矿物加工毕业设计英译汉

Ore handling
Introduction
Ore handling,which may account for30-60%of the total delivered price of raw materials, covers the processes of transportation,storage,feeding,and washing of the ore en route to,or during,its various stages of treatment in the mill.
Since the physical state of ores in situ may range from friable,or even sandy material,to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite,the methods of mining and provisions for the handling of freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely.Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks,belts,or even by sluicing,but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting.Modem developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic explosive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps.At the same time,crushers have become larger and lumps up to2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.
Open-pit ore tends to be very heterogeneous,the largest lumps often being over1.5m in diameter.The broken ore from the pit,after blasting,is loaded directly into trucks,holding up to200t of ore in some cases,and is transported directly to the primary crushers.Storage of such ore is not always practicable,due to its"long-ranged"particle size which causes segregation during storage,the fines working their way down through the voids between the larger particles;extremely coarse ore is sometimes difficult to start moving once it has been stopped.Sophisticated storage and feed mechanisms are therefore often dispensed with,the trucks depositing their loads directly into the mouth of the primary crusher.
The operating cycle on an underground mine is complex.Drilling and blasting are often performed on one shift,the ore broken in this time being hoisted to the surface during the other two shifts of the working day.The ore is transported through the passes via chutes and tramways and is loaded into skips,holding as much as30t of ore,to be hoisted to the surface. Large rocks are often crushed underground by primary breakers in order to facilitate loading and handling at this stage.The ore,on arrival at the surface,having undergone some initial crushing,is easier to handle than that from an open pit mine and storage and feeding is usually easier,and indeed essential,due to the intermittent arrival of skips at the surface.
The removal of harmful materials
Ore entering the mill from the mine(run-of-mine ore)normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to the mill equipment and processes.For instance,large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers.Wood is a major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens,etc.It can also choke flotation cell ports,consume flotation reagents by absorption and decompose to give depressants,which render valuable minerals unfloatable.
Clays and slimes adhering.to the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening,filtration,and thickening,and again consume valuable flotation reagents.
All these must be removed as far as possible at an early stage in treatment.
Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised methods of dealing with large tonnages,but it is still used when plentiful cheap labour is available.
Crushers can be protected from large pieces of"tramp"iron and steel by electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts(Figure2.1).These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel travelling over the belt and,at intervals,can be swung away from the belt and unloaded.Guard magnets,however,cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores,such as those containing magnetite,nor will they remove non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore.Metal detectors,which measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed,can be fitted over or around conveyor belts.The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals and fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field.
When a metal object causes an alarm,the belt automatically stops and the object can be removed.It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet which will remove the ferromagnetic tramp metals and thus minimise belt stoppages.
Large pieces of wood which have been"flattened out"by passage through a primary crusher can be removed by passing the ore feed over a vibrating scalping screen.Here the apertures of the screen are slightly larger than the maximum size of particle in the crusher discharge,allowing the ore to fall through the apertures and the flattened wood particles to ride over the screen and be collected separately.
Wood can be further removed from the pulp discharge from the grinding mills by passing the pulp through a fine screen.Again,while the ore particles pass through the apertures,the wood collects on top of the screen and can be periodically removed.
Washing of run-of-mine ore can be carried out to facilitate sorting by removing obscuring dirt from the surfaces of the ore particles.However,washing to remove very fine material,or slimes,of little or no value,is more important.
Washing is normally performed after primary crushing as the ore is then of a suitable size to be passed over washing screens.It should always precede secondary crushing as slimes severely interfere with this stage.
The ore is passed through high-pressure jets of water on mechanically vibrated screens. The screen apertures are usually of similar size to the particles in the feed to the grinding mills, the reason for which will become apparent.In the circuit shown in Figure2.2material passing over the screen,i.e.washed ore,is transported to the secondary crushers.Material passing through the screens is classified into coarse and fine fractions by a mechanical classifier or hydrocyclone or both.It may be beneficial to classify initially in a mechanical classifier as this is more able to smooth out fluctuations in flow than is the hydrocyclone and it is better suited to handling coarse material.
The coarse product from the classifier,designated"washing plant sands",is either routed direct to the grinding mills or is dewatered over vibrating screens before being sent to mill storage.A considerable load,therefore,is taken off the dry crushing section.
The fine product from classification,i.e.the"slimes",may be partially dewatered in shallow large diameter settling tanks known as thickenersand the thickened pulp is either pumped to tailings disposal or,if containing values,pumped direct to the concentration process,thus removing load from the grinding section.In the circuit shown,the thickener overflows are used to feed the high-pressure washing sprays.Water conservation in this manner is practised in most mills.
Wood pulp may again be a problem in the above circuit,as it will tend to float in the thickener,and will choke the water spray nozzles unless it is removed by retention on a fine screen.
Ore transportation
In a mineral processing plant,operating at the rate of400,000td-1this is equivalent to about28t of solid per minute,requiting up to75m3min-1of water.It is therefore important to operate with the minimum upward or horizontal movement and with the maximum practicable pulp density in all of those stages subsequent to the addition of water to the system. The basic philosophy requires maximum use of gravity and continuous movement over the shortest possible distances between processing units.
Dry ore can be moved through chutes,provided they are of sufficient slope to allow easy sliding,and sharp turns are avoided.Clean solids slide easily on a15-25°steel-faced slope, but for most ores,a45-55°working slope is used.The ore may be difficult to control if the slope is too steep
The belt conveyor is the most widely used method of handling loose bulk materials. Belts now in use are with capacities up to20,000th-1and single flight lengths exceeding 15,000m("Bulk Materials Handling",2005),with feasible speeds of up to10m s-1.
The standard rubber conveyor belt has a foundation of sufficient strength to withstand the driving tension and loading strains.This foundation,which may be of cotton,nylon,or steel cord,is bound together with a rubber matrix and completel y covered with a layer of vulcanised rubber.
The carrying capacity of the belt is increased by passing it over troughing idlers.These are support rollers set normal to the travel of the belt and inclined upward from the centre so as to raise the edges and give it a trough-like profile.There may be three or five in a set and they will be rubbercoated under a loading point,so as to reduce the wear and damage from impact.Spacing along the belt is at the maximum interval which avoids excessive sag.The return belt is supported by horizontal straight idlers which overlap the belt by a few inches at each side.
To induce motion without slipping requires good contact between the belt and drive pulley.(Figure2.3).This may not be possible with a single180~turn over a pulley and some form of"snubbed pulley"drive or"tandem"drive arrangement may be more effective.
The belt system must incorporate some form of tensioning device to adjust the belt for stretch and shrinkage and thus prevent undue sag between idlers,and slip at the drive pulley. In most mills,gravity-operated arrangements are used which adjust the tension continuously (Figure2.4).Hydraulics have also been used extensively,and when more refined belt-tension control is required,especially in starting and stopping long conveyors,load-cell-controlled electrical tensioning devices are used.
The reliability of belt systems has been enhanced by advances in control technology, making possible a high degree of fail-safe automation.A series of belts should incorporate an interlock system such that failure of any particular belt will automatically stop preceding belts. Interlock with devices being fed by the belt is important for the same reasons.It should not be possible to shut down any machine in the system without arresting the feed to the machine at
the same time and,similarly,motor failure should lead to the automatic tripping of all preceding belts and machines.Sophisticated electrical,pneumatic and hydraulic circuits have been widely employed to replace all but a few manual operations.
Several methods can be used to minimise loading shock on the belt.A typical arrangement is shown in Figure2.5where the fines are screened on to the belt first and provide a cushion for the larger pieces of rock.
Feed chutes must be designed to deliver the bulk of the material to the centre of the belt and at a velocity close to that of the belt.Ideally it should be the same,but in practice this condition is seldom obtained,particularly with wet sand or sticky materials.Where conditions will allow,the angle of the chute should be as great as possible,thereby allowing it to be gradually placed at lesser angles to the belt until the correct speed of flow is obtained.The material,particularly if it is heavy,or lumpy,should never be allowed to strike the belt vertically.Baffles in transfer chutes,to guide material flow,are now often remotely controlled by hydraulic cylinders.
The conveyor may discharge at the head pulley,or the load may be removed before the head pulley is reached.The most satisfactory device for achieving this is a tripper.This is an arrangement of pulleys by which the belt is raised and doubled back so as to give it a localised discharge point.It is usually mounted on wheels,running on tracks,so that the load can be delivered at several points,over a long bin or into several bins.The discharge chute on the tripper can deliver to one or both sides of the belt.The tripper may be moved by hand,by head and tail ropes from a reversible hoisting drum,or by a motor.It may be automatic, moving backwards and forwards under power from the belt drive.
Shuttle belts are reversible self-contained conveyor units mounted on carriages,which
permit them to be moved lengthwise to discharge to either side of the feed point.The range of distribution is approximately twice the length of the conveyor.They are often preferred to trippers for permanent storage systems because they require less head room and,being without reverse bends,are much easier on the belt.
Where space limitation does not permit the installation of a belt conveyor,gravity bucket elevators can be used(Figure2.1).These provide only low handling rates with both horizontal conveying and elevating of the material.The elevator consists of a continuous line of buckets attached by pins to two endless roller chains running on tracks and driven by sprockets.The buckets are pivoted so that they always remain in an uptight position and are dumped by means of a ramp placed to engage a shoe on the bucket,thus turning it into the dumping position.
Sandwich conveyor systems can be used to transport solids at steep inclines from30to 90°.The material being transported is"sandwiched"between two belts which hold the material in position and prevent it from sliding back down the conveyor even after the conveyor has stopped or tripped.As pressure is applied to material to hold it in place,it is important the material has a reasonable internal friction angle.The advantage of sandwich belt conveyors is that they can transport material at steep angles at similar speeds to conventional belt conveyors("Sandwich Conveyors",2005).Screw conveyors are another means of transporting dry or damp particles or solids.The material is pushed along a trough
by the rotation of a helix,which is mounted on a central shaft.The action of the screw conveyor allows for virtually any degree of mixing of different materials and allows for the transportation of material on any incline from the horizontal to vertical.The main limitation of screw conveyors is their capacity,which has a maximum rate of about300m3/h(Perry and Green,1997).
Hydraulic transport of the ore stream normally takes over from dry transportation at the grinding stage in most modem mills.Pulp may be made to flow through open launders by gravity in some unders are gently sloping troughs of rectangular,triangular or semicircular section,in which the solid is carried in suspension,or by sliding or rolling.The slope must increase with particle size,with the solid content of the suspension,and with specific gravity of the solid.The effect of depth of water is complex;if the particles are carried in suspension,a deep launder is advantageous because the rate of solid transport is increased.If the particles are carried by rolling,a deep flow may be disadvantageous.
In plants of any size,the pulp is moved through piping via centrifugal pumps.Pipelines should be as straight as possible to prevent abrasion at bends.The use of oversize pipe is dangerous whenever slow motion might allow the solids to settle and hence choke the pipe. The factors involved in pipeline design and installation are complex and include the solid-liquid ratio,the average pulp density,the density of the solid constituents,the size analysis and particle shape,and the fluid viscosity(Loretto and Laker,1978).
Centrifugal pumps are cheap in capital cost and maintenance,and occupy little space (Wilson,1981;Pearse,1985).Single-stage pumps are normally used,lifting up to30m and in extreme cases100m.Their main disadvantage is the high velocity produced within the impeller chamber,which may result in serious wear of the impeller and chamber itself, especially when a coarse sand is being pumped.
Ore storage
The necessity for storage arises from the fact that different parts of the operation of mining and milling are performed at different rates,some being intermittent and some continuous,some being subject to frequent interruption for repair,and others being essentially batch processes.Thus,unless reservoirs for material are provided between the different steps,
the whole operation is rendered spasmodic and,consequently,uneconomical.
The amount of storage necessary depends on the equipment of the plant as a whole,its method of operation,and the frequency and duration of regular and unexpected shutdowns of individual units.
For various reasons,at most mines,ore is hoisted for only a part of each day.On the other hand,grinding and concentration circuits are most efficient when running continuously. Mine operations are more subject to unexpected interruption than mill operations,and coarse-crushing machines are more subject to clogging and breakage than fine crushers, grinding mills and concentration equipment.Consequently,both the mine and the coarse ore plant should have a greater hourly capacity than the fine crushing and grinding plants,and storage reservoirs should be provided between them.Ordinary mine shutdowns,expected or unexpected will not generally exceed a24h duration,and ordinary coarse-crushing plant repairs can be made within an equal period if a good supply of spare parts is kept on hand. Therefore,if a24h supply of ore that has passed the coarse-crushing plant is kept in reserve ahead of the mill proper,the mill can be kept running independent of shutdowns of less than a 24h duration in mine and coarse-crushing plant.It is wise to provide for a similar mill shutdown and,in order to do this,the reservoir between coarse crushing plant and mill must contain at all times unfilled space capable of holding a day's tonnage from the mine.This is not economically possible,however,with many of the modem very large mills;there is a trend now to design such mills with smaller storage reservoirs,often supplying less than a two-shift supply of ore,the philosophy being that storage does not do anything to the ore,and can,in some cases,have an adverse effect by allowing the ore to oxidise.Unstable sulphides must be treated with minimum delay,and wet ore cannot be exposed to extreme cold as it will freeze and be difficult to move.
矿石处理
矿石运搬所花费的费用，大概占所有原材料输送的过程的30%-60%。

其中包括了从矿石工厂到途中会涉及到的运输，储存，送料和清洗。

由于矿石的物理状态在发现处可能是易碎物质，沙质物质，有花岗岩硬度的岩石沉淀物，所以矿石开采的方法和处理刚刚开掘出的原材料的规定也会有很大的不同。

均匀分裂的矿石可以通过货车，传送带甚至泄水道运输，但是大块且坚硬的矿石却需要经过单独地炸裂。

延迟保险丝和塑胶炸弹的现代发展使大部分破裂更加可控，也使巨型矿石更加容易被分裂。

同时，粉碎机被设计的更加大型，其基本容纳单位可以达到2米大的石块。

露天开采的矿石通常具有不均匀和多样性的特点。

最大的石块经常是1.5米直径大小。

来自矿井的矿石，在炸裂之后，直接装载入货车之中，在装了200吨之后直接运输到粗碎机处。

这种矿石的储存通常不太实际，因为远距离的颗粒大小造成储存过程中的分离，并且更加精细的颗粒会进入更大颗粒的缝隙之间。

尤其是对于一些粗糙的矿石，一旦停止就很难重新开始移动。

所以精密的储存和进给机构通常会配有货车，可以直接放置这些矿石到粗碎机口。

地下矿井的工作循环有些复杂。

通常在一班时间内，完成钻井和爆炸工作，在其他两班时间，粉碎的矿石会被拖上地面。

矿石会通过斜槽和索道进行运输，然后装入废料桶中，当容纳30吨矿石时，它们就会被拖上地面。

大块的岩石经常会在地下用粗碎机进行粉碎，这样可以方便装载和操作。

由于到达地面的矿石已经经过了初步的粉碎，所以这些矿石会更加容易进行加工，相比于来自露天矿井，储存中的矿石。

有害物质的去除
从矿井进入工厂的矿石通常含有一定比例的对工厂设备和加工过程有害的物质。

比如，从矿井机械中脱落的大块铁和钢可能会堵塞粉碎机。

在许多工厂中，木料也是一种有害物质，因为它会被磨成精矿浆，然后堵塞筛选。

其次，它也有可能堵塞浮选元件端口，通过吸收和分解释放出物质而消耗浮选药剂，这些都会使有价值的矿物质不能被浮选出来。

依附在矿石上的黏泥和黏土也是有害的，因为它们会阻碍筛选，过滤，增稠，以及再一次消耗有价值的浮选药剂。

所有这些物质都应该在早期尽可能的被移除。

随着处理大吨位的机械方法的发展，从传送带上人工挑选的方法也不再那么重要与实用。

但是它仍然会在有充足切廉价劳动力的地方广泛使用。

通过悬挂在传送带上的电磁铁，可以使粉碎机不受大块钢和铁的伤害。

这些强大的电磁铁可以吸附起传送带上的大块的钢和铁，每隔一段时时间都可以会处理一次。

然后，磁性钢丝面罩不能用来移除磁性矿石上的杂铁，比如，有色金属和非磁性钢铁都不能被移除。

金属探测器可以用来衡量传送物质的导电性，可以被安置在传送带周围。

当矿石的导电性更低时，可以通过金属探测器的反应来判断。

当金属物质发出警报时，传送带会自动停止，同时该物质会被移除。

在金属探测器之前，安装一个防护磁铁非常有利的。

因为，它可以帮助移除铁磁体金属，从而将传送带阻塞可能性降到最低。

通过粗碎机的压平的大块木头可以通过震动粗粒筛进行移除。

筛分机的空隙会比最大尺寸的粉碎机排出物要稍微大些，这样可以让矿石通过空隙，让压平的木头颗粒留在筛分机上，从而被单独收集起来。

木材在通过研磨机成浆过后，还可以通过更细的筛分机进一步移除。

同样地，当矿石颗粒通过空隙的时候，木材就会在留在筛分机上并周期性的被移除。

通过原矿清洗，可以移除矿石颗粒表面的污垢，从而促进分类处理。

然后，清洗精细材料，粘质物可能没有或只有一点价值，但却是更加重要的。

通常在粗碎加工过后会进行清洗，因为这个时候矿石的大小更加适合通过清洗过滤器。

它总是会在第二次粉碎之后，因为粘质物会非常影响第二次粉碎。

矿石通过机械电动过滤器上的高压喷射流。

这些过滤空隙通常和进入研磨机的颗粒一样大小。

这样设计的原因很明显。

在图二的巡回中可以看出，原材料通过过滤器，然后被清洗，再被送入第二次粉碎。

通过过滤器的材料会被一个机械分类器或者水利旋流器分成粗糙和精细两部分。

比起水利旋流器，利用机械分类器更有利于处理粗糙物质。

被分类出来的粗糙物质，在被送去工厂储存之前，要么直接进入研磨器中或者通过震动过滤脱水。

由于是大规模的装载，所以会被送入干式破碎区。

而被分类出来的精细物质，例如粘质物，会在被叫做增稠机的大直径的沉淀槽中脱水，然后被浓缩的精矿浆会被进行尾矿处理，但是如果还具有价值，就会直接进入浓缩过程，从而在研磨区可以减轻载重。

在哪个巡回图中显示，增稠机溢出物会被放入高压清洗喷射器中。

在大部分工厂中，都会注意水资源节约。

木浆在上面循环中可能又会成为一个问题，因为它很有可能会浮动在增稠机中，然后堵塞清洗喷射器，除非它可以在更精细过滤器中被移除。

矿石运输
在矿物质加工厂，加工率达到每天400000吨。

这相当于每分钟就会处理28吨固体物质，每三分钟处理75立方米的水。

因此，最小程度上移和，水平移动，最大限度的精矿浆浓缩都非常重要。

最基本的原理要求是在最短的处理单位之间，重力最大限度的使用，和持续移动。

假如有足够坡度让矿石滑动，并且可以避免急转弯，那么干燥的矿石是可以通过斜槽移动的。

干净的固体在14-15度的坡度可以很顺利的滑动，但是对于大多数矿石来说，通常是通过45-55度的坡度来移动的。

如果坡度太陡，那么矿石很难被控制。

传送机被广泛用于处理散装材料。

传送带现在每小时可以传送20000吨物质，并且单程传送的长度达到15000米。

标准的橡胶传送带具有抵抗推动压力和承载压力的优势。

这个优势是建立在传送带核心物质组成是，棉，尼龙，钢线和橡胶的组合，并且有一层硫化乳胶在上面。

传送带的运输能力通过槽型布置拖滚而增强。

这些支撑轮设定在传送带途中，并且是向上的，这样有利于支撑起边缘而形成槽型的结构。

每一个设定可能会有3到4个支撑轮，每一个装载点都会加上橡胶外套，这样可以减弱压力。

传送带的间距是保持最大间隔，这样可以避免过度下垂。

回送的传送带被水平空转轮支撑，在每一边会重叠一部分。

为了在没有滑动的情况下促使移动，这就要求传送带和皮带轮有很好的接触。

所以，在一个滑动轮处事不可能单独有180度转弯的。

然后一些冷门的滑动轮或者是串联的传动设备会更加有效。

传送带系统必须包含一些张力调节器去调整传送带的伸张与收缩，可以防止过度下垂和滑动。

对于大多数工厂来说，重力操作会被用来调整传送带的张力。

水力学也经常会被广泛运用，当传送带张力控制更加严格时。

通过控制技术的提高，传送带的可靠性也提高了，使高质量自动防障碍装备更加有可能实现。

一些列的传送带都应该配有一个互锁系统，这样一来，任何一个传送带出现问题时，都会自动停止。

在装备与传送带之间有互锁系统也是同样重要的。

这样一来，就不可能关闭任何一个机器，在没有制动供给时。

精密的，气动和液动巡回都被
广泛使用，但是也有一些是人工操作的。

在传送带上，有几种方法可以使用来减少装载震动。

像2.5图中所展示的安排一样，精细物质首先被过滤到传送带上，也会增加对大块岩石的缓冲。

进斜槽必须被设计来传送散装物质到传送带中心，并且是接近传送带速率的。

理想情况下，他们是相同运动速率的。

但是实际上，很少能达到这种状态，特别是传送一些湿润的沙粒和粘稠物质时。

在条件允许的情况下，斜槽的角度应该尽可能的大，这样可以设计更少的角度就到达传送带，指导传送速度正常。

当传送物质很沉重或者很大块时，一定不要让他们直接垂直落在传送带上。

在斜槽中的隔板可以引导传送物质流动，但是现在经常通过液压油缸气缸进行远程控制。

在主滑轮处，传送带可能会卸载，或者在还没有达到主滑轮的时候装载物就被移除。

为了实现这一点，最让人满意的设备是自动卸载车。

这种设计是通过浆传送带升起，然后对折回来，从而设计出一个卸载点。

它通常会被安置在轮胎上和轨道上，这样装载物就可以在不同的点被传送，通过一个长的容器中。

自动卸载车上的卸载斜槽可能传送一边或者两边的传送带。

自动卸载车可以通过手，脚，和绳尾移动。

它是自动化的，在传送带动力下向前或者向后移动。

震动带是安装在车厢是的可逆且独立的传送单位，可以让它们纵向移动卸货进两边任意一个供给点。

只是它们分配的距离是传送机的两倍。

它们更倾向于自动卸载装置和永久储存系统，因为它们要求更少的顶部空间，没有反复弯曲，所以更容易在在传送带上。

在空间有限的地方无法安装带式运送机，这时可以使用斗式重力运送机。

它们的装卸率低，并且只能水平和垂直传输材料。

这种运送机是在轨道上的两条滚子链上钉上一串持续不断的桶，然后通过通过齿轮驱动。

这种运输以这些桶为核心，因为它们总是处于垂直状态，然后通过在斜坡处安装制动器在桶上，这样就可以让桶进入卸载的位置。

桑德威奇式运输系统可以用来在30到90度的固体物。

被传输的材料会被夹在两条传送带之间，并保持材料位置固定，在传送带停止或者卸载时可以防止它们滑回去。

由于压力会压在材料上以保持其位置，所以这些材料有一定的内部摩擦角是非常重要的。

桑德威奇运输系统的优势在于它们可以像传统的带式运输机一样用同样的速度传输在陡峭角度的材料。

螺旋输送机是用来传送干或者湿润颗粒和固体材料的。

它主要通过安装在中心轴的螺旋自转来推动材料在水槽中的运送，螺旋输送机允许不同材料不
同程度的混合，也允许有不同坡度的运输。

螺旋运输的主要限制在于他的性能，每小时最多可以运输300米远。

在现代工厂里面，在研磨这个阶段，已经开始用水运替代干运。

精矿浆会在重力作用下流动于开式流槽中。

流槽缓慢进入矩形，三角形或者半圆形槽中，固体材料通常通过悬浮，滑动或者滚动搬运的。

随着颗粒的大小，悬挂物体的质量和重力，斜槽坡度也会增加。

水深度的作用是复杂的。

如果颗粒是通过悬挂运输的，那么一个深度流槽更加有利，因为物体传送的速度会有所增加。

如果材料是通过滚动运输的，那个那么深度流动会不太有利的。

在任何规模的工厂中，精矿浆都是通过离心泵用管道运输的。

管道应该尽可能的笔直，防止在弯曲处磨损。

使用大尺寸的管道非常危险，因为缓慢的移动会让运输材料停下来，从而堵塞管道。

管道设计和安装要考虑很多复杂的因素，包括料液比，平均的精矿浆密度，固体组成密度，材料大小，材料形状和流体粘度（洛雷和莱克，1978）。

离心泵资金成本，维修费都比较低而且占用很小的空间（威尔逊，1981；皮尔斯，1985）。

单级结构的泵经常被使用，它们可以提升材料高达30米，最高可至100米。

它的主要劣势在于叶轮室里面的产生的高速度，可能会导致叶轮和舱室的严重磨损，特别是再运输粗糙沙石的时候。

矿石储存
储存的必要性是由于矿井和工厂运作的过程是不同步的，有时是断断续续的，有时是持续性的，有时会为了修复而中断。

因此除非储液槽在不同阶段被提供，那么整个运作过程就会是间歇性的，不经济实惠的。

储存量是由工厂设备决定的。

具体而言，是由其运作方式，还有单项机械规律性和不正常关机决定的。

由于不同的原因，在许多矿井里，每天会有一部分的时间把矿石拖运上去。

另外，研磨和集中循环是最有效率的，当它们运作持续正常时。

矿井操作更容易遇到意外的中断相比于工厂运动，粗粉碎机也比精细粉碎机更容易阻塞。

因此不管是矿井还是粗糙矿石加工设备都应该有更好的小时生产力。

他们之间应该配有储液槽。

不论是正常的，预期的，还是非预期的矿井关闭都不应该超过24小时，并且正常的粗碎机修复也应该是在这个时间之类。

因此，如果24小时供应的矿石已经通过了粗粉碎机，在工厂恢复正常前储存到其中，那么工厂就可以在矿井关闭24小时之类，进行正常工作。

从经济。