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四的四字成语

四的四字成语关于四的四字成语导语：最美人间四月天里面说过，你是一树一树的花开，是燕在梁间呢喃，——你是爱，是暖，是希望，你是人间的四月天!关于四的成语也有很多的，请大家欣赏一下!1. 四海升平——指天下太平.2. 四海他人——指没有亲戚关系.3. 四海为家——原指帝王占有全国.后指什么地方都可以当作自己的家.指志在四方,不留恋家乡或个人小天地.4. 四海一家四海之内,犹如一家.形容天下一统.5. 四荒八极——四面八方极偏远之地.6. 四郊多垒——垒：营垒.敌军四面逼近,形势危急.也比喻竞争的对手多.7. 四角俱全——比喻完美无缺.8. 四脚朝天——四脚：指四肢.形容仰面跌倒.也形容人死去.9. 四马攒蹄——指两手两脚被捆在一起.10. 四面八方——指各个方面或各个地方.11. 四面出击——形容工作全面展开,没有重点.12. 四面楚歌——比喻陷入四面受敌、孤立无援的境地.13. 四面受敌——各个方面受到敌对势力的威胁或攻击.14. 四平八稳——原形容身体各部位匀称、结实.后常形容说话做事稳当.也形容做事只求不出差错,缺乏积极创新精神.15. 四清六活——形容机灵干练.16. 四衢八街——指大城市街道非常多.17. 四山五岳——泛指四面八方各个地区.18. 四时八节——四时：指春夏秋冬四季;八节：指立春、春分、立夏、夏至、立秋、秋分、立冬、冬至.泛指一年四季中各节气.19. 四时之气——本指一年四季的气象,后以“备四时之气”喻指人的.气度弘远.20. 四书五经——四书：亦称四子书,即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》;五经：《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》.指儒家经典.21. 四体百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.22. 四体不勤——四肢不劳动,形容脱离劳动.23. 四亭八当——亭、当：即停当,妥贴.形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.24. 四停八当——形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.同“四亭八当”.25. 四通八达——四面八方都有路可通.形容交通极便利.也形容通向各方.26. 四通五达——四通八达.形容交通畅达无阻.27. 四姻九戚——比喻亲戚极多.28. 四战之地——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.29. 四战之国——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.30. 四肢百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.31. 四肢百体——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.32. 四至八道——旧时标志土地界域的用语.表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路.33. 四百四病——指四肢百体的四时病痛.泛指各种疾病.34. 四不拗六——指少数人拗不过多数人的意见.35. 四冲八达——指四通八达的要道.同“四冲六达”.36. 四冲六达——指四通八达的要道.37. 四大皆空——四大：古印度称地、水、火风为“四大”.佛教用语.指世界上一切都是空虚的.是一种消极思想.38. 四方八面——到处;各个方面.39. 四方辐辏——比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处.后引申为从各方聚集的意思.40. 四方之志——志：志向.指远大的志向.亦作“志在四方”.41. 四分五裂——形容不完整,不集中,不团结,不统一.42. 四分五落——形容分散零乱.43. 四分五剖——四分五裂.形容分散,不统一.44. 四纷五落——形容分散零乱.同“四分五落”.45. 四海波静——比喻天下太平.46. 四海承风——指全国都接受教化.47. 四海鼎沸——四海：古人以为中国四境有海环绕,用以指全国各地;鼎沸：比喻局势不安定,如同鼎水沸腾.形容天下大乱.48. 四海九州——指全中国.49. 四海飘零——四海：代指全国各地.飘零：比喻遭到不幸,失去依靠,生活不安定.指到处飘泊,生活无着.50. 四海升平——升平：太平.天下太平.51. 巴三览四——比喻说话拉扯,没有中心.52. 不三不四——指不正派,也指不象样子.53. 差三错四——颠倒错乱.54. 倒三颠四——形容言行无条理或神智不清,精神恍惚.55. 低三下四——形容态度卑贱低下也指工作性质卑贱低下.56. 颠三倒四——形容说话做事错杂紊乱.57. 丢三落四——形容做事马虎粗心,不是丢了这个,就是忘了那个.58. 接三连四——接连不断.59. 拉三扯四——指谈话或议论牵扯无关的人或事.60. 拿三搬四——比喻不服从调派.61. 欺三瞒四——一再欺骗隐瞒.62. 说三道四——形容不负现任地胡乱议论.63. 挑三拣四——形容过分地挑剔.也指对工作或事物再三挑选.64. 调三窝四——搬弄是非,挑拔离间.65. 推三阻四——找各种借口推托.66. 言三语四——言、语：说、讲.形容人多嘴杂,议论纷纷.67. 再三再四——重复好几次.68. 张三李四——假设的名字,泛指某人或某些人.69. 朝三暮四——原指玩弄手法欺骗人.后用来比喻常常变卦,反复无常.。

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译（完整版）

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译Unit 11. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。

2. We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.我们不能低估敌人,他们装备了最先进的武器。

3. Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasinglydesperate.菲尔已经三个月没有找到工作了,正在变得越来越绝望。

4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.作为项目经理,山姆办事果断,工作效率高,且判断准确。

5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.既然已经证实这家化工厂是污染源,村委会决定将其关闭,为此损失了一百个工作岗位。

Unit 21.There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.空气有一种不寻常的寂静,只有远处响着大炮的声音。

2. The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall inliving standards and an increase in social problems.在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已经引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。

四字开头的成语_

四字开头的成语四字开头的成语：四战之国、四方辐辏、四海昇平、四海飘零、四海皆兄弟、四肢百体、四肢百骸、四至八道、四通五达、四通八达、四停八当、四体不勤，五谷不分、四体不勤、四体百骸、四书五经、四时之气、四山五岳、四角俱全、四郊多垒、四荒八极、四海一家、四海为家、四海他人、四海九州、四分五剖、四纷五落、四分五落、四方之志、四方八面、四冲六达、四冲八达、四百四病、四面受敌、四面出击、四面楚歌、四亭八当、四海之内皆兄弟、四面八方、四马攒蹄、四脚朝天、四清六活、四平八稳、四分五裂、四海鼎沸、四姻九戚、四海升平、四衢八街、四海波静、四大皆空、四战之地【成语解释】（1）四战之国：指四面平坦，无险可守，容易受攻击的地方。

（2）四方辐辏：比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处。

后引申为从各方聚集的意思。

（3）四海昇平：指天下太平。

（4）四海飘零：四海：代指全国各地。

飘零：比喻遭到不幸，失去依靠，生活不安定。

指到处飘泊，生活无着。

（5）四海皆兄弟：世界各国的人民都象兄弟一样。

同“四海之内皆兄弟”。

（6）四肢百体：见“四肢百骸”。

1/ 4（7）四肢百骸：人体的各个部分。

泛指全身。

（8）四至八道：旧时标志土地界域的用语。

表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路。

（9）四通五达：四通八达。

形容交通畅达无阻。

（10）四通八达：四面八方都有路可通。

形容交通极便利。

比喻事理融会贯通。

（11）四停八当：见“四亭八当”。

（12）四体不勤，五谷不分：形容旧时知识分子脱离生产劳动，缺乏生产知识。

（13）四体不勤：四肢不劳动，形容脱离劳动。

（14）四体百骸：见“四肢百骸”。

（15）四书五经：四书：亦称四子书，即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》；五经：《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》。

指儒家经典。

（16）四时之气：本指一年四季的气象，后以“备四时之气”喻指人的气度弘远。

（17）四山五岳：泛指四面八方各个地区。

（18）四角俱全：比喻完美无缺。

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义在中国民间，许多人都因“四”与“死”的发音相近，面对“四”有所忌讳，和西方社会对“十三”的忌讳是类似的。

那么，你知道4的数字代表什么意思吗?接下来就跟着店铺一起去看看数字4的含义吧。

数字4的含义(一)数字4的含义：执行数数字四代表物质的坚固性，也就是物质的组成和建造。

一个坚固的物质或实体，是它众多构成体的整体组合，同时它自己又是二个新的整体。

绝对的一以数字四来定义自己，因爲他同时是一个整体和所有构成体(创造)的组合。

埃及人运用四个简单的现象(火、风、土、水)来形容构成物质所必需的四元素的作用角色。

火是活跃的，凝结的法则;土是接收的、格式化的法则，风是细微的、沉思的法则，会影响力量的交换;水是总和，是人、土、水的组合法则，水也是一种在它们之上的物质。

数字4总是呈现出苦难的特质，它代表着生命中那些让你感觉受限、需要收敛自我的方面。

面对种种困难应该采取怎样的解决之道，我们在面对逆境的时又应当如何规范自己的工作生活，都需要极强的组织思维与自律性，数字4便是带给我们这样的人生课题。

数字4的含义(二)关键词：限制、规范、服务象征符号：四方型属性：计算智商型对应色彩;绿色五行：阴火星座排行：巨蟹这个数字在形态上就像一把三角量尺，代表精算，中规中矩，同时每一笔都是直挺的，见棱见角，象征着死板，不知变通。

四季分春夏秋冬，方向分东南西北，物质存在的四元素分为火、水、风、地，数字4代表了完整的秩序。

数字4的物质平面结构就像一个正方盒子，坚固、完善、安全。

数字本质都带有原始的意义，1和2的结合创造了3，当组合成一个家庭时，就要靠数字4来稳定生存的基本“安全”，4的任务就是实现和显化。

正面优势帮助他人，实际，秩序，效率，自律，组织力，可靠，实干，诚恳，有勇气，任劳任怨，未雨绸缪，稳重，做事认真，坚定，忠实，逻辑分明负面挑战心胸狭隘，情绪紧张，不妥协，过分固执，过于谨慎，约束，拒绝改变，自我保护，挑剔，嫉妒心，吝啬，心胸狭窄，缺乏想象力，说教，不变通，无趣乏味恐惧变化，不稳定，生活危机数字4的含义(三)起初，人们都认为“四”最一般的象征含义是四方和四时。

4的英语单词

4的英语单词
four
英[fɔː(r)] 美[fɔːr]
num. 四；四个
adj. 四的；四个的
短语：
four hundred 名流；绅士
four modernizations 四个现代化（农，工，国防，科技）；四化
gang of four 四人帮
big four 四大银行；大四星；四大会计师事务所
four balls 四坏球
four dimensional （adj.）四维的
on all fours 完全一致；四脚着地地；匍匐
four tones 四声
例句：
1、This street is four times shorter than that one.
这条街道比那条短四倍。

2、The department offers four specialities.
这个系有四个专业。

序数词：fourth
英[fɔːθ] 美[fɔːrθ]
n. 第四；四分之一；第四音阶；第四档。

例句：
Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? 谁能数点雅各的尘土，谁能计算以色列的四分之一，我愿如义人之死而死。

4是吉祥数

4是吉祥数近十几年来，中国人对4这个数字似乎越来越忌讳，原因即在于4与“死”谐音。

但这个谐音谐的有点莫名其妙，它和普通话一点搭不上，一个去声，一个三声，这一音之差，谬以千理，究其原因，这个谬误原来源于现代南方某地的方言发音，对于方言来讲发音不准的话，4和“死”很容易读音相同。

而对于大部分中国人来讲，我们讲的是普通话，它怎么和“死”也联系不上？除非你不懂普通话，在普通话中是没有人会把“四”误听误读为“死”的。

对于读音相同的地区忌讳4，是照顾了人性的弱点，情有可原，而讲普通话的人也跟风，把4当作不吉利的数字，是不是让人觉着不可理解呢？我们查阅了大量的古代风水文献，梳理了中国南北的礼仪、风俗、传统从来没有发现说“四”是不吉利的数字。

实际上4自古以来就是被我们的先辈们在10个数字中专门挑选出来的吉祥数字，谐音“死”只是近十几年的事情，没有文化的根基和土壤。

中国民俗中自古就有“喜四”之说，往往与富贵、幸运、吉祥连在一起，而没有任何灾祸之意。

下面逐一举证。

一、“四”从字型上看：儿孙满堂，人丁兴旺1.汉字“四”是四面用栏杆围着个小“儿”，当宝贝一样护着，平平稳稳，意味着四方形的住宅里儿孙满堂，人丁兴旺。

谁家的房宅能离开数字“四”呢？筑建房宅的首要要求是“四平八稳”，所以自古以来“四”就是房宅之吉数。

2.阿拉伯数字“4”象旗帜。

它是所有数字里面的旗帜标杆。

“0象鸡蛋、1象铅笔、2象小鸭、3象耳朵、4象旗帜、5象钩子、6象豆芽、7象镰刀、8象手铐、9象蝌蚪”。

这是我们小时候接触数字的时候幼儿园老师教的儿歌，哪个数字的象形有4好呢？二、“四”就谐音上看：神圣、祥和、传承谐音就是利用汉字同音或近音的条件，用同音或近音字来代替本字，产生辞趣的修辞格。

被老百姓易于接受的是“同音谐音”。

1.同四同音的字有“寺”，基本解释为：（1）古代官署名：太常～（古代掌管宗庙礼仪的官署）。

鸿胪～（略同于现代的礼宾司）。

（2）佛教出家人居住的地方：佛～，～观。

4论发怒

• 例子： • 夫妻刚结婚的时候，卿卿我我“相敬如宾”，生活一段时间，平淡了，问题出现了，吵架生气，如果不能得到及时解决，就会“相敬如兵”，唇枪舌剑，互不相让，当气愤转为怨恨的时候，就会导致“相敬如冰”了，冷的连话都不想说，这样的光景，势必让魔鬼钻空子，撒旦的谎言就会在你心中动工“这日子没法过了”“他根本不爱我”，一个家庭就这样容易破裂，原本一对相爱的人，就因为小事生气含怒长久，导致爱不在，人分离。心灵造成很大的创伤。
由21-26 节开始，主耶稣用六个例子来讲解神的律法
• 一、旧约：不可杀人──新约：不可动怒、辱骂、不和(21~26 节) • 二、旧约：不可奸淫──新约：不可动淫念、离婚(27~32 节) • 三、旧约：不可背誓──新约：不可起誓、多法利赛人耶稣说 (33~37 节 ) 1、不可杀人 1、不可发怒 •2 四、旧约：以眼还眼 ──新约：不可作对、推、不可奸淫 2、不可淫念辞 (38~42 节 ) 3、不可背誓 3、不可说谎 •4 五、旧约：爱邻舍、恨仇敌 ──新约：爱仇敌、、以眼还眼 4、不要做对为逼迫者祷告 (43~47 节 5、恨仇敌 5、爱仇敌
• 上帝发怒诗7:11 神是公义的审判者，又是天天向恶人发怒的神。出34:6 不轻易发怒 • 主耶稣也曾动怒（太21：12-19；23：17；可3： 15） • 摩西发怒 [出32：19]„„看见牛犊，又看见人跳舞，便发烈怒，把两块版扔在山下摔碎了„„ • 义怒：因圣洁的属性，恨恶罪恶；公义施行审判 • 人的怒气即使出于公义，也常常容易失控而犯罪，因为人的怒气也常常带着私欲。（人不绝对公平）
• 例子：开车司机 • 有的人气急了，说：傻了吧唧的，缺心眼啊；也有人，嘴上不说，记在心里，心中怀恨、怀怨，不肯饶恕，冷若冰霜。 • 因此，主耶稣提醒我们不要容许自己自私的怒气。 • 如果动怒是被禁止的，那么侮辱和攻击的言词同样是可耻的，是犯罪。

4为什么是中国最吉利的数字

一．4为什么是中国最吉利的数字？
1、人丁兴旺：首先四就像是一个四合院，象征着家族中人丁兴旺、子孙满堂，这是一种非常有福气的寓意。

所以对于一个人丁稀少的家庭来说，最好选择和数字四有关的东西，比如住在4层楼，买东西买4个等等，这都是能够增加家里人口的好办法，而且让家中的子孙运会一直增长下去。

2、好事成双：数字四本身就是一个双数，所以大多数的时候，它们都是代表着成双成对的寓意，比如四喜临门、四喜发财等等，在民间还有一道菜叫做四喜丸子，这些说法都是在寓意着好事成双，象征着一种极为富贵吉利的寓意。

故而我们可以将数字四作为吉利数字来进行使用。

3、和谐稳固：自古以来，中国的建筑设计和园林风格都是在讲究对称的，因为人们相信四平八稳的对称才是最和谐、最稳固的形态，直到今天，方方正正依旧还是各种设计种主要的运用方式，比如衣柜、桌椅等等，都是在讲究方方正正的对称。

而数字四就是这样方方正正的对称，所以四代表着和谐和稳固。

数字4的风水含义是什么

数字4的风水含义是什么
【数字4的风水含义】
1、阴阳平衡：数字4可以把阴阳的力量平衡起来，表示着阴与阳的不
断变化和互相补充，象征和谐、长寿、统一。

2、造型象征：数字4有“方正”之美，比喻调和之美，可以应用到建筑、装饰、摆设等方面，给人以宽广、充满、安全的感觉。

3、古德耆境：数字4与中国传统哲学的“道德耆境”有着巨大的关联，
反映了四季的到来，以及极乐世界和宇宙的起源、互动和演化。

4、五行关联：数字4有着与五行关联的含义，阳有着土、金、水、火，而阴有木，这五者是相互结合、彼此促进的，象征着新的生命和宁静。

5、四象传承：数字4和“四象”有着深刻的联系，象征着永恒不变、四
季之秀、平和宽容，在整个宇宙体系里具有根本的纽带作用。

6、吉祥意义：数字4代表吉祥、繁荣、和平，可以用在室内、家居装
饰上，把不同的物质与精神元素完美结合，给人以喜乐，祝愿团圆，
家庭团聚。

7、合圆卦象：数字4与家庭组织的卦象有着重要的相关性，象征着图
腾的复合性和社会的维系。

可以把它用在书画、香梯、摆件等上，预
示着一家人和睦、完满相处。

高中英语必修4翻译

高中英语必修4翻译★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/清华大学英语教授研究组提供必修4第一单元女人成就感阅读如果你想观赏非洲野生动物的一名学生这是45是,太阳初升带来超过贡贝国家公园东非。

证明简的研究途径黑猩猩,我们小组都去拜访他们在森林里。

简研究这些家庭野生黑猩猩很多年了,帮助人们了解多少它们像人类。

看一个家庭的黑猩猩醒来是我们的第一项活动的时间。

这意味着回到的地方,让我们离开了家睡在树是昨天。

每个人会和等待在树荫下树,而家庭开始醒来,驶去了。

然后我们坚持他们在进了森林。

大多数时候,黑猩猩要么饲料或清洁彼此示爱的一种方式,在他们的家庭。

简警告我们,我们的团队将会非常累又脏的下午,她是对的。

然而,晚上,什麽都值得。

我们能看到母亲黑猩猩和她的孩子们玩的那棵树。

然后我们再来看看他们去睡在一起在他们的巢过夜。

我们意识到债券成员之间的家庭是一只母黑猩猩一样强大在一个人类的家庭。

没有人在简完全理解黑猩猩的行为。

她花了几年的观察和记录他们的日常活动。

因为她的童年她原先想对动物的研究工作在自己的环境。

然而,这不是一件容易的事。

当她第一次到达贡贝在1960年,是不同寻常的女人生活在森林里。

只有在她母亲来帮助她在最初的几个月里使她得以开始自己的计划。

她的工作改变方式人们想黑猩猩。

举例来说,最重要的一点是,她发现黑猩猩打猎和吃肉。

在那之前,每个人都认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。

她实际观察的黑猩猩,作为一个群体,准备捕捉一只猴子,然后吃它。

她也发现黑猩猩彼此沟通,她的研究他们的肢体语言帮助她制定好社会制度。

四十年学者珍‧古德已直言不讳的关于使世界上的其他国家了解和尊重这些动物的生命。

她声称,野生动物应离开了野生地和不使用娱乐或广告。

她已经帮助建立特别的地方,在那里他们可以安全地生活。

她正领导忙碌的生活,但她说:“当我停,这都是,我记得的拥挤黑猩猩在实验室进行的。

这真是糟透了。

它影响着我,当我看野生黑猩猩。

部分姓氏分布地区4

部分姓氏分布地区赵姓在全国分布广泛，尤以山西、河北、河南、山东、江苏、浙江、四川等省市为多。

钱姓在全国分布广泛，尤以江苏、广东、上海、浙江和安徽等省市为多。

孙姓在全国分布广泛，尤以山东、河南、安徽、黑龙江、河北和吉林等省为多。

李姓在全国分布最广，尤以河南、四川、山东等省市为多。

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吴姓在全国分布广泛，尤以福建、广东、台湾等省市为多。

郑姓在我国分布广泛，主要分布在江南地区，尤以福建、浙江两省为最多。

王姓在我国分布最广，主要分布在长江地区，尤以山东、河北、四川、河南、山西等省市为多。

冯姓在我国分布广泛，尤以广东、河南、河北、江苏、山东、云南等省市为多。

陈姓在我国分布广泛，主要分布在我国南方地区，尤以广东、福建、四川、浙江、江苏、河南、湖北、湖南、山东等省为多。

褚姓在全国分布较广，尤以江苏、辽宁等省市为多。

卫姓在全国分布较广，尤以陕西、四川等省为多。

蒋姓在我国分布广泛，尤以四川、江苏、湖南、浙江等省为多。

沈姓在我国分布广泛，主要分布在江南地区，尤以广东、福建、江苏、浙江、湖北、湖南等省居多。

韩姓在我国分布广泛，尤以河南、陕西、山西、甘肃、河北、辽宁、江苏、安徽、浙江、湖北、福建等省为多。

杨姓在我国分布广泛，主要分布在长江流域，尤以山西、江苏、安徽等省市为多。

朱姓在我国分布广泛，尤以江苏、浙江、广东、河南等省为多。

秦姓在我国分布广泛，尤以河南、陕西、山东、湖北、河北等省为多。

尤姓在全国分布较广，尤以福建省为多。

许姓在我国分布广泛，尤以江苏、山东、云南、广东、河南、安徽、浙江等省市为多。

何姓在我国分布广泛，尤以四川、广东、湖南三省为多。

吕姓在我国分布广泛，尤以山东、河南二省为多。

施姓在全国分布广泛，尤以江苏、浙江、福建三省为多。

张姓在全国分布最广，尤以山东、河南、河北、四川四省为最多。

孔姓在我国分布广泛，尤以山东、江苏、吉林三省为多。

曹姓在我国分布广泛，主要分布在黄淮流域，尤以四川、河北、河南、湖北等省市为多。

GiannaMichaelscatchesapeepingtom4

Gianna Michaels catches a peeping tom 4By lilguy ********************Cuckold, femdom, she takes Ted to her porn SetWarning- Cuckolding, extreme humiliationGianna Michaels was filming a scene for her new movie as part of her new Porn Company. It was a spoof of Red Sonja, with her in a red wig. They had her getting fucked by a well hung black man. His hard cock stretches her pussy. The man was a strong ox, thick filled with muscle. He still had an everyman face and kind of resembled a young will Smith.She was on top of the man, as her gripped her ass, digging her finger into her ass flesh. Her massage them with her fingers making her moan. Her gigantic tits were bouncing up and down. She smiled getting uging with joy as she rode him. Her tits were big and pillowy and look great when they were squeezed together, especially when they were dripping with sweat. She licked her lips seductively and looked down on him with a wry smile and wink.“Like that don’t you fucker!!” She Said“Damm girl you’re beautiful” The Man SaidBehind her was a hot looking black girl name Jada Fire. She was a hot looking black porn start. Her tits weren’t as big as Gianna but her ass was nice and thick. She had dark black skin, nice and smooth. Her skin always looked great next to Gianna Milky skin. Gianna had more curves but Jada had the nice firm ass. Jada spread her ass cheeks and started licking Gianna hole, pushing it deep into Gianna ass. Gianna grabbed Jada hair giving her a hot filthy look. Her deep blue eyes were looking deep in Jada.“Yea Eat up..Baby” Gianna moaned“Damm Girl…you taste just like Sugar”.The man was slamming his cock upward inside her. The camera did a close up of her thick vieny cock slamming into her. It hit her G spot Gianna screamed with pleasure. The place was filled with the film crew and they all were cheering her on. Everyone was happy accept for one person. He was another black man...not as tough looking. A nerdy man that made Al Roker look like Malcolm X. He was thin and had bit of baby face. She hung his head down like a beaten dog. His name was Ted and he had Met Gianna a while ago. Gianna caught him peeping at her in her home...and she caught him. He was beaten,tease, broken and enslave. Sense then she made him her bitch. She wasn’t allowed to cum ever. Gianna took great joy teasing him and taking him to the edge only to stop. She forces him to use a penis pump so his cock was even more raging all the time. She was her house keeper, personal pussy eater, toilet, assistant and every other degrading thing she could think of. Gianna would call him urkel, dumbfuck and would humiliate him any change her get. Strapon paddles and whips were among the money things.She smirked as she saw him through the corner of her eyes. Ted was wearing his Chastity Belt under his tight sweat pants. In his hands he was holding her lunch. Getting her lunch wouldn’t be that humiliating but it was what he had to wear. First the pants were 2 sizes to small. People could see that Tattoo over his ass that said “Gianna Michael’s Bitch”. His pants were pink and behind it were the words “BABY PHAT”. Her shirt was a tight Belly shirt and said “Princess with Sparkles”. She wore a collar around his neck with his name around it and sandals. Worst let he had to carry the money in Gianna purse. It was humiliating.She wanted to make sure he saw how a real man fucks a woman. He knew he would be never inside you. His cock was ready to explode just watch her. Gianna screamed as her body got hit with a multiple climax. She bit her lip as the man under her slammed inside her. Ted recognized the man. The personal current Gianna showed Ted pictures of him to show Ted was a man should look like. The guy name was “Don the Big Black Dong”. Ted assumed that wasn’t his Christine name. He assumed her earn it cause his first name was in fact Don. That part her believe was true. The second part was added due to him having a rather large black Dong. He would never mention that though. Otherwise Gianna might punish him by posting a picture of Ted in her panties on the net.“Fuckkkkkk cum inside me” She SaidDon Lifted her up and stood on the bed. Her grabbed hold of her ass and slammed her up and down his cock. Both of them were sweaty and she pressed her tits into his strong chest.“Shit” Gianna screamed with climax “Give it all to me you big dick bastard”Ted watch and sighed and thought to himself no girl really wants a cock that big. Its gross he said to himself. But he knew deep down that was just him hating. So he stood there holding a drink, and sandwich, her designer purse, and a cinnamon bun bag.“Damm Girl…your pussy so tight” Said Don the Big black Dong, as said Dong proceeded to cum.Her pussy was overflowing with cum as he slammed it in and out. She put her head into his shoulder and laughed with joy. She kisses his chest with big lips that had pink lipstick and lip balm on it.“Damm Girl..Your wild” Don Said“That why you Love me” Gianna SaidThey pulled out showing her pussy dripping with cum. Gianna laid on the bed, and Jada sucked off the remaining cum from Don’s penis.“Cut” Gianna Said“Good Job” The Director Said“Thanks” Gianna Said smiling back “It been great working for you”Gianna gave Don a hug and spoke to him in a sweet voice“Next scene tomorrow” Gianna Said “Everyone feel free eat the pizza outside. I order it on me”“Thanks” The Director Said“What a sweet girl” Another person SaidShe walked up to Ted and took her food. She took a sip of the drink.“You want some” Gianna Said “You Look tired”“Sure” Ted Said HappilyGianna took a gulp of the juice. She spit it in his face.“Drink up Faggot” She said spitting on him again.She pushed him down on his knees and spread her pussy lips. Her pussy was dripping with cum.“Clean it fag” She SaidHe got on his knees and started sucking her pussy. Gianna pushed his head and moaned. One thing she taught him how to do was give head. Jada saw it and laughed.“Wow can’t believe he doing that…told me your assistant was a bitch but Damm” Jada SaidGianna laughed back“Told you, this little fuck does everything I told him” Gianna Said“You going to let that little white punk you like that” Jada SaidGianna wrapped her legs around him as her wet pussy juices mixed it. Her slurped up shamefully. Gianna moaned.“Shit…Casper the Friendly Ghost blacker then this little bitch” Gianna Said“You don’t actually let this little bitch fuck you” Jada Said“Oh Hell No…this bitch aint getting this ass. Aint getting any ass as long as I have something to do. Get fucked in the ass maybe” Gianna SaidJada turn around showing off her ass. She pulled Ted hair and made him look“You mean he wont get this fat booty” Jada Said“No way” Gianna smiledShe slapped Jada ass and spread her cheeks“Mmnmmmm to bad..I know Guys love it when you make that booty clap around their dicks. Boy wouldn’t last 10 seconds” Gianna Said squeezing Jada bootyJada smiled and pushed her finger through her butt cheeks.“M et little PUNK ass bitches like you. In high school this one little wuss use to stare as this thick booty. Rich kid…thought he could impress me with money. Would follow me around like a little puppy. Buy me anything I wanted. Well one day I invited him to a hotel…that he paid for of course. I and my girls grabbed him…put on these thick straponand run a trained on his little ass. Bitch was sore for months. We taped it, dress him up in women clothes and black mailed the bitch for the entire school year. Even tricked his ass out”Jada spit in his face. Gianna had him eat her again. She calmly took a sip of her drink. “Would trick his ass out but nobody would buy him” Gianna laughed“Yea is a predicament” Jada SaidGianna let out a moaned as she started to cum on his face.“Slurp it up slut…clean it all up” Gianna SaidShe pulled his hair back and spit in his face again.“Listen to me. Listen closely because I know you’re slows…your aint ever...”“Never Ever” Jada Added“Going to fuck this Pussy. You never going to feel the joy of having your cock deep inside a girls MOIST…wet….tight…pussy” Gianna SaidJada started fingering herself and spreading her pussy lips“Never going to get into this Sugar Wall. Never going to get a feel of sweet chocolate” Jada Said“And creamy Vanilla” Gianna Added“Smallest Dick I ever seen on a Brother” Jada SaidGianna motion Don over“Hey e over and show him what a Real Dick looks like” Gianna Said “Damm you bitches are crazy” Don laughed“Come on..I promi se I keep the little fairy off you” Gianna laughedHe came over. Jada and Gianna put their arms around him. Gianna grabbed Don’s cock and started stroking“Crawl back..And Look. See this…ready and hard. This dick should look like. She had thick his head is..Like a big mushroom overflowing with cum. That how a man dick should look like. Not like that little Kit Kat bar you has there” Gianna Said“Still Rock hard even after it came”People were gathering around laughing. Jada went down and took Don’s cock. She put it in his mouth and began sucking. Her lips stretch wrapping around his shaft. Her spit dribbled down his cock and she gave him a sloppy blow job.“Ever do this to this geek” Jada Asked“Ha FUCK no” Gianna SaidShe spit on him“Pathetic Loser” Gianna SaidJada was sucking him faster and faster. Gianna took her tits and squeezed them together.“These are GRADE a…Porn Star AVN winning tits. These tits get tifuck by Football Player, movie stars and Real men. Not little fucks like you…your dumb pathetic pieces of shit”Gianna slapped him. He was sent to the ground. She brought him on his knees again. “Is this BITCH crying” Jada Said shockedTed was stripped. She took off his Chastity Belt to show him nude. She held him up, twisting his hair.“Would any girl here...fuck this little wimp” Gianna SaidEveryone laughed. The girls shook his head. Jada continued sucking Don. Her lips stick staining his cock. Don let out a moaned and came deep into Jada’s mouth. Gianna pushed Ted on the ground and got to her knees sucking off Don. Don came in both the girls’mouths. The girls started to kissed each other swapping cum. Jada grabbed his face and started fingering herself. Jada was a squirted...so when she brought herself to climax...it sprayed Ted in the face. It was a gusher and he was force to lick it up.She pushed him on the ground“Fucking Loser” Jada SaidGianna went to her clothes and took her belt. Jada grabbed hers. She whipped it at the floor. Ted crawled away in fear.“Where the FUCK yo u think you’re going” Gianna SaidShe dragged him by his leg.“Whip his ass” She head someone cheerSome were putting taking pictures and filming it. They gathered around eating and drinking like it was a big show.CRACK!!CRACKHe screamed in Pain.“Quit your struggle don’t you move” Gianna Said“But it hurts” He Said“Then Quick moving or it hurt more…dumb sissy bitch” Gianna SaidJada got into it, hitting him with the belt.“Going to whup the black of your little ass” Jada SaidBoth girls were hitting him again and again. Laughter rang through the room as his ass was bruise. Some hits got between his legs. Other left marks on his ass and chest.“Love that Tattoo” Jada Said“Yea had it done myself..Think of getting whore tattooed across h is chest” Gianna laughedBoth girls were working up a sweat“Quit your CRYING…take it like a man” Gianna Said“Damm this good exercise” Jada Said“Yea….good Cardio…you see how trampling him burns calories” Gianna laughed.10 minutest pastHe laid there in a heap. Gianna and Jada snapped on two 12 inch strapon and took turns riding his ass. When one of them would pull out of his ass, they would then fuck his mouth as the other fucked him from behindGianna gave his ass a slap.“Take that shit…take s it” Gianna Said “Dammit it your ass much of been hungry...it taking my whole thing”Gianna love looking at that tattoo that says he was her property, love seeing the dildo disappear in his mouth.“You never going to win any away…with cock sucking like that” Jada Said “Take the whole FUCKING thing in your mouth”She started to gag. Gianna pushed him toward Jada.“Heh its fun controlling you...like playing Hungry...hungry hippo. Maybe put this on the net..So the whole world will know what a slut your a re…smile to the Camera...slut. SMILE…that’s a good girl. Give him a wave. I know this not a real cock little faggot…but don’t want you enjoying yourself to much.” Gianna laughed.Gianna stroked his cock..Bringing his close to the edge. Only to stop at the last minute. “Ohhhh he love this shit…fucking loser” Gianna Said “If I don’t watch him he may shoot that nasty goo of his”“Cant has that” Jada laughed.They continued this assault for 20 minutes.Gianna grabbed his legs, and Jada grabbed his arms. They lifted him up fucking him from both ends. Gianna laughed and flexed doing a mock bodybuilder pose. The swung him back and fourth before releasing him. He flew slamming through a table. He could barely move. Gianna stood over him and spit in his face. She tossed his Chastity belt at him. “Put this on Loser. And go do the rest of your chores” Gianna SaidJada smiled“Bye bye loser”Don put his arms around the two ladies and walked away leaving Ted there.。

4大效应

蝴蝶效应基本概念美国气象学家爱德华·罗伦兹（Edward N.Lorentz）1963年在一篇提交纽约科学院的论文中分析了这个效应。

“一个气象学家提及，如果这个理论被证明正确，一只海鸥扇动翅膀足以永远改变天气变化。

”在以后的演讲和论文中他用了更加有诗意的蝴蝶。

对于这个效应最常见的阐述是：“一只南美洲亚马逊河流域热带雨林中的蝴蝶，偶尔扇动几下翅膀，可以在两周以后引起美国德克萨斯州的一场龙卷风。

”其原因就是蝴蝶扇动翅膀的运动，导致其身边的空气系统发生变化，并产生微弱的气流，而微弱的气流的产生又会引起四周空气或其他系统产生相应的变化，由此引起一个连锁反应，最终导致其他系统的极大变化。

它称之为混沌学。

这句话的来源，是这位气象学家制作了一个电脑程序，这个可以模拟气候的变化，并用图像来表示。

最后他发现，图像是混沌的，而且十分像一只张开双翅的蝴蝶，因而他形象地将这一图形以“蝴蝶扇动翅膀”的方式进行阐释，于是便有了上述的说法。

蝴蝶效应通常用于天气、股票市场等在一定时段难以预测的比较复杂的系统中。

此效应说明，事物发展的结果，对初始条件具有极为敏感的依赖性，初始条件的极小偏差，将会引起结果的极大差异。

蝴蝶效应在社会学界用来说明：一个坏的微小的机制，如果不加以及时地引导、调节，会给社会带来非常大的危害，戏称为“龙卷风”或“风暴”；一个好的微小的机制，只要正确指引，经过一段时间的努力，将会产生轰动效应，或称为“革命”。

马太效应马太效应（Matthew Effect），是指好的愈好，坏的愈坏，多的愈多，少的愈少的一种现象。

名字来自于《圣经·马太福音》中的一句话。

在《圣经·新约》的“马太福音”第二十五章中有这么说道：“凡有的，还要加给他叫他多余；没有的，连他所有的也要夺过来。

”社会学家从中引申出了“马太效应”这一概念，用以描述社会生活领域中普遍存在的两极分化现象[1]。

1968年，美国科学史研究者罗伯特·莫顿（Robert K. Merton）提出这个术语用以概括一种社会心理现象：“相对于那些不知名的研究者，声名显赫的科学家通常得到更多的声望即使他们的成就是相似的，同样地，在同一个项目上，声誉通常给予那些已经出名的研究者，例如，一个奖项几乎总是授予最资深的研究者，即使所有工作都是一个研究生完成的。

上海外语教育出版社大学英语听说教程4听力原文

全新版大学英语听说教程第四册听力原文（上海外语教育出版社）Unit1(BOOK4)Part B The Hospital WindowJack and Ben, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. Jack, whose bed was next to the room's only window, was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. But Ben had to spend all day and night flat on his bed. To kill time the two men began to talk. They talked for hours about their wives, families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, and where they had been on vacation. As days went by, a deep friendship began to develop between them.Every afternoon when Jack could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to Ben all the things he could see outside the window. And Ben began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amid flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees beautified the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance.As Jack described all this in exquisite detail, Ben would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scenes.One warm afternoon Jack described a parade passing by. Although Ben couldn't hear the band -- he could see it in his mind's eye as Jack portrayed it with descriptive words.Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of Jack, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.Ben was heart broken. Life without Jack was even more unbearable. How he longed to hear Jack's voice and his melodious descriptions of the outside world! As he looked at the window, an idea suddenly occurred to him. Perhaps he could see for himself what it was like outside. As soon as it seemed appropriate, Ben asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone.Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself! He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall!'What could have compelled my roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window?' Ben asked the nurse when she returned.'Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you to live on,' she said. 'You know, he was blind and could not even see the wall.'Questions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Jack?3. What did Jack describe to Ben according to the story?Part CAdditional ListeningShort ConversationsConversation 1:M: How do you like your roommate, Debby?W: Ever since we met on the first day of college, we've been inseparable.Q: What do you know about Debby and her roommate?Conversation 2:M: Have you heard from Linda lately? You two were so intimate in college.W: Well, honestly, I haven't heard from her as much as I used to since she moved to the east coast two months ago. But I'm sure the friendship between us is as strong as it was before.Q: What can you infer from the woman’s response?Conversation 3:W: Do you keep in touch with your old friends back home now that you don't see them regularly? M: Frankly, after I moved to this city, I'm out of touch with most of them except a few close ones. Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 4:W: It's polite to call a friend before we visit, isn't it?M: You're right. People usually don't like surprise visits. But close friends often drop in on each other.Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 5:M: Cathy, it seems that you and Sally do almost everything together.W: That's true. You see, we were born on the same day. We both majored in fashion designing. And we even have the same love for using bright-colored material in our designs. Isn't it amazing! Q: What can we learn from the conversation?Part DThe Colors of FriendshipLegend has it that the colors of the world started to quarrel one day. All claimed that they were the best, the most beautiful.Green said: "Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die."Blue interrupted: "You only think about the earth, but have you ever considered the color of the sky and the sea?"Hearing this, Yellow chuckled: "You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety and warmth into the world. I am the color of the sun, the moon and all the stars. Without me there would be no fun."Orange started next to blow her trumpet: "I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious, for I serve the needs of human life."At this, Red could stand it no longer. He shouted: "I am the ruler of all of you. I am the color of blood -- life's blood! I am also the color of danger and bravery, of passion and love."Purple rose up to his full height: "I am the color of royalty and power. I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey."Finally Indigo spoke: "Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection."And so the colors went on boasting. Their quarrelling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightning, followed by a roll of thunder. Rain started to pourdown. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.Just then rain began to speak: "You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me."Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands.Then rain continued: "From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky to form a great bow of colors as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow."And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, a rainbow appears in the sky, to let us remember to appreciate one another.Unit 2Part BEmbarrassing Experiences (Part One)Interviewer: Rob, you went to Brazil, didn't you?Rob: Yes, I did.Interviewer: So, what happened?Rob: Well, I went into this meeting and there were about, er... seven or eight people in there and I just said 'Hello' to everybody and sat down. Apparently, what I should have done is to go round the room shaking hands with everyone individually. Well, you know, it's silly of me because I found out later it upset everyone. I mean, I think they felt I was taking them for granted.Kate: Well, I know that because when I was in France the first time, I finished a meeting , with 'Goodbye, everyone!' to all the people in the room. There were about half a dozen people there but I was in a hurry to leave, so I just said that and left. Well, I later found out that what I should have done is shake hands with everyone in the group before leaving. Now, apparently, it's the polite thing to do.Interviewer: Well, people shake hands in different ways, don't they?Rob: Oh, yes, that's right, they do. See, normally I shake hands quite gently when I meet someone. So when I went to the US for the first time, I think people there thought my weak handshake was a sign of weakness. Apparently, people there tend to shake hands quite firmly.Kate: Oh, gosh, you know, that reminds me: on my first trip to Germany, it was a long time ago, I was introduced to the boss in the company when he passed us in the corridor. Well, I wasn't prepared, and I mean, I had my left hand in my pocket. And when we shook hands I realized my left hand was still in my pocket. Well, that was, you know, very bad manners and I was quite embarrassed.Interviewer: And how about using first names? Have you made any mistakes there?Rob: Oh, yes, I have! When I first went to Italy I thought it was OK to use everyone's first name so as to seem friendly. And I later discovered that in business you shouldn't use someone's first name unless you are invited to. Oh, and you should always use their title as well.Kate: Hm, yeah, well, when I met people in Russia, you know, they seemed to be puzzled when I shook hands with them and said 'How do you do?' Well, what they do when they greet a stranger is to say their own names, so I had that all wrong!Rob: Oh, yes, I agree with that. Remembering names is very important.Interviewer: Shall we take a break? When we come back we'll move on to our next topic.Kate & Rob: OK.Questions:1. What is the conversation mainly about?2. Who might be the people Rob and Kate met in various countries?3. What can we infer about Kate and Rob from the conversation?4. Which countries has Kate visited, according to the conversation?5. Which countries has Rob visited, according to the conversation?6. What is the main message that the speakers want to tell us?Part CAdditional ListeningAmerican PartiesAs you would imagine, Americans move about a great deal at parties. At small gatherings they may sit down, but as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room - a little before this point - you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to his feet to fetch a drink or greet a friend or open a window until soon everyone is standing, moving around, chatting with one group and then another. Sitting becomes static beyond a certain point. We expect people to move about and be "self-starters". It is quite normal for Americans to introduce themselves; they will drift around a room , stopping to talk wherever they like, introducing themselves and their companions. If this happens, you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you; then at least the men generally shake hands. Sometimes the women do so as well, but often they merely nod and smile. A man usually shakes a woman's hand only if she extends it. Otherwise he too just nods and greets her.Statements:1. We can't imagine that Americans do not like big parties and they prefer going around at parties.2. At small parties they may sit down, but as more people come, they would stand up and move about.3. The reason why Americans like to stand is that they like the free atmosphere of the party.4. The meaning of "self-starters" is that Americans help themselves to drinks during the parties.5. Americans are more open-minded than British people according to the passage.6. If a woman doesn't extend her hand to a man at the party, he should not shakes hands with the woman.7. The passage shows a unique aspect of American culture.Embarrassing Experiences (Part Two)Interviewer: Let's go on with our talk. What do you think of business cards, Rob?Rob: I found them very useful when I was in Japan not so long ago. Each person can clearly see the other's name and the job title on the card. And I found out that you have to treat business cards with respect. What you've got to do is hold them with both hands and then read them very carefully. What happened to me was the first time I just took a man's card with one hand and put it straight into my pocket.Interviewer: What other advice do you have, Kate?Kate: Well, one time I unintentionally caused some problems when I was in China. Well, I was trying to make a joke when I pretended to criticize my business associate for being late for a meeting. And he was embarrassed, I mean, he was really embarrassed instead of being amused. Now you shouldn't criticize people in China or embarrass them. I mean, you must avoid confrontation. That's for sure!Rob: Oh, I must tell you about the first time I was in Mexico! I have to admit I found it a bit strange when business associates there touched me on the arm and the shoulder. Well, I tried to move away and, of course, they thought I was being very, very unfriendly. Apparently, it's quite usual there for men to touch each other in, you know, in a friendly way. Oh ... oh, and another thing, the first time I went to Korea I thought it was polite not to look someone in the eye too much. The Koreans I met seemed to be staring at me when I spoke, which seemed, you know, a bit odd at first. In Korea, eye contact conveys sincerity and it shows you're paying attention to the speaker.Kate: Oh, well, it seemed strange because you British don't look at each other so much when you're talking to each other. I mean, you look away, you know, most of the time. I found this hard to deal with when I first came to the UK, because people seemed to be embarrassed when I looked at them while they were speaking to me.Interviewer: So what's the thing visitors to Britain should avoid most?Rob: Well, I don't think we're all that sensitive, do you, Kate?Kate: Ohoo, well, I'll tell you, I made a big mistake when I was in Scotland. I found myself referring to the UK as "England" and to the British as "the English". Now, I know that would be just as bad in Wales, I guess.Rob: Yes, it certainly would!Unit 3Part BBirthday Celebrations Around the WorldChairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World. Yes, folks, we've been on the air for exactly one year now, and we thought it would be a nice idea to have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations around the world. With us in the studio tonight we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane, who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star. Shaheen: Good evening.Pat: Good evening.Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you. How are birthdays celebrated in India? Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that everyone in the world celebrates their birthday. This just isn't the case. Low-income families in India, for instance, simply can't afford any festivities. And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here. The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays, and in any case most people, until a couple of hundred years ago, couldn't even read and wouldn't have even been able to spot their birthday on a calendar anyway. Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays. In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia, for example, the rich people invite friends and families around. But not in small villages. Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one. But now it seems to have moved to eighteen. Is that true?Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote, you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on. But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty before you can smoke or drink. Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country, girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen. And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.Chairman: That's interesting. I mean is it typical that around the world girls are considered to bemore mature than boys?Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and there are some countries, particularly in South America, which have a big party only for girls. In Mexico and Argentina, for example, they have enormous parties for 15-year-old girls.Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty. It's kind of embarrassing. I mean you get pepper thrown at you.Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?Pat: I'm not really sure.Shaheen: So does that mean that on your 29th birthday you can start thinking 'God I better get married'?Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth and so on. Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...Chairman: Eighty-eighth?Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday. Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.Questions:1. What is One World?2. What is the topic of the program?3. What do Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane do?4. Why don't some people in India celebrate their birthdays?5. According to Pat, when did people around the world begin to celebrate their birthdays?6. Why is the eighteenth birthday so important in Finland?7. Why can girls in some countries get to vote at an earlier age than boys?8. Which of the countries mentioned in the text are Muslim countries?Part CAdditional ListeningsOne World One MinuteOne World One Minute is a unique film project that invites participants in every country around the globe to record, simultaneously, one minute of their lives, one minute of our world. Sponsors of this project have chosen 12:48 GMT, September 11th 2002 as the one minute to record. At that moment exactly a year earlier began the terrorist attacks that led to the deaths of more than 2,000 people from over 60 countries. For many this will be a time of remembrance and reflection. And for others this will be an appropriate time for international communication, cooperation and sharing. It will offer them an opportunity to share a moment of their world and their life with others, an opportunity to both talk to and listen to the world, to join with others around the globe and create a truly unique record and experience. This is the idea behind the project One World One Minute.Participants are free to choose what and how to record their One Minute. Some may want to take photographs, some paint or draw pictures, while others may want to write something and record their readings. The material can be submitted to the project organizers in Scotland via e-mail or post within 6 weeks of September 11th. All the material will then be made into a feature-length film, which will capture that One Minute of our existence.The film will explore the rich diversity that is both humanity and our world. It will allow a voice to all people regardless of nationality, religion, race, political viewpoint, gender or age. Therich diversity that is Humanity shall be there for all to see.Participants will not only be kept informed of the progress of the film and the release process but will be invited to actively participate through newsletters and discussion forums.When the film is finished, it will be shown in every country of the world, both in cinemas and on TV. Contributors will be invited to attend the premiere of the film in their respective countries and will receive a full screen credit on the finished production.Statements:1. One World One Minute is a project sponsored by some filmmakers in Hollywood.2. The purpose of the project is to record how people of the world mourn the death of those who lost their lives in New York's World Trade Center.3. Participants may come from different races or nations, have different religious beliefs, and maintain opposite political viewpoints.4. Participants are invited to record one minute of their lives on any given day.5. Participants are encouraged to make short video films to record an important event in their lives.6. The project will offer people from various parts of the world an opportunity to share a moment of their life with others.7. The organizers believe that humanity is represented by the colorful variety of people's life all over the world.8. Participants are required to submit what they have recorded to organizers by e-mail not later than September 11, 2002.9. All the material submitted by the participants will be made into a feature-length film and shown on TV and in cinemas throughout the world.10. The film will become a powerful means to unite people all over the world in the war against terrorism.Part DOne World, Many UniversesOurs is, in many ways, a world without boundaries. Being a citizen of a particular nation is almost as much as being a resident of a particular town or province. Boundaries of class and caste that once shaped societies continue to fade. The freedom of people to move increases gradually with the relaxation of immigration laws in the last century. Many countries have fairly simple requirements for obtaining citizenship and voting rights.In Europe, for example, the European Union's membership has grown to 15 countries and may increase to 21 or more by 2010. It has developed a common body of laws, common policies and practices, and a great deal of cooperation among its members. The adoption of the single currency, the euro, by 12 of its member countries and the circulation of euro cash in January 2002 have enabled citizens in these countries to move about even more freely.In addition, all of the major organized religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, are alive and well, but less clearly and exclusively identified with specific cultures and geographic regions. People everywhere feel free to convert to other religions, and many people identify themselves with more than one religion.Since 1995, which is called the Year of the Internet, cyberspace has become a rich and realistic realm of experience. Its activities include the No-Self Network, which is concerned with liberation from the self. The network's members regard this liberation as an ordinary humanachievement-roughly comparable to learning to play the piano -- and not as a superhuman or divine feat. One World, Many Universes is, for me, the most persuasive mix of idealism and realism. This particular future is likely to be the most fast-changing one, rapidly evolving beyond what I have described.Questions:1. What is the passage mainly about?2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a reason that makes national boundaries less prominent?3. Which of the following is not one of the major religions mentioned in the passage?4. What enabled citizens in many EU countries to move about more freely?Unit4PartBHow to Use an OHPM: I want to use the overhead projector for my presentation. Could you show me how to use it? W: OK, let me show you. Just watch what I do. I... I'll talk you through the procedure.M: Thanks.W: Right, well. First of all, you put the OHP on the table here, about 2 meters from the wall or the screen. Er...do you have a screen?M: Er...no. I thought I'd just use the wall.W: Oh, er...well, a screen's better, but I suppose this wall will be all right. It is sort of white. Anyway, let's try it. So, the next thing you have to do is press these buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place.M: I see.W: And then turn it round so the head is facing towards the screen, I mean the wall, and now we can plug it in.M: Right, and you switch it on?W: Yeah. Then I press the switch here on the front...M: Right.W: There! And the light should come on.M: Right, OK.W: Yeah, there we are. So, you just place your transparency here on the glass.M: OK, there, oh!W: Oh, no! No, the other way up.M: Oh yes, of course.W: That's right, yeah. And to raise or lower the image you move this flap up or down... There, that's better.M: Right, OK.W: And finally, to focus the image you turn this wheel to make it sharp. There we are, that's not too bad.M: Oh, that's great, yeah. OK, thanks.W: Oh, one more thing: whatever you do, don't keep switching it on and off. I'm going to switch it off now. Now, when you use it in your presentation, you should leave it switched on, with a piece of paper over the glass.M: Right, I...er... I don't understand why you have to leave it on.W: Well, the reason why you have to do that is that you don't want the bulb to fail. The bulb fails easily if the machine is on and off frequently. If it does, you'll have to replace the bulb, which will be very hot and you may not have a spare anyway. So that's about it. Any questions?M: Erm...no, that seems all very clear. Thank you very much.W: You're welcome. Oh, and I really do think you need to get a screen, by the way. The picture would be much brighter than on that wall, you know.M: Oh, OK. Well, I'll ask Jim if he's got one.W: Oh, good idea! And make sure he shows you how to put it up!M: I will. Thanks again.PartCAdditional ListeningsHow to Send an E-mailM: I would like to send an e-mail to a friend of mine. Could you tell me how to do it?W: Certainly. First, you choose the e-mail program on your computer and click New Message. M: All right.W: OK? Well, then you start typing the name of the recipient. The program remembers the name and completes the e-mail address. Well, if not, you look up the name in the address book or contact list. OK? Well, if you want other people to get copies of the same message, you send them 'CCs', which are copies of the message. OK? Then you press Return on the keyboard and then you type the subject of the message. Now, there's no need to put the date because that goes in automatically when you send the message, together with the time. OK?M: Oh, yeah.W: Well, then you press Return again and start writing the message. Now, if you make a mistake, you just press Backspace to delete the previous letter or word and then type it again correctly. M: I see.W: Now, when you've finished, you read the whole message through to make sure it looks right and contains the right information. Now, if you decide you want to change sentences around, you can copy sentences and paste them in other places.M: And...er...er...how about spelling and punctuation, er...that can be corrected automatically, can't it?W: Well, yes and no. You can run your spell checker and that may bring up some mis-typings and things like that. But it definitely won't catch them all, so you must read it through to check your spelling, too. And check your punctuation at the same time. Now if you notice a misspelt word, or if you want to change a word or something like that, double-click on the word and type the new word over it.M: Fine. That's easy.W: Hmm. And then it's ready to send. You just click on Send and it'll go off immediately. And the other person will find your message in their Inbox when they next go online to get their messages. M: Right. Well, that sounds much easier than handwriting a message and faxing it.W: Sure it does.Questions:1. Where does the computer store the e-mail addresses of your friends?2. What does "CCs" stand for? When do you use "CCs"?3. What can you do if you want to change sentences around?4. What can you do if you want the computer to check mis-typings?5. What do you do if you want to change a word?PartDLayout of a LetterAs we go through, I'm going to tell you the layout of a formal letter in English -- you might want to note this information down on a separate piece of paper. OK, the first thing is to write the sender's address in the top right-hand corner. OK. This has a set order with the number of the house or flat followed by the name of the street; and then underneath that, perhaps the district if it's a big town, then under that the name of the town or city, with the postcode. And it's now common, quite acceptable, to write all this without any punctuation at all. And the address -- please write it now in the top right-hand corner -- is 12 Greenwood Avenue.And the next line is West Ealing (that's E-A-L-I-N-G). Next line: London W5-then a small gap -- 6RJ. London W5 6RJ.Now leave a line, and then write the date directly underneath the address. Now you can do this in several different ways. You can put 10 September, or September 10, or just 10 dot 9 dot 2003. So use one of these methods and put today's date in the correct place.And now, if you want, you could write the address of the person you are writing to. If you do that, you put it on the left-hand side of the paper, and you would usually start the address at roughly the same level as the date which is on the right-hand side.The next thing we write is the salutation. Our letter is to Sean White, and we begin Dear Mr. White -- please note exactly where it goes.Now, if you don't know the person's name you just put Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam. In an informal letter you still use "Dear", but you start with the person's first name -- for example, Dear Maria or Dear Stephen or whatever.And at the end of the letter you sign off "Yours sincerely" -- capital "Y", but small "s". So could you write that now at the end of the letter, leaving a line first?Now, we put "sincerely" if we know the name of the person that we are writing to. But if you don't know the name, the traditional ending is "Yours faithfully". Now, this is the custom in Britain, although it is true to say that not everyone keeps to it, and I think in America they use different endings -- for example, they may finish a letter with "Truly yours".OK, if you are writing to a friend, then it's usually something like "best wishes", or often "love" if it's a member of your family or a very close friend, but not so common between two friends who are men. After the ending, in this case "Yours sincerely", leave a line, and then put your signature directly underneath. If your name is Maria Lee, write M. Lee underneath "Yours sincerely" Then type your full name below your signature. So do that now -- write your signature at the end of the letter. And that's it.Questions:1. According to the speaker, what should be included in the sender's address in a formal letter in English?2. Which of the following is not an acceptable way to date an English letter?3. What does the speaker say about addressing the receiver in a formal letter if we don't know the person's name?4. What does the speaker say about the ways to end a letter?5. When is it not advisable to end a letter with the word "love"?。

4 名词性从句

• 谓语动词形式
• That this has not happened may be the fault of the university • It may be the fault of the university that this has not happened. • • It is obvious that he will be late. •
举例3：
• My idea is that people will live on the moon someday. • My question is whether people will live on the moon someday. • My question is when people will live on the moon someday.
• 研究表明满意的工作对男人是有好处的. • in the best interest of
• 我认为来自富国的帮助能帮助穷国降低贫困。 •
• 该饼状图表明温室气体的增加促进了温室效应 •
举例2：
• That the sea is blue has been known for years. • It has been known for years. • whether the sea is blue has been known for years. • why the sea is blue has been known for years.
铺垫2：连词
• 汉语
• 我不知道她会哭 • 我不知道是否她会哭 • 我不知道为什么他会哭。
连词
名词性从句的本质
主语宾语同位语表语
本质：三种句子充当四种成分。陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句

4的英文怎么写

1.4的英文怎么写4的英英语单词是four。

词汇分析音标：英 [fɔː] 美 [fɔr]释义：num. 四；四个adj. 四的；四个的n. (Four)人名；（西）福尔；（法）富尔短语four hundred 名流；绅士four modernizations四个现代化（农，工，国防，科技）；四化gang of four 四人帮big four 四大银行；大四星；四大会计师事务所four balls 四坏球four dimensional adj. 四维的on all fours 完全一致；四脚着地地；匍匐four tones 四声例句1、The department offers four specialities. 这个系有四个专业。

2、His relationship with Mary went through four stages. 他与玛丽的关系经历了四个阶段。

3、about four months out of six, the Senator is away politicking. 六个月中约有四个月，这位参议员外出参加竞选活动。

4、Four quarts constitute a gallon. 四夸脱构成一加仑。

5、I bid four diamonds. 我叫四个方块。

2.3/4 的英文怎么写基数词+序数词threequarter(s)四分之三two-thirds [ 'tu：'θə：dz ]num. 三分之二英语分数的表示法：）~~一、用“基数词+序数词”表示分数在英语中通常是借助于基数词和序数词来共同表达的。

其中基数词表示分子，序数词表示分母。

如：2.However,the number of boys will bea third or less than the girls in the class.但是，班里男生的人数将比女生少三分之一或更少。

从以上例子可以看出：分子除用one外，也可用a；如果分子大于1，分母要用复数形式。

4字祝福语大全

4字祝福语大全1、祝福爱人，人见人爱，爱心常在，在水一方，芳华永驻，驻颜有术，书不释手，授受不亲，亲如一家。

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4字祝福语大全

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4个字祝福语

4个字祝福语导读：1、笑口常开、八方来财、合家幸福、并蒂荣华、济世利人。

2、星辉宝婺、六畜兴旺、北窗梅启、天地配合、仁心良术。

3、猪笼入水、椿萱并茂、南山之寿、兰菊庭芳、载瞻星气。

4、花开如梦、德为世重、江山秀丽、寿域同登、快乐相伴。

5、大富大贵、龙马精神、岁岁平安、恬淡无忧、喜迎蛇来。

6、连理交枝、恭喜新禧、裕国利民、同德同心、骏业宏开。

7、萱庭日丽、一帆风顺、年年好运、名冠群伦、吉人天相。

8、万事顺利、天作之合、荣任之喜、学习进步、情投意合。

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13、家肥屋润、人乐丰年、福禄寿喜、笙磬同音、眉寿颜堂。

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15、春为岁首、如日之升、欣欣向荣、璇阁长春、开心久久。

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17、盟结良缘、一路顺风、必定如意、民气昭苏、万事亨通。

18、百事可乐、金榜题名、良师益友、连枝相依、瑞雪迎春。

19、人见人爱、美丽迷人、造家庭福、花好月圆、百年琴瑟。

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22、终身之盟、实干兴邦、泰然自若、情贵淡泊、良母楷模。

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27、虎啸年丰、健康美丽、抱世界观、珠联壁合、万事胜意。

28、好运降临、德术并优、全家福气、春风及第、生活幸福。

29、祥麟威凤、出入平安、百花齐放、悄然来临、美好未来。