into effect in 1787. "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution in 1791.III. The Federal GovernmentThree branches , including administration, headed by the President , legislation, including both houses of Congress ( Senate and House of Representatives ) and the judiciary , the Supreme Court leadership.China and the U.S. Federal GovernmentThe legislative branch ( legislative body ) is composed of elected representatives from all countries , and is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy ( levy ) federal tax , and declared war or the foreign treaty to take effect. It is divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate by Congress .House of Representatives , including legislators who served for two years . Each congressman on behalf of his or her home one area. State the number of districts is determined by taking the number of the population every 10 years .Senate who served six years , including the period legislator . Every country, regardless of population , has two senators .The main duties of this conference is to make laws , including those paid by the federal government's taxing work . Began as a proposal of a law called the " Act ." This is a reading, Research Committee , comments ( comment ) , and in the Senate or the House of Representatives chamber ( House ) in which it was introduced amendments ( amendments ) . It was then put to the vote .If passed, it is sent to a similar method in which the generation of other houses. Members of both houses to work together in the " conference committee" if the Chamber of Commerce have passed different versions of the same bill ( text ) .Groups who are trying to convince members of Congress to vote for or against the bill is called " lobbying" ( lobbying group ) . When passed byboth houses of Congress , they agreed to a bill that is sent to the President for signature . After signing the bill into law just does .The executive branch ( the executive body )CEO of the United States is the president, who along with vice president , was elected to a four-year term . According to a constitutional amendment passed in 1951 , the president can choose to only two aspects .The President is the head of State and head of government , and the military commander of the army and the chief diplomat . He presided over the federal government's executive branch . In the executive branch , the president has broad constitutional powers to issue ( command ) about federal departments work regulations ( regulations ) , and instructed him to issue an executive order can affect internal policies.Presidential power is terrible ( huge ) . President as a major public policy makers often raise the Legislative Assembly . The president can veto ( veto ) any bill passed by Congress . Veto can be overridden ( overturned veto , so invalid ) in the Senate and House of Representatives by 2/3 vote. The president can appoint federal judges vacancies , including members of the Supreme Court. All of these appointments are subject to the court (subject ...... consent ) confirmed by the Senate. In the executive branch , the president has broad powers to work orders issued regulations ( regulations ) and related federal departments ( command ) . He was commander in chief of the army.Heads and senior officials of the executive agency appointed by the President , the vast majority of federal workers .The main branches of government are appointed by the secretary ( minister , secretary ) who together constitute the leadership of the President's Cabinet . Each appointment must be confirmed by the Senate for a vote . Under the Constitution, the president is primarily responsible for handling external relations .Judiciary ( Judiciary )The judiciary ( the judiciary ) and head of the Supreme Court justices ( Chief Justice ) and 8 Associate Justice ( Justice ) . Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement , and the process can only be removed from office by Congress impeachment trial .The Supreme Court consists of nine justices : Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices . They have the same rights and the Chief Justice does not decide the case for re- vote when the vote ( vote ) or colleagues power indication.The Supreme Court has the right to judicial review , the power to decide whether Parliament legislative or administrative acts unconstitutional .Checks and balancesWhen Americans talk about their national governments in three parts , they tend to put their so-called system of "checks and balances " system.The president has the power to make treaties withother nations and to make all appointments tofederal positions, including the position of SupremeCourt justice. The Senate , however, must approveall treaties and confirm all appointments beforethey become official.The Supreme Court can determine whethercongressional legislation or executive action violatesthe Constitution.executive judiciallegislativeIV. the Bill of Rights (another basicfoundation in the U.S Constitution ) In 1791 it passed by 10 short paragraphs, to ensure individual rights and freedoms and government interference in personal life ban. In the Bill of Rights, the American guarantee of freedom of speech and freedom of religion news. Their right to assembly in public places, the right to bear arms, and so on. There are other 16 amendments to the Constitution of 1991. Thus, there were 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. V. Two major Political PartiesDemocrats and Republicans (often called the "Grand Old Party" or Republican): America's political system is dominated by two political parties. These are very old, very stable political party - "Democrats and Republicans back to 1824, respectively, the Democratic Party, founded in 1854 as a donkey, and is characterized as a Republican elephant.Americans do not join a political party to vote or become a candidate for public office.。
最新美国政治体制(英文版)精品课件
The United States Congress, made up of the Senate(参议院，上院(shànɡ yuàn))and the House of Representatives, (众议院) makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment,(弹劾) by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to sixyear terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.
Department(美国国务院).
第十三页，共14页。
Thanks! 第十四页，共14页。
Federal(联邦) and state judicial(司法的) and cabinet officials are typically nominated(提名) by the executive branch(行政部门) and approved by the legislature(立 法机关), although some state judges and officials are elected by popular vote.(普选)
John G. Roberts
17th Chief Justice of the United States
美国政党介绍 英语 PPT
• Support gay rights • Argue that the right for abortion should be with women.
Representatives
Summarization
Parties The Republicans The Democrats
Symbols Ideas Economic idea Social issues
Representatives
Ideology of the Democratic Party
• More liberal • Favor a strong social security system. • Believe that it is the responsibility of the government to take care of the individual citizens. • Support welfare programs for the people. • Favor strict gun control • Against death penalty.
__________ Elephant cБайду номын сангаасnservative
Donkey __________ liberal
free __________
Oppose large governmental social security programs business groups
market
__________ intervention
Political Parties In America
Symbols
The Democratic Party
美国政治制度用英语简洁介绍
美国政治制度用英语简洁介绍篇一：美国政治制度的英语作文The United State political systemAs far as I am concerned, I believe that the Constitutional federal republish of The United State is democratic. The United State federal system pursues the principe of “Checks and Balan ces”. The American constitution required that the state authority consisted of legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch , which was parallel to others and restricted others. The Congress consists of the House and the Senate. Each state has two senators despite the population, which ensures that the small states have an equal power in one of the houses of Congress. The House of Representatives are elected according to the proportion of the population states. The main duty of the Congress is to make laws. Only when the House and the Senate vote and pass the bill and then send it to the president for his signature, can it become a law. The chief executive of the United State is the president.He is head of government, commander–in–chief of the armed forces and chief of state. The president is elected by the citizens and he has to be responsible for them. The president can veto the law that the Congressproposes. However,Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two thirds of the members of both houses vote in favour of it. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. The judges are appointed by the president. The judges can have lifelong tenure if they do not commit a crime.In my opinion, I think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the United State are democratic. Thomas Jefferson ever said“As far as I understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. The American system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.However, the American system has also existed disadvantages. I think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in American society. A 18‐year‐old black youth named Michael Brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in Missouri, America on August 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. When the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on November 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in America. This issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. Unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.Different from the America, China carried out the system of people’s congress, which fits our country’s situation. In political parties, America has two‐party system but China insists an single‐party system. I think that Chinese system has high efficiency in a short time but has poor long‐term stability, because of lacking power supervision. Instead, American system has low efficiency in short‐term but has high efficiency for a long time. Therefore, we can not say the Chinese system is superior to American system, because they both fit their own country’s situation and have positive impact on the economical development. However,the officials looting has become a more and more serious problem in our country. The officials’duties are serving to the people and doing something beneficial to the public. Butthey failed in their responsibility and looted,which may cause the public feel disappointed to the government. Although the government has taken effective measures to suppress the corruption,officials looting remains a serious problem in our country. So,I think that our government should perfect the power supervision system constantly and prevent the officials from looting. Only by doing this, our country may become better and better.篇二：美国政治制度英文the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, th e supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. which caused large‐scale demonstrations and developed theviolent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.一、英国政治体制的模式及特点英国的政治制度是典型的君主立宪制，其主要特点是“议会至上”、以内阁为权力核心、君主虚位、政党组织严密。
英美主要政党英文简介,绝对原创
• He was Co-Chairman of the Joint Committee Against Racism between 1982 and 1987.
Conservatism
• It is a political and social philosophy that holds that traditional institutions work best and that society should avoid radical change. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism and seek a return to the way things were.
The Tories (托利党)
the landed gentry, the Church of England and the Church of Scotland
The Whigs (辉格党) the newly emerging moneyed industrial classes
英国,美国,加拿大政党介绍课件
The Labour Party
C. the features of the Labour Party
• relatively poor and underprivileged • strong in the heavily-populated industrial
areas and particularly associated with the working class • nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions • conference for making the party policy
in 1833.
The Conservative Party
B. the nature of the Conservative Party It is the party of the right because the Conservatives are opposed to great changes in society and have a belief in private enterprise and freedom from state control.
Lord John Russell (1865–1868 )
• Liberal Leaders in the House of Lords
• As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name Liberal Party
American Political Parties
The Conservative Party
C. the features of the Conservative Party
美国三权分立的详细说明(英语版)
The separation of power and the system of checks-and-balancesin USAIntroductionIt is known to us that the political system vary from country to country depending on its different national condition, such as the constitutional monarchy of UK and the People's Congress system of China, the separation of power of US. During this discussion, we will talk about the how the American government works under the idea of separation of power which is associated with the checks and balances system..BodyAccording to the U.S. Constitution declared that the government was divided into three different branches including a legislative, an executive and a judiciary, in accordance with the idea of separation of power. This idea was created because that Americans did not want these powers to be controlled by just one man or one group. They were afraid that if a small group received too much power, the United States would wind up under the rule of another dictator or tyrant.Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in "The Spirit of the Laws" where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined powers to check thepowers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution. The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The United State’s form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.How does the United States do when putting the idea of separation of power into practice? Which department is responsible for the legislative, executive, and judicial work respectively? In fact, in USA, the legislative is headed by Congress; the executive branch headed by the President and judicial branches headed by the Supreme Court. If we have to use very simple words to describe the work of these three branches, it can be summarized as follow: the Legislative Branch makes the law; the Executive Branch enforces and carries out the laws; The Judicial Branch interprets the laws. Each branch of the government have particular powers, it will be introduced followed.The President, who is responsible for the Executive Branch carries out federal laws and recommends new ones, directs national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. The main powers include: ✧ May veto laws✧ dealing with international powers,✧cting as chief law enforcement officer,✧directing government, commanding the Armed Forces,✧Wages war at the direction of Congress (Congress makes the rulesfor the military)✧Makes decrees or declarations (for example, declaring a state ofemergency)✧promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders✧Appoints judges and executive department heads✧Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons, except in cases ofimpeachmentThe Legislative Branch is headed by the Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main task of these two bodies is to make the laws. Its main powers include✧Writes and enacts laws✧Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget✧Has sole power to declare war✧May start investigations, especially against the executive branch✧The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges andexecutive department heads✧The Senate ratifies treaties✧The House of Representatives may impeach, and the Senate mayremove, executive and judicial officers✧Sets up federal courts except the Supreme Court, and sets the numberof justices on the Supreme Court✧May override presidential vetoes✧originating spending bills (House),✧impeach officials (Senate), and approve treaties (Senate).Headed by the Supreme Court, Judicial branch has the final right to interpret the law, that is to say, once the Supreme Court defines the law, the other different debates will be ineffective. The main powers of the Supreme Court include:✧interpreting the Constitution,✧reviewing laws✧decide cases involving states' rights.✧Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case ✧Determines whether a law is unconstitutional✧Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes✧Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners⏹Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and theproduction of evidence✧Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policiesin a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretiondepends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.)Polices its own membersNot only does each branch of the government have particular powers each branch has certain powers over the other branches. This is done to keep them balanced and to prevent one branch form ever gaining too much power, which practices the system of checks-and-balances. This can be shown in the some aspects:1. Weather a law is passed or not decided by the CongressThe House and Senate may pass a law that the President does not like. The President can veto the law but the Congress override the video requiring 2/3 vote of both houses.2. The Supreme Court can decide weather the President or the Congress is unconstitutional.If The House and Senate pass a law, the President signs it, but the Supreme Court decides it is unconstitutional, they can strike down the law.3. The appointment of the Judges for the Supreme Course is decided by both the President and the CongressThe President nominates Judges for the Supreme Court; the US Senate must approve the Judge nominated before he can serve.4. The Judges of Supreme Court can be removed by the Congress Supreme Court judges have life terms. But they can be impeached.5. The Congress can veto the proposals of the President and the can reject it again, but it was decided by the Congress.As we can see there are many ways (there are many more than listed) that the Constitution balances power. The picture below shows us clearly how does the three branch of the American government restrict each other mutually, for each branch has certain powers over the other branches.There are some definite examples to show how the system of checks-and-balances operates:•After the Civil War President Andrew Johnson vetoed over 20 bills. •After the Civil War Congress overrode over 20 Presidential vetoes! •In1987 President Ronald Reagan appointed Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, his nomination was defeated.•In 1935 and 1936 the Supreme Court declared the NIRA and then the AAA (two New Deal programs passed during the Roosevelt administration) unconstitutional.•In 1918 Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of V ersailles, a peace treaty ending World War I that President Wilson had worked very hard on.There are thousands of examples of checks and balances at work. Real life conflicts that test the system have occurred throughout history. These checks and balances are used on a regular basis.Actually, in theory, the political system of China is in some way similar to the system of checks-and-balances. The National People's Congress has legislative power, but are not administrative. The Judicial departments enforce law independently. And the government has only the administration without prejudice to the legislative and judicial. However, there are many differences in the specific institutional and practical implementation. In China, the party lead all and sometimes the People's Congress is also Party secretary. Therefore the system ofchecks-and-balances is not fully implemented in China, while in US, this system is really the guide when the government works, for each branch has certain powers over the other branches and the three branch of the American government restrict each other mutually.Conclusion:During this discussion, we learn it is the separation of power that is the main principles on which American federal government is based, the different powers of the three branches and use a lot of examples to explain how the three branches affect each other to show the system of checks-and-balances operating in USA. All in our groups believe that the idea of separation and the system of checks-and-balances do have contributed a lot to the development of America as main principle when the government operates.。
英美概况课件美国政党.
Barack Hussein Obama
The 44th President
The Fifth African American senator
The first black president in American history
He attended the Columbia University and then Harvard University. Later, he became a lawyer
Development of the Parties
1789
Democratic
the Federal Party the Republican Party
Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury
Secretary of State
the groups who felt themselves to be outside the dominant system
party of the left since 1933
Political Policies
“New Deal” program (during the presidency of Roosevelt in 1932): federal and state intervention in the economy the beginnings of government social services
With his Grandma and Grandpa
1996-2004: he was elected
Senator of Illinois
Obama During the Election
美国政治体制英文版介绍
The House of Representatives 众议 院
1 Composition :about 340 senator 2.The speaker : election by themselves 3.Tenure: 2 years 1at least 25 years old 4.The qualification: 2 ） 7 years’ American citizenship
2 Three Branches of Government
•The legislative branch立法 •The executive branch执行 •The judicial branch （司法）
•The Senate—参议院 •The House of Representatives—众 议院
The Democratic Party
• Thomas Jefferson • the DemocraticRepublic Party • the dominant political party in the US from
1800s until the 1820s
The Republican Party
• Abraham Lincoln , 1854 • to keep slavery from spreading to other
parts of the country • The party presided over the American
Civil War
The Origin of Donkey and Elephant
•Congress's main function is to make laws
美国政党介绍(英文)
Republican Party Democratic Party
supporters the rich, freelancer, white collar Less government interference Military defense The poor, black,minorities, blue collar strong government interference welfare,education
Economic issues Domestic issues Political stance party emblem Representati ve president
conservative
elephant Lincoln,Clinton, Bush
liberal
donkey Roosevelt,Reagan, Kennedy,Kerry
Demopulican民主共和国政党的特征美国政党建设美国介绍英文日本政党香港政党台湾政党
The Republican Party VS the Democratic Party
Early nonpartisanship
----The framers of the US Constitution made no provision in the governmental structure for the functioning of political parties for they believed that parties were a source of corruption and an impediment to the freedom of people to judge issues on their merits.
Unit 1 P26美国总统选举
Cultural Information P26文化信息2. The American Presidential Election2. 美国总统选举Elections are a fundamental part of the American system of government, which was founded on the principle that the power to govern rests in the hands of the people.新词：参考译文：选举是美国政府制度的基本部分，根据统治的权力在人民手中的原则而建立。
This system depends primarily on the votes.参考译文：这一制度主要取决于投票。
The electoral process can only work if people participate.新词：参考译文：选举过程只有在人民参加的条件下才能进行。
In the United States, elections are held at federal, state and local levels, and the most import of all is the national presidential election with the purpose to choose the president and vice president of the country.新词：参考译文：在美国，选举分联邦，州和地方级进行，其中最重要的是选择国家总统和副总统的国家总统选举。
The president and vice president are the only government officials in the United States elected by and representing the entire nation.新词：参考译文：总统和副总统是美国全国选来代表全国的唯一的政府官员。
考研英语中你必须知道的美国政治常识
考研英语中你必须知道的美国政治常识1.美国政治的基础是宪法（Constitution），所有的政治运行都是建立在宪法基础之上的。
宪法共有 27个修正案（Amendment），补充规定了言论自由，选举人性别等重要事务。
2.美国政治的特征是check and balance （制衡），政府，国会，法院所代表三权中没有哪一方是居于dominate绝对支配地位的。
3.联邦政府只从各州政府的权力中拿走了若干明确列举的权力，州政府则保留着中央政府拿走权力之外的所有权力，所以州政府会和联邦政府发生争端。
4.最高法院有九名法官（justices），一名首席大法官，八名大法官。
由总统提名，民主党常提名自由派（liberal），现在有四个自由派。
共和党常提名保守派（conservative）；现在有四个保守派。
还有一个摇摆派大法官是终生制，所以大法官不一定是现任总统的人，除非现任总统赶上有人离职了，他能安排自己的人进去。
九个人在捍卫宪法尊严方面是不分派别的。
5.国会分为参议院（senate）和众议院（House）人数分别为100名和435名；副总统是参议院院长，在50:50的时候会参与最后表决；副总统由总统任命；议员基本不是民主党员就是共和党员。
6. 国会拥有立法权，但国会所通过的议案必须经过总统的批准方能生效。
美国总统可以行使否决权。
同时总统可以向国会提出各种咨文，包括国情咨文、预算咨文、经济咨文、特别咨文等，建议他认为必须的立法。
7.政府财政预算需要得到国会参议院和众议院批准方能生效。
然而，目前由民主党把持的参议院和由共和党控制的众议院却针尖对麦芒，导致预算案迟迟不得通过。
Hilary Benn's Speech in Favour of Syria Airstrikes英国议会辩论后的演讲！FabulousThank you very much Mr Speaker. Before I respond to the debate, I would like to say this directly to the Prime Minister: Although my right honourable friend the Leader of the Opposition and I will walk into diff erent division lobbies tonight, I am proud to speak from the same Despatch Box as him. My right honour able friend is not a terrorist sympathiser, he is an honest, a principled, a decent and a good man and I th ink the Prime Minister must now regret what he said yesterday and his failure to do what he should have done today, which is simply to say ‘I am sorry’.Now Mr Speaker, we have had an intense and impassioned debate and rightly so, given the clear and pr esent threat from Daesh, the gravity of the decision that rests upon the shoulders and the conscience of every single one of us and the lives we hold in our hands tonight. And whatever we decision we reach, I hope we will treat one another with respect.Now we have heard a number of outstanding speeches and sadly time will prevent me from acknowledg ing them all. But I would just like to single out the contributions both for and against the motion from my honourable and right honourable friends the members for Derby South, Kingston upon Hull West and He ssle, Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford, Barnsley Central, Wakefield, Wolverhampton South East, B rent North, Liverpool, West Derby, Wirral West, Stoke-on-Trent North, Birmingham Ladywood and the h onourable members for Reigate, South West Wiltshire, Tonbridge and Malling, Chichester and Wells.The question which confronts us in a very, very complex conflict is at its heart very simple. What should we do with others to confront this threat to our citizens, our nation, other nations and the people who suff er under the yoke, the cruel yoke, of Daesh? The carnage in Paris brought home to us the clear and pre sent danger we face from them. It could have just as easily been London, or Glasgow, or Leeds or Birmi ngham and it could still be. And I believe that we have a moral and a practical duty to extend the action we are already taking in Iraq to Syria. And I am also clear, and I say this to my colleagues, that the condi tions set out in the emergency resolution passed at the Labour party conference in September have bee n met.We now have a clear and unambiguous UN Security Council Resolution 2249, paragraph 5 of which spe cifically calls on member states to take all necessary measures to redouble and co-ordinate their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts committed specifically by Isil, and to eradicate the safe haven they have established over significant parts of Iraq and Syria.So the United Nations is asking us to do something. It is asking us to do something now. It is asking us t o act in Syria as well as in Iraq. And it was a Labour government that helped to found the United Nations at the end of the Second World War. And why did we do so? Because we wanted the nations of the wor ld, working together, to deal with threats to international peace and security – and Daesh is unquestiona bly that.So given that the United Nations has passed this resolution, given that such action would be lawful unde r Article 51 of the UN Charter – because every state has the right to defend itself – why would we not up hold the settled will of the United Nations, particularly when there is such support from within the region i ncluding from Iraq. We are part of a coalition of over 60 countries, standing together shoulder-to-shoulde r to oppose their ideology and their brutality.Now Mr Speaker, all of us understand the importance of bringing an end to the Syrian civil war and there is now some progress on a peace plan because of the Vienna talks. They are the best hope we have of achieving a cease-fire. That would bring an end to Assad’s bombing, leading to a transitional governme nt and elections. And why is that vital? Both because it will help in the defeat of Daesh, and because it w ould enable millions of Syrians, who have been forced to flee, to do what every refugee dreams of: they j ust want to be able to go home.Now Mr Speaker, no-one in this debate doubts the deadly serious threat we face from Daesh and what t hey do, although sometimes we find it hard to live with the reality. We know that in June four gay men w ere thrown off the fifth storey of a building in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor. We know that in August the 8 2-year-old guardian of the antiquities of Palmyra, Professor Khaled al-Assad, was beheaded, and his headless body was hung from a traffic light. And we know that in recent weeks there has been the discover y of mass graves in Sinjar, one said to contain the bodies of older Yazidi women murdered by Daesh be cause they were judged too old to be sold for sex.We know they have killed 30 British tourists in Tunisia, 224 Russian holidaymakers on a plane, 178 peo ple in suicide bombings in Beirut, Ankara and Suruc. 130 people in Paris including those young people i n the Bataclan whom Daesh – in trying to justify their bloody slaughter – called ‘apostates engaged in pr ostitution and vice’. If it had happened here, they could have been our children. And we know that they a re plotting more attacks.So the question for each of us – and for our national security – is this: given that we know what they are doing, can we really stand aside and refuse to act fully in our self-defence against those who are plannin g these attacks? Can we really leave to others the responsibility for defending our national security whe n it is our responsibility? And if we do not act, what message would that send about our solidarity with th ose countries that have suffered so much – including Iraq and our ally, France.Now, France wants us to stand with them and President Hollande – the leader of our sister socialist part y – has asked for our assistance and help. And as we are undertaking airstrikes in Iraq where Daesh’s h old has been reduced and we are already doing everything but engage in airstrikes in Syria – should we not play our full part?It has been argued in the debate that airstrikes achieve nothing. Not so. Look at how Daesh’s forward m arch has been halted in Iraq. The House will remember that, 14 months ago, people were saying: ‘they a re almost at the gates of Baghdad’. And that is why we voted to respond to the Iraqi government’s reque st for help to defeat them. Look at how their military capacity and their freedom of movement has been p ut under pressure. Ask the Kurds about Sinjar and Kobani. Now of course, air strikes alone will not defe at Daesh – but they make a difference. Because they are giving them a hard time – and it is making it m ore difficult for them to expand their territory.Now, I share the concerns that have been expressed this evening about potential civilian casualties. Ho wever, unlike Daesh, none of us today act with the intent to harm civilians. Rather, we act to protect civili ans from Daesh – who target innocent people.Now on the subject of ground troops to defeat Daesh, there’s been much debate about the figure of 70,0 00 and the government must, I think, better explain that. But we know that most of them are currently en gaged in fighting President Assad. But I’ll tell you what else we know, is whatever the number – 70,000, 40,000, 80,000 – the current size of the opposition forces mean the longer we leave taking action, the lo nger Daesh will have to decrease that number. And so to suggest, Mr Speaker, that airstrikes should nottake place until the Syrian civil war has come to an end is, I think, to miss the urgency of the terrorist thr eat that Daesh poses to us and others, and I think misunderstands the nature and objectives of the exte nsion to airstrikes that is being proposed. And of course we should take action. It is not a contradiction b etween the two to cut off Daesh’s support in the form of money and fighters and weapons, and of course we should give humanitarian aid, and of course we should offer shelter to more refugees including in thi s country and yes we should commit to play our full part in helping to rebuild Syria when the war is over.Now I accept that there are legitimate arguments, and we have heard them in the debate, for not taking t his form of action now. And it is also clear that many members have wrestled, and who knows, in the tim e that is left, may still be wrestling, with what the right thing to do is. But I say the threat is now, and ther e are rarely, if ever, perfect circumstances in which to deploy military forces. Now we heard very powerf ul testimony from the honorable member for Eddisbury earlier when she quoted that passage, and I just want to read what Karwan Jamal Tahir, the Kurdistan regional government high representative in Londo n, said last week and I quote: ‘Last June, Daesh captured one third of Iraq over night and a few months l ater attacked the Kurdistan region. Swift airstrikes by Britain, America and France, and the actions of ou r own Peshmerga, saved us. We now have a border of 650 miles with Daesh. We’ve pushed them back, and recently captured Sinjar. Again, Western airstrikes were vital. But the old border between Iraq and Syria does not exist. Daesh fighters come and go across this fictional boundary.’ And that is the argume nt Mr Speaker, for treating the two countries as one, if we are serious about defeating Daesh.Now Mr Speaker, I hope the house will bear with me if I direct my closing remarks to my Labour friends and colleagues on this side of the House. As a party we have always been defined by our internationalis m. We believe we have a responsibility one to another. We never have – and we never should – walk by on the other side of the road.And we are here faced by fascists. Not just their calculated brutality, but their belief that they are superio r to every single one of us in this chamber tonight, and all of the people that we represent. They hold us i n contempt. They hold our values in contempt. They hold our belief in tolerance and decency in contemp t. They hold our democracy, the means by which we will make our decision tonight, in contempt. And wh at we know about fascists is that they need to be defeated. And it is why, as we have heard tonight, soci alists and trade unionists and others joined the International Brigade in the 1930s to fight against Franco . It’s why this entire House stood up against Hitler and Mussolini. It is why our party has always stood up against the denial of human rights and for justice. And my view, Mr Speaker, is that we must now confro nt this evil. It is now time for us to do our bit in Syria. And that is why I ask my colleagues to vote for the motion tonight。
美国政治 英文版
• The Republican Party—conservative; • Favor an economic system—giving enterprises a greater freedom and demand the government to control inflation; • Stress the need for law and order; • Oppose complete governmental social programs and free choice of abortion; • Favor a strong military posture and assertive stands in international relations.
Representatives (congressman)
435 seats totally, they are divided among states according to their population 2 years
Hale Waihona Puke The SenateSenators
100 in total and each state has 2 seats 6 years ( 1/3 of them are re-elected every 2 years
16 departments
Members are appointed by president with the approval of the Senate..
美国两党简介英文
Supporters:
big industrial capitalists and wellto-do middle and upper class
Summary
Other Parties
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Supporters:
the poor and less-privileged Americans
Interesting facts about the Democratic Party
The symbol of donkey is said to have stemmed from Andrew Jackson. His opposition called him a jackass. Instead of taking it as an insult, he chose to adopt this as a symbol. This, in turn, became the symbol of the Democratic Party. The Democrats hold the record of controlling both the houses of Congress for the most consecutive Congresses. They controlled both houses of Congress from 1955 to 1981.
The Republican Party
The more conservative party Ideology
美国政治党派英文介绍
– Parties need to find viable candidates for a whole range of elected positions at the federal and state level – Obstacles to recruitment include:
Birth of the Modern Democratic Party
– 1824 Election the Republican Party splits, when Andrew Jackson leaves party to form own Republicans change name to National Republicans Jackson wing becomes the Democratic Party
American Political Parties
Overview
• • • • • • Definition Functions Evolution of the American Party System The Two Party System Party Organization Campaign Finance
• This is the same Democratic Party we have today
– – –
1828 Jackson wins, National Republicans rename themselves Whigs
issues: “popular” democracy, federal power base: Dems - rural/south, Whigs: north, urban
英美概况英文课件美国政治
Federal system “Checks and balances” Respect for the Constitution
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Federal System
Definition
Power is shared between the central government and the state government
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Constitution
a single political document in1787 7 articles The Constitution follows three principles:
The Republican Party
The second largest party More conservative Ideology
A small government and free market Letting business compete with little or no government regulation in the marketplace Advocates strong national defense
Chapter 3 Politics
Part Two The Political System of the United States
Introduction to British and American Culture
政党(中英文)
1.An economic foundation: a market economy based on freedom, equality, competition mode of production 2. the political basis: the establishment of representative government, the expansion of suffrage 3. the ideological foundation: liberal pluralism fostered by rational means form 4. social infrastructure: social structure diversification
1.自由党和保守党 （The Liberal Party and the Conservative Party） 2.干部型政党和群众型政党 （ Party cadres and the masses oriented Party Type） 3.左、中、右派政党 （ Leftist, rightist parties） 4.兼容型政党 （ Compatible party） 5.执政党和在野党 （ Ruling and opposition parties） 6.合法政党和非法政党 （ Legal and illegal political parties）
（2）组织功能 挑选政治精英
(2) organizational functions Political elite selection
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Decentralized Party Power Structures
American parties have been noted for low levels of
internal unity and lack of party faith in an ideology or a set of policy goals. They have existed to win elections and control the personnel of government. They have adopted basically centrist policy positions. Within the party in power, presidents cannot take for granted that their party's members of Congress will be loyal supporters of presidential programs. Party leaders in congress cannot expect straight partyline voting from members of their party.
The Republicans
Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican
President in 1861-65, and the Republicans were identified with the northern fight in the Civil War for a Union free of slavery. Afterwards, they represented the main stream of developing northern industry & free private enterprise
Party Functions
The parties organize electoral choices. Democratic or Republican party nominations provide
access to the general election ballot. Party nominations are won by individual candidates in primary elections rather than through selection by party leaders. Most political candidates are self-elected and they organize their own campaigns.
The Electoral College
Each state is allocated a number of Electors or
Electoral College Votes (ECV) based on its Congressional representation. In total, there are 538 ECV. California has 54 Electors, Washington D.C. has 3 Electors, New York has 33 and Florida has 25 ECV. The least populous states, such as Montana, Vermont and Alaska, have 3 Electors.
Voting Behavior
Low voter turnout in American election. From 1960
through 1996, voter turnout was between 50%-60%. Reasons: a. Fiercely individualistic people b. The system of voter registration c. There is no penalty for not voting d. Political alienation, that is, people feel that politics is irrelevant to their life. Democrats generally favor minimal registration requirements. And Republicans are often less enthusiastic about making registration easy for voters This is why there was an achievement of a Democratic Congress and a Democratic president.
Traditional Images of the Two Parties
The Republican Party: a party of more affluent
and conservative voters. It has favored free economic principles, and prefers state and local government power to federal power. They are better at: 1) managing foreign policy 2) dealing with national defense, and 3) holding down taxes.
History & Development of the 2 Parties
In the 1830s, both parties began to hold
nominating conventions. At either party’s nominating convention, delegates from the states voted to choose their party’s candidate Байду номын сангаасor Presidency. Today’s political parties still hold nominating conventions. The professional politicians: people organized campaigns and worked to get out the vote. In 1858 Senate election, the Republican Party emerged as a major party. It joined the Democrats to establish the present two-party system in America.
Voting Behavior
Why voters cast ballots for or against
candidates. Survey data reveal a variety of reasons behind the voters’ choice: Party loyalty Interest group membership Image of the candidate Economic conditions To a lesser extent, ideology and policy preferences
Decentralized Party Power Structures
Party identification and loyalty among elected
officeholders have weakened over time. National party organizations rarely interfere in state party affairs. Individual candidates are encouraged to build their own personal campaign organizations and electoral followings first to win the primaries and then the general elections. American electoral politics is candidate-centered rather than party-centered.
(Elephant)& Democratic Party (Donkey). In the 1830s, new political parties were taking shape. They grew out of the conflict between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. National Republicans: people who supported Adams. In 1834, they became known as Whigs. The Whig disintegrated in the mid-1850s. Then the Republican party emerged as a coalition of former Whigs. Democrats: the supporters of Jackson.
The Democrats
The Democrats represented the south in the Civil
War. They are mostly owners of big plantations in the south of the States & the owners of slaves. The 1932 election was fought in the midst of the worst economic depression ever experienced. Franklin Roosevelt won & led the Democrats with his “New Deal” program, involving federal & state intervention in the economy & the beginnings of government social services. Democrats held control of both houses of Congress from 1933 through 1980