【英文文献翻译(附带中文原文)毕业论文专用】我国房地产市场现状和相关国家政策介绍
中英文双语 中国房地产现状与趋势评估
纵观整个中国房地产市场，随着经济的发展，中国房价一直在涨，不过在零七以前涨幅不大，房价开始飙升是在零七以后，到了2009年，政府为了摆脱美国次贷危机影响，推行了宽松的信贷政策，这大大刺激了房地产市场的发展，房地产开始走向泡沫化。
除了国家政策，大众的思想也是控制房价居高不下的一个重要因素。
在中国传统的社会观里面，要有一个稳定的居所才会有一段稳定的婚姻，从而演变成了今天的买一套房成为了结婚的首要充分条件，也正是因为这种观念，使得购房需求几乎没有了弹性。
从2010年开始，国家出台了一系列调控措施，称为“国十条”，但是并没有对房价的下降起到太大的作用。
2011年，房地产业的泡沫已被吹得巨大无比，随时都有破灭的可能，中央推出了八条房地产市场调控措施。
备受期待的“新国八条”政策出台以后，全国楼市并没有像想象中的那样受到控制。
我认为，未来两三年，房价不可能再上升，但是也不会狂降，应该是出于一种稳中有降的态势，每个地区降幅可能会不太一样，降幅最大估计也就是15%左右。
因为房地产业就目前而言依然是国民经济的一个支柱性产业，如果房地产市场大跌，那么经济增速就将会放缓，可能会引起社会不稳定现象，而且房地产业关系到一系列产业链的发展和大批工人的就业问题，如果大跌，社会经济颓废将是必然的。
个人认为，最有可能的是房地产价格略有下降，地方政府限购政策会放宽一点，交易量上升一些，再降下来再微调，这是一个政府与房地产商博弈的过程。
Throughout the real estate market, along with the economic development, China's housing prices have been rising, but little in seven previous gains, prices began to soar after the seven, by the year 2009, in order to get rid of United States subprime mortgage crisis, implementation of easy credit policy, which greatly stimulated the development of the real estate market, real estate starts to bubble. In addition to national policies, mass is also an important factor in controlling high prices. In the traditional Chinese society, to have a stable residence will have a stable marriage, which evolved into today's buying a House becomes first sufficient condition for marriage, and because of this, makes the House has little elasticity of demand.Starting from 2010, the State issued a series of regulations, known as the "ten", but did not play much role in the fall in house prices. In 2011, the real estate bubble has blown huge, burst may at any time, have released eight measures to regulate the real estate market in the middle. The much-anticipated "new country eight" policy after the introduction, the property market did not, as expected, as under control.I think the next two or three years, house prices may be rising again, but will not kuangjiang, should be a steady decreasing trend, each region may not decline too, most estimates is about 15%. Because the real estate industry for the moment continues to be a pillar industry of the national economy, if the real estate market slumped, then there will be a slowdownin economic growth, could cause social instability, relates a series of industry and real estate industry development and employment for large numbers of workers, if dropped, decadent social economy will be inevitable. Personally think that most likely is a slight decline in real estate prices, local government the purchase of policies be relaxed a little, trading volumes rose, and then down and then fine tune, this is a process of Government and the real estate game.。
外文翻译--浅析我国房地产市场存在的主要问题及对策
Analysis of China's real estate market problems and Countermeasures The housing market interference can be generally classified into two methods: the number of interference and interference. The amount of interference is important for the housing supply amount of interference, directly through the government built a large number of public housing to rent to supply low income households and hard user applications, but this approach is easy to carry the heavy burden of finance. Therefore, in practice, in addition to public housing, the government also adopted the finance allowance method, that is actually on housing price regulation and interference, financial subsidies can be divided into the demand for property buyers and developers supply subsidies subsidies to. In accordance with the government policy and real estate market interference of different characteristics, this article from the amount of interference and interference of two part price assessment real estate policy, government intervention in two part investigates the government real estate policy, intervention and policy evolutionKey words: problem; countermeasure; real estate marketReforming and opening especially housing system reform, our country real estate industry such as bamboo shoots after a spring rain is swift and violent development, the real estate market emerge as the times require. The real estate industry and the development of real estate market, on the one hand, promote the development of economy of our country countryman, people living condition is improved to have positive effect, but also causes some problems can not be ignored in the market.The first section of the current real estate market in China the main problemsAt present, China's real estate market problems, to sum up, mainly in the following four aspects:(1) the investment in real estate development investment scale is too large, resulting in economic risk. According to the National Academy of Social Sciences,"2008real estate Blue Book" provides data, in 2007 the national real estate investment of 2.52 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.2%, an increase of 8.1percentage points year-on-year growth rate, higher than the same period of urban fixed asset investment growth rate 4.4 percentage points; wherein, commodity residential investment1801000000000 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 32.1%, the highest since 2003, increasing ratio year increase by 6.5 percentage points higher than the same period, the real estate investment growth rate 1.9 percentage points since 2004, continued the residential investment growth rate were higher than that of the real estate investment growth trend. According to another survey of traffic bank, investment in real estate development, most enterprises of real estate developers because of its own funds less, development of source of funding to the bank credit and indirect financing, asset indebted rate is higher. In the fierce competition in the market and the government macroeconomic regulation and control policy under the influence, the enterprise once the operation errors or capital chain ruptures, will lead to a large number of bad assets and non-performing loans, contains the financial risks and economic risks can not be ignored.(2) housing sales price is exorbitant, cause the majority of consumers at the housing stop. In recent years, the country house prices continue to soar.(3) housing the unbalance of structure of supply and demand, leading to many consumers to buy suitable housing. At present our country 's real estate market housing supply, prevalence of high profile, small-sized apartment house slants much, cheap, large-sized apartment housing and economic housing, low rent housing less problems, leading to many living conditions for property buyers to buy suitable housing, aroused the public especially low income groups dissatisfaction, and then increase the differences between groups of social contradiction, increase social disharmonious factors.(4) the market order and chaos, led to the illegal behavior increases. One is the development of enterprises in the housing sales, land acquisition and planning approval such links exist illegal acts; the two is the government departments at all levels in land development, housing construction exists in the process of land expropriation, the development of enterprises to chaos to collect fees behavior. According to the Ministry of construction in 2007eight departments to carry out the national real estate market order special rectification work in statistics, all around thereal estate development, trade, intermediary and other aspects of the comprehensive inspection, in accordance with the law and real estate enterprises and departments in charge of all kinds of illegal acts, Shanxi province investigates illegal for 189 projects, total22%; Hebei Province found problematic development project for 326, accounted for 24% of the total; Chongqing city had problems finding the real estate development projects 158, accounting for 16% of the total.Section second of the current our country real estate market is the main cause of the problemLed to the above-mentioned problems is many sided, but also is a complex. To sum up, I think, mainly including the objective reasons, subjective intention mainly consisting mainly of reason of unbalance of supply and demand and housing in three aspects.(1) the dominant cause of objective conditions. One is from the real estate market situation, due to the development of China's market economy is still insufficient, market economic system as a part of the real estate market system is still in the stage of construction and perfect ceaselessly, market self regulation and perfect mechanism is not yet fully formed, real estate market has led to the emergence of these problems. Two from the government's macro-control real estate market situation, because the real estate market in China is still a newborn thing, the grasp of the real estate market is a process of adaptation, and the government has introduced regulatory measures also have a process, so the effect of government regulation of market show no doubt has opposite lag characteristics, real estate market has led to the problem difficult to solve. Three from the price rising factors, large demand for housing, land, raw material price rises ceaselessly, labor remuneration increase gradually, the real estate product quality and content of science and technology continued to improve, leading to the real estate production cost is higher, thereby affecting the prices continued to rise.(2) the subjective intention main reasons. Under the condition of market economy, the market main body and other parties have their own interest pursuit. When the parties interests game, to achieve its maximum benefits of desire, often appear weak and strong damage public interests phenomenon, resulting in the realestate market the problems. Its incorporate is: one is the part of the real estate developers in pursuit of their own interests, regardless of national policy and regulations, regardless of the harm the public interest, and therefore there is blind investment, an illegal part, is formed between the enterprise price alliance or property hoarding, drive up prices of building high profile small-sized apartment build less low-grade large-sized apartment housing act, cause investment too big, market disorder, unbalance of structure of supply and demand, housing prices rise high. Two is the number of intermediary organizations and social speculation funds to participate in the housing speculation, housing supply, housing prices soared, confusion in the market play a role. People for having heard it many times "Wenzhou real mission" and foreign funds through various channels to enter the domestic real estate speculation is a powerful example. Three is part of the local government from local interests, one-sided pursuit of economic growth and the real estate market short-term prosperity, neglect the importance and urgency of macroscopical adjusting control, in the implementation process of the central regulatory policy filter, select the available content execution, or take an alternative implementation and symbolic execution, resulting in" a policy, a policy of" implementation deviation, leading to the real estate market regulation policy in the implementation of aliasing, led to the real estate market problems have not been effectively resolved, the impact of the government macro-control measures effect.(3) housing the cause of unbalance of supply and demand. The increase in housing supply can not keep up with demand growth, market supply and demand imbalance, leading to the real estate market is the problem of a deep-seated reason. Large scale farmers basic housing demand, town dweller consumes a structure to upgrade to improve the housing needs, old housing renovation caused by the passive nature of the housing demand, the industrialization that finish on the business premises of the incremental demand, the demand of several superimposed, resulting in a Chinese urban housing demand rigidity, decided the future for decades in China city housing supply can not meet the demand of the basic situation. People on the housing consumption demand increases ceaselessly, the housing supply can not meet the increasing demand of the society, in this case, the investment increases, prices andspeculation and other problems will be difficult to avoid.Section third of the government macroeconomic regulation and control is to solve the real estate market is the inevitable choice of the problemUnder the condition of market economy, government and market, is the two kind of resource allocation and coordination of the social economic activities is the main mechanism or system arrangement. For the real estate market problems, need the government to grasp correctly the relation with the market, according to the real estate industry and market characteristic and rule, the correct exercise of social functions in economic management, using the method of macroscopical adjusting control, timely to control the real estate market.( one ) the real estate industry 's basic attribute, decided the government must timely carried out macro-control on real estate marketThe real estate industry is the important industry relationship beneficial to the people's livelihood. The housing problem, is not only an economic problem, but also is a matter of social harmony and stability of society and political problem. In the social economic life, real estate has two basic functions and attributes: one is economic function, namely the industry attribute. The real estate industry itself belongs to a material wealth creation industry. In the healthy development of the market under the premise, the real estate industry not only itself to the society created enormous material wealth; but also for two or three industries to provide production and operation places; in addition, the real estate industry and building materials, construction and installation, decoration, electrical manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, green environment, service life and many other industries are closely related, can drive a large number of relevant industry development; and then is able to create more material wealth, promote the sustainable and rapid development of national economy. According to the National Bureau of statistics, the 1997-2004years, real estate development investment on China's GDP growth rate contribution rate is 11.6%, which achieved 13% in 2004. Two is the social function, namely public property. The real estate industry also belongs to a closely related with the people's life in the social sector. To the vast number of members of the community to provide housing product, satisfy each citizen's basic right of habitation demand, real estateindustry is the existence and development of nature's laws. With the reform of housing system and the development of the real estate industry, although part of China's urban residents living conditions have been greatly improved, but there are also many low income groups purchase difficult living conditions, to improve the problem.Real estate two basic attributes, decided whether it is from the maintenance of real estate and national economy sustainable development point of view, or from the maintenance of social harmony and stability, to meet the public demand for basic living right angle, the government must stand in global height position, close attention to the real estate industry and the real estate market development situation of real estate market, aiming at the existing problems, to exercise the function of macroscopical adjusting control, maintain the stability of the real estate market, promote the real estate industry and the sustained and healthy economic development; maintain harmony and stability in society, satisfy the social public housing demand.( two) the government and the market relations, decided the government must be carried out macro-control on real estate marketIn social economic activities, the government and the market relations, is in essence a kind of me, I have complementary relationship. Correctly handle the relationship between government and market, need to pay attention to prevent the emergence of two extreme behavior : one is market first and market omnipotence theory, the results led to the market failure and government; two is the supreme Almighty, resulting in failure of government. To this end, the government has to ensure that the market has fundamental sex effect to resource configuration under the premise, with macroscopical adjusting control intervention long make up market regulation short. When the malfunction of the market mechanism, problem, government should timely to market macro-control, thereby realizing the market adjustment and government intervention mechanism of the optimal combination of two yuan.The domestic and foreign theory and practice prove that, under the condition of market economy, want to realize the market participates in each square interest balance, gain social benefit maximization, solely relying on market forces isimpracticable. ModernInstitutional economists G. Hodgson, a pure market system is not feasible," a market system must be permeated with the national regulations and interventions". On century 90time our country Hainan real estate bubble burst and collapse in house prices in recent years in Japan, the United States sub-loan crisis impact on social economy and government intervention in the market practice, deeply tell us: no government timely regulation, the real estate market is easy to appear the far-reaching economic and social problems; the solution real estate market problems, relying on the market mechanism can not solve, must rely on the government timely intervention.In the face of a preceding period of China's real estate market appears a sharp rise in housing prices, housing supply structure unbalance, market order is confused and other problems, if in the so-called " market decides everything" as an excuse to give up macro-control, abnormal development of the real estate industry or the real estate market turmoil, will give our country social economy bring irreparable disaster consequences. Therefore, as a social economic management of the government, must pass through the method of macroscopical adjusting control, the real estate market was timely and effective regulation and control, and properly solve the problems in real estate markets, make real estate and real estate market return to the correct development track, avoid market risks and crisis, ensure Society of our country economy the continued and healthy development.( three) the basic functions of the government, decided the government must be carried out macro-control on real estate marketHousing is the requisite that people lives, safeguard the citizens' right to housing, is the unshirkable responsibility of the government. As the government according to the law of the state and social public affairs management of the administrative organ, has two basic functions : one is the economic management functions, including the function of macroeconomic control, provide public products and services function, market to superintend function; two is the social management functions, including adjusting social distribution and organization of the social security function, stimulative socialization the service system of functions. From the functioncharacteristics, the functions of the government is open to the public, dynamic and expansion of the three major characteristics. The functions of the government 's public characteristics, reflected a government to perform the functions of fundamental objective is to all social groups and classes to provide universal, fair, high quality services to the public, this is the essence of government functions. The functions of the government to the dynamic character of shows, with economic and social development, governmental function is always changing, he depends on the market economy condition the relationship between government and market dynamics, the relationship between the government and society the force contrast. The expansion of government functions features that, as in modern society, public affairs, public issue increasingly grow in quantity, the public needs of individuation, diversification, the government undertook more and more the function of social service, and gradually extended to all levels of society.Therefore, when the real estate market price rises, order disorder, the public housing demand is difficult to meet such problems, the government must conscientiously perform their functions: through the method of macroscopical adjusting control, restrictions on real estate prices skyrocketing, normative market action, ensure that the real estate industry and the real estate market is stable, safeguard the healthy development of the national economy; meet society the public housing demand, maintain social public interests, and promoting social fairness.浅析我国房地产市场存在的主要问题及对策摘要住房市场的干涉大致可以归结为两种方法:数量干涉与价格干涉。
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章China's real estate market has experienced rapid growthin recent years. The article provides an accurate analysisand update on the current state of the market. It can be used as a reference for investors, economists, or individuals interested in understanding the dynamics of the Chinese real estate industry.以下是使用28句双语例句来回答关于中国房地产市场的问题：1. China's real estate market has been a key driver ofthe country's economic growth.中国的房地产市场一直是中国经济增长的重要引擎。
2. The high demand for property in China has led tosoaring housing prices.在中国，对房地产的高需求导致了房价飙升。
3. Many Chinese individuals see real estate as alucrative investment opportunity.许多中国人将房地产视为一种有利可图的投资机会。
4. The Chinese government has implemented various policies to cool down the real estate market.中国政府出台了多项政策以降温房地产市场。
5. A surge in property speculation has raised concerns about a potential real estate bubble.房地产投机热潮引发了对潜在房地产泡沫的担忧。
外文翻译---我国房地产可持续发展的文献综述
外文翻译---我国房地产可持续发展的文献综述The sustainable development of China's real XXX economic and social progress of the country。
It is essential for the XXX real estate industry。
identify the challenges it faces。
XXX。
Keywords: Sustainable Development。
Real XXX1.The Concept of Sustainable Development in Real EstateSustainable development in the real XXX。
materials。
XXX the quality of life for XXX development is essential for the industry to achieve long-term growth and stability.2.Challenges Facing the Real Estate IndustryXXX real XXX development。
One of the primary XXX。
XXX。
XXX.3.XXX EstateXXX real estate industry。
XXX。
XXX training programs。
workshops。
XXX。
consumers need to be made aware of the XXX。
XXX practices。
XXX.XXX。
XXX for the long-term growth and stability of the real XXX sustainable practices。
the industry can achieve economic。
房地产相关文献综述范文
房地产相关文献综述范文English Answer:Real Estate Literature Review.Real estate is a vast and complex field, with a wide range of topics that have been studied by researchers. This literature review provides an overview of some of the key areas of research in real estate, including:Real estate markets: The real estate market is a complex system that is influenced by a variety of factors, including economic conditions, interest rates, and government policies. Researchers have studied the dynamics of real estate markets to understand how they operate and how they can be affected by changes in the economy.Real estate investment: Real estate is a popular investment vehicle, and researchers have studied thefactors that affect the performance of real estateinvestments. These factors include the location of the property, the type of property, and the investment strategy used.Real estate development: Real estate development is a complex process that involves the planning, design, and construction of new properties. Researchers have studied the factors that affect the success of real estate development projects, including the market demand for new properties, the cost of development, and the regulatory environment.Real estate finance: Real estate finance is a complex area of study that involves the financing of real estate investments. Researchers have studied the different types of real estate融资, such as mortgages, equity financing, and mezzanine financing. They have also studied the factors that affect the cost of real estate financing, such as the interest rate, the loan-to-value ratio, and the creditworthiness of the borrower.These are just a few of the key areas of research inreal estate. The field of real estate is constantly evolving, and new research is being conducted all the time. This literature review provides a brief overview of some of the most important areas of research in real estate, and it is intended to serve as a starting point for further research.中文回答：房地产相关文献综述。
房地产外文翻译(二)2024
房地产外文翻译（二）引言在全球化的背景下，房地产业的国际化发展愈发重要。
本文将对房地产外文翻译（二）进行分析和探讨。
文中将从外国房地产市场的现状、房地产交易的法律法规、市场的推广策略、现代科技在房地产业的应用以及房地产投资的风险与回报等五个大点开展讨论。
一、外国房地产市场的现状1. 外国房产市场的概况2. 不同国家房地产市场的特点及发展趋势3. 外国楼市调控政策的对比分析4. 房地产供需的影响因素5. 城市化进程对外国房产市场的影响二、房地产交易的法律法规1. 外国房地产交易的法律框架和法规体系2. 外国房地产交易的合同法律条款3. 外国房地产交易的税务政策4. 不同国家房地产交易流程的对比研究5. 外国房地产交易中的法律风险与风险防范措施三、市场的推广策略1. 外国房地产市场的推广模式2. 网络营销在房地产推广中的应用3. 房地产开发商的市场定位和品牌战略4. 房地产销售技巧和促销策略5. 房地产市场营销策略的创新和趋势四、现代科技在房地产业的应用1. 人工智能在房地产行业的应用2. 大数据技术在房地产市场分析中的应用3. 虚拟现实技术在房地产营销中的应用4. 区块链技术在房地产交易中的应用5. 房地产业的数字化转型和未来趋势五、房地产投资的风险与回报1. 外国房地产投资的风险评估指标2. 外国房地产投资的收益估算模型3. 不同国家房地产投资收益率的对比分析4. 外国房地产投资的风险管理手段5. 房地产投资市场的未来发展前景总结通过对房地产外文翻译（二）的归纳和总结，我们了解到外国房地产市场的现状和发展趋势，认识到了房地产交易的法律法规以及市场推广策略的重要性。
同时，现代科技在房地产业中的应用也得到了提升，但投资仍然面临一定的风险。
因此，对外国房地产投资进行风险管理和回报评估是至关重要的。
随着全球化的深入发展，房地产业将继续成为一个热门的领域，我们必须及时调整策略，适应市场变化。
房地产营销管理英文文献及翻译
房地产营销管理英文文献及翻译房地产开发是支持人们日常生活的基矗社会主义市场经济体制的制定，使得房地产业成为市场经济活动的主体成员，面对市场的风云变幻，房地产企业要想抓住机遇，迎接挑战，必须树立现代的营销观念，掌握现代的营销技术。
我国的房地产营销环境与营销管理虽然经过二十年的市场观念熏陶，但是我国的房地产在诚信问题、营销创新、产品创新、以及管理体制等方面与国际接轨上有距离。
1 房地产营销的基础知识1.1营销的概念毕业论文市场营销译自英文marketing一词。
最早产生于美国，1960年美国市场营销协会（AMA）定义委员会的定义：市场营销是把产品或服务从生产者引导到消费者或用户所进行的一切企业活动。
房地产市场营销是通过房地产市场交换满足现实的或潜在的房地产需求的综合性的经营销售活动过程。
它有以下几层涵义：1、房地产市场营销的目的是满足消费者对房地产商品和劳务的需求。
2、既包括现实需求也包括潜在需求。
3、房地产市场营销的中心是实现商品的交换，完成销售活动。
4、房地产营销的手段是开展综合的营销活动。
房地产营销是市场营销的一个重要分支，是建立在市场营销理论体系上的。
在房地产营销的运用上主要由政府管理部门和房地产开发商。
政府部门主要作为市场管理者对市场行为的监督以及对房地产开发商进行指导，披露市场供给需求信息，制定相关策略以利于社会稳定和经济发展。
房地产开发商主要是发现市场机会，进行营销管理活动。
1990年，美国企业营销专家劳特朋提出了4C理论，4C即消费者的欲望和需求、消费者获取满足的成本、消费者购买的方便性、企业与消费者的有效沟通。
4C理论的营销主张重视消费者导向，其精髓是由消费者定位产品。
1.2 房地产的发展长久以来国内对住房的要求就是能够遮风避雨就行了，但是，随着社会的发展以及我国城市化进程的加快，房地产市场不仅仅局限于提供给人们遮风避雨的场所，而在引领住宅文化潮流上更是不遗余力。
房地产有其区别于其它产品的特点。
房地产相关文献综述范文
房地产相关文献综述范文English Response:Introduction.Real estate plays a significant role in the global economy and individual financial planning. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the key concepts, theories, and empirical research related to real estate investment and development. It examines the factors influencing real estate markets, investment strategies, and the impact of real estate on economic growth.Real Estate Market Fundamentals.Supply and Demand: Changes in the supply and demandfor housing and commercial properties drive market prices and rental rates.Property Attributes: Location, size, amenities, andarchitectural features influence the value of a property.Market Segmentation: Residential, commercial, industrial, and land segments have distinct characteristics and demand drivers.Market Cycles: Real estate markets typically follow cyclical trends, influenced by economic conditions and government policies.Investment Strategies.Residential Investment: Purchasing and renting out single-family homes, apartments, and other residential properties for rental income.Commercial Investment: Acquiring and managing office buildings, retail spaces, industrial warehouses, and other commercial assets.Land Development: Purchasing raw land and convertingit into residential, commercial, or industrial propertiesfor sale or lease.REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts): Publicly traded companies that invest in a portfolio of real estate assets, providing investors with diversification and access to institutional-grade investments.Impact on Economic Growth.Job Creation: Real estate development and maintenance create employment in construction, property management, and other related industries.Tax Revenue: Property taxes are a major source of revenue for local and state governments.Investment Catalyst: Real estate investment canattract businesses, infrastructure development, and overall economic activity.Conclusion.Real estate is a complex and multifaceted asset class. Understanding the market fundamentals, investment strategies, and impact on economic growth is essential for informed decision-making by investors, developers, and policymakers. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and research in the field of real estate.Chinese Response:引言。
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章Title: Chinese Real Estate Market: Accurate Analysis and ApplicationIntroduction:The Chinese real estate market has witnessed rapid growth and substantial changes over the past several decades. This article aims to provide an accurate analysis of the current state of the market and shed light on its future trends. The usage of English and Chinese bilingual sentences will help enhance the readers' understanding of the topic.1. The Chinese real estate market plays a crucial role in the country's economic development.中国房地产市场在国家经济发展中起着至关重要的作用。
2. Over the years, there has been a surge in housing demand in China.多年来，中国的住房需求出现了激增。
3. The expansion of urban areas has fueled the growth of the real estate market.城市范围的扩大推动了房地产市场的增长。
4. Chinese citizens consider owning a property as asymbol of financial success and stability.中国公民认为拥有房产是财务成功和稳定的象征。
外文翻译--中国房地产市场的发展
原文：本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Development of China’s Real Estate MarketOver the oast two decades, real estate has evolved rrom governmentcontrolled to a commercial product, emerging ana developing into an important component of China s nnancial markets. Altnough the overall gross aomestic product (GDP) and income levels have been growing rapidly, the even-faster rising housing costs have exacerbated the problem of housing affordability. Real estate development has become a key factor in China' s economic growth, as real estate has become an essential part of the overall functioning of the economy. Recent signs following the global financial crisis suggest that China ^ s real estate market has bottomed and may be on its way to a rebound. In the long run, this market offers lucrative investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.The government owned，controlled，and managed all real estate in China under a socialist central-planning system until 1988, when reform in this sector started (Fung, Huang, Liu，and Shen 2006)• Since then, a market-based real estate industry has gradually developed, related legislation was enacted, and various types of real estate services have emerged. During this period, real estate in China has changed from a public to a commercial product. Although the state remains the owner of land in name，the rights of land use and land improvements are now commonly privately owned. The privatization effort has driven the growth of the real estate industry, and has made it possible for many modern business practices to be introduced into China.In recent years，Cnina ’ s real estate market has demonstrated increasing integration with real estate markets in other parts of the world，with almost synchronous ebbs and flows. This gave rise to imbalances between supplv and demand, increasing real estate price volatility. In addition, the Chinese economy has been growing at one of the fastest rates in the world, leading to rising disposableincome levels.The increase in housing prices have actually outpaced income growth, thereby exacerbating the affordability problem. A comparison between the inland area and themore affluent coastal area finds that the latter' s housing affordability problem has been more severe.Nevertheless, since 1997，the heavy investment in the real estate sector has provided an important impetus for overall economic growth, by stimulating the demand for many other industries, including machinery, steel, electronics, chemical products, and architecture. This is especially important for the economy of a country like China，where savings rates are high and consumption share in the GDP is relatively low.Another important development in recent years is the real estate market’ s increasing integration with its counterparts in other countries- For instance, the real estate bubble between early 2003 and late 2007 and the ensuing rapid cool-off coincided with many other markets. The global financial crisis exacerbated the decline, giving rise to a host of problems including widespread mortgage loan defaults, negative net worth families, and aborted construction projects. This global integration both poses serious challenges and brings opportunities to domestic and foreign investors.ChallengesAlthough China' s real estate market is still in a relatively early stage of development in comparison to the United States and other developed markets, China' s real estate boom between 1998 and 2007 was one of the biggest in the world. During this period, the average annual growth rate for real estate investment was 22.1 percent, more than double the average GDP growth rate of 9.4 percent. In particular，theaverage annual growth between 2000 and 2007 exceeded 20 percent, and surpassed 30 percent every year between 2003 and 2007 (Pan 2009)• However，beginning in the second half of 2007，China’ s real estate market took a big tumble, resulting in substantial losses for real estate investors.The recent cyclical changes in the real estate market and the global financial crisis exemplify the inherent risk in real estate investments. However, much like the Chinese word “crisis，” composed of the signs for “danger” and “opportunity,” challenges and opportunities go hand-in-handOpportunitiesDue to the special features of its political decision-making system, the Chinese government has quickly formulated and put into effect numerous policies and regulations to address the sharp decline in the real estate market. u China is unusual in that it has this incredible capacity to mobilize all its institutions，” said Vikram Nehru,the World Bank's chief economist for Asia (Batson 2009). Because the downturn that began in the second half of 2007 caused many economic and social problems, many policies and regulations favorable to real estate market participants were enacted by both the central and local governments and took effect in 2008.These included reducing mortgage interest rates, lowering payment requirements, extending mortgage loan terms, relaxing or eliminating the caps on loans from the housing Public Accumulation Fund, conversion of commercial mortgage loans to government-backed ones, reducing or removing the housing deed tax, offering direct subsidies to house buyers，relaxing regulations on second-house purchases，and eliminating the real estate stamp tax (Fung et aL 2006).By the end of the first quarter of 2009, the real estate market in China had started to show signs of recovery. Although housing prices still remain at a relatively low level, Cheng (2009) reported that many cities saw increases in housing transactions as compared to the same period last year，including Beijing (6.28 percent)，Shanghai (27.89 percent), Tianjin (15-77 percent), and Nanjing (9.17 percent). This recovery can be attributable to the aforementioned stimulative policies and regulations and, more importantly, to the recent rapid expansion of the money supply. According to statistics released by the People' s Bank of China，as of the end of February 2009, various loan balances at financial institutions were RMB33.06 trillion, a 24.17 percent increase over one year ago. In particular, the balances rose by RMB1.07 trillion in the month of February alone, a whopping jump of 441 percent over the increase in the same month a year ago. In addition, a good portion of the recently announced RMB4trillion (US$585 billion) economic stimulus program was aimed to boost fixed assets and housing investments and expected to further revive the real estate market. By the end of February, real estate-related stocks traded on the 90 The Chinese Economy.Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges recorded considerable gains, and China' s real estate stock index gained over 40 percent.It is uncertain how long the world financial crisis will last and how much impact it will have on China’ s real estate market, but the market appears to have bottomed out. Some economists have predicted that China will be among the first to come out of the global downturn. Batson (2009) argued that China' s economy will turn a corner as the RMB4 trillion stimulus program kicks in, as evidenced by rising crude oil and iron ore imports, record monthly car sales figures, improved manager confidence,a 34.24 percent rise in the Shanghai Composite stock index, and rising real estate sales. Anderlini (2009) also reported a rebound in real estate capital spending and transaction volumes, and the first slight rise in month-on-month prices in March 2009 since July 2008.From our perspective，there might still be considerable fluctuations and risks in the long run，however，China’s real estate market is expected to offer lucrative returns and rewarding opportunities for domestic and foreign investors-The Real Estate Industry and the Overall EconomyChina' s economy has been growing at one of the fastest rates in the last decade. There are many reasons for this growth, and real estate development is one of them. Unlike in many Western developed economies, where consumption accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the overall GDP, consumption only constitutes about 40 percent of the Chinese economy.Thus，investments, especially those in real estate and infrastructure, play a critical role in China’s economic development. China’s GDP grows at an annual rate of 10.9 percent，while real estate capital，or the newly-created value of real estate through investment, expands at a faster rate of 13.0 percent. Real estate capital as a percentage of GDP increased from 36.7 percent in 1997 to 42.6 percent by 2005. These percentages are at about the same level as the weights of consumption in the economy, suggesting that consumption and real estate investment are of approximately the same importance to the overall economy. Actually, real estate investment has risen during this period, in view of its steadily increasing weight in the GDP, in contrast to the decreasing share of consumption.Second，as urban areas dominate China ’ s economy，urban fixed-asset investments account for the majority of real estate capital, growing at an annual rate of 18.6 percent. In the mean time, over 60 percent of these investments are construction and installation projects, expanding at an even faster annual rate of 18.8 percent. Thus，it can be argued that construction and installation projects drive the growth of urban fixed-asset investments. These drive the growth of the overall real estate industry, which, in turn, drives the growth of the overall economy.Third，the construction of new urban areas (roads，bridges，and other infrastructure) and housing represents the main component of construction andinstallation projects- New urban areas, completed between 1997 and 2005, and comprising 12,307 square kilometers, accounted for 37.8 percent of the total urban area as of the end of 2005. The new urban housing comprising 10.34 billion square meters, completed during the same period，constituted 62.9 percent of total housing. Meanwhile, the cumulative newly constructed 744,700 kilometers of highways and 33,643 kilometers of new expressways represent 38.6 percent and 91.7 percent，respectively, of the total roadways at the end of the period These high percentages demonstrate the exceptional efforts by the government to improve and expand housing and infrastructure during this period.Fourth, government expropriations of land，actually mainly of rural land, are the main source of supply. Cumulative land expropriations between 1997 and 2005 added up to 10,996 square kilometers, accounting for 89.4 percent of the new urban january -february 2010• As most of this is arable land，such fast urbanization did, to a certain degree, negatively affect agricultural production, and create some social issues. But on the other hand，as then-premier Zhu Rongji argued，it provided the indispensable foundation for further economic development.The construction of roads, highways, and expressways provides another impetus for economic growth by serving as a platform for local governments to utilize financial resources and stimulate local economies. China has one of the highest savings rates in the world，usually above 40 percent. Chinese banks，mostly owned and operated by the government, attract vast amounts of capital.The immature and volatile capital markets have not been able to provide outlets for this capital. In light of this, the government adopted the policy of “borrow to build，and use the toll to repay” in road construction. By 2006，96 percent of expressways (about 39,500 km)，70 percent of Level 1 highways (about 26,900 km)，and 46 percent of Level 2 highways (about 113,000 km) had been completed using this approach.Between 2004 and 2006，the highway administrations of several provinces provided net government investments of only RMB2.11 billion, but the total bank capital that road construction projects utilized amounts to RMB60-3 billion, with a ratio of bank capital to net government investments of RMB28.6 billion- This means that RMB1 billion of net government spending in this area results in RMB28.6 billion of bank capital being utilized, creating a sizeable ripple effect in the economy. The banks,in fact, often compete for such lending opportunities because of the role played by local governments and the lucrative toll funds that result from these projects. More important，most such government investments turn out to be profitable，with revenues of RMB16.01 billion far exceeding expenditures of RMB12.76 billion.ConclusionsOver the past two decades，China’s real estate has evolved from government controlled to a commercial product. The real estate market has emerged and developed into an important component o f China’s financial markets. This market has quickly been integrated into the world market, as demonstrated by its cycle, which has generally coincided with those in other countries. The higher volatility in housing prices, a byproduct of such integration，could become an important issue that investors and authorities need to examine closely in the future.Although the overall GDP and income levels have been growing rapidly, the even-faster rising housing costs have exacerbated the housing affordability problem, appearing to be more serious in the more affluent coastal areas. Real estate development has become a key factor in China’ s economic growth and an essential part of the overall functioning of the economy. On the other hand，if China’s economy can main tain healthy growth in the current world economic environment, it will be able to further stimulate the demand for bigger and better housing.The decline in China' s real estate market since the second half of 2007 and the ongoing world financial crisis have posed serious challenges to market participants. But there have been signs recently that suggest the market has bottomed and may be on its way to a rebound In the long run, we believe this market offers lucrative investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.SOURCE: Hung-Gay Fung，Jau-Lian Jeng，Qingfeng Liu，2010，“Development of China’s Real Estate Market” ，The Chinese Economy,vol. 43, no. 1，January 一February 2010, pp. 71 - 92译文：中国房地产市场的发展在过去的 2 0 年里 , 对中国金融市场而言，房地产市场已经从政府控制发展成为一项商业产品,演变与发展成一个重要组成部分。
房地产营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
房地产营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Innovation Model of the Real Estate Marketing StrategyAbstract:With the rapid development of the real estate industry, real estate market is constant maturity, real estate marketing continues to move to a higher level, and real estate marketing innovation has become a key factor of the survival and sustainable development of enterprises. Through analyzing the development and the limitations of the traditional marketing theory, this paper proposes marketing strategy innovationfrom the customer satisfaction, differentiation, experience marketing, integrated marketing, relationship marketing, network marketing, and several other aspects. At last the paper builds innovation model of the real estate marketing strategy.Key words: the real estate, marketing strategy, traditional marketing, innovation model.1. INTRODUCTIONAt present the salient features of the real estate market can be summarized as two words: high and fast. On the one hand, the real estate market vacancy rate is high. As of the end of March 2006, area of vacant commodity housing reached 1.23 billion square meter, up 23.8%,if the average 4,000 yuan per square meter to calculate, its total assets is approximately 5000 billion yuan. The current vacancy rate of China's real estate market is far more than the international police line10%,reaches 20% even 30%.On the other hand, we have seen rapid increases in house prices. By the end of March 2006, the survey jointly issued by National Development and Reform Commission and the National Bureau of Statistics showed that, in February 2006,70 medium-sized cities nationwide housing sales price of a new year-on-year rise 6.2%, national housing prices maintained a steady growth, 70 medium-sized cities housing sales price rose over the same period last year 5.5%. The major reasons are: helped purchase investment, structural imbalance, and a serious lack of marketing concepts.2.TRADITIONAL REAL ESTATE MARKETING STRATEGY AND ITS DRAWBACKSThe peak of traditional marketing theory is founded in the United States in 1960 of the Michigan State University 4P theory, marketing is the effective combinations of four basic elements, that is, Product, Price, Place, Promotion. The theory assumes that as long as an enterprise have high-quality products, the development of a reasonable price, using the appropriate distribution channels and suitable promotional measures, corporate expected marketing objectives can be successfully achieved. The theory of "enterprise-centric" implemented the marketing from the inside out.Product as the core marketing strategy is the product as a source of competitive advantage, product development, product market share as the driving force of corporate profits, products asset-oriented, configure a variety of marketing resources, to achieve the most excellent product portfolio in limited resources, to enable enterprises to achieve maximum profit in order to obtain the sustainable developmentof enterprises. Its main drawbacks are: it is no guarantee that the product itself will certainly be able to meet the market demand, concerned about the process of product marketing, the indicators products of less than expected for the future, and Product portfolio management to make business performance evaluation results of one-sidedness (Bai 2006).In the face of harsh market conditions, real estate companies began to rethink their marketing, and gradually accepted theory 4C. 4C is the desire and needs of consumers (Consumer), the cost of consumer access satisfaction (Cost), the convenience of consumers to buy (Convenience), business and consumers effective communication (Communication). The real importance of 4C theory lies in the behavioral responses of consumers, through the two-way communication of businesses and consumers, the establishment of stable long-term relationship, to establish the competitive advantage of enterprises and brand in the market. 4C theory suggests that, in the marketing mix, product, pricing, marketing channels and other variables are likely to be imitated by competitors to or surpass, but only the value of corporate brand is hard to replace, and that is closely related to the degree of consumer recognition , so enterprises must fully arrange marketing mix strategy for the consumer's point. This theory emphased on consumer demand-oriented, full account of the cost of consumers willing to pay, care for the convenience of consumers, and communicate to consumers, so as to promote the combination between long-term interests of the community and the economic interests of businesses.In 20th century 90’s, the United States, Schulz put forward 4R theory, that is Related, Reflect, Relation, Reward, set forth the new marketing elements, including the establishment of linkages with customers, improving market reaction speed, attention to relationship marketing and marketing returns. This theory is oriented to competition, to focus on relationship marketing, to maintain the long-term cooperative relations between business and clients.Under the new situation, real estate sales face new challenges, and marketing strategy innovation is imperative. When consumers’ choose to living no longer stays in the emotional consumer, when the market demand shifts from emphasis on experience living life to the pursuit of high-quality conversion, real estate is on the access to “quality of the winning” time. This requires the implementation of total quality marketing in the whole process of real estate development and operation.From planning to design, from material selection to construction, from recruitment to the service system building, brick by brick, plant by plant, real estate businesses will invest time and energy to build to enable target customers find valuable “quality.”Commodities as a result of real estate properties and real estate companies in China based on different levels, the situation is different, marketing and business marketing are still in development, so at least one time, 4Ps, 4Cs, 4Rs will be used in different companies. 4Ps of marketing theory is a basic framework for marketing though thinking in standing enterprises terms. 4Cs marketing theory thinks standing in terms of customers, but they do not focus on the overall operation from the business perspective, but there is no focus from the core purpose of marketing to analyze the problem, 4Ps and 4Cs marketing are static description to key elements of the marketing process, not a dynamic process from the marketing core purpose. 4Rs is the result of two integrated refining, to meet the core of marketing, and is a dynamic process. But 4Rs is not as a substitute for 4Ps, 4Cs, but is innovation and development based on the 4Ps, 4Cs, so we can not be separated into three or even against. Only in this way enterprises can be in fierce competition in the real estate market.3. INNOV ATIVE MARKETING STRATEGY3.1 Differences in the Quality of PositioningThrough the survey analysis of the state of objective customers demand and expectations of the quality, the quality positioning of product is determined. On the quality of positioning, enterprises should not only focus on of the functional quality of products, but also the applicability of the quality of the product. In the increasingly prominent consumer personality today, enterprises must start from these two aspects of products innovation and personalized products in order to gain advantages in products. On the one hand, with the economic and technological developments, customer demand changes, customer puts forward new requirements for products, and enterprises must provide continuously innovative products for the customers to adapt to such changes. On the other hand, higher-level customers are no longer satisfied with mass produced products, they can reflect the personality of the more popular products. As a result of technology development, product personalization and production economies of scale are no longer mutually antagonistic contradictions. Enterprises can maintain a certain economy of scale, at the same time, to provide customers with individual products to meet their different needs, so that everycustomer can be satisfied with the feelings.3.2 Customer SatisfactionAs an enhancing tool to enterprise competitiveness, customer relationship management (CRM) has given rise to great concern to the real estate industry, and in some well-known real estate company has been applied.“Satisfactory” is a psychological term and refers to a person's positive state of mind. This state is due to that some outside stimulus make some sort of demand or expectations be met and the “desired” (that is, in line with the intention), in order to feel some kind of “Fiat” (that is, psychological pleasure). The premise of satisfied is this kind of outside stimulus, including the stimulation of physical, mental and a combination of both. Therefore, the master of marketing Philip Kotler defined customer satisfaction as: customer satisfaction refers to a person forms the formation of feeling state after comparing a product of the effect of perceived (or results) to his expectations, is the differences function between effect perceived and expectations. The features as followed: subjectivity, instability, the multilevel nature.Customer satisfaction can benefit to the enterprise through ongoing repeat purchase, recommendation of new clients. This is one of the reasons for many businesses to pursuit customer satisfaction. For real estate development enterprises, the significance of customer satisfaction is also reflected in these two areas. As shown in Figure 1, customer satisfaction from the purchase to satisfaction, from satisfaction to loyalty, and finally spread to their own friends and family, this process will result in high profit to real estate development companies. In order to increase customer satisfaction, enterprises should first collect information on customer needs, expectations and habits. These sources of information include: market analysis; through surveys to customers, meetings with customers as well as the concerns of specific customer groups and understand the customer's needs and the customer satisfaction information; not satisfied information from customers services failure report or customers complaining. Secondly, this information should be based on the development of real estate products; it can make use of QFD (Quality Function Deployment) to achieve. Third, we should come up with a solution according to complain and customers services failed report to improve the products and services (Yang 2006).3.3 Network MarketingThe 21st century is the century of network marketing. Real estate networkmarketing refers to a kind of marketing that enterprises make use of computer systems, networks online and interaction digital media to market research, product marketing and other business activities, so as to more effectively individuals and organizations contributed to the realization of transactions in order to achieve the objectives of corporate marketing (Xu 2007). With the advent of the age of electronic commerce, network marketing as a brand-new modern marketing idea will become real estate an irresistible trend.Network marketing has changed the traditional marketing of information “push” mode, and provides a “Pull” approach, consumers on the network can have a lot of initiative, you can decide when browsing, to which pages to visit, browse the contents of the information. In addition, if consumers are interested in real estate ads on the internet, you can click the relevant content, detail more information, real estate enterprises take advantage of this new type of marketing can get the following benefits: (1) Save the cost of marketing activities, (2) Consumers can participate in interactive marketing activities, (3)Use of multimedia functions to introduce a comprehensive real estate projects, (4) Network Marketing breakthroughs of the geographical boundaries of real estate marketing, (5) Provide 24-hour non-stop marketing services (Liu 2008).3.4 Integrated Marketing20th century 90’s, the United States, Professor D•E Schulz, who put forward Integrated Marketing, the basic idea can be summed up in two aspects: on the one hand, advertising, promotion, design, packaging and all communication activities are attributable to advertising campaigns within the framework; On the other hand so that the spread of a unified corporate advisory conveyed to consumers (Liu 2007). Its purpose is to use various means of communication to maximum effectiveness on different stages of marketing, and to establish long-term and maintain the relationship between businesses and consumers ultimately. For the implementation of the integrated marketing project, what consumers see and hear and what feel are exactly the same, the benefits of the project will be numerous different ways to communicate to consumers, consumer can be given a strong shock, so much repeated the same stimulation that the project has strengthened the impression the consumer, that will help increase consumer awareness of the project.Integrated marketing of real estate is formed based on the highly specialized division in the marketing aspect. It is under the guidance of the reunificationmarketing goal, a broad range of integrated marketing dynamic combination of systematic factors, the coordination of the various factors to adapt to the external marketing environment, for the different marketing tools at every stage of project development to play the best , unified, focused on the role, and ultimately establish a corporate image or brand groups, the overall strength and consistency, and to establisha long-term, two-way, to maintain the relationship.4. INNOV ATIVE MODEL OF REAL ESTATE MARKETING STRATEGY4.1 The Connotation of Innovative Model of Real Estate Marketing StrategyWith the development of the real estate industry, the customer has become a leader in the real estate market, real estate companies should shift customer perspective, customer satisfaction is the goal of marketing strategy. As a result of diversification of customer demand, the implementation of the difference between products and service is embodied the essence to achieve this goal. And integrated marketing and network marketing are means to achieve specific goals.Real estate marketing is full of innovation (Sui 2006). The so-called the whole real estate marketing refers to developers in the basis of full understanding and analysis of market demand, make the use of its available range of external and internal resources to optimize the combination, the conceptual design of the project and product positioning, planning and design, marketing plan promoting, property management and many other parts to this plan and co-ordinate the implementation and cost-effective process to make good.4.2 The Application of Innovative Model of Real Estate Marketing StrategyThe new situation setting new challenges to real estate sales, marketing strategy innovation is imperative. When consumers choose to live no longer staying in the emotional consumer, when the market demand shift from emphasis on living life experience to the pursuit of high-quality conversion, real estate access to "quality of the winning" Time. This requires the implementation of total quality marketing in the whole process of development and operation of real estate. From planning to design, from material selection to construction, from recruitment to the service system building, brick by brick, plant by plant, and real estate businesses are willing to invest time and energy to build to enable target customers find valuable “quality”.Total quality marketing is based on customer needs as the guide, focus on improving the quality of products and services, through the whole process of marketing efforts to improve product quality, by driving quality performance toachieve the objectives of customer satisfaction, which is a new marketing idea.The implementation of the comprehensive quality marketing require marketers to pay attention to not only the quality of the whole process of marketing, to implement the quality management of the whole process of marketing (that is, marketing a comprehensive quality management); but also pay attention to the quality of their products, to participate in developing and controlling product quality standards, so that the quality of products can meet consumer demands. On the one hand, through the external marketing of quality control, we can improve customer perceptions of product quality, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction with the product; On the other hand, through internal marketing, we can promote the improvement of product quality.5. CONCLUSIONSAll in all, the starting point of the real estate marketing should be people-oriented and the integrity of the operation, which is an objective requirement of demand-oriented economy. Fundamentally speaking, no one marketing strategy is superior to another channel, therefore real estate developers in the marketing process should not rigidly adhere to a sales channel, but should be in accordance with their respective actual conditions, according to different market situation, consumers and policy, using a variety of marketing mix, giving full play to all kinds of marketing tactics advantages.Real estate marketing is a system, the key lies in its marketing resources in every link of the restructuring process, which requires marketing innovation in the project to do every step of the operation of quantitative, technical and standardization. Real estate marketing includes not only location, environment, room, price, brand, which also covers the design, packaging, and promoting the entire process. Only the professional marketing system by combining the local market characteristics and characteristics of the project itself and is the most effective marketing innovation. Therefore, we should do: (1) Profound insight into the market, (2) Market research innovation, (3) Qualitative and quantitative decision-making combination, (4) Specialized and systematic planning and the promotion of sales planning, (5) Effective implementation and control of sales.译文:房地产营销策略的创新模式摘要：随着房地产行业的快速发展，房地产市场的不断成熟，房地产市场继续移动到一个更高的水平，房地产营销创新已成为企业生存和可持续发展的关键因素。
外文翻译---我国房地产可持续发展的文献综述
The sustainable development of China's real estate literaturereviewAbstract: At present our country's economic and social development has come to a critical of the order Section, however the development of estate industry of the national economy has a profound effect. Estate Production of sustainable development is related to realize industry itself good circulation of new way of thinking, is Social harmony, so it is a very important position. This paper discusses The definition of sustainable development of real estate, problems and solving thinking and evaluating square Method are reviewed.Key words: Sustainable development Real estate1 econnotation of sustainable development of estateSustainable development is the 1980s proposed a new concept. In 1987 world commission of environment and development in the future of our common report first expounds the concept of sustainable development, get the international community's broad consensus. Sustainable development refers to satisfy the requirement of modern and does not damage the ability of future generations to meet demand.The real estate industry sustainable development consists of two party of meanings: one refers to the real estate industry development should not only meet the people of various real estate product demand and to meet the needs of the development of future generations. Among them, including the sustainable utilization of land resources, the stability of the housing industry coordinated development, real estate market of perfect and living environment improvement, etc.;2 it is we should not only keep industry unceasingly growth while the national economy and society and coordinated development of other industries, including social equity; The sustainability of resource development and utilization, such as land resources, spatial resources, building the sustainability of resource utilization, Industrial development of coordination and so on.The real estate industry sustainable development should be the houses, owner and environmental three elements as a whole, the emphasis on the use of natural resources and protection, to reach the demand for natural nature with the balance between the returns. The concept of sustainable development of real estate industry can be summarized as two points: one is to meet people and their children for housing and other real estate product needs, Two is to keep the real estate industry and urban planning and national economy coordinated development of other industries, maintenance and construction and good ecological environment, its construction and how to use it if in harmony with the environment, will create beautiful environment and urban layout.The sustainable development of real estate industry, is in dealing with good urban planning, energy saving, on the basis of solving the momentary interests and long-term interests relation, the local interest and the overall benefit relations, economic benefits and social benefit relations, sustainable development and sustainable growth, achieve real estate construction planning form, residential function, environmental benefits and cultural features of sustainable development.Anyhow domestic scholars on its definition is almost the same, we can be in them on the basis of sustainable development of real estate defined as: should not only meet the diverse needs of contemporary of real estate, and rational utilization of land resources, protect the ecological environment, for future generations of production and life, create the necessary space developmentcondition, is real estate economy and population, resources, environment, social coordinated development result.2 About sustainable development of real estate existing problemsOur country is in the harmonious society's transformation period, the economic development and environment protection problems are more prominent. And real estate industry of our country late start, foundation is bad, and facing the population, resources and the huge restriction. Therefore it is necessary to understand the sustainable development of real estate in our country face possible problems.Our country exists 4 of sustainable development of real estate industry in our country pressure factors: consumer demand pressure, speculative demand pressures, environment and resource pressure and international competition.Our existing 3 unsustainable affects real estate development. The first for land resources and labor resources of unsustainable. In the only land resources, among which there are most is that there is no way for the development of regional development of land resources more scarce. Also exist waste of resources and erosion. Through the relevant domestic institutions of population prediction description of the population age structure changing trends found that supply condition will be decreased year. According to the theory of supply and demand, if the supply reduce then will bring prices to rise, which will bring about labor demand higher real estate industry adversely. There are 4 main problems in the sustainable development of real estate must solve. First of all a waste of resources and erosion. Due to develop out of control and disorderly development, cause of land resources squandered and the loss of state-owned assets. Then is the commodity house KongZhiLiang increase, and are further expanded. The third is real estate development in the short-term, causing damage to ecological environment. The developer one-sided pursuit of economic, cause building density high, cubage is exorbitant, lack of green space, some real estate development and construction to neglect the ecological environment protection and construction. The last part is the real estate industry development and financial relationship has not straighten, real estate development lack of stable source of funds.China's real estate developing problems mainly displays in: first, develop out of control, cause disorder development of land resources squandered and the loss of state-owned assets, The second overall, structural distortions in supply and demand and caused a lot of vacancy, The third estate development of large short-term, on the ecological environment enormous destruction; Housing design, unreasonable distribution, technology content is low, causing the waste of resources and destruction.In conclusion, we can be summarized as problem 3. The first aspect is the waste of resources and environmental jealousy. In order to obtain the existing interests, developers behavior caused social increased costs. The second aspect is the market supply and demand structure, a large number of vacancy commodity house caused distortions in supply and demand. And the third way is market policy environment, including the developers of policies and real estate finance market policies.3 About sustainable development of real estate solution countermeasures and methodsPush the real estate industry sustainable development needs three aspects. One is to internalize the externality, drive market main body. Solve existing externality problem. A more effective way is through the relevant financial and tax policy design, be possible externality internalizes the economic cost or income, so as to drive market main body into sustainabledevelopment mode. 2 it is to establish a standardized market, calling for long-term economic. Three is guide and promote the healthy development of excess demand.To increase national macro-control, improve the land resource utilization efficiency, through the economy applicable room control prices and perfecting relevant legislation to solve the existing problems.Face foam scientific regulation, to prevent the economy from overheating there is to be a powerful macroeconomic control. Third, regulate land market, insist to cherish, rational utilization of land and protecting cultivated land basic state policy. He thinks that real estate sustainable development depends on unceasing innovation.The real estate industry sustainable development of basic ideas: the first standard land management and planning management, improve the relations of the urban planning scientific, The second take effective measures to promote the vacancy of sale of commodity, The third adjustment real estate product structure, prevent new vacancy appear; The fourth attached great importance to environmental protection and maintaining ecological balance, The fifth improve design level, increase the houses high-tech content.According to the above problems, we also can be divided into three aspects. Countermeasures The first is the government should strengthen the rules to protect resources and environmental damage. The second is to strengthen macro-control is to guide the developer's behavior. The third is to perfect and real estate market relevant policies and regulations.4 property of sustainable development of evaluation systemAccording to the completeness, practicability, correlation and forward-looking, create the principle of combining urban real estate industry sustainable development evaluation index system. It includes economic evaluation factors, population evaluation factors, social evaluation factors, resource evaluation factors and environmental evaluation factors from five aspects. Among them, the economic evaluation factors including per capita GDP, urban residents' per capita consumer spending, development of real estate investment growth, the real estate industry added value of GDP; Population evaluation factors include urban population density, urban population growth rate; Social evaluation factors including urbanization level, the real estate industry employment, city gas popularization, real estate professionals Labour remuneration rate, Environmental evaluation factors include urban per capita public greenbelt area, city life sewage treatment, the finished green coverage, Resource evaluation factors including land development area, urban per capita growth residential usable floor area, on average, life-water quantity, housing construction completion rate. Using these index established efficacy function,draw evaluations, and the result delimited 5 grades.Will recycle economy theory is introduced based on real estate, construction of the real estate industry recycling economy index system. They think that real estate industry also have their own 3R principle, reduction, REUSE mt, REUSE and RECYCLE RECYCLE. And their energy, resources index, land use index, the specific contents of the environmental indicators with 3R principle for analysis, that the final conclusion.Through the economy, resources and environment, population and society are analyzed, in terms of macroscopic perspective of these factors on the influence of real estate industry, founded the real estate evaluation index system, it includes four index system: economic index system (including economic level, the economic structure, economic benefits and economic ability two-level index); etc. Resource utilization of index system (including water, land, forest, mineral,energy, and comprehensive utilization two-level index); etc. Environmental index system (including water, land, atmosphere, waste, noise and environmental protection index class 2); Population and society index system (population, employment, people's life, public security, satisfaction); System with science and education index system (including science and education investment, science and technology development degree, science and output and system for two-level index), the real estate industry sustainable development provides evaluations. And introduced the use of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) real estate industry sustainable development level assessment method.Anyhow, scholars created real estate industry sustainable development evaluation index system, this paper introduces the level of the sustainable development of real estate industry assessment method. For the sustainable development of real estate appraisal system established the foundation. In my opinion, to establish the system of sustainable development of real estate industry must be from many aspects, whether in government, developers or buyers all should with relevant principles as guidance, to establish real estate sustainable development system.References:[1]. ZhaoHuaPing, zhang Suodi . Real estate in China's sustainable development.[J].Technical economy,2006 (4).[2]. GuoSu . Theory of sustainable development of real estate industry [J]Industry.Science and technology information,2006.[3] Tong KeKe . Promote Chinese real estate industry sustainable development research. [J] Industry.,2006.[4] Pin Yongfu , Real estate industry must walk on the path of sustainable development[J].China's real estate,2003 (11) : 34-35.我国房地产可持续发展的文献综述摘要：目前我国的经济和社会的发展已经到了关键的阶段，然而房地产行业的发展对国民经济有着深刻的影响。
房地产论文外文原文及译文
毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文题目：北京链家房地产经纪有限公司的营销策略研究一、外文原文Survey on the Applications of Big Data in Chinese Real Estate EnterpriseAbstract:This paper focuses on the present applications of big data in Chinese real estate development and marketing from the perspective of real estate enterprises. The problems in this practice for big data’s application are analyzed by now. What’s more, the possible solutions to solve the above problems are proposed in this paper. It benefits the real estate enterprises to strength their competition with big data technology.Keywords: Big data,Chinese real estate enterprises,application status1 IntroductionThe explosion of data volume fueled by stunning and exciting advances in the computer technology and Internet techniques made the big data the focus of widespread attention. As early as 2000, in the first few weeks of Sloan Digital Sky Survey the data size observed by telescope in New Mexico is bigger than that has been collected in the entire history of astronomy. Big data almost derives its origin from astronomy. In addition to natural science such as astronomy, biomedicine, geoinformatics and other fields easily accompanied by enormous data volume, big data is widely known in social life. Especially in recent years, the appearance of cloud computing and the IOT speed up the arrival of “the era of big data”. It says that Google and Baidu have to deal with dozens of petabytes every day; there is a video length of over one hour released on the YouTube per second; there are more than one billion Facebook accounts uploading almost ten million photos every day with “like” and comment up to billions; Taobao generates about 20TB data every day with over 35 billion transactions on November 11th. This size of data is far away from the perception we had in pre- information-era society. In addition, there are more and more personal information controlled by banking and financial industry or some telecommunications industry; industrial data collected by pervasive sensors also rises sharply. As the CBC Capital chairman Tian Suning puts it, “Now, an age of mass production, sharing and application in big data is approaching.”There is no doubt that data resources are crucial in the age of big data. A number of enterprises have gained excellent decision making capabilities and immeasurable economicbenefits through valuable information produced by data mining.In order to keep Chinese economic development in a sustainable, sound and rapid manner, it is very important for real estate enterprises to take full advantage of big data because of the status of real estate industry as a pillar industry of the national economy. Especially when property prices continue upward or property bubble inflation involves the national economy and people’s livelihood, those real estate enterprises should make effective use of big data to tap the potentials.Solving the problems in applications on Big data, improving the abilities of investment and marketing, the estate will be able to keep playing a fundamental guiding role in national economy.2 LiteratureTo understand thoroughly the big data phenomenon is late in last several years relative to the recognition of usual data. So is the related academic research. Actually, it received high attention from academic and industrial sector at once presented, followed by the big data boom both in theory research and practical application. Chinese property enterprises seize opportunities in time making successful practices, though the systematic research about the applications in big data in academia is not sufficient so far.It is McKinsey that first puts forward the concept of big data. Big data has become an important factor of production permeating into different industries and functional areas for now. The mining and applications of large data means a new wave of productivity growth and consumer surplus. Viktor Mayer-Schönberger stared the research on big data. He is also known as the prophet of the era of big data. He made a point that prediction is the core of big data. The transformation from samples to the overall data, the change from the pursuit of exactness to acceptance uncertainty and the correlativity instead of causality are indispensable to prepare for the age of big data. He also studied how to make a choice from complicated data volume and then how to build the positive healthy future. The Nature made big data special issue as early as 2008,describing the potential value of big data and the challenge from data handling techniques in Internet technologies, biomedical and environmental sciences, cloud technologies and other fields. Likewise, the Science, one of the top international academic journals, published a special issue to convey the ideas of the time of big data. In 2012, the European academy of informatics and mathematics studied big data systematically including the management of big data, the direction and results of academic research. In the area of applications of big data in realty, Lohr S. holds the view that the property sales forecasts for the next quarter depended on big data is much more precise than that made by economists. Brown B and Chui M et al. believe that the reaching of big data provides potential for both realty enterprises and realty buyers with direct data sharing, bypassing the estate agents. And this can be a shock to the sense of data property right.The MIIT stressed four innovative projects on key techniques including information processing technology in the "twelfth five-year" plan in December 2012, though “big data” was not official definition then. The information processing technology such as mass data storage technique and video image intelligent analysis is closely related to big data. With the time of cloud, big data is not only the IT hot word but also the focus of academic study. Studying a lot, Wang Shan at RenMin University of China illustrates the performance objectives of big data analytics platform. She reviews the framework of big data warehouse designed for analysis, supplying theory base for the structure of big data. Li Guojie and Cheng Xueqi at the Institute of Computing Technology in the Chinese Academy of Sciences make a systematic exposition on the academic development of big data and the challenge in applications from a scientific research perspective, coming up with the implications of big data study.The present domestic researches center on fields with large amounts of data easily available, such as library information management system and the building of digital library, the influence of big data to culture and media, the business marketing and accounting context with big data, the micro-miniature credit management based on big data, diseases control and prevention depended on big data, and so on. In spite of some achievements, the applications of big data in a few certain fields are more advanced. For example, there are quite a few portal sites support big data sharing and communication, while the academic research on big data resources or how to value these resources is deficient. And the studies on the range of issues of data sharing or transaction are less. Similarly, the academic research on big data of real estate is also behind the realty entrepreneurs’ practice. Chen Dachuan and Zhang Baoshan studied the application of big data in housing information system to propose the building of big housing database in 2012. Yan Juan studied the realty enterprises’ precision marketing based on big data in 201. By now, the research is not in-depth or complete enough compared with the practical applications.3. The Present Applications of Big data in Chinese Real Estate EnterprisesRegarding big data as the “future petroleum resource”, White House stared the Big data Research and Development Program. It is apparently to us to get the point. At the industrial level, the age of big data likely offer an even greater space for growth for those enterprises with a huge number of data and advanced data handling techniques. It seems that the property bubble is not endless and the housing price will back s uitable sooner or later. Then it’s the key to realty development and marketing for Chinese real estate enterprises to use big data effectively.Those huge numbers of data with variety and complexity brings new revenue model and vast space for development. In current applications of big data, the realty enterprises including developers, agency and property management companies all expand multiple comprehensive business domains. The realty development operation, intermediary services and propertymanagement are bound together inextricably. Mainly, this paper centers on realty development and marketing to illustrate the current applications of big data in Chinese real estate enterprises.3.1. The Applications of Big data in Realty DevelopmentBig data provide strong support for a more rational way to develop. It benefits realty enterprises to implement diversified investment through data remining for potential value. The digital personal information and the revolutionary changes in the way of thinking make innovative investments the new revenue growth opportunities for realty enterprises in the age of big data.3.1.1. Rational Investment and Diversified DevelopmentThere are more than 660 cities in our country with different housing price and different appetite for investment as well as diverse natural environment and situation on economic development in different regions.The real estate market is still rising steadily overall, but the phenomenon of ghost towns of empty houses seriously deviates from developers expectation. Fortunately, the history of real estate is long enough for these enterprises to possess large numbers of data, such as geographic location, situation on economic development, urban planning and policy orientation, investment under construction, the land market competition, and so on. Using an advanced method to analyze the big data, these enterprises could be able to forecasts the supplies and demands and then value the investment to make a wise decision. Though this unstructured data is disordered, some even useless, the size of the data is big enough to make up the inaccuracy. The more, the better. Google may be the pioneer in big data prediction. Before a potential pandemic influenza outbreak in 2009,google provided precise indicators swiftly by analyzing the relationship between searching key words collected from 2003 to 2008 and actual cases. That helped the US CDC get more chances. In like manner, google estimate the demand-supply equilibrium and predicted the price index in realty market successfully. What google has done is just to analysis stored data, mathematical modeling, manipulation and making a comparison.Google is several times the efficiency of the government at a fraction of the cost. That is part of charm of the big data.Land resources are very important for realty enterprises. The big data provides the potential for real estate enterprises to have access to explicit land market information. Realty enterprises should attach importance to the land market and pay attention to the market trend. China Vanke Co.Ltd .always concentrates on residential market, and its datas on land resources almost come from the third party. Facing the constantly climbing land prices, Vanke analysis the big data to get land in the secondary market, or from the "three old" transformation,or the affordablehousing construction land. It's benefit for realty enterprises to analysis big data of land resources to deal with the rising land price. “Holding on residence, no property hoarding and no land hoarding”is the big data strategy of Vanke.Apart from supply-demand analysis or buying land reasonably, the applications of big data in diversified investment within the business-wide also bring massive profits. Wanda Group and Greenland Group and some other companies take the opportunity of big data to expend their business diversely to hotel and traveling commodity service, exploring profit space out of housing market. As Viktor says, the recycle of data can reveal its potential value instead of depreciation. The big data not collected for diversified investment at first may bring extra profit through professional analysis.3.1.2. Innovative InvestmentIt’s good for rational development and diversified investment to analyze previous data of investment and sale. However, these enterprises, especially the bigger ones, possess more than that. The data of buyers’personal information is also considerable, and this information is far more than the name, family structure,incomes and purchasing intent. More and more personal informations are getting easily available due to the development of the Internet and the spread of computers in era of big data. A lot of informations that used to be meaningless for real estate such as the buyers’ habits and customs and the preferred travel routes will be revealed by mining these data. Although these data isn’t so structured, the potential value is great. It means new opportunities for realty development and breakthroughs of benefit.Vanke Group and Fantasia Group, two of the leader realty enterprises, also stay ahead of the applications of big data. Based on consumer demand, Fantasia planned to build community e-commerce creatively, combining commercial tenants with customers through app on cellphones. Holding millions of homebuyers’ data, Fantasia is able to establish a convenient efficient platform for marketing. This advantage of big data will help Fantasia to improve strength at the same time. In addition to community e-commerce, Fantasia expands its big data business based on the Mobile Internet to other eight areas, such as financial sector, hotel services, culture and tourism. It seems that Fantasia is far away from traditional real estate enterprise. The improving big data handling techniques bring tremendous business opportunities to Vanke Group in the same way. The 4.8 million property owners means an enormous amount of wealth for Vanke as the realty almost become manufacture nowadays. After data processing, Vanke put forward the concept of building city support services, combining community logistics, medical services and pension with the 4.8 million property owners’ big data. It will bring a great opportunity.The innovative investment made by Shimao Group is more remarkable compared to Vankeand Fantasia. As its business ideas state, the homebuyers prefer an experience of a lifetime rather than a mere house in the future.Therefore Shimao introduced the “health clouds” business management to its property owners for the health monitoring and advisory opinion. Analyzing the monitor data collected by some mobile devices like cellphones and watches in real time, they can produce a health scheme, preparing for disease and helping these owners keep healthy or providing them with hypostatic medical service. Taking advantage of big data, other enterprises like Gold Ground Group and Green Ground Group also open up new operations such as Intelligent City and Cloud Service in succession. These enterprises pay more attention to consumer's satisfaction of spirit and psychology instead of a shelter. Better service for customers matter a lot.The applications of big data in innovative investment are common occurrence at foreign real estate enterprises. The classical case, Windermere Real Estate, is popular in American college textbooks. They plan for the potential buyers with their commute routes and the cost of time by analyzing information from nearly one hundred million drivers’ GPS. This innovative business not only meets the customers’ demand with improving quality of service, but also promo tes the realty seals. That’s worth considering.Table 1. The Applications of Big data in Realty Development3.2. The Applications of Big data in Realty MarketingIn fact, there are over-developed real estates in some medium and small cities in our country. House is essentially a special consumer good while the seemingly substantial benefit attracts large amounts of investment. Actually, the attraction there is far less than tier one and tier two cities leaving the vast number of vacant houses. Therefore, how to use big data to promote sales is crucial. In addition, traditional marketing models are ineffective as the popularization of electronic commerce is changing the consumption manners of the Chinese.The prospects of realty marketing are not so bright.To deal with these issues, above all, is to market successfully in the era of big data. Data resources are very important for realty enterprises to raise competitiveness. The huge and perfect sources of data ensure precise customer location and the effective marketing. At first, real estate enterprises can implement precise marketing relying on information system. They can build the customer data system based on the possession of big data to categorize the customers, then extract useful information by big data mining for the precise marketing.In addition, some large estate enterprises change marketing patterns, actively turning to e-commerce. Xinfeng real estate created five big data application system last years. The resources decision support system, the house book network and Xinfeng automated assessment systems are part of the five systems already running with high performance. The houses book network can select certain houses according to the users’demand. The automated assessment systems can evaluate the housing price automatically depended on the big data processing. Once the users input the data of the conditions it will estimate the price and other information like loan and mortgage or the transaction tax. It’s impossible without advanced big d ata processing technique. Xinfeng made realty e-commerce the same as Wanda Group, combining online services with offline services. The offline sales departments also get in touch with customers according to the online information. This marketing pattern requires excellent technique on data collection, storage and analysis. So the estate enterprises should master the data processing technology as well as the big data.Those marketing models above all widen existing business domain proactively without the third-party. In Viktor’s opinion, if the estate enterprises are willing to share data, they cancooperate with the third-party,joining up with the market players like developers and home services and customers, fully demonstrating the advantage of big data. For example, the CNFS real estate big data system includes data of 289 cities ranging from government to the estate enterprises even the Second-hand housing market, and some reach a length of ten years. There is no doubt that the data are only collected and processed by CICC. Realty Mogul bridges opportunities of small investments between estate enterprises and investor via the Internet crowd funding. The information and analysis result provided for investors all come from its possession of big data. E-house China is rather typical for the asset-light strategy, leading a diverse scope of services in Chinese realty estate.E-house introduces the China Real Estate Information Circle servicing for over one million property buyers. Depended on advanced IT, the big data with low cost brings considerable profit. There are many similar third-party marketing platforms, such as SouFun, Myfun, Real Estate Network, Ifeng, and so on, possessing advanced Internet and data processing technology for big data collection and storage. Some realty platforms have made great achievements like Fangdd and Haowu, though the history of realty estate e-commerce is short. Haowu absorbed huge number of buyers’ personal information, and established the big data warehouse, then matched the b uyers’ demand with the house available through certain algorithm, promoting the sales successfully. There are 1.6 million page views on Ifeng. That makes the customers’ demand well available, so they can market more precisely by analyzing big data effectively. The thought on big data will promote the real estate. Ever since the introductions of Instant Messenger, there are more and more users registered. In March of last year, the cooperation between Tencent qqfangshi and the Country Garden made a marvelous success on realty marketing with 3300 houses available at the opening. This is a win-win situation----the big data on Internet platform provide realty enterprises with precise marketing pattern based on habits of users; meanwhile the realty buyers’ inform ation online is used for the update of the Internet platform. Other famous enterprises like Long for Group ever attempted group-buying, making effort to build the realty TaoBao.4 The Problems of Applications of Big data in Real Estate Enterprises and the SolutionsBig data is new. Estate enterprises should pay more attention to the challenges and potential problems while taking advantage of big data for development and marketing. The contradictions between privacy protections and big data are irreconcilable. The big data processing technology is not easily available for most enterprises. In addition, the characteristic of real estate corporations bring more challenges into the applications of big data.4.1 The Problems on Big data and the SolutionsIt’s inevitable to get enough personal information when the estate enterprises provide specific services for different customers. If the size of the data is big enough, recognition rates of the personal identity can reaching more than 99% even without personal information. According to present ethics and moral concept it’s impossible for us to ignore the big data containing much personal privacy. To deal with this problem, Viktor prefers the data users rather than the possessors to take responsibility of privacy protections or making the personal information indistinct deliberately to give up some precision for the protection of personal privacy.Whether it works or not has to be studied further.Big data encompasses much more than just lots of number.It’s more c omplex and disordered. The collection,storage and processing of this enormous unstructured data needs unusually advanced technology. The generation of big data is fast and sustained with lower and lower value-density. It’s a big challenge for any estate corporation to capture the sort of useful information from the large numbers of multifarious data. On theone hand, to make national big data strategies and to promote the process of academic study on big data and the conversion of research achievements into realistic productivity will help estate corporation improve the big data handling capabilities.On the other hand, it may be a good choice for real estate enterprises to have big data handled by professional third parties. Different types of companies play different roles at the age of big data. The estate corporations can center on the applications of information to deepen development, leaving big data processing to third-parties excellent on technology.Great importance should be attached to international exchange and cooperation in the era of big data. Meanwhile, real estate enterprises should pay attention to the possible impact making by foreign advanced technology on applications of big data. Seeing the big data in Chinese market, several foreign companies want to enter the market for the big data business, while there is no comparable domestic enterprise being able to counter that at present. Under this condition domestic companies should cooperate with the foreign at first,promoting the internationalization of big data business. Meanwhile appropriate operation model and the status of both sides mattera lot. The foreign companies play role of middlemen and the domestic companies should keep the property right and potential value of big data.4.2 The Problems on Real Estate Enterprises and the SolutionsReal estate is the mainstay of real economy with some characteristics of fictitious economy such as complexity, metastability and high risk, increasing the uncertainties in applications of big data. As fictitious economy system is highly sensitive to expectation, the publicity and sharing of big data can impact investment demand because of the changes on people’ expectations of realty. Given the metastability this impaction will destroy the instability of real estate, influencing national economic development. Therefore, these estate companies should be judgmatical in revolution while taking the opportunity of big data for innovation.The advantage of big data is not nature for real estate other than e-commerce. There exist data structural imbalances and information asymmetry. So the platform for data sharing is a crying need. The platform should be designed for the realty data storage and help to build a huge real estate database referring to the Real Estate Appraiser’ work. For example, set up and improving of housing information system is beneficial to systematical management of the data of housing monitoring, housing fund and housing security. Building a safety integrity level and limitation of independence system by designing program for data collection,warehouse and searching, the system achieves the goal of data sharing within government, enterprises and individuals.More comprehensive business, wider range and more collective management are the current growing trends in real estate enterprises. Under the conditions, how to operate effectively is also a big data problem. The estate enterprises have to build a big data warehouse planning person, money, matter, and information, and carry out the integration management by data mining and analysis for predictions.From:Procedia Computer Science 30 ( 2014 ) 24 – 33二、译文大数据在我国房地产企业中的应用研究摘要：从房地产企业的视角阐述大数据的应用情况, 分析近年来大数据在我国房地产企业中的应用案例，并结合国外个别经典案例分析大数据在房地产企业开发和营销方面的积极作用。
经济 房地产 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 我国房地产市场现状和相关国家政策
第一章我国房地产市场现状和相关国家政策2.1 我国房地产市场的现状我国房地产市场的现状一直是国民关注的热点话题。
对于九十年代房地产以来的房地产市场，最为普遍的评价，就是房价过高，涨幅过快。
形成这种情况的原因是多方面的。
2.1.1当前我国房价普遍过高，上涨过快国际上衡量房价高低的一个权威指标是房价收入比。
房价收入比是指一个国家或城市的年平均上市房价与户年平均收入之比。
世界银行的研究报告认为，价收入比在3 倍到6 倍之间比较适当。
而在我国，有学者指出，在我国许多房地产热点城市，房价收入比早已超过了12：1。
并且，房地产市价日益飙升。
2.1.2中国城市房地产价格“非正常上升”的成因目前我国城市房地产价格非正常上升或者房地产价格泡沫的状况可作如下描述：(1) 全国城市的房价收入比约为1∶8, 其中大城市房价收入比在10以上, 而国际标准是3～6。
(2) 有些城市土地价格近十年来上涨了十几倍甚至几十倍。
至于形成这种局面的原因, 各界人士从市场需求、供给等多方面提出各自看法, 较有代表性的如下:1) 市场需要因素: 城市化效应形成的需求、城镇住房制度改革引致的需求、城镇居民住房人均面积上升等所致。
2) 市场供给因素: 不合理的住宅供应结构因素所致; 是商品房开发建设成本高所致;3) 投机、炒作因素: 是房地产商和投机者“操纵市场、恶意炒作”的结果;4) 银行信贷、房地产互动因素: 行为人预期、银行信贷以及政府政策在地产泡沫中起重要作用。
5) 制度、体制、利益集团等因素: 目前土地供给制度、地方政府税收制度、还有住房问题上财政政策和金融政策等制度问题是造成目前房地产价格不正常上升的制度性因素。
地方政府“经营城市”、地方政府的“托市”行为，推动房地产价格上升; “地方政府、开发商、银行都希望把这个泡沫(房地产) 越吹越大, 这些集团掌握了强势的话语权, 他们更容易来主导市场”。
无疑, 已有的文献在市场供求、炒作、银行信贷等方面的分析非常中肯, 都在一定程度上揭示了中国城市房地产价格的“非正常上升”的原因, 但是在一些体制性或者制度性因素上, 尤其是对于我国特殊转轨时期地方政府这个特定因素的分析上, 更是未能深入。
外文翻译--中国房地产市场的发展
原文：本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Development of China’s Real Estate MarketOver the oast two decades, real estate has evolved rrom governmentcontrolled to a commercial product, emerging ana developing into an important component of China s nnancial markets. Altnough the overall gross aomestic product (GDP) and income levels have been growing rapidly, the even-faster rising housing costs have exacerbated the problem of housing affordability. Real estate development has become a key factor in China' s economic growth, as real estate has become an essential part of the overall functioning of the economy. Recent signs following the global financial crisis suggest that China ^ s real estate market has bottomed and may be on its way to a rebound. In the long run, this market offers lucrative investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.The government owned，controlled，and managed all real estate in China under a socialist central-planning system until 1988, when reform in this sector started (Fung, Huang, Liu，and Shen 2006)• Since then, a market-based real estate industry has gradually developed, related legislation was enacted, and various types of real estate services have emerged. During this period, real estate in China has changed from a public to a commercial product. Although the state remains the owner of land in name，the rights of land use and land improvements are now commonly privately owned. The privatization effort has driven the growth of the real estate industry, and has made it possible for many modern business practices to be introduced into China.In recent years，Cnina ’ s real estate market has demonstrated increasing integration with real estate markets in other parts of the world，with almost synchronous ebbs and flows. This gave rise to imbalances between supplv and demand, increasing real estate price volatility. In addition, the Chinese economy has been growing at one of the fastest rates in the world, leading to rising disposableincome levels.The increase in housing prices have actually outpaced income growth, thereby exacerbating the affordability problem. A comparison between the inland area and themore affluent coastal area finds that the latter' s housing affordability problem has been more severe.Nevertheless, since 1997，the heavy investment in the real estate sector has provided an important impetus for overall economic growth, by stimulating the demand for many other industries, including machinery, steel, electronics, chemical products, and architecture. This is especially important for the economy of a country like China，where savings rates are high and consumption share in the GDP is relatively low.Another important development in recent years is the real estate market’ s increasing integration with its counterparts in other countries- For instance, the real estate bubble between early 2003 and late 2007 and the ensuing rapid cool-off coincided with many other markets. The global financial crisis exacerbated the decline, giving rise to a host of problems including widespread mortgage loan defaults, negative net worth families, and aborted construction projects. This global integration both poses serious challenges and brings opportunities to domestic and foreign investors.ChallengesAlthough China' s real estate market is still in a relatively early stage of development in comparison to the United States and other developed markets, China' s real estate boom between 1998 and 2007 was one of the biggest in the world. During this period, the average annual growth rate for real estate investment was 22.1 percent, more than double the average GDP growth rate of 9.4 percent. In particular，theaverage annual growth between 2000 and 2007 exceeded 20 percent, and surpassed 30 percent every year between 2003 and 2007 (Pan 2009)• However，beginning in the second half of 2007，China’ s real estate market took a big tumble, resulting in substantial losses for real estate investors.The recent cyclical changes in the real estate market and the global financial crisis exemplify the inherent risk in real estate investments. However, much like the Chinese word “crisis，” composed of the signs for “danger” and “opportunity,” challenges and opportunities go hand-in-handOpportunitiesDue to the special features of its political decision-making system, the Chinese government has quickly formulated and put into effect numerous policies and regulations to address the sharp decline in the real estate market. u China is unusual in that it has this incredible capacity to mobilize all its institutions，” said Vikram Nehru,the World Bank's chief economist for Asia (Batson 2009). Because the downturn that began in the second half of 2007 caused many economic and social problems, many policies and regulations favorable to real estate market participants were enacted by both the central and local governments and took effect in 2008.These included reducing mortgage interest rates, lowering payment requirements, extending mortgage loan terms, relaxing or eliminating the caps on loans from the housing Public Accumulation Fund, conversion of commercial mortgage loans to government-backed ones, reducing or removing the housing deed tax, offering direct subsidies to house buyers，relaxing regulations on second-house purchases，and eliminating the real estate stamp tax (Fung et aL 2006).By the end of the first quarter of 2009, the real estate market in China had started to show signs of recovery. Although housing prices still remain at a relatively low level, Cheng (2009) reported that many cities saw increases in housing transactions as compared to the same period last year，including Beijing (6.28 percent)，Shanghai (27.89 percent), Tianjin (15-77 percent), and Nanjing (9.17 percent). This recovery can be attributable to the aforementioned stimulative policies and regulations and, more importantly, to the recent rapid expansion of the money supply. According to statistics released by the People' s Bank of China，as of the end of February 2009, various loan balances at financial institutions were RMB33.06 trillion, a 24.17 percent increase over one year ago. In particular, the balances rose by RMB1.07 trillion in the month of February alone, a whopping jump of 441 percent over the increase in the same month a year ago. In addition, a good portion of the recently announced RMB4trillion (US$585 billion) economic stimulus program was aimed to boost fixed assets and housing investments and expected to further revive the real estate market. By the end of February, real estate-related stocks traded on the 90 The Chinese Economy.Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges recorded considerable gains, and China' s real estate stock index gained over 40 percent.It is uncertain how long the world financial crisis will last and how much impact it will have on China’ s real estate market, but the market appears to have bottomed out. Some economists have predicted that China will be among the first to come out of the global downturn. Batson (2009) argued that China' s economy will turn a corner as the RMB4 trillion stimulus program kicks in, as evidenced by rising crude oil and iron ore imports, record monthly car sales figures, improved manager confidence,a 34.24 percent rise in the Shanghai Composite stock index, and rising real estate sales. Anderlini (2009) also reported a rebound in real estate capital spending and transaction volumes, and the first slight rise in month-on-month prices in March 2009 since July 2008.From our perspective，there might still be considerable fluctuations and risks in the long run，however，China’s real estate market is expected to offer lucrative returns and rewarding opportunities for domestic and foreign investors-The Real Estate Industry and the Overall EconomyChina' s economy has been growing at one of the fastest rates in the last decade. There are many reasons for this growth, and real estate development is one of them. Unlike in many Western developed economies, where consumption accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the overall GDP, consumption only constitutes about 40 percent of the Chinese economy.Thus，investments, especially those in real estate and infrastructure, play a critical role in China’s economic development. China’s GDP grows at an annual rate of 10.9 percent，while real estate capital，or the newly-created value of real estate through investment, expands at a faster rate of 13.0 percent. Real estate capital as a percentage of GDP increased from 36.7 percent in 1997 to 42.6 percent by 2005. These percentages are at about the same level as the weights of consumption in the economy, suggesting that consumption and real estate investment are of approximately the same importance to the overall economy. Actually, real estate investment has risen during this period, in view of its steadily increasing weight in the GDP, in contrast to the decreasing share of consumption.Second，as urban areas dominate China ’ s economy，urban fixed-asset investments account for the majority of real estate capital, growing at an annual rate of 18.6 percent. In the mean time, over 60 percent of these investments are construction and installation projects, expanding at an even faster annual rate of 18.8 percent. Thus，it can be argued that construction and installation projects drive the growth of urban fixed-asset investments. These drive the growth of the overall real estate industry, which, in turn, drives the growth of the overall economy.Third，the construction of new urban areas (roads，bridges，and other infrastructure) and housing represents the main component of construction andinstallation projects- New urban areas, completed between 1997 and 2005, and comprising 12,307 square kilometers, accounted for 37.8 percent of the total urban area as of the end of 2005. The new urban housing comprising 10.34 billion square meters, completed during the same period，constituted 62.9 percent of total housing. Meanwhile, the cumulative newly constructed 744,700 kilometers of highways and 33,643 kilometers of new expressways represent 38.6 percent and 91.7 percent，respectively, of the total roadways at the end of the period These high percentages demonstrate the exceptional efforts by the government to improve and expand housing and infrastructure during this period.Fourth, government expropriations of land，actually mainly of rural land, are the main source of supply. Cumulative land expropriations between 1997 and 2005 added up to 10,996 square kilometers, accounting for 89.4 percent of the new urban january -february 2010• As most of this is arable land，such fast urbanization did, to a certain degree, negatively affect agricultural production, and create some social issues. But on the other hand，as then-premier Zhu Rongji argued，it provided the indispensable foundation for further economic development.The construction of roads, highways, and expressways provides another impetus for economic growth by serving as a platform for local governments to utilize financial resources and stimulate local economies. China has one of the highest savings rates in the world，usually above 40 percent. Chinese banks，mostly owned and operated by the government, attract vast amounts of capital.The immature and volatile capital markets have not been able to provide outlets for this capital. In light of this, the government adopted the policy of “borrow to build，and use the toll to repay” in road construction. By 2006，96 percent of expressways (about 39,500 km)，70 percent of Level 1 highways (about 26,900 km)，and 46 percent of Level 2 highways (about 113,000 km) had been completed using this approach.Between 2004 and 2006，the highway administrations of several provinces provided net government investments of only RMB2.11 billion, but the total bank capital that road construction projects utilized amounts to RMB60-3 billion, with a ratio of bank capital to net government investments of RMB28.6 billion- This means that RMB1 billion of net government spending in this area results in RMB28.6 billion of bank capital being utilized, creating a sizeable ripple effect in the economy. The banks,in fact, often compete for such lending opportunities because of the role played by local governments and the lucrative toll funds that result from these projects. More important，most such government investments turn out to be profitable，with revenues of RMB16.01 billion far exceeding expenditures of RMB12.76 billion.ConclusionsOver the past two decades，China’s real estate has evolved from government controlled to a commercial product. The real estate market has emerged and developed into an important component o f China’s financial markets. This market has quickly been integrated into the world market, as demonstrated by its cycle, which has generally coincided with those in other countries. The higher volatility in housing prices, a byproduct of such integration，could become an important issue that investors and authorities need to examine closely in the future.Although the overall GDP and income levels have been growing rapidly, the even-faster rising housing costs have exacerbated the housing affordability problem, appearing to be more serious in the more affluent coastal areas. Real estate development has become a key factor in China’ s economic growth and an essential part of the overall functioning of the economy. On the other hand，if China’s economy can main tain healthy growth in the current world economic environment, it will be able to further stimulate the demand for bigger and better housing.The decline in China' s real estate market since the second half of 2007 and the ongoing world financial crisis have posed serious challenges to market participants. But there have been signs recently that suggest the market has bottomed and may be on its way to a rebound In the long run, we believe this market offers lucrative investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.SOURCE: Hung-Gay Fung，Jau-Lian Jeng，Qingfeng Liu，2010，“Development of China’s Real Estate Market” ，The Chinese Economy,vol. 43, no. 1，January 一February 2010, pp. 71 - 92译文：中国房地产市场的发展在过去的 2 0 年里 , 对中国金融市场而言，房地产市场已经从政府控制发展成为一项商业产品,演变与发展成一个重要组成部分。
房地产中英文对照5000字2
房地产外文文献译文(5000字)中英文翻译房地产业和互联网：改变科技，改变定位互联网，仅仅它的网页图形版本，就已经吸引了众多消费者和商家的目光。
其便捷、迅速、低成本和通用性每天以瞬息万变的方式被利用着。
聚集互联网的能力来促进现存的商业转变，促进新商业和信息数据设备的改变。
互联网其它引人注目的特性在于能够利用这个新科技通过全球经济进行传播。
从1995年到1999年初，电脑主机的数量增长超过10倍，从1995年至1998年，网站数量增加了将近100倍，超过200万。
到2000年，世界上有大约400－500亿网站用户，网站总数将超过5亿。
这种新科技直接或间接的影响着房地产业。
直接的是，它可能成为一种允许房地产业扩展其信息、销售网络的工具。
间接的是，它可能改变方位模式，企业何地或怎样办公，那么最终将影响公司参与房地产开发、投资和交易这个角色。
测量网络速度在互联网上或网站使用上，很少有可靠的出版统计，不同的分析家往往预报的数据也不一致。
我们讨论的网络和房地产从调查和网站上检测到的信息是有限的，而不是非常全面的数据。
我们通过测试各种各样的来源（包括商业出版物，现有网站和我们所选定的房地产企业）以互联网的角色来建立我们的视野。
从电子邮件到电子商务在万维网到来之前，因特网的存在主要目的是为了电子邮件、数据传输、新闻组和公告牌。
它的延伸是非常有限的，起初只应用在学院和国防机构中。
科技本身并界面并不是非常友好的，网络传播速度并不是非常高的，媒介仅限于文本和数据，而且存取信息难处理，耗费时间长。
但浏览器技术大大简化了使用，使多媒体信息和创造互动式成为可能。
科技将电视娱乐、图书馆信息、新闻通告、通信、数据带到了一个桌面上。
尽管开始时最大的网络用户是学术界，但是商业部门迅速抓住了网络的潜力。
私营企业在网络上发现了一个好机会来扩大其市场范围，降低信息传播的成本，改善与顾客之间的关系并且最终实施销售。
概括的说，现存的私营企业网站大致可以分为三种类型。
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章
关于中国房地产市场的英文文章China's real estate market has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, becoming one of the most dynamic sectors in the country's economy. This article aims to provide an accurate understanding of the current situation in the Chinese real estate market and its significance.Usage: This article can be used as a reference for investors, researchers, and individuals interested in gaining insights into the Chinese real estate market.1. The Chinese real estate market has been a driving force behind the country's economic growth.中国房地产市场一直是中国经济增长的动力。
2. Over the past few decades, China has witnessed an unprecedented real estate boom.在过去的几十年里，中国房地产市场经历了前所未有的繁荣。
3. The demand for housing in China has been fueled by rapid urbanization and a rising middle class.中国房屋需求的增长源于城市化的快速推进和中产阶级的崛起。
房地产专业外文翻译(中英对照版)
大连理工大学本科外文翻译我国房地产市场监管的必要性研究China's real estate market regulators need to study学院（系）：建筑工程学院专业：工程管理学生姓名: 石强学号：200834027指导教师: 徐冰冰完成日期: 2012年2月15日大连理工大学程城市学院Dalian University of Technology City InstituteChina’s real estate market regulators need to study Abstract: real estate has become an important pillar industry, real estate Development and closely related to the national economy。
This paper theoretically discusses the real estate market monopoly，externalities, public goods characteristics and information asymmetry，and from our real estate Development process and the specificity of the perspective of the real estate market analysis studies，and thus fully proved right China's real estate market, the need for regulation。
Keywords: real estate；market; regulation1. the real estate market failure determines the need for government regulationRegulatory Economics research amply demonstrated that market failure is a market economy, an important reason why government regulation, resulting in market failure is due mainly to a monopoly, externalities，public goods and asymmetric information，the real estate market also exists market failure.(A）the real estate market there is no monopolyMonopoly of real estate is determined by the real estate properties, real estate is the location of the main features of the non-mobility，a housing Once the location of other buildings on the irreplaceable，but also because there are floors, towards the various other factors，determine a house in each house are independent，so the property in the rental and sale，with regional and monopoly, and thus the formation of monopoly prices. As the largest real estate investment，long payback period，which can enter the real estate market can only be a few enterprises coupled with the limited supply of land and real estate Development and operation of the scale of requirements，it iseasy to form partial or regional monopolies the land market by a government monopoly, affordable housing and low-rent housing provided by the Government。
房地产发展现状中英文摘要
论文题目：房地产商品房目前现状和存在问题中英文摘要本文通过对我国商品房按建筑面积销售体制下，所存在的问题进行研究，报告了商品方按建筑面积销售中存在的公摊面积的计算，公摊部分权利归属，房屋产权登记面积与实际面积不符，房屋面积缩水，商品房建筑面积测量，商品房销售管理体制以及政策规范而引起的纠纷等问题，从相关国家规定及社会现象角度分析这些问题产生的几点原因，讨论解决问题的方法。
从而对当前商品房按建筑面积销售进一步提出了较为可行的解决对策，对于全球经济危及环境下的我国商品房市场，提出一方面按照法律法规依法解决的办法，以及公开透明化商品房销售程序，提高购房者自身维权意识，另一方面建议按套或套内建筑面积销售商品房来解决纠纷的建议，在论证了该方法的可行性之后分析了此方法的益处及尚待处理的相关问题，为建立健全我国商品房销售体系提出了建议和方法。
关键词：商品房；建筑面积；公摊面积；按套销售；对策Based on the size of China's real estate sales by building system, the existence of the problem, reported by the construction area of commodity sales to the existing pool area, the pool part of the rights of ownership, registration of property rights does not square with the actual area Housing size has shrunk, real estate construction area of surveying, sales of commercial property management system and policy disputes among norms and so on, from the relevant national regulations and the point of view of social phenomena resulting from these issues a few reasons, to discuss solutions to the problem. So on the current floor area of commercial housing sales by further more viable solution for the global economy threaten the environment of China's real estate market, made in accordance with the laws and regulations on the one hand, the solution in accordance with the law, as well as transparency in public real estate sales process, improve the purchase awareness of their rights are, on the other hand, the proposed construction area on the basis or selling real estate passed to a settlement of the dispute, in demonstration of the feasibility of the method after the analysis of the benefits of this method and related issues to be dealt with, in order to establish a sound China's real estate marketing system and methods proposed. Keywords: housing; the construction area; pool area; on the basis sales; Countermeasures。
房地产市场风险中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The research of risk prevention in real estate marketAbstractOn April 2, 2007, the second largest in the United States subprime mortgage company new century financial filed for bankruptcy protection to sign, the US subprime mortgage crisis. In September 2008, America's fourth-largest investment bank Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy protection for logo, America's subprime crisis could worsen. The financial industry, with the further development of the subprime crisis, the crisis of an industry began to spread to the variety of the real economy, retail, auto industry, catering industry, and other fields of sales decline, shrinking demand situation. Not only that, influenced by the subprime crisis, thedomestic unemployment rising, continue to dollar depreciation, the stock index continues to decline, real estate prices continue to fall, falling consumer confidence index, economic prospects are grim. Contradictions in the real estate industry has been highlighted, real estate development project is overly dependent on bank capital, transfer all the risk to commercial Banks, the commercial Banks face huge real estate financial risks, is one of the prominent contradictions. This risk once the outbreak, poses a great threat to the entire system will be. Therefore, study how to prevent the real estate financial risks has the significant theory and realistic significance. Keywords: Real estate; Financial risk; Bank loan1 IntroductionReal estate industry is a high-risk industry, real estate finance in support of the rapid development of the real estate industry at the same time, inevitably bears the risk of real estate industry. Finance as the main suppliers of real estate funds, once appear, the financial crisis, the financial sector funds problems, will influence the development of the real estate industry. Multiplier effect in the real estate industry, real estate loans in bank portfolios accordingly trigger a multiplier effect, and this will lead to increase of bank's risk. When real estate prices continue to fall, real estate mortgage guarantee foundation will be weakened, and real estate financial risks is cumulative, once the outbreak, will expand rapidly, a large area of the financial turmoil. The main characteristic of this paper lies in the integrated use of knowledge of finance, statistics, theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, general analysis and specific analysis the way ofcombining analysis of real estate financial risks, the commercial bank loan balance relations empirical test with the theory of real estate prices, real estate prices is not content to get bank loans is granger cause test results, but set up a new variable, the real estate price and the bank loan and the relationship between a specific index of granger causality test again. Finally on the basis of test results, in the aspect of reading a large number of relevant literatures basis, put forward advice on how to prevent the real estate financial risks in commercial bank.2 Literature review2.1 Theory researchDavis (2008) from the perspective of the borrower and the bank demonstrates the real estate prices will affect the bank credit. The authors think that real estate price changes affect the borrower's expectations of their wealth, will affect their consumption plans, and further affect their credit demand. And from the perspective of the bank, the bank lending for real estate development loans and real estate assets mortgage is one of the most in all of its loan business pro-cyclical characteristics, the most volatile assets. Herring (2009) based on the international perspective, the study on the relationship between the real estate bubble and the banking crisis, the credit market model was constructed, caused the real estate bubble is pointed out that the focus of bank loans, real estate bubble would be likely to cause a banking crisis. Gale (2009) proposed the asset price model based on credit expansion, think the assets on the basis of value is formed by the investors to use its own funds asset prices, when investors use borrowed money to invest, as investors to borrow money only forlimited liability, they appear to be more preference for risk assets, so will continue to push up asset prices. In the theory, the bank loan is the important reason for the formation of asset bubbles. Krug (2010) through the study, almost all of the real estate bubble is caused by the bank financing. Collins (2010) pointed out that when real estate prices, the bank was willing to ease lending conditions and provide more real estate loans, proposed a link on the real estate industry and economic cycle of transmission mechanism, and stressed that in the case of weak regulation and foreign capital inflows, the role of the mechanism may be enlarged.2.2 Empirical researchCoolly (2012) of southeast Asia financial crisis in real estate prices and GDP per capita, loan balance vector auto regression analysis, points out that real estate prices will rise in six quarters of loans increase. Hofmann (2013) of 20 major industrialized countries real estate prices and GDP, the relationship between interest rates and lending was studied, and found that the 20 countries in the country can refuse to under 10% significance level real estate prices and GDP and bank loans null hypothesis does not exist co-integration relationship, and further points out that the changes in the real estate price cycle will lead to the change of the bank credit cycle for a long time. Davis (2010), selected sample data of 17 countries on commercial real estate prices and the relationship between the bank lending has carried on the empirical analysis, it is concluded that real estate prices will lead to the conclusion of bank credit expansion.3 Commercial Banks and real estate financial risks3.1 Real estate financeMany scholars have done how to define the connotation and extension of the real estate financial aspects of the discussion and research. Is widely recognized, real estate finance generalized refers to all and housing development, construction, trade, consumption and management of financing activities related to the economic activity and the narrow sense of real estate finance refers to the nonprofit housing agencies or consumer with the residents of housing development, construction, trade, consumption and management and other economic activities related to the financing activities. In this study, tend to use the broad scope of real estate finance, and real estate finance is in real estate development, construction, trade, consumption and management in the process of a series of the floorboard of the financial activities, including through currency circulation and credit channel of monetary financing, financing and other related financial activities. The basic function of real estate finance is by using a variety of financial instruments and tools for the real estate industry and raise money, for the development of the real estate industry, circulation and consumption to provide financial support, to ensure the smooth progress of the real estate development activities. According to the types of business can put the real estate finance is divided into five categories, absorption of the real estate industry, housing savings deposit and lending for real estate, real estate investment pawn, trust, insurance, currency settlement and real estate agents in securities offerings. According to the service object can be the real estate finance is divided into two categories, for the real estate industry of real estate development, construction, trade, consumptionand management activities such as the service of "real estate financial" and for the residents of the residential building, purchasing, maintenance, and decoration and consumption activities such as service "housing finance". Real estate finance is the great combination of financial activity and the real estate industry. First of all, the real estate finance to asymmetric, the borrower usually in proportion to pay a small amount of down payment for the right to use house, then borrow the rest of the money from financial institutions, amortization: secondly, the real estate loan repayments guaranteed, if the borrower can't timely payment, so the mortgage houses, cars and other property will being reclaimed by lenders, then realized by the mortgaged property to offset loan losses.3.2 Summaries of real estate financial risksReal estate finance risk refers to the financial institutions, real estate finance business, due to the decision-making errors, poor management or the change in the objective environment causes the return on assets, or the possibility of credit losses. General real estate financial risk refers to a system of real estate finance faces all the risk, not just refers to a financial institution or a project risks. Typical real estate risk, the risk of commercial Banks are facing, as in the real estate finance business will also encounter, only form different, here is a typical real estate financial risks, mainly includes:3.2.1 Interest rate riskIn the real estate finance business, the commercial bank is the main basis risk and option risk. Basis risk refers to the reprising of assets and liabilities of time even ifBanks are the same, but as long as the deposit interest rate and loan interest rate adjustment is not completely consistent, Banks will face the risk. The decision is not commercial bank deposit and lending rates, is likely to see the central bank in order to achieve control target and make the regulation range of the two is not consistent, the profit space may be compressed, commercial Banks face a loss; Option refers to the risk due to various reasons in advance if the borrower repay the housing loan principal and interest of risk. If the central bank cut interest rates continuously, rational and will have the ability of borrowers to repay the outstanding loan lent a lower interest rate of loan, the default behavior will make the commercial bank profit losses.3.2.2 The risk of defaultAccording to the reasons, it can be divided into moral credit risk and the risk of credit moral credit risk. In real estate finance business, the morality risk refers to the borrower has the ability to clearly reimbursement, but due to interest, malicious or deferred payment is directly to stop paying and brings to the commercial bank credit risk. The moral hazard refers to the borrower under the influence of the factors of force majeure unable to complete the credit risk caused by payment. Among them, the morality is can control and manage credit risk, the current promoting credit reporting system is one of the preventive measures. According to the object can be divided into developers default risk and personal risk of default.3.2.3 Systemic riskAlso it is called undiversifiable risk, policy risk, mainly involved in the business of real estate finance economic cyclical fluctuation risk, purchasing power risk, etc. Inorder to prevent a housing bubble after the international financial crisis, countries enacted some inhibition of the real estate market economic policies and regulations, which have an impact on the real estate market, indirect affect the development of real estate finance business and innovation, so the policy risk can cause a loss to commercial Banks. Economic cycle fluctuation on economic blow is huge, and cannot be spread out, when the economy is in a low, the real estate market are not immune to the possibility of considerable commercial bank losses. Purchasing power risk, also known as inflation, changes in the price level leads to the real burden of borrowers and lenders and real earnings uncertainty, the possibility of actual loss of the commercial Banks.译文:房地产市场风险防范研究摘要2007年4月2日，以美国第二大次级抵押贷款公司新世纪金融公司申请破产保护为标志，美国次贷危机爆发。