医药英语翻译 Chapter 6
医药常用英语单词及缩写[优秀范文五篇]
医药常用英语单词及缩写[优秀范文五篇]第一篇:医药常用英语单词及缩写FDA(food and drug adminisration):(美国)食品药品监督管理局 NDA(new drug application):新药申请ANDA(abbreviated new drug application):简化新药申请EP(export application):出口药申请(申请出口不被批准在美国销售的药品)treatment IND:研究中的新药用于治疗abbreviated(new)drug:简化申请的新药DMF(drug master file):药物主文件(持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料,可以包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物品。
只有在DMF持有者或授权代表以授权书的形式授权给FDA,FDA在审查IND、NDA、ANDA 时才能参考其内容)holder:DMF持有者CFR(code of federal regulation):(美国)联邦法规 PANEL:专家小组batch production:批量生产;分批生产batch production records:生产批号记录post or pre-market surveillance:销售前或销售后监督informed consent:知情同意(患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验)prescription drug:处方药OTC drug(over—the—counter drug):非处方药 U.S.public health service:美国卫生福利部NIH(national institute of health):(美国)全国卫生研究所animal trail:动物试验accelerated approval:加速批准 standard drug:标准药物investigator :研究人员;调研人员 preparing and submitting:起草和申报 submission:申报;递交 benefit(s):受益 risk(s):受害drug product:药物产品 drug substance:原料药established name:确定的名称generic name:非专利名称proprietary name:专有名称;INN(international nonproprietary name):国际非专有名称narrative summary: 记叙体概要adverse effect:副作用adverse reaction:不良反应 protocol:方案archival copy:存档用副本 review copy:审查用副本official compendium:法定药典(主要指USP、NF).USP (the united state pharmacopeia):美国药典(现已和NF合并一起出版)NF(national formulary):(美国)国家药品集official=pharmacopeial = compendial:药典的;法定的;官方的 agency:审理部门(指FDA)sponsor:主办者(指负责并着手临床研究者)identity:真伪;鉴别;特性strength:规格;规格含量(每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量)labeled amount:标示量regulatory specification:质量管理规格标准(NDA提供)regulatory methodology:质量管理方法(FDA用于考核原料药或药物产品是否符合批准了的质量管理规格标准的整套步骤)regulatory methods validation:管理用分析方法的验证(FDA 对NDA提供的方法进行验证)Dietary supplement:食用补充品ICH(International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议ICH:Quality-质量Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products(Second Revision)新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验(第二版)Q1B: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products 新原料药和制剂的光稳定性试验Q1C: Stability Testing for New Dosage Forms 新制剂的稳定性试验Q1D: Bracketing and Matrixing Designs for Stability Testing of Drug Substances and Drug Products 原料药和制剂稳定性试验的交叉和矩阵设计 Q1E: Evaluation of Stability Data 对稳定性数据的评估处理Q1F: Stability Data Package for Registration Applications in Climatic Zones III and IV 在气候带III和IV,药物注册申请所提供的稳定性数据 Q2A: Text on Validation of Analytical Procedures 分析程序的验证Q2B: Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology 分析程序的验证:方法学Q3A(R): Impurities in New Drug Substances(Revised Guideline)新原料药中的杂质(修订版)Q3B(R): Impurities in New Drug Products(Revised Guideline)新制剂中的杂质(修订版)Q3C: Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents 杂质:残留溶剂指南Q3C(M): Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents(Maintenance)杂质:残留溶剂指南(修改内容)Q4: Pharmacopoeias药典Q4A: PharmacopoeialHarmonisation药典的协调Q4B: Regulatory Acceptance of Pharmacopoeial Interchangeability 药典互替在法规上的可接受性Q5A: Viral Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products Derived from Cell Lines of Human or Animal Origin 来源于人或者动物细胞系的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估Q5B: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Analysis of theExpression Construct in Cells Used for Production of r-DNA Derived Protein Products 生物技术产品的质量:源于重组DNA的蛋白质产品的生产中所用的细胞中的表达构建分析Q5C: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products 生物技术产品的质量:生物技术/生物产品的稳定性试验Q5D: Derivation and Characterisation of Cell Substrates Used for Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products 用于生产生物技术/生物产品的细胞底物的起源和特征描述Q5E: Comparability of Biotechnological/Biological Products Subject to Changes in Their Manufacturing Process 基于不同生产工艺的生物技术产品/生物产品的可比较性Q6: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products 新原料药和制剂的质量规格Q6A: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances 质量规格:新原料药和新制剂的检验程序和可接收标准:化学物质Q6B: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products 质量规格:生物技术/生物产品的检验程序和可接收标准Q7: Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Ingredients 活性药物成份的GMP Q7A: Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 活性药物成份的GMP指南 Q8: Pharmaceutical Development 药物研发Q9: Quality Risk Management 质量风险管理 ICH:Safety-安全S1A: Guideline on the Need for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals 药物致癌性研究需要的指南S1B: Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals 药物致癌性的检验S1C: Dose Selection for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals 药物致癌性研究之剂量选择S1C(R): Addendum: Addition of a Limit Dose and Related Notes 附录:极限剂量和有关注释的的补充S2A: Guidance on Specific Aspects of Regulatory Genotoxicity Tests for Pharmaceuticals 受法规管辖的药物基因毒性检验的特定方面的指南S2B: Genotoxicity: A Standard Battery for Genotoxicity Testing for Pharmaceuticals 基因毒性:药物基因毒性检验的标准S3A: Note for Guidance on T oxicokinetics: The Assessment of Systemic Exposure in Toxicity Studies 毒物代谢动力学指南的注释:毒性研究中的全身性暴露量的评估S3B: Pharmacokinetics: Guidance for Repeated Dose Tissue Distribution Studies 药物代谢动力学:重复剂量的组织分布研究指南 S4: Single Dose Toxicity Tests 单剂量毒性检验S4A: Duration of Chronic T oxicity Testing in Animals(Rodent and Non-Rodent Toxicity Testing)动物体内慢性毒性持续时间的检验(啮齿动物和非啮齿动物毒性检验)S5A: Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products 药物对生殖发育的毒性的检验S5B(M): Maintenance of the ICH Guideline on T oxicity to Male Fertility: An Addendum to the Guideline on Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products 对男性生殖能力的毒性的指南的变动:药物对生殖发育的毒性的检验指南增加了一个附录S6: Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals 生物技术生产的药物的临床前安全评价S7A: Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals 人用药的安全药理学研究S7B: The Nonclinical Evaluation of the Potential for Delayed Ventricular Repolarization(QT Interval Prolongation)By Human Pharmaceuticals 药物延迟心室复极化(QT间期)潜在作用的非临床评价 S8: Immunotoxicology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals人用药免疫毒理学研究M3(M): Maintenance of the ICH Guideline on Non-Clinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials for Pharmaceuticals 药物的对人临床试验的非临床安全研究指南的变动E-Efficacy(有效)E1: The Extent of Population Exposure to Assess Clinical Safety for Drugs Intended for Long-T erm Treatment of Non-Life-Threatening Conditions 对用于无生命危险情况下长期治疗的药物进行临床安全评估的族群暴露量范围E2A: Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting 临床安全数据管理:速报制度的定义和标准E2B(R): Revision of the E2B(M)ICH Guideline on Clinical Safety Data Management Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports 个案安全报告送交的临床安全数据管理的数据要素指南(E2B(M))的修订版E2B(M): Maintenance of the Clinical Safety Data Management including: Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports 临床安全数据管理的变动包括:个案安全报告送交的数据要素E2B(M): Maintenance of the Clinical Safety Data Management including Questions and Answers 临床安全数据管理的变动,包括问答E2C: Clinical Safety Data Management: Periodic Safety Update Reports for Marketed Drugs 临床安全数据管理:已上市药品的周期性安全数据更新报告Addendum to E2C: Periodic Safety Update Reports for Marketed Drugs E2C的附录:已上市药品的周期性安全数据更新报告E2D: Post-Approval Safety Data Management: Definitionsand Standards for Expedited Reporting 批准后的安全数据管理:速报制度的定义和标准 E2E: Pharmacovigilance Planning 药物警戒计划E3: Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports 临床研究报告的结构和内容E4: Dose-Response Information to Support Drug Registration 支持药品注册的剂量-效应资料E5: Ethnic Factors in the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data 引入海外临床数据时要考虑的人种因素E6: Good Clinical Practice: Consolidated Guideline GCP:良好的临床规范:统一的指南E7: Studies in Support of Special Populations: Geriatrics 对特定族群的支持的研究:老人病学E8: General Considerations for Clinical Trials 对临床试验的总的考虑E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials 临床试验的统计原则E10: Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials 临床试验中控制组和有关课题的选择E11: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population 小儿科药物的临床调查E12A: Principles for Clinical Evaluation of New Antihypertensive Drugs 新抗高血压药物的临床评价原则E14: The Clinical Evaluation of QT/QT c Interval Prolongation and Proarrhythmic Potential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs 非抗心率失常药物的QT/QT c间期和致心率失常潜在作用的临床评价Multidisciplinary Guidelines 多学科兼容的指南M1: Medical Terminology 医学术语M2: Electronic Standards for Transmission of Regulatory Information(ESTRI)药政信息传递之电子标准M3: Timing of Pre-clinical Studies in Relation to ClinicalTrials(See Safety Topics)有关临床试验的临床前研究的时间安排M4: The Common Technical Document(See CTD section for complete Status of the guidelines)通用技术文件(见有关CTD章节)M5: Data Elements and Standards for Drug Dictionaries 药物词典的数据要素和标准临床试验常用的英文缩略语TTP:time-to-progression 疾病进展时间SAE:severity Adverse Event 严重不良事件 AE: Adverse Event 不良事件SOP:Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作规程CRF:Case Report form 病例报告表 DLT:剂量限制毒性 MTD:最大耐受剂量KPS:Karnofsky Performance Status行为状态评分CR:complete response完全缓解 PR: partial response部分缓解 SD:病情稳定PD: progressive disease病情进展 CTC:常用药物毒性标准IEC:independent ethics committee 独立伦理委员会IRB :institutional review board 伦理委员会 CRA:临床研究助理CRO:Contract Research Organization 合同研究组织DFS:Disease Free Survival 无病生存期 OS:(Overall Survival)总生存时间 IC: Informed consent 知情同意ADR: Adverse Drug Reaction 不良反应GAP:Good Agricultural Practice 中药材种植管理规范GCP:Good Clinical Practice 药物临床试验质量管理规范GLP:Good Laboratory Practice 药品实验室管理规范GMP:Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生产质量管理规范GSP:Good Supply Practice 药品经营质量管理规范GUP:Good Use Practice 药品使用质量管理规范 PI :Principal investigator 主要研究者 CI: Co-inveatigator合作研究者 SI :Sub-investigator 助理研究者COI :Coordinating investigtor协调研究者 DGMP:医疗器械生产质量管理规范 ICF: Informed consent form 知情同意书RCT : randomized controlled trial, 随机对照试验NRCCT: non-randomized concurrent controlled trial, 非随机同期对照试验 EBM: evidence-based medicine 循证医学RCD: randomized cross-over disgn随机交叉对照试验 HCT:historial control trial, 历史对照研究RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors.实体瘤疗效反应的评价标准QC: Quality Control质量控制UADR:Unexpected Adverse Drug Reaction,非预期药物不良反应第二篇:英语单词的词性缩写说明英语单词的词性缩写说明prep = 介词;前置词,preposition的缩写pron = 代名词,pronoun的缩写n = 名词,noun的缩写v = 动词,兼指及物动词和不及物动词,verb的缩写conj = 连接词,conjunction的缩写s = 主词sc = 主词补语o = 受词oc = 受词补语vi = 不及物动词,intransitive verb的缩写vt = 及物动词,transitive verb的缩写aux.v = 助动词,auxiliary的缩写a = 形容词,adjective的缩写ad = 副词,adverb的缩写art = 冠词,article的缩写num = 数词,numeral的缩写int = 感叹词,interjection的缩写u = 不可数名词,uncountable noun的缩写c = 可数名词,countable noun的缩写pl = 复数,plural的缩写语气词 int.缩写词 abbr.第三篇:优秀党员个人事迹缩写材料个人事迹,男,年月出生于,2008年7月毕业于,同年光荣的成为一名预备党员,经过一年的考核,于2009年7月正式加入中国共产党。
医药英语教程第六单元课文翻译
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学,药理学是医学科学的一个分支,研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
Unit 06 Right Drug_英语阅读
paid for by insurance or HMO’s has risen from 28% in 1991to 60% in 1997. These third-party payers are imposing ever-lower reimbursement rates on pharmacies… (para.7)
(3) Why does the writer think that a white coat doesn’t make a doctor?
-- More and more pharmacy technicians are used instead of pharmacists.
(4) You could get the right drug, but the wrong dose. But what causes this?
(2) Why does the writer think that you can’t rely solely on your doctor?
-- Most physicians are not so qualified. New drugs are pouring into the market.
• (Para.1, line 2) • (新处方上开的药是"利他林",这是她母亲佩吉
在南卡罗来纳州洛克山的"莱特相助"药店配的药, 一种用来治疗注意力亢奋/不足的药。)
• Prescription: an instruction written by a
最新学术英语医学教师版Unit6课文翻译
最新学术英语医学教师版Unit6课文翻译精品文档Unit 6 Text A寻求临终护理数十年前,大多数人在自己家中去世,但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今,大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院,有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况,我们死亡的地方,大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会,每个人及其家属,都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合,在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀,家人和朋友能否提供帮助,以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院64 岁的George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上,他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定,在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时,他选择了医院,因为那里有全天候工作的的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦George)心脏出现持续衰竭,医院的重症监护病房(ICU)或冠心病重症监护病房(CCU就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定,在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果George的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转,并濒临死亡,他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人住George物品,可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论在ICU、CCU还是两病床的病房,其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中,对临终病人来说,身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院,因为在这里,护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所,在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同,疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而,由于临终护理可以事先安精品文档.精品文档排,在病人濒临死亡时,不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel:The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说,吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受,但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续:即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
医药英语unit6 ppt
English for Pharmacy(First Edition)
Important Words and Expressions
protect against ---使免受 protect … against ---保护…免受,保护……不受到的侵害
Examples Sunglasses can protect us against the strong sunshine 太阳眼镜(墨镜)可以保护我们免受强烈眼光的侵害。
English for Pharmacy(First Edition)
Important Words and Expressions
be on track to … ---在……轨道上
Examples China's trade surplus in the first eight months of 2006 hit 95.7 billion dollars, well on track to bust last year's record of 101.9 billion dollars. 中国的贸易顺差在2006头八个月已攀升至957亿美 元,且发展态势良好,有望冲破去年创下的1019亿美 元的纪录。
English for Pharmacy(First Edition)
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“So it's certainly not going to be with us within three years, and I think it's more likely that we're in a five to ten year time frame.” Gary Nabel of the U.S. Vaccine Research Center points out that his universal flu vaccine would have another benefit. A DNA-based vaccine wouldn't have to be grown in chicken eggs, doing away with the timeconsuming and finicky manufacturing process of the current flu vaccine.
药学英语课后翻译
良药滥用-----Translation1. Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, ithas also given rise to serious complications.2. The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains ofdisease germs which are resistant to such medications.3. A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes seriousinfections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4. Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are,therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5. Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons dobecome habituated to their use.6. Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individualuser or to society.7. Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for adose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8. Addiction is the body’s continued need for drug s because of their physiological effectsafter they are first taken.9. In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much lesswidely known.10. Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new healththreat to mankind.Vitamins ---- Translation1. Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with acommon cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2. Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occurwhen the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into thebody to maintain health.4. Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energyand in the regulation of metabolism.5. Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C,D, E, K and the B-complex.6. Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities,as compared with the other nutrients.7. The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamindeficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; adeficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8. Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are,therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9. In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins andinorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10. Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all thenutrients in the amounts you need.化学与物质----Translation1. Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not onlyinterprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2. Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplainedphenomena in nature.3. The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things areits chemical properties.4. The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and thetransformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5. It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slightpain.6. The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible withoutanesthetics.7. Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in whichcountless complex chemical and physical changes are constantly taking place.8. The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, butits chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9. Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substanceswhich kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10. Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relievingdrugs.麻醉药Translation1. It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2. It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kindsof operations without causing pain.3. Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance ofmany operations on the lower parts of the body.4. The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on thebrain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5. The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate andlengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6. Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body butwhich also produce insensibility to pain.7. Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, t he antibioticonce regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8. Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on thenerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9. An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, whilethose which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do nothave to be volatile.10. In spite of the danger of a patient’s contractin g pneumonia after the use of ether as ananesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one ofdeep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1. The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Y et when you enter a modernchemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2. Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in manypills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in theplant kingdom.3. Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that areextremely valuable to us as medicines.4. During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been tryingout various plants that grew around him.5. There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodoxand the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good workingrelationship.6. When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debtof medicine to plant-derived drugs.7. However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number ofplant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8. The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustiblesupply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of newapproaches.9. Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vincarosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10. Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of adisease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possiblewithout the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry ofbodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms inmolecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively thandoes the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce betterthings for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognitionof the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a newsubstance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use orsupply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols whichare constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10. From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have beenfashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1. Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeuticuse was based on traditional experience.2. Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basicresearch with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3. Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach isexpensive and there is no guarantee of success.4. When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even thoughthe risk to any individual is small.5. Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expectedto occur.6. Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accidentby Alexander Fleming.7. Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desiredprofile of action in model system.8. The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rationalapproach to the development of new drugs.9. Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used onpatients.10. Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of researchas molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.新药研制2 Translation1. The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better inthe sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2. The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained topromote his particular new product.3. Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs beundertaken.4. New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should beconducted under strict supervision.5. A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed aboutthe implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6. Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there existsome possible risks during the test.7. Large scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action andfrequency of adverse effects.8. The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer,which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.9. Information about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliablethan that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the abilityto promote the product.10. Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished newdrugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientistswho study it are pharmacologists.2. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related toother branches of science.3. Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in thebody, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroythe race.5. During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in thefield of pharmacology.6. Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7. With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly theelderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of human diseases.9. Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from syntheticchemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories andexperimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..。
医药用英语怎么说
医药用英语怎么说医药是预防或治疗或诊断人类和牲畜疾病的物质或制剂。
药物按来源分天然药物和合成药物。
医药也可预防疾病,治疗疾病,减少痛苦,增进健康,或增强机体对疾病的抵抗力或帮助诊断疾病的物质。
那么你知道医药用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
医药的英语说法1:medicine医药的英语说法2:healing drugs医药的相关短语:医药废物 Pharmaceutical wastes医药学 Medicine ; BSc in Medical Science ;医药行业pharmaceuticals industry ; Account Executive Manager ; the pharmaceutical industry医药的 Pharmaceutical ; medicinal ; medical ; curatorial医药制剂 pharmaceutical preparation中国医药 China Medicine山东医药 Shandong Medical Journal ; Shandong Med医药保健 Section ; Health & Medical ; Health Care ; Medicine Health & Beauty医药的英语例句:1. Doctors are complaining about being barraged by drug-company salesmen.医生们抱怨他们疲于应付医药公司的销售人员。
2. Apollo was the Greek god of the arts, prophecy, medicine and light.阿波罗是希腊神话中主管艺术、预言、医药和光明之神.3. Medical aid must be sent to the stricken area posthaste.灾区需用医药,急如星火.4. They flew medical supplies to the city.他们向该城空运医药用品.5. Pharmaceutical and biotech companies are investing heavily in both of these approaches.医药和生物技术公司,正在对这两种方法进行大量的投资.6. The purpose of the occasion was to raise money for medical supplies.那次活动是为筹集资金购买医药物资。
医药英语翻译 Chapter 5
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Omission
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
His appetite and spirit improved and he fully recovered in three weeks. The incidence of hepatitis is much higher than that of the carcinoma of the liver. The laws of science sometimes are revised as new discoveries are made. If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. The duty of a doctor is to help his patients in their fight against disease.
11. The light from a laser is like a pencil of light in that it has nearly parallel sides. 12. Chapman suggests that more than one mechanism is involved in achieving the analgetic effect and that one of them involves endorphins and the other does not. 13. These days, only stainless steel needles of hairlike thinness are used, causing very little pain when inserted. 14. Antibiotics have been used to deal with almost all known bacteria. Without them, we could not have saved so many lives. 15. As we know, all matter consists of molecules, and molecules of atoms.
药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.1.origin ['ɔridʒin] n.起点,端点; 来源;出身, 血统.2.Synonymous [sɪ'nɔnəməs]adj.同义的,类义的.3.i.e. [,aɪ'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即,换言之.4.candidate ['kændidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人;报考者;候选物.有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念,但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的,可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。
基础医学英语课文翻译
【Chapter 1】The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane—as with the hinge joint of the elbow— or movement around a single axis—as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate.颅骨不能运动,是由於骨与骨之间的连接太过紧密.但其他的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前後屈身运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动.The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move jus one part of the body, as when bending a finger.结缔组织是肌肉末端附着於不同的骨面上,所以当肌肉收缩时,两骨彼此靠近而产生运动.这也就使整个人体可以运动起来,如走路,运动躯体某个部位,如弯曲手指.The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halve: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉.一办吸收来自肺部的血液,并把血液运送到机体的其余部位,另一半使流经全身的血液回流入肺.The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.气管分成左右支气管,各连结左右肺,左右之气管在分支20多次,在终端形成大量为小的肺泡.从空气摄取的氧气流经这些肺泡壁内的毛喜血管流入血液.血液在经肺泡把释放出的二氧化碳排出体外.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.泌尿系统维持水分及体内某些小分子物质,如钠`钾的正常水平.身体是通过让肾过滤血液来做到这一点的.肾是两个有效的过滤器官,他滤出各种多余的小分子物质,保留那些供应不足的小分子物质.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.脑垂体是一个主要的腺体,他位於头中部脑下方.他至少分泌八种激素,这些激素对人体生长,肾功能及性器官发育有影响.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova( the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and provid- ing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilizedby sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.女性生殖系统产生,输送卵子(女性性细胞),将未受精的卵子排出体外,而当精,卵结合时,女性生殖系统培养,提供胚胎生长场所,并孕育新生儿.【Chapter 2】A symptom is something a patient can de-tect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.症状是病人自己就能察觉到的,比如,高烧,流血,或是疼痛.而徵兆则是医生所能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或是体内器官肿大.The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resis-tance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however m large areas of the body might become infected.覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和黏膜能在很大程度上抵抗细菌或其他感染体的入侵.如果这些屏障遭到了损坏或损伤,身体对感染的抵抗力就会下降.在一些病情较轻的病例中,疥子和小脓胞可能会发生.在病情较重的病例中,身体的大面积区域则可能会被感染.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mu-cus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract.呼吸通道尤其容易受到感染,幸运的是,呼吸道内附盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞,他们能捕捉微小的有机体和尘粒.另外,被叫做纤毛的细小毛发也覆盖了呼吸道,他们像微风下麦田里的小麦一样舞动着,轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道.In addition, foreign mater in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing.除此之外,呼吸道内的异物还常常因为擤鼻涕`咳嗽`打喷嚏和清喉咙而被弹出.Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread.如果脓块不破裂,里面的脓不排除掉,感染很可能会扩大.1.Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, anda light chain of them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acidscan link with their com-plements on the antigen molecule.每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位(及氨基酸)的重链和一条轻链所构成.这条轻链上有特别的部位,在那里,氨基酸能使其补体和抗原分子相连.2.In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies “butter” thesurface of some antigens and make them “tastier” to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens.在某些情况下,通过调理素作用的过程,抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些”奶油”,让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬他们.3.Sometimes an antibody hooks to bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, orcomplement, to actually destroy the bacterium, As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex “fixes” complement to it.在另一些情况下,抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以後,却需要一个中间体,或补体来实施对该细菌的消灭.於是,当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时,该结合体会有一个补体附体.4.During the first day or so , antibodies against the infection cannot be found inthe blood. But this is only because the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves.在第一天左右,血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体,但是,这只是因为涉及抗体制造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖.【Chapter 3】The fleshy belly is attached to one bone while the tendon passes over a joint to become firmly attached to the adjoining bone.肌腱跨过关节牢固连接相邻的两块骨头,而腹肌则与骨头紧密相接.Shortening of the fleshy part of the muscle produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon. The tendon itself does not change in length.腹肌收缩拉动肌腱使关节运动,而肌腱本身的长度是不变的.The many bundles surrounded by the fibrous connective tissue fascia form the fleshy belly of the muscle.许多纤维束又被纤维结缔组织筋膜所包绕,最後形成肌肉的肌腹部份.The relation of the muscle bundles to the tendons is that the muscle bundles ate surrounded and held together by the fibrous connective tissue that is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue of the tendonous part of the muscle.肌束和肌腱之间的关系是:肌束被纤维结缔组织包绕并连接在一起,纤维结缔组织又与肌键部份的结缔组织相延续.The nerve fibers separate within a muscle with a terminal branch of the nerve going to each muscle fiber.在一块肌肉中神经纤维可分枝出许多神经末梢,分配到每块肌纤维中.【Chapter 4】Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.扁骨一般较薄,由两层大致平行的骨密质骨板围绕一层松质骨构成.Bones undergoing either intramembranous or endochondral ossification are continually remodeled from he time that initial calcification occurs until the final structure appears.自最初的钙化发生开始,骨通过膜内骨化或软骨内骨化而不断地得以重塑,直至最後结构的形成.And still others, espe-cially the sex hormones, aid osteoblastic activity and thuspromote the growth of new bone. The sex hormones act as a double-edged sword. They aid in the growth of new bone, but they also bring about the degeneration of all the cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.还有其他激素,特别是性激素,协助成骨细胞活动因而促进骨生长.性激素作用具有两面性,他能促进骨生长,但也使骺板所有软骨细胞退化.There are two principal effects of aging on the skeletal sys-tem. The first effect is the loss of calcium from bones.衰老对骨骼系统有两个主要作用.第一个作用是骨钙丧失.The second principal effect of aging on the skeletal system is a decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix.衰老对骨骼系统的第二个主要影响,是蛋白质合成速度降低至使产生骨基质的有机成分的能力下降.【Chapter 5】The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach, whereas the py-loric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has sufficiently digested.贲门括约肌的舒张与收缩使食物由食管入胃,而幽门括约肌却使食物在充分消化後出胃. These substances help transform food present in the stomach into a semifluid substance called chime. The pyloric sphincter allows food to pass into the small intestine only after it has been transformed into chime.这些物质(盐酸)协助将胃内现存的食物转变成为称为食糜的半流质物质.幽门括约肌只有在食物完全变为食糜後才将其排入小肠.【Chapter 6】Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, which is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs(cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air.空气通过鼻进入人体内.在通过鼻腔时,其内排列的黏膜和纤毛过滤了异物,同时使进入的空气温暖而湿润Paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communi-cate with the nasal cavity.副鼻窦位於头颅骨内,中空含气,并与鼻腔相通.They, too, have a mucous membrane lining and function to provide the lubricating fluid mucus, as well as to lighten the bones of the skull and help produce sound.副鼻窦也有黏膜衬里,其功能是提供润滑黏液,减轻头颅骨负荷,以及协同发声.It is in the hypopharyngeal region that the pharynx, serving as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose, divides into two branches, the larynx(voice box) and the esopha-gus.下咽部是来自於嘴的食物和来自鼻的空气之共同通道,他在这里又分为两支,喉(声音盒)和食管.A special deterrent to this event is provided for by a flap of cartilage attached the root of the tongue that acts like a lid over the larynx.这一起着特殊阻滞作用的物体是一层连着舌根的软骨结构,它像块盖子盖过喉.The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure is compliance.肺器之所以能在压力下轻松自如地展开,其方法就是因势利导,顺其自然.Breathing is regulated unconsciously by center in the brainstem. These centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according o changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concen-tration of carbon dioxide.脑干里呼吸中心在不知不觉中控制和调节了呼吸.这些中心根据血液里的成分,特别是二氧化碳的浓度来调节呼吸的速率和节奏.If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by hyper-ventilation, body fluids tend to become more alkaline, a condition termed alkalosis. If too little car-bon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condi-tion termed acidosis.如果因为换气过度而二氧化碳呼出过多,身体体液就容易变的偏硷性,一种被称为硷中毒的状态.然而,如果由於换气不足,二氧化碳呼出过少,身体体液就容易变的偏酸性,一种被称为酸中毒的状态.Lining the trachea and bronchial tree are cells that secrete mucus, which traps pollutants and bacteria. Also in the bronchi are cells containing tiny cilia, that project into the blanket of mucus and with constant wavelike motions push the mucus up out of the airways.第一,气管和支气管树铺满能分泌黏液的细胞,它们能捕捉污染物质和细菌.第二,支气管里还有长有细小纤毛的细胞,它们深入遍布的黏液层,不停地通过波浪般的动作把黏液向上清扫出呼吸道.【Chapter 7】There are three major types of blood vessels, . , veins, and capillaries.血管分为三大类,即动脉、静脉、毛细血管The largest artery, the aorta, is about 1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall.主动脉是最大的动脉,管腔直径约为1英寸,血管壁最厚The capillary boundaries are the most important center of activity of the entire circulatory system.毛细血管网是整各循环系统的最重要活动中心Most veins are equipped with one-way valves that permit the blood to flow in only one direction.They are most numerous in the veins of the extremities.大多数静脉具有单向瓣膜,使血液朝着一个方向流动.在四肢的静脉中,这样的瓣膜最多The pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from the right ventricle, while the pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen from the lungs into the left atrium.肺动脉携带右心室出来的、含氧量低的血液;而肺静脉将含氧量高的血液从肺携带到左心房Blood returning from tissues other than the lungs enters the heart by way of the venae cavae: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.从组织(肺组织除外)而来的血液经腔静脉,即上腔静脉与下腔静脉,回到心脏When the atria contract, blood in the right atrium is forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.当心房收缩时,右心房的血液则通过三尖瓣进入右心室Atrial contractions force blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve, also called bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle.心房收缩将血液从左心房挤压通过二尖瓣,进入左心室When the ventricles contract, blood in the left ventricle is forced through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery, for distribution to the tissues.当心室收缩时,左心室的血液被挤压通过主动脉瓣,进入主动脉(机体内的最大动脉),然後分配到机体的各个组织【Chapter 8】Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract are absorbed into blood for transport to the tissues.血液吸收肺部来的氧和消化道来的营养物质,并输送到组织At the same time, carbon dioxide and other waste products of cellular metabolism are absorbed from the tissues for transport to the organs of elimination.同时,组织的细胞代谢产生的二氧化碳和其他废物,送到排泄器官The blood also transports hormones from endocrine glands to their target organs.血液还将内分泌腺产生的激素输送到它们的靶器官。
Unit 6
dispensing mistakes
♥ The reasons of pharmacy errors
• pharmacy technicians’ work sometimes lead to errors.
• the defect of safety net . • little supervision of watchdog. • the responsibility of consumers
▪Strengthen supervision
• learn and caution •maintain consumers' right
More Tips on Medication
Unit 6
Right Drug,
Wrong Patient
Vocabulary
pharmacy 药房
pharmacist
prescription
药剂师
处方
fill the prescription 配药,抓药 dispense 配药
Pharmacy 药房、配药学 physician 医生(内科医生) Pharmacist 药剂师 surgeon 外科医生 Prescription 处方 Drug-dispensing 处方药 (RX) prescription drug,ethical drug errors 处方错误
Action!
What should be done to prevent people from drugdispensing mistakes?
药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B,Unit4A,5A,8A,10A,12AB,13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病,以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益,但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历,他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
医药专业英语翻译
医药专业英语翻译推荐文章优秀计算机专业简历自我评价热度:大学计算机专业的简历自我评价热度:信息安全专业高校排行榜热度:最新汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文热度:高考表演学专业解析热度:医药专业英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药专业英语翻译希望对你们有用。
医药专业英语翻译如下Crutch Walking 拐杖行走Crutches are often needed to increase a client's mobility. The use of crutches may be temporary (such as after ligament damage to the knee) or permanent (as with paralysis of the lower extremities). It is important that crutches be measured for the appropriate length and that clients be taught how to use them correctly. 为增加病人活动能力,常常需要用到拐杖。
使用拐杖可能是临时的(如膝韧带损伤时),也可以是永久性的(如出现下肢瘫痪情况)。
重要的是,拐杖应长短要测量适度,并教会病人如何正确使用拐杖。
Potential Nursing DiagnosesClient data derived during the assessment reveal defining characteristics to support the following nursing diagnoses in clients requiting this skill: Impaired physical mobilityHigh risk for injury 潜在的护理诊断:同坐位:躯体活动障碍,有受伤的危险EquipmentTape measureGoniometerRubber crutch tipsWooden crutches 用具:卷尺、测角仪、拐杖橡胶端头,木手杖。
医药英语怎么写
医药英语怎么写推荐文章老公的英语怎么拼写热度:没有英语基础怎么学习英语热度:关于孩子英语怎么写热度:关于弟弟英语怎么写热度:情况如下的英语怎么写热度:医药是预防或治疗或诊断人类和牲畜疾病的物质或制剂。
药物按来源分天然药物和合成药物。
医药也可预防疾病,治疗疾病,减少痛苦,增进健康,或增强机体对疾病的抵抗力或帮助诊断疾病的物质。
那么,你知道医药的英语怎么写吗?医药的英文释义:medicinemedicationmedicamentleechdomremedycurative医药的英文例句:在各种医药研究中,应首先解决寻找新疫苗的问题。
The search for a new vaccine took priority over all other medical research.目前正将医药用品空投到灾区。
Medical supplies are being dropped to the stricken area.碘酒可以作为医药使用。
A tincture of iodine may be used medically.这表明薰衣草在短时间内治愈了失眠。
*偏方通常是一种在传统医药中常见的以植物为基础的治疗形式,这些传统医药是在现代医药服务和科技出现之前发展起来的。
This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia.制定和实施扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展的措施。
We will standardize nonpublic education programs and encourage their development.生物荧光在医药也有巨大的潜力。
Bioluminescence clearly has great potential in medicine.碘酒可以作为医药使用。
A tincture of iodine may be used medically.医药公司推出了新的专利药品。
医药英语翻译
医药英语翻译Medical English Translation (700 words)1. Introduction to Pharmaceutical IndustryThe pharmaceutical industry plays a crucial role in modern society, as it is responsible for the development, production, and distribution of medications. This industry is highly regulated, as it involves the development of new drugs, the testing of their safety and efficacy, as well as the marketing and distribution of these products to the public.2. Drug Development ProcessThe drug development process consists of several stages, including drug discovery, preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. Drug discovery involves identifying and validating potential drug targets, followed by the synthesis and testing of lead compounds. Preclinical testing involves assessing the safety and efficacy of the drug in animal models. Clinical trials are conducted in human subjects to evaluate the drug's safety, efficacy, and dosage requirements. Finally, regulatory approval must be obtained before the drug can be marketed and sold to the public.3. Pharmacology and PharmacokineticsPharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with the body, while pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Understanding pharmacology and pharmacokinetics is crucial indrug development, as it helps determine the optimal dosage and administration of a drug, as well as its potential side effects.4. Pharmaceutical ManufacturingPharmaceutical manufacturing involves the production of medications in large quantities. This process requires adherence to strict quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of the final product. Manufacturing processes may include the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, formulation development, and packaging.5. Regulatory AffairsRegulatory affairs is a field within the pharmaceutical industry that deals with the documentation and submission of regulatory filings to government agencies. These filings include data on drug safety, efficacy, and manufacturing processes. Regulatory affairs professionals are responsible for ensuring that pharmaceutical products meet the standards set by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA).6. PharmacovigilancePharmacovigilance is the practice of monitoring and evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs once they are on the market. This field plays a crucial role in identifying and preventing adverse drug reactions. Pharmacovigilance professionals collect and analyze data on drug safety, and report any concerns or issues to regulatoryagencies.7. Pharmaceutical MarketingPharmaceutical marketing is the process of promoting and selling medications to healthcare professionals and the general public. This involves developing marketing strategies, creating promotional materials, and conducting educational programs. Pharmaceutical marketing is subject to regulations to ensure ethical practices and prevent conflicts of interest.8. ConclusionThe pharmaceutical industry is a complex and highly regulated field that plays a critical role in improving the health and well-being of individuals worldwide. Understanding the various aspects of this industry, such as drug development, manufacturing, regulatory affairs, pharmacovigilance, and marketing, is essential for professionals working in this field.。
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18. The symptoms of the common cold are too familiar to require much description. 19. There are few papers dealing with acupuncture analgesia. 20. There are a few papers dealing with acupuncture analgesia. 21. The diseases produced by different pneumococcal serotypes show little variation in severity or in clinical manifestation. 22. The heart is a hollow muscular organ lying with its center a little to the left of the midline of the chest.
8. Both diets cannot provide adequate nourishment. 9. Every instrument here is not precise. 10. All knowledge and techniques of modern medicine cannot bring him back to life. 11. You cannot go to see the doctor too early. early. 12. The medical workers cannot be too detail in questioning in order to learn the nature of the disorder the patient speaks of.
Exercises
1. A microorganism is a tiny living thing, too small to be seen by the naked eye. 2. If a tumour is palpable, the disease is often too advanced to be treated radically. 3. Many patients with pneumococcal pneumonia are too ill to tolerate a full diet and should receive only liquids during the height of the fever.
15. Though often beneficial, mindless use of antibiotics is not without hazard. 16. In their cohort study never an action was taken without concerted effort. 17. Physiologic process cannot take place normally unless there is sufficient water. 18. Some patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease do not have evidence of right ventricular failure until late in their disease.
4. Tetanus not infrequently follows injuries too trivial to be seen by a physician, and in 20 percent of cases there is neither a history of injury nor a detectable lesion. 5. It is never too late to learn. learn. 6. The veteran physician is too experienced not to know how to treat the emergency case. 7. The peasants are only too glad to have these doctors give them medical help.
23. The diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis presents little difficulty during the course of an epidemic. 24. The patient’s fever has come down a little, little, but his pulse rate and respiration are rapid. 25. There is little further to report. 26. There is a little further to report. 27. There is little doubt that a chronically inflamed appendix can be responsible for symptoms of dyspepsia. 28. The doctors cannot be too careful in performingpuncture analgesia is none the less efficacious for all its simplicity. 6. The side-effect is none too serious. side7. Never give morphine to unconcious patients, patients who have head injuries, those with respiratory depression, or those without pain. 8. Neither of the agents is antihypertensive. 9. In case of trivial medical findings, complete bed rest is not recommended, nor is too much physical activity. 10. It is neither pleasant to eat nor good for health.
13. It cannot be too emphasized that a combination of Chinese and Western method instead of surgery is justified in certain acute abdominal cases. 14. The harmful results of pollution cannot be underscored too markedly. markedly. 15. This point cannot be stressed too strongly. strongly. 16. One can never be too careful in one’s work. 17. We can scarecely overestimate the importance of the socialist modernization of our country.
11. Not all mass-like lesions of the lung are massdue to carcinoma. 12. A single episode may last several days but is not always distressing. 13. We do not deny that misdiagnosis do occur occasionally. 14. There is nothing illogical in the idea that viruses or virus-like agents may be the virusbasic cause of cancers, although requiring the cooperation, as we shall see, of nutritional, hormonal, genetic and other metabolic factors.
Chapter 6
Affirmative & Negative
转换原因
汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同 为了加强语气以便获得更好的修辞效果 为了更加确切的表达原文含义
Negative in English
完全否定:entire/full 完全否定:entire/full negation 部分否定:partial 部分否定:partial negation 准/含蓄否定:implied/implicit negation 含蓄否定:implied/implicit 词缀否定:affixal 词缀否定:affixal negation 双重否定:double/duel 双重否定:double/duel negation
23. None but this pathogenic strain was shown to be sensitive to the new preparation. 24. In view of the malignancy of the lesion we cannot but resort to radical incision. 25. But for the timely diagnosis, there would be no hope of being cured. 26. Mastectomy is a matter of no small consequence for it causes emotional as well as physical problems for many patients, even when the malignancy is arrested.