力学专业英语翻译 42 课
力学名词英文翻译
广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念1、词汇：statics [stætiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [mæɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇tə:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇mæɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [kəu＇insidənt]不重合；parallel [＇pærəlel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [prə＇pɔ:ʃənəl]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestjəl]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇læstik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇lɔsiti]速度；scalar[＇skeilə]标量；vector[＇vektə]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [məu＇mentəm]动量；2、词组make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然；Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果1、词汇：machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇mʌskjulə]]力臂；gravity[ɡrævti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇zə:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹；2、词组a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散；3、译文：任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。
工程力学专业英语翻译
By making an artificial cut (section mm) through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate part of the bar as a free body [see Fig.1(b)]. At the left-hand end the tensile force P is applied, and at the other end there are forces representing the action of the removed portion of the bar upon the part that remains. These forces will be continuously distributed over the part cross section, analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure over a submerged surface. 假设在梁的轴向上做一个垂直截面（截面mm），可以分离出 一部分自由的梁[见图1(b)]。在该梁的左端，有拉力P，而在另一 端有相应的力可以替代梁的分离部分对它的作用。这些力连续分
illustration the bar is assumed to be loaded at its ends by axial forces P that produce a uniform stretching, or tension, of the bar. 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一根矩形梁的拉伸的简单方 法来举例说明。如图1所示，这根矩形梁可以看作是由遍及长度 方向的连续横截面所组成，这些横截面垂直于它的轴向。在这个 例子中，这根矩形梁被假定在它两端施加了一对使它发生均匀拉 伸的轴向力P。
力学专业英语
字号：大中小力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopicmechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopicmechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics 理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics 实验力学experimental mechanics 计算力学computational mechanics 理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method,Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundationsystem静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section 通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-oceaninteraction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect 简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressuretechnique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium 热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion 电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference 第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamicstability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold。
力学专业英语词组+解释
拉力 tensile force正应力 normal stress切应力 shear stress静水压力 hydrostatic pressure集中力 concentrated force分布力 distributed force线性应力应变关系 linear relationship between stress andstrain弹性模量 modulus of elasticity横向力 lateral force transverse force轴向力 axial force拉应力 tensile stress压应力 compressive stress平衡方程 equilibrium equation静力学方程 equations of static比例极限 proportional limit应力应变曲线 stress-strain curve拉伸实验 tensile test‘屈服应力 yield stress极限应力 ultimate stress轴 shaft梁 beam纯剪切 pure shear横截面积 cross-sectional area挠度曲线 deflection curve曲率半径 radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数 reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴 longitudinal axis悬臂梁 cantilever beam简支梁 simply supported beam微分方程 differential equation惯性矩 moment of inertia静矩 static moment扭矩 torque moment弯矩 bending moment弯矩对x的导数 derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数 the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁 statically determinate beam静不定梁 statically indeterminate beam相容方程 compatibility equation补充方程 complementary equation中性轴 neutral axis圆截面 circular cross section两端作用扭矩 twisted by couples at two ends刚体 rigid body扭转角 twist angle静力等效 statically equivalent相互垂直平面 mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心 through the centroid of the cross section 一端铰支 pin support at one end一端固定 fixed at one end弯矩图 bending moment diagram剪力图 shear force diagram剪力突变 abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移 rotation and translation虎克定律 hook’s law边界条件 boundary condition初始位置 initial position、力矩面积法 moment-area method绕纵轴转动 rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标 abscissa扭转刚度 torsional rigidity拉伸刚度 tensile rigidity剪应力的合力 resultant of shear stress正应力的大小 magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏 brittle fail对称平面 symmetry plane刚体的平衡 equilibrium of rigid body约束力 constraint force重力 gravitational force实际作用力 actual force三维力系 three-dimentional force system合力矩 resultant moment标量方程 scalar equation、矢量方程 vector equation张量方程 tensor equation汇交力系 cocurrent system of forces任意一点 an arbitrary point合矢量 resultant vector反作用力 reaction force反作用力偶 reaction couple转动约束 restriction against rotation平动约束 restriction against translation运动的趋势 tendency of motion绕给定轴转动 rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动 move in a direction控制方程 control equation共线力 collinear forces平面力系 planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力 unknown reaction forces参考框架 frame of reference大小和方向 magnitude and direction几何约束 geometric restriction刚性连接 rigidly connected运动学关系 kinematical relations运动的合成 superposition of movement固定点 fixed point平动的叠加 superposition of translation刚体的角速度 angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学 particle dynamics运动微分方程 differential equation of motion工程实际问题 practical engineering problems变化率 rate of change动量守恒 conservation of linear momentum定性的描述 qualitative description点线 dotted line划线 dashed line实线 solid line矢量积 vector product点积 dot product极惯性矩 polar moment of inertia角速度 angular velocity角加速度 angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率。
理论力学专业词汇中英对照
*静力学statics*运动学kinematics*动力学dynamics*理论力学theoretical mechanics*约束constraint*力系force system*平衡力系balanced force system*刚体rigid body*力偶force couple*力的平移定理theorem of translation of a force*主矢principal vector*主矩principal moment*物体系统（物系）body system (bs)*滑动摩擦sliding friction*摩擦角angle of friction*自锁self-locking*物体的重心the center of gravity of object *轨迹trajectory*速度velocity*加速度acceleration of a particle*运动方程equation of motion*转角angle of rotation*转动方程equation of rotation *角速度angular velocity*角加速度angular acceleration*匀速转动uniform rotation*绝对速度absolute velocity*绝对加速度absolute acceleration*相对速度relative velocity*相对加速度relative acceleration*牵连速度convected velocity*牵连加速度convected acceleration*绝对运动absolute motion*相对运动relative motion*牵连运动convected motion*科氏加速度coriolis acceleration*平面运动方程equations of plane motion *质点particle*动量momentum*冲量impulse*动量矩moment of momentum*功率power*动能kinetic energy*动静法dynamic-static method*虚位移virtual displacements*虚功virtual work。
各专业课程英文翻译
各专业课程英⽂翻译各专业课程英⽂翻译（精⼼整理）⽣物及医学专业课程汉英对照表细胞⽣物学和分⼦⽣物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing⼒学专业⾼等代数与⼏何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 数学物理⽅法 Methods in Mathematical Physics理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics 弹性⼒学 Elasticity⼒学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics ⼒学概论Introduction to Mechanics 计算流体⼒学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 粘性流体⼒学Viscous Fluid Flow弹性⼒学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity有限元法 Finite Element Method进化⽣物学 Evolutionary Biology ⼝腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋⽣物学 Marine Biology ⼝腔 / ⽛科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微⽣物学 Microbiology⾻科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分⼦⽣物学 Molecular Biology ⽿科学 Otology医学微⽣物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy ⼝腔⽣物学 Oral Biology ⾜病医学Podiatric Medicine寄⽣物学 Parasutology眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物⽣物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学Preventive Medicine ⼼理⽣物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射⽣物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论⽣物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学Rehabilitation Nursing 野⽣⽣物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境⽣物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学Therapeutics 运动⽣物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体⽣物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences ⽣物统计学 Biometrics ⽛科卫⽣学 Dental Sciences ⽣物物理学 Biophysics ⽛科科学 Dentistry ⽣物⼼理学 Biopsychology ⽪肤学 Dermatology ⽣物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学Endocrinology ⽣物⼯艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics ⽣物化学 Biological Chemistry解剖学 Anatomy⽣物⼯程学 Biological Engineering ⿇醉学 Anesthesia ⽣物数学 Biomathematics临床科学 Clinical Science应⽤⽣物学 Applied Biology 细胞⽣物学 Cell Biology ⽣物学 Biology⽣物医学科学 Biomedical Science临床⼼理学 Clinical Psychology 医学技术 Medical Technology 医学 Medicine护理⿇醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 常微分⽅程 Ordinary Differential Equation 计算⽅法Numerical Methods 材料⼒学 Mechanics of Materials 流体⼒学Fluid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing ⽓体⼒学 Gas Dynamics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates塑性⼒学Introduction of Plasticity经典⼒学中的数学⽅法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器⼈动⼒学 Dynamics of Robots ⾃动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics 专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of Vibration 程序设计⽅法 (C 和 FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN ⽔动⼒学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing 光测⼒学 Photo Mechanics断裂⼒学 Fracture Mechanics⾼等动⼒学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动⽅法 Perturbation Methods 机械设计与 Auto CADMachinery Designing and AutoCAD 信息显⽰ (可视化 ) Visualization 微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数Complex Function企业管理专业微观经济学 Microeconomics管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 财务管理 Financial Management 战略管理 Strategic Management 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on BusinessAffairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research 公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化⼯程管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law 管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory ⽣产与运作管理 Production Management 电⼦商务Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security政府信息化⼯程 Government Informationalization ⼴告实务 Practice of Advertisement 操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English 微机基础Principles of Microcomputers ⽂献计量学 Bibliometrics电⼦出版技术 Electronic Publishing ⼴告概论 Introduction to Advertisement管理学 Principles of Management 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal 管理沟通Management Negotiation战略管理 Strategic Management ⽣产管理研究 Operation Management 企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 运筹学 Operational Research 信息管理专业⾼等数学 Higher Mathematics数据库系统 Database 组织⾏为学 Organizational Behavior⼈⼒资源管理 Human Resource Management信息存储与检索信息服务与Information Retrieval andStorage information Service and UserStudy社会实践 Practical Work信息分析与决策 Information Analysis andPolicy Making Enterprise Informationalization 信息组织 Information Organization 计算机⽹络 Computer Networks 多媒体技术 Multimedia信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织⾏为学 Studies of Organization 货币银⾏学专业货币银⾏学 Money and Banking 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 策略管理 Strategic Management 银⾏会计 Bank Accounting 运筹学 Operational Research 财务管理Financial Management 租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 商业银⾏实务 Practice of Business Bank项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal ⾦融市场学⼈⼒资源管理 Human ResourceManagement 财务报告分析 A nalysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics ⼒学 Mechanics光学 Optics电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应⽤基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理(固体结构分析)Diffraction Physics (Structureof Solid Analysis)科研实⽤软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch 计算机模拟⽅法 Computer SimulationMethods 激光原理、技术与应⽤ The Principle, Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电⼦学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics粒⼦物理 Particle Physics 物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics 原⼦物理 Atomic Physics量⼦⼒学 Quantum Mechanics 理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics电动⼒学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship 国际贸易 International Trade 消费者⾏为 Consumer Behavior 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研Marketing Research 推销学 Sales Strategies 国际⾦融 International Finance 营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning 销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management 国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation ⼴告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing 国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development管理信息系统 System of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 保险学 Insurance管理会计 Managerial Accounting 国际贸易 International Trade国际⾦融 International Finance证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 国际结算 International BalanceFinancial Marketing证券投资学Security Analysis and Investment 财务学专业财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际⾦融International Finance保险学Insurance 财务案例分析Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理International Financial Management 资产评估Assets Appraisal项⽬评估Projects Appraisal 财务管理Financial Management 运筹学Operational Research 管理会计Managerial Accounting 管理学Principles of Management 统计学Principles of Statistics宏观经济学Macroeconomics管理信息系统Systems of Management Information 策略管理Strategic Management 微观经济学Microeconomics 微积分Calculus会计专业会计学Accounting Principles 管理会计Managerial Accounting 会计信息系统Accounting Information Systems 财务管理Financial Management 财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际会计International Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting 审计学Auditing Principles 投资学Investment Principles 货币银⾏学Money and Banking国际⾦融International Finance 统计学Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计Budget Accounting 会计研究⽅法Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学Microeconomics 货币银⾏学Money and Banking。
力学专业最常用几个英语单词
力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity .。
中英对照-力学专业用语
中英对照－力学专业用语数学分析 Mathematical Analysis高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics计算方法 Numerical Methods理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Mechanics of Materials弹性力学 Elasticity流体力学 Fluid Mechanics力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics机械制图 Machining Drawing力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics气体力学 Gas Dynamics计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity经典力学中的'数学方法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器人动力学 Dynamics of Robots自动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图象处理 Image Processing计算机图形学 Computer Graphics概率与统计 Probability and Statistics专业英语 English for Mechanics振动理论 Theory of Vibration程序设计方法(C和FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN 水动力学 Hydrodynamics光测力学 Photo Mechanics断裂力学 Fracture Mechanics高等动力学 Advanced Dynamics摄动方法 Perturbation Methods机械设计与Auto CAD Machinery Designing and AutoCAD 信息显示(可视化) Visualization微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer复变函数 Complex Function。
力学专业英语翻译 42 课
聚合物的粘性行为众所周知，聚合物的现象学的本构关系是非常复杂的。
除了在一些特别的环境下，很难概括出很长时间内聚合物的行为，因为载荷，温度和加载时间都会影响本构关系。
然而，很清楚的是聚合物表现为黏弹塑性行为。
在低温和高荷载下，弹性和塑性变形处于主导地位，但是在高温和高荷载下，粘性行为要更重要。
在室温时，聚合物承受一个中等的载荷，其中一个有区别的力学行为特征是粘弹性。
聚合物的粘弹性特性可以由弹簧阻尼系统来近似模仿。
非常有名的连个模型是Maxwell模型和Voigt-Kelvin模型。
如图1所示，这些模型描述了线粘弹性，概括了聚合物的真实粘弹性行为。
尽管过去尝试使用许多弹簧和阻尼的组合来建立真实固体的本构关系基本上失败了，仍然可以使用这些模型进去一定的概括。
定性的说，Maxwell模型表明在瞬时加载时，固体表现为弹性，然后发生粘性变形，这是由于弹簧是瞬时变形的和阻尼的变形率和应用的荷载成比例。
在Voigt-Kelvin固体情况下，没有瞬态变形，最大的应变也是被弹簧限制的。
尽管真实聚合物的力学行为不能够被弹簧和阻尼的组合精确模仿，真实聚合物的许多特征可以从简单的Maxwell和Voigt-kelvin模型的特征来理解。
考虑Maxwell模型的本构关系，总应变是弹性和塑性变形的的总和，也就是εij=εij e+εijν(1)εij e是弹性应变，εijν是粘性部分造成的应变。
应变εij e和εijν与应力的关系是ε11e=σ11E(2)dε11νdt =σ11η(3)对等式(1)和(2)求导，并结合等式(3)Maxwell固体的本构关系可以写为dε11 dt =1Edσ11dt+σ11η(4)Voigt-Kelvin模型的本构关系也可以类似得到。
从等式(4)可以看出在拉力测试中获得的通常的应力—应变关系将会非常敏感的依赖于应变率。
对于有着很大粘性或者在很高加载速率的材料，Maxwell表现的像Hookeian固体，Voigt-kelvin表现的像刚体。
力学专业英语翻译1-14
应力集中一个经常遇到的问题是，缺口附近或物体尖角周围类似的奇点处应力的确定。
物体上的这些奇点，诸如，孔，裂缝或缺口，在奇点附近产生的弹性应力，总被认为大于从载荷和物体净断面积计算得来的额定应力。
此种情况下的这些局部奇点，引起人们最大的兴趣。
这种奇点应力集中现象的一个例子，是在很大一张的钢板上，小孔产生单向张力的效应。
因为，孔的表面必须无应力；孔附近的应力，须从单向张力（方面）着手改善。
无应力孔的引入，不是改变钢板上的总作用力；而是用增大孔的距离，来降低孔的影响。
这个问题的解，就归结为众所周知的许多弹性问题的一个解；并且在许多有关弹性的书籍中可找到答案。
在圆柱形坐标上，孔的边缘作用着的因此，作用在孔上的最大应力，三倍于额定应力；或者，用另一方法阐述：在单向应力状态下，孔的应力集中系数为3 。
平面应力状态单向张力下，孔效应的这个解，是很有用的。
因为沿两个主应力方向，加的两个力，一个可决定出平面状态下孔的应力集中系数；提供了离孔足够远处，物体的另一边界（条件）。
上述解表明，局部扰动，如孔的效应，趋向于使应力局部增大。
因此，圆孔的特殊情况，不能推广到其它类型的孔和缺口状况。
椭圆的情况，会更增加对应力集中本质的理解。
考虑带有椭圆孔的钢板，使该椭圆孔的轴线相互平行，并垂直于张力方向。
这种情况的应力集中系数如公式（1）；而最大应力发生在椭圆的两端；注意：如果b>a ,则椭圆的应力集中系数大于圆的；但如果b<a ,椭圆的应力集中系数小于圆的。
由椭圆孔的解得到的应力集中系数，可近似地应用于其它形状的孔。
为此目的，把公式（1）变成这样，使得作为曲率半径函数的应力集中系数，可以用等于（=），替换公式（1）；这样就给出所希望的应力集中系数的公式。
圣维南原理表明，应力集中系数应该是一个强烈的局部曲率半径的函数在节点最大应力，但它应该在大的距离是不太敏感的边界的形状形成了这一点。
因此，椭圆孔的公式可用于获得的近似后者有一个在两端具有相同的曲率半径和相同的总长度椭圆孔的孔的形状的应力集中系数的近似值。
物理专业英语部分译文
物电系09级1班李春恒09090201164.4：INTERNAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM系统的内能The intemal energy of a body is defined as the energy of this body(发自自身的能量，定义为身体的能量)———the kinetic energy of the body as a whole and the potential energy of the body in the external force field.(身体的动能,作为一个整体和潜在的能量中身体的外部力场)For example,(列如)in determining the internal energy of a mass of gas,(内在确定具有的大量的气体能量)we must no take into consideration the energy of motion of the gas together with the vessel containing it,(我们必须不考虑气体运动所包含的能量)and the energy due to the gas being to in the filed of the Earth’s gravitational forces气体的能量是由于受到啦地球的引力。
Hence， the concept of internal energy includes the kinetic energy of the chaotic motion of molecules ,因此，内能的概念就是分子无规则运动的动能。
The potential energy of interaction between the molecules,and the intramolecular energy.（还包括内部无规则运动的相互作用的势能和碰撞的能量）The internal energy of a system of bodies equals the sum of the internal energues of each of then separately and the energy of interaction between the bodies.一个系统的内能包括各个部分的能量之和。
力学_专业英语词汇
ϔ㠀 ㉏˖analytical mechanicsḐ Ь Lagrange multiplierḐ [䞣] LagrangianḐ Lagrange bracket⦃ cyclic coordinate⦃⿃ cyclic integral乓[䞣] Hamiltonian乓 Hamiltonian functionℷ canonical equationℷ canonical perturbationℷ canonical transformationℷ 䞣 canonical variable乓 ⧚ Hamilton principle⫼䞣⿃ action integral乓-䲙 ↨ Hamilton-Jacobi equation⫼--㾦 䞣 action-angle variables䰓Խ Appell equation Routh equationḐ Lagrangian function䇎⡍ ⧚ Noether theorem⊞ poisson bracket䖍⬠⿃ ⊩ boundary integral methodⶶ dyad䖤 〇 stability of motion䔼䘧〇 orbital stability䲙 䇎 Lyapunov function⏤䖥〇 asymptotic stability㒧 〇 structural stabilityЙ ϡ〇 secular instability⋯ ⧚ Floquet theorem㽚 ⶽ capsizing moment㞾⬅ free vibrationnatural vibrationtransient state⦃ ambient vibrationanti-resonance㹄 attenuationҥ䰏 Coulomb dampingⳌ 䞣 in-phase component䴲 Ⳍ 䞣 out-of -phase component䍙䇗䞣 overshoot 䞣[▔ ] parametric vibration㊞ fuzzy vibrationЈ⬠䕀䗳 critical speed of rotation䰏 damperhalf-peak width䲚 䞣㋏㒳 lumped parameter system Ⳍ 䴶⊩ phase plane methodⳌ䔼䗍 phase trajectoryㄝ 㒓⊩ isocline method䏇䎗⦄䈵 jump phenomenon䋳䰏 negative damping䖒㢀 Duffing equation Hill equationKBM ⊩ KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu- bov-Mitropol'skii method偀㩖 Mathieu equation⊩ averaging method㒘 ䷇䇗 combination tone㾷䇤 detuning㗫 dissipative function⹀▔ hard excitation⹀ ㇻ hard spring, hardening spring䇤⊶ 㸵⊩harmonic balance methodЙ 乍 secular term㞾▔ self-excited vibration⬠㒓 separatrixѮ䇤⊶ subharmonic䕃 ㇻ soft spring ,softening spring䕃▔ soft excitation䙧 Dunkerley formula⨲ ⧚ Rayleigh theorem䞣㋏㒳 distributed parameter systemӬ 乥⥛ dominant frequency modal analysis natural mode of vibrationℹ synchronization䍙䇤⊶ ultraharmonic㣗 ⊶ van der pol equation乥䈅 frequency spectrum乥 fundamental frequencyWKB ⊩ WKB methodWKB ⊩Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method㓧 buffer亢▔ aeolian vibration号 buzz䈅cepstrum乸 chatter㲛㸠 hunting䰏 䜡 impedance matchingẄ 㒇 mechanical admittanceẄ ⥛ mechanical efficiencyẄ䰏 mechanical impedance䱣 stochastic vibration, random vibration䱨 vibration isolationvibration reduction䖛 stress overshootsurgeshimmy䍋ӣ䖤 phugoid motion䍋ӣ 㤵 phugoid oscillation偄 galloping䰔㶎 gyrodynamics䰔㶎 gyropendulum䰔㶎 gyroplatform䰔㶎 ⶽ gyroscoopic torque䰔㶎〇 gyrostabilizer䰔㶎ԧ gyrostat㟾 inertial guidance 㾦 attitude angleԡ㾦 azimuthal angle㟦 Schuler periodҎ robot dynamicsԧ㋏㒳 multibody systemԧ㋏㒳 multi-rigid-body systemmaneuverability⊩Kane method䕀 [㋏㒳] rotor dynamics䕀 [ϔ ϔ ⸔]㋏㒳 rotor-support- foundation system䴭 㸵 static balancing㸵 dynamic balancing䴭ϡ 㸵 static unbalanceϡ 㸵 dynamic unbalance⦄ 㸵 field balancingϡ 㸵 unbalanceϡ 㸵䞣 unbalanceѦ㗺 cross force䕀 flexible rotor乥䖯 fractional frequency precession乥䖯 half frequency precession⊍㝰 㤵 oil whip䕀 Ј⬠䕀䗳 rotor critical speed㞾 self-alignmentѮЈ⬠䕀䗳 subcritical speed⍵ whirlԧ ㉏˖elasticity⧚䆎 theory of elasticity⢊ homogeneous state of stress ϡ 䞣 stress invariantϡ 䞣 strain invariantἁ⧗ strain ellipsoid⢊ homogeneous state of strain䇗 equation of strain compatibilityṙ 䞣 Lame constantsisotropic elasticity䕀 Ⲭ rotating circular disk Ἠwedge䯂乬 Kelvin problem㽓 䯂乬 Boussinesq problem㡒䞠 Airy stress function㔫㋶ --〚 䌿 Ҕ㓈 ⊩ Kolosoff- Muskhelishvili method䳡 䆒 Kirchhoff hypothesisP lateⶽ Rectangular plateCircular plate⦃ Annular plate⊶㒍 Corrugated plateStiffened plate,reinforcedP lateЁ P late of moderate thickness[ ] Stress function of bending ShellShallow shell䕀 Revolutionary shell⧗ Spherical shell[ ] Cylindrical shell䫹 Conical shell⦃ Toroidal shell䯁 Closed shell⊶㒍 Corrugated shell[䕀] Stress function of torsion 㖬 Warping function䗚㾷⊩ semi-inverse method⨲ --䞠㣼⊩ Rayleigh-Ritz method⊩ Relaxation method㦅㓈⊩ Levy methodRelaxation䞣㒆 Dimensional analysis㞾ⳌԐ[ ] self-similarity䴶 Influence surface㾺 Contact stress䌿 ⧚䆎 Hertz theory䇗 㾺 Conforming contact⒥ 㾺 Sliding contact⒮ 㾺 Rolling contactIndentationAnisotropic elasticity乫㉦ Granular materialԧ Mechanics of granular media⛁ Thermoelasticity䍙 Hyperelasticity㉬ Viscoelasticity⧚ Correspondence principle㼊ⲅWrinkle䞣⧚䆎 Total theory of plasticity⒥ Sliding⒥Microslip㉫㊭ Roughness䴲㒓 Nonlinear elasticityLarge deflectionさ 䏇 snap-through䰤 Finite deformation Ḑ Green strain䰓 㽓 Almansi strainDynamic elasticity䖤 Equation of motion䴭 ⱘQuasi-static⇨ Aeroelasticity∈ Hydroelasticity乸 Flutter⊶Elastic waveㅔ ⊶Simple wave䴶⊶ Cylindrical wave∈ ⊶ Horizontal shear waveオⳈ ⊶Vertical shear waveԧ⊶ body wave⊶ Irrotational wave⭌ ⊶ Distortion wave㝼㚔⊶ Dilatation wave⨲ ⊶ Rayleigh waveㄝ ⊶ Equivoluminal wave⊶Love wave⬠䴶⊶ Interfacial wave䖍㓬 edge effectP lasticityFormability䞥 Metal forming㗤 Crashworthiness㒧 ↕ Structural crashworthiness Drawing⸈ Collapse mechanismSpringbackExtrusionStampingこ䗣Perforation㺖Spalling⧚䆎 Theory of plasticity[ ]⧚䆎 Shake-down theory䖤 ⧚ kinematic shake-down theorem䴭 ⧚ Static shake-down theorem ⥛Ⳍ ⧚䆎 rate dependent theorem䕑㥋 load factor䕑 Loading criterion䕑 Loading function䕑䴶 Loading surface䕑 P lastic loading䕑⊶ P lastic loading waveㅔ 䕑 Simple loading↨՟ 䕑 P roportional loading䕑 Unloading䕑⊶ Unloading wave䕑㥋 Impulsive load䰊䎗䕑㥋step load㛝 䕑㥋 pulse load䰤䕑㥋 limit loadЁ 䕑 nentral loading〇 instability in tension䗳 ⊶ acceleration wave constitutive equation㾷 complete solutionН nominal stress䖛 over-stressⳳ true stressㄝ equivalent stress⌕ flow stress䯈 stress discontinuityぎ䯈 stress spaceЏ ぎ䯈 principal stress space䴭∈ ⢊ hydrostatic state of stresslogarithmic strain engineering strainㄝ equivalent strain䚼 strain localization⥛ strain rate⥛ strain rate sensitivityぎ䯈 strain space䰤 finite strain䞣 plastic strain increment ㌃⿃ accumulated plastic strain ∌Й permanent deformation䞣 internal variable䕃 strain-softening⧚ rigid-perfectly plastic Materialrigid-plastic material⧚ perfectl plastic material 〇 stability of material䞣deviatoric tensor of strain䞣deviatori tensor of stress ⧗ 䞣spherical tensor of strain⧗ 䞣spherical tensor of stress䏃 Ⳍ path-dependency㒓 linear strain-hardeningstrain-hardening䱣 kinematic hardeningisotropic hardening䞣 strain-hardening moduluspower hardening䰤 ⶽ plastic limit bending Moment䰤 ⶽ plastic limit torqueelastic-plastic bendingѸ⬠䴶 elastic-plastic interface䕀 elastic-plastic torsion㉬ Viscoplasticity䴲 Inelasticity⧚ elastic-perfectly plastic Material䰤 limit analysis䰤䆒䅵 limit design䰤䴶limit surfaceϞ䰤 ⧚ upper bound theoremϞ ⚍upper yield pointϟ䰤 ⧚ lower bound theoremϟ ⚍ lower yield point⬠䰤 ⧚ bound theorem䴶initial yield surface㒻 䴶 subsequent yield surface䴶[ⱘ] convexity of yield surface䴶 ⢊ shape factor of cross-section ≭ ↨ sand heap analogyYieldӊ yield conditionyield criterionyield function䴶 yield surfaceplastic potential㛑䞣 㺙㕂 energy absorbing device㛑䞣㗫 ⥛ energy absorbing devicedynamic plasticitydynamic plastic bucklingdynamic plastic response⊶ plastic wave䖤 䆌 kinematically admissible Field䴭 䆌 statically admissibleField⌕ ⊩ flow rule䗳 䯈 velocity discontinuity⒥⿏㒓 slip-lines⒥⿏㒓 slip-lines field⿏㸠 䫄 travelling plastic hinge䞣⧚䆎 incremental theory ofP lasticity㉇⋑ Mises yield criterion⡍--㔫Ӟ ㋏ prandtl- Reuss relation⡍䳋 Tresca yield criterion⋯ Lode stress parameter㦅㓈--㉇⋑ ㋏ Levy-Mises relationѼ Hencky stress equation䌿㡒--䶺 ⡍ ぎ䯈Haigh-Westergaard stress space⋯ Lode strain parameter剕 䆒 Drucker postulateⲪ Ḑ䗳 Geiringer velocity Equation㒧 structural mechanics㒧 structural analysis㒧 structural dynamicsArchϝ䫄 three-hinged arch⠽㒓 parabolic archcircular archき乊Domeぎ䯈㒧 space structureぎ䯈ḕ space truss䲾䕑[㥋] snow load亢䕑[㥋] wind loadearth pressure䳛䕑㥋 earthquake loadingㇻ spring supportԡ⿏ support displacement≝䰡 support settlement䍙䴭 degree of indeterminacykinematic analysis 㒧⚍⊩ method of joints䴶⊩ method of sections㒧⚍ joint forces䕁ԡ⿏ conjugate displacement㒓 influence lineϝ ⶽ three-moment equationԡ㰮 unit virtual force㋏ stiffness coefficient㋏ flexibility coefficientⶽ 䜡 moment distributionⶽ 䜡⊩moment distribution methodⶽ 䜡 moment redistribution䜡㋏ distribution factorⶽ䰉ԡ⿏⊩matri displacement methodⶽ䰉 element stiffness matrixⶽ䰉 element strain matrixԧ global coordinates䋱㩖 ⧚ Betti theorem催 --㢹 ⍜ ⊩ Gauss-Jordan elimination Method buckling modemechanics of composites composite material㑸㓈 fibrous compositeunidirectional composite ⊵≿ foamed composite乫㉦ particulate compositeLaminatesandwich panelℷѸ cross-ply laminateѸ angle-ply laminate⠛Ply㚲 ԧ cellular solid㝼㚔 ExpansionDebulkDegradation㜅 Delamination㜅㉬ Debond㑸㓈 fiber stressply stressply strain䯈 interlaminar stress↨ specific strength㋏ strength reduction factor↨ strength -stress ratio῾ 䞣 transverse shear modulus ῾㾖 transverse isotropyℷѸ Orthotropy⒲ shear lag analysisⷁ㑸㓈 chopped fiber䭓㑸㓈 continuous fiber㑸㓈 fiber direction㑸㓈 㺖 fiber break㑸㓈 㜅 fiber pull-out㑸㓈 fiber reinforcement㟈 Densification䞡䞣䆒䅵 optimum weight design㔥Ḑ ⊩ netting analysis⏋ rule of mixturefailure criterion㫵-- Tsai-W u failure criterion 䖒Ḑҷ Dugdale model㺖 fracture mechanicsὖ⥛ 㺖 probabilistic fracture MechanicsḐ䞠㧆 ⧚䆎 Griffith theory㒓 㺖 linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM㺖 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EP FM㺖 Fracture㛚 㺖 brittle fracture㾷⧚ 㺖 cleavage fracture㷩 㺖 creep fracture㺖 ductile fracture䯈 㺖 inter-granular fracture㾷⧚ 㺖 quasi-cleavage fractureこ 㺖 trans-granular fracture㺖㒍Crack㺖㓱Flaw㔎䱋Defect㓱Slit㺖㒍Microcrack㺖Kinkἁ 㺖㒍 elliptical crack⏅ 㺖㒍 embedded crack[䪅] ⢊㺖㒍 penny-shape crack乘 㺖㒍 P recrack ⷁ㺖㒍 short crack㸼䴶㺖㒍 surface crack㺖㒍䩱 crack blunting㺖㒍 crack branching㺖㒍䯁 crack closure㺖㒍 㓬 crack front㺖㒍 crack mouth㺖㒍 㾦crack opening angle,COA㺖㒍 ԡ⿏ crack opening displacement, COD㺖㒍䰏 crack resistance㺖㒍䴶 crack surface㺖㒍 ッ crack tip㺖 㾦 crack tip opening angle,CTOA㺖 ԡ⿏ crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD㺖 crack tip singularity Field㺖㒍 䗳⥛ crack growth rate〇 㺖㒍 stable crack growth㺖㒍 steady crack growthѮЈ⬠㺖㒍 subcritical crack growth 㺖㒍[ ] 䗳 crack retardationℶ㺖crack arrestℶ㺖䶻 arrest toughness㺖㉏ fracture mode⒥ sliding modeopening modetearing modemixed mode㺖 Tearing㺖䞣 tearing modulus㺖 fracture criterionJ⿃ J-integralJ䰏 㒓 J-resistance curve㺖䶻 fracture toughnessstress intensity factorHRR Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field⿃ conservation integral䞣 effective stress tensor㛑 strain energy density㛑䞣䞞 ⥛ energy release rate㘮 cohesive zoneplastic zonestretched zone⛁ heat affected zone, HAZ㛚䕀 ⏽ brittle-ductile transitiontemperatureshear bandshear lipẔ⌟ non-destructive inspection䖍㔎 䆩ӊdouble edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen䖍㔎 䆩ӊ single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimenϝ⚍ 䆩ӊ three point bendingspecimen, TP B specimenЁ 㺖㒍 Ԍ䆩ӊ center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimenЁ 㺖㒍 䆩ӊ center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen㋻ Ԍ䆩ӊ compact tension specimen, CT specimen㣗 large scale yielding㣗 small scale yielding䶺 Weibull distribution䞠 paris formulaぎえ Cavitation㜤㱔 stress corrosionὖ⥛亢䰽 probabilistic riskassessment, P RAӸ damage mechanicsӸDamage䖲㓁ҟ䋼 Ӹ continuum damage mechanics㒚㾖 Ӹ microscopic damage mechanics㌃⿃ Ӹ accumulated damage㛚 Ӹ brittle damageӸ ductile damage㾖 Ӹ macroscopic damage㒚㾖 Ӹ microscopic damage㾖 Ӹ microscopic damageӸ damage criterionӸⓨ damage evolution equation Ӹ䕃 damage softeningӸ damage strengthening Ӹ 䞣 damage tensorӸ䯜 damage thresholdӸ 䞣 damage variableӸⶶ䞣 damage vectorӸ damage zone⮆ FatigueԢ ⮆ low cycle fatigue⮆ stress fatigue䱣 ⮆ random fatigue㷩 ⮆ creep fatigue㜤㱔⮆ corrosion fatigue⮆ Ӹ fatigue damage⮆ fatigue failure⮆ 㺖 fatigue fracture⮆ 㺖㒍 fatigue crack⮆ fatigue life⮆ ⸈ fatigue rupture⮆ fatigue strength⮆ 䕝㒍 fatigue striations⮆ 䯜 fatigue thresholdѸ 䕑㥋 alternating loadѸ alternating stressstress amplitude⮆ strain fatigue⦃ stress cycle↨ stress ratiosafe life䖛䕑 overloading effect⦃⹀ cyclic hardening⦃䕃 cyclic softening⦃ environmental effect㺖㒍⠛crack gage㺖㒍 crack growth, crack P ropagation㺖㒍㧠⫳ crack initiation⦃↨ cycle ratio偠 experimental stressAnalysis[ ]⠛ active[strain] gagebacking material䅵stress gage䳊[⚍]京⿏zero shift, zero drift⌟䞣 strain measurement䅵strain gage⼎ strain indicator㢅 strain rosette♉ strain sensitivityẄ Ҿ mechanical strain gage Ⳉ㾦 㢅 rectangular rosetteԌҾ Extensometer䘹⌟ telemetering of strain῾ ♉ ㋏ transverse gage factor ῾ ♉ transverse sensitivity⛞ 䅵 weldable strain gage 㸵⬉ḹ balanced bridge㉬䌈 䅵 bonded strain gage㉬䌈ㅨ 䅵bonded foiled gage㉬䌈ϱ 䅵 bonded wire gage ḹ䏃 㸵 bridge balancing⬉ 䅵 capacitance strain gage 㸹 ⠛ compensation technique㸹 compensation technique⬉ḹ reference bridge⬉䰏 䅵 resistance strain gage⏽ 㞾㸹 䅵 self-temperature compensating gageԧ 䅵 semiconductor strain Gage䲚⌕ slip ring䬰 strain amplifier⮆ 䅵 fatigue life gage⬉ 䅵 inductance [strain] gage [⌟] P hotomechanicsP hotoelasticityP hotoplasticity⇣ 㒍 Young fringebirefrigent effectㄝԡ⿏㒓 contour of equalDisplacement㒍 dark fringe㒍 fringe multiplication⍝ 㒍 interference fringeㄝ 㒓 Isochromaticㄝ 㒓 Isoclinicㄝ 㒓 isopachicstress- optic lawЏ 䗍㒓 Isostatic҂ 㒍 light fringe optical path difference⛁ photo-thermo -elasticity䌈⠛⊩ photoelastic coating Method⠛⊩ photoelastic sandwich Methoddynamic photo-elasticityぎ䯈Ⓒ⊶ spatial filteringぎ䯈乥⥛ spatial frequency䍋 䬰 P olarizerҾ reflection polariscope ⅟ԭ residual birefringent Effect㒍 strain fringe value♉ strain-optic sensitivity 㒧 stress freezing effect㒍 stress fringe valuestress-optic patterntemporary birefringent Effect㛝 ⊩ pulsed holography䗣 Ҿ transmission polariscope ⍝⊩ real-time holographicinterfero - metry㔥Ḑ⊩ grid method⊩ holo-photoelasticityHologram✻Ⳍ Holograph⍝⊩ holographic interferometry ѥ㒍⊩ holographic moire technique Holography⊩ whole-field analysis⍝⊩ speckle interferometrySpeckle䫭ԡ ⍝⊩ speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearographySpecklegramⱑ ⊩white-light speckle methodѥ㒍 ⍝⊩ moire interferometry[ ]ѥ㒍 moire fringe[ ]ѥ㒍⊩ moire methodѥ㒍 moire pattern⾏䴶ѥ㒍⊩ off-plane moire method㗗 reference grating䆩ӊ specimen gratinganalyzer grating䴶 ѥ㒍⊩ in-plane moire method㛚 ⍖ ⊩ brittle-coating method⊩ strip coating methodtransformation ofCoordinates䅵ㅫ㒧 computational structuralmecha-nics⅟䞣⊩weighted residual method䰤 ⊩ finite difference method䰤[ ] ⊩ finite element method䜡⚍⊩ point collocation䞠㣼⊩ Ritz methodН ⧚ generalized variational PrincipleѠЬ⊩ least square method㚵[⍋ ]ϔ吿⋹ ⧚ Hu-Washizu principle 䌿 Ḑ-䌪 㒇 ⧚ Hellinger-Reissner Principleℷ ⧚ modified variational Principle㑺 ⧚ constrained variational Principle⏋ ⊩ mixed methodѸ⊩ hybrid method䖍⬠㾷⊩boundary solution method䰤 ⊩ finite strip method㾷 ⊩ semi-analytical method䇗 conforming element䴲 䇗 non-conforming element⏋ mixed elementѸ hybrid element䖍⬠ boundary element䖿䖍⬠ ӊ forced boundary condition 㞾✊䖍⬠ ӊ natural boundary condition ⾏ Discretization⾏ ㋏㒳 discrete system䖲㓁䯂乬 continuous problemНԡ⿏ generalized displacementН䕑㥋 generalized loadН generalized strainН generalized stress⬠䴶 䞣 interface variable 㡖⚍ node, nodal point[ ] Element㾦㡖⚍ corner node䖍㡖⚍ mid-side node㡖⚍ internal node㡖⚍ 䞣 nodeless variablebar elementḕ truss elementṕ beam elementѠ㓈 two-dimensional elementϔ㓈 one-dimensional elementϝ㓈 three-dimensional element䕈 ⿄ axisymmetric elementplate elementshell elementthick plate elementϝ㾦 triangular element䖍 quadrilateral element䴶ԧ tetrahedral element㒓 curved elementѠ quadratic element㒓 linear elementϝ cubic element quartic elementㄝ [ ] isoparametric element䍙 super-parametric elementѮ sub-parametric element㡖⚍ variable-number-node elementḐ Lagrange elementḐ Lagrange family䖍⚍ serendipity element䖍⚍ serendipity family䰤 infinite elementelement analysis⡍ element characteristicsⶽ䰉 stiffness matrixԩⶽ䰉 geometric matrixㄝ 㡖⚍ equivalent nodal force㡖⚍ԡ⿏ nodal displacement㡖⚍䕑㥋 nodal loadԡ⿏ⶶ䞣 displacement vector䕑㥋ⶶ䞣 load vector䋼䞣ⶽ䰉 mass matrix䲚 䋼䞣ⶽ䰉 lumped mass matrixⳌ 䋼䞣ⶽ䰉 consistent mass matrix䰏 ⶽ䰉 damping matrix⨲ 䰏 Rayleigh dampingⶽ䰉ⱘ㒘䲚 assembly of stiffnessMatrices䕑㥋ⶶ䞣ⱘ㒘䲚 consistent mass matrix䋼䞣ⶽ䰉ⱘ㒘䲚 assembly of mass matrices ⱘ㒘䲚 assembly of elements䚼 ㋏ local coordinate system䚼 local coordinate䴶⿃ area coordinatesԧ⿃ volume coordinates㒓 curvilinear coordinates䴭 㘮 static condensationcontragradient transformation⢊ shape function䆩 trial functionẔ偠 test functionweight functionḋ spline functionҷ⫼ substitute function䰡䰊⿃ reduced integration䳊㛑 zero-energy modeP p-convergenceH h-convergence⏋ blended interpolationㄝ isoparametric mapping㒓 bilinear interpolationẔ偠 patch test䴲 䇗 incompatible mode 㡖⚍ node numberelement numberband width⢊ⶽ䰉 banded matrix⢊ⶽ䰉 profile matrixminimization of band width⊶ ⊩ frontal methodぎ䯈䗁ҷ⊩ subspace iteration method 㸠 ㋶⊩determinant search method䗤ℹ⊩ step-by-step method㒑偀 ⊩Newmark䗞⊩ Wilson⠯乓⊩ quasi-Newton method⠯乓- Ể⊩ Newton-Raphson method 䞣⊩ incremental methodinitial straininitial stress㒓 ⶽ䰉 tangent stiffness matrix㒓 ⶽ䰉 secant stiffness matrix ⊩mode superposition method㸵䗁ҷ equilibrium iteration㒧 Substructure㒧 ⊩ substructure technique䍙 super-element㔥Ḑ⫳ mesh generation㒧 structural analysis program ⧚ pre-processing⧚ post-processing㔥Ḑ㒚 mesh refinement乎 stress smoothing㒘 㒧 composite structure⌕ԧ ㉏˖⌕ԧ fluid dynamics䖲㓁ҟ䋼 mechanics of continuousmediaҟ䋼medium⌕ԧ䋼⚍ fluid particle㉬ ⌕ԧ nonviscous fluid, inviscidfluid䖲㓁ҟ䋼 䆒 continuous medium hypothesis⌕ԧ䖤 fluid kinematics∈䴭 hydrostatics ⎆ԧ䴭 hydrostatics䜡 governing equationԃ Bernoulli equationԃ ⧚ Bernonlli theorem↩ -㧼Ӥ Biot-Savart law Euler equationѹ 䳡 ⧚ Helmholtz theorem⧚ Kelvin theorem⍵⠛ vortex sheet-㤍 ӊ Kutta-Zhoukowskiconditionӥ 㾷 Blasius solution䖒 䋱 Ճ d'Alembert paradox 䳋䇎 Reynolds number⡍剕 Strouhal number䱣ԧ material derivativeϡ 㓽⌕ԧ incompressible fluid 䋼䞣 conservation of mass䞣 conservation of momentum 㛑䞣 conservation of energy䞣 momentum equation㛑䞣 energy equationԧ⿃ control volume⎆ԧ䴭 hydrostatic pressure⍵䞣 㛑 enstrophydifferential pressure⌕[ ] flow⌕㒓stream line⌕䴶 stream surface⌕ㅵstream tube䗍㒓path, path line⌕ flow field⌕ flow regime⌕ 䞣 flow parameter⌕䞣 flow rate, flow discharge⍵ vortex⍵䞣 vorticity⍵ϱ vortex filament⍵㒓 vortex line⍵䴶 vortex surface⍵ vortex layer⍵⦃ vortex ring⍵ vortex pair⍵ㅵ vortex tube⍵㸫 vortex street䮼⍵㸫 Karman vortex street偀䐘⍵ horseshoe vortex⌕⍵㚲 convective cellㄦ⍵㚲 roll cell⍵ eddy⍵㉬ eddy viscosity⦃⌕ circulation⦃䞣 circulation䗳 ⦃䞣 velocity circulation doublet, dipole偏⚍ stagnation point[ ] total pressuretotal head䴭 static head⛧ total enthalpy㛑䞣䕧䖤 energy transport䗳 䴶 velocity profile⡍⌕ Couette flowⳌ⌕ single phase flow㒘ӑ⌕ single-component flow⌕ uniform flow䴲 ⌕ nonuniform flowѠ㓈⌕ two-dimensional flowϝ㓈⌕ three-dimensional flow⌕ quasi-steady flow䴲 ⌕unsteady flow, non-steady flow ⌕transient flow⌕ periodic flow㤵⌕ oscillatory flow⌕ stratified flow⌕ irrotational flow⌕ rotational flow䕈 ⿄⌕ axisymmetric flowϡ 㓽 incompressibilityϡ 㓽⌕[ ] incompressible flow ⍂ԧ floating bodyЁ metacenter䰏 drag, resistance䰏 drag reduction㸼䴶 surface force㸼䴶 surface tension↯㒚[ㅵ]⫼ capillarity⌕ incoming flow㞾⬅⌕ free stream㞾⬅⌕㒓 free stream line⌕ external flow䖯 entrance, inletexit, outletdisturbance, perturbationdistributionӴ propagation㡆 dispersiondispersion䰘 䋼䞣added mass ,associated mass㓽 contraction䬰䈵⊩ image method䞣㒆 dimensionless parameterԩⳌԐ geometric similarity䖤 ⳌԐ kinematic similarityⳌԐ[ ] dynamic similarity䴶⌕ plane flowpotential⌕ potential flow䗳 velocity potentialcomplex potential䗳 complex velocity⌕ stream function⑤source∛sink䗳 [∈] velocity head㾦⌕ corner flowぎ⊵⌕cavity flow䍙ぎ⊵ supercavity䍙ぎ⊵⌕ supercavity flowぎ⇨ aerodynamicsԢ䗳ぎ⇨ low-speed aerodynamics 催䗳ぎ⇨ high-speed aerodynamics ⇨ ⛁ aerothermodynamicsѮ 䗳⌕[ ] subsonic flow䎼 䗳⌕[ ] transonic flow䍙 䗳⌕[ ] supersonic flow䫹 ⌕ conical flowἨ⌕wedge flow⌕ cascade flow䴲 㸵⌕[ ] non-equilibrium flow㒚䭓ԧ slender body㒚䭓 slenderness䩱 ԧ bluff body䩱ԧ blunt body㗐 airfoil㗐 chord㭘㗐⧚䆎 thin-airfoil theoryconfiguration㓬 trailing edge䖢㾦 angle of attack䗳stall㜅ԧ▔⊶detached shock wave ⊶䰏wave drag䇅 䰏 induced drag䇅 䗳 induced velocityЈ⬠䳋䇎 critical Reynolds number㓬⍵ leading edge vortex䰘ⴔ⍵ bound vortex㑺 ⍵ confined vortex⇨ Ё aerodynamic center⇨ aerodynamic force⇨ aerodynamic noise⇨ ⛁ aerodynamic heating⾏㾷 dissociation䴶 ground effect⇨ԧ gas dynamics⿔⭣⊶ rarefaction wave⛁⢊ thermal equation of stateㅵNozzle⡍-䖜㘊⌕ P randtl-Meyer flow⨲ ⌕ Rayleigh flow㓽⌕[ ] compressible flow㓽⌕ԧ compressible fluid㒱⛁⌕ adiabatic flow䴲㒱⛁⌕ diabatic flow⌕ undisturbed flowㄝ➉⌕ isentropic flow➉⌕ homoentropic flow䞥-Ѣ ӊ Rankine-Hugoniot condition⢊ equation of state䞣⛁⢊ caloric equation of state⇨ԧ perfect gas⪺ ㅵ Laval nozzle偀䌿㾦 Mach angle偀䌿䫹 Mach cone偀䌿㒓Mach line偀䌿 Mach number偀䌿⊶Mach wave偀䌿 local Mach number⊶ shock wave▔⊶ shock waveℷ▔⊶normal shock wave▔⊶oblique shock wave⊶ bow wave䰘ԧ▔⊶ attached shock wave▔⊶䰉䴶 shock front▔⊶ shock layer㓽⊶ compression wavereflectionrefractionscattering㸡 diffraction㒩 diffractionexit pressure䍙 [ ] over pressureback pressure⟚⚌ explosion⟚䕄 detonation㓧➗ deflagration∈ hydrodynamics⎆ԧ hydrodynamics⋄ ϡ〇 Taylor instability Ⲫ ⡍㒇⊶ Gerstner wave⊶ Stokes wave⨲ Rayleigh number㞾⬅䴶 free surface⊶䗳 wave speed, wave velocity ⊶催 wave height⊶ wave train⊶㕸 wave group⊶㛑wave energy㸼䴶⊶ surface wave㸼䴶 ⊶ capillary wave㾘 ⊶ regular waveϡ㾘 ⊶ irregular wave⌙∈⊶ shallow water wave⏅∈⊶deep water wave䞡 ⊶ gravity waveἁ ԭ ⊶ cnoidal wave╂⊶tidal wave⍠⊶surge wave⸈⊶ breaking wave㠍⊶ship wave䴲㒓 ⊶ nonlinear waveゟ soliton∈ [ ] hydrodynamic noise ∈ water hammerぎ cavitationぎ cavitation number ぎ㱔 cavitation damage䍙ぎ ⌕ supercavitating flow∈㗐 hydrofoil∈ hydraulics⋾∈⊶ flood wave⍳⓾ripple⍜㛑 energy dissipation⍋⋟∈ marine hydrodynamics䇶唤 Chezy formula Euler numberFroude number∈ hydraulic radius∈ hvdraulic slope催 ∈ elevating head∈ head loss∈ԡ water level∈䎗 hydraulic jump∈ aquifer∈ drainage䞣 discharge∈ 㒓back water curve[ ∈] pressure head䖛∈ 䴶 flow cross-sectionῑ⌕open channel flow⌕ orifice flow⌕ free surface flow⌕ pressure flow㓧⌕ subcritical flow⌕ supercritical flow⏤ ⌕gradually varied flow⌕ rapidly varied flowЈ⬠⌕ critical flow䞡⌕density current, gravity flow⌕weir flow⇨⌕ aerated flow≭⌕ sediment-laden stream䰡∈ 㒓 dropdown curve≝⿃⠽ sediment, deposit≝[䰡 ]⿃ sedimentation, deposition≝䰡䗳 settling velocity⌕ 〇 flow stabilityϡ〇 instability-㋶ 㧆 Orr-Sommerfeld equation ⍵䞣 vorticity equation⊞㙗 ⌕ P oiseuille flow䕯⌕ Oseen flow⌕ shear flow㉬ ⌕[ ] viscous flow⌕ laminar flow⾏⌕ separated flowѠ⌕ secondary flow䖥 ⌕near field flow䖰 ⌕ far field flow⒲ℶ⌕ stagnation flow⌕ wake [flow]⌕ back flow⌕ reverse flow⌕ jet㞾⬅ ⌕ free jetㅵ⌕pipe flow, tube flow⌕ internal flow㒧 coherent structure ⣱ 䖛 bursting process㸼㾖㉬ apparent viscosity 䖤 ㉬ kinematic viscosity ㉬ dynamic viscosity ⊞ poise⊞ centipoise⊅ centistokeshear layer sublayer⌕ ⾏ flow separation⌕ ⾏ laminar separation ␡⌕ ⾏ turbulent separation ⾏⚍ separation point䰘ⴔ⚍ attachment point䰘 reattachment⌕ relaminarization䍋 ⍵starting vortex偏⍵ standing vortex⍵ ⸈ vortex breakdown ⍵ 㜅㨑 vortex shedding[ ]䰡 pressure drop䰏 pressure drag㛑 pressure energy䰏 profile drag⒥⿏䗳 slip velocity⒥⿏ ӊ non-slip condition skin friction, frictional drag䗳 friction velocity⺼ friction loss⺼ friction factor㗫 dissipation⒲ lagⳌԐ 㾷 similar solutionⳌԐ local similarity⇨ԧ⍺⒥ gas lubrication⎆ԧ ⍺⒥ hydrodynamic lubrication ⌚ԧ slurry⋄ Taylor number㒇㓈- Navier-Stokes equation ⠯乓⌕ԧ Newtonian fluid䖍⬠ ⧚䆎boundary later theory䖍⬠ boundary layer equation䖍⬠ boundary layer䰘䴶 boundary layer⌕䖍⬠ laminar boundary layer␡⌕䖍⬠ turbulent boundary layer⏽ 䖍⬠ thermal boundary layer䖍⬠ 䕀 boundary layer transition䖍⬠ ⾏boundary layer separation䖍⬠ boundary layer thicknessԡ⿏ displacement thickness䞣 momentum thickness㛑䞣 energy thickness⛧ enthalpy thickness⊼ injectionsuction⋄ ⍵ Taylor vortex䗳 ѣ velocity defect law⢊ shape factor⌟䗳⊩ anemometry㉬ ⌟ ⊩ visco[si] metry⌕ ⼎ flow visualization⊍⚳ ⼎ oil smoke visualization⌕䞣䅵 orifice meter乥⥛ frequency response⊍㝰 ⼎oil film visualization䰈 ⊩ shadow method㒍 ⊩ schlieren method⚳ϱ⊩smoke wire methodϱ㒓⊩ tuft method⇶⊵⊩nydrogen bubble methodⳌԐ⧚䆎 similarity theoryⳌԐ similarity law䚼 ⳌԐ partial similarity⧚pi theorem, Buckingham theorem䴭[ ] static calibrationdynamic calibration亢⋲ wind tunnel▔⊶ㅵ shock tube▔⊶ㅵ亢⋲shock tube wind tunnel∈⋲ water tunnel∈∴ towing tank㞖∈∴ rotating arm basin↉ diffuser⌟ pressure tapⲂ ㅵ pitot tube䳋 乓ㅵ preston tube乓ㅵ Stanton tubeϬ䞠ㅵ Venturi tubeU ㅵU-tube䅵 manometer䅵 micromanometerㅵ 䅵 multiple manometer䴭 ㅵ static [pressure]tube⌕䗳䅵 anemometer亢䗳ㅵ P itot- static tube▔ ⌟䗳䅵 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter⛁㒓⌕䗳䅵 hot-wire anemometer⛁㝰⌕䗳䅵hot- film anemometer⌕䞣䅵 flow meter㉬ 䅵 visco[si] meter⍵䞣䅵 vorticity meterӴ transducer, sensorӴ pressure transducer⛁ ⬉䰏thermistor⼎䏾⠽ tracer䯈㒓time line㛝㒓 streak linescale effectwall effectblockageblockage effectdynamic response 乥⥛ response frequencybase pressure㧆 Fick law⡍ Basset force⡍ Eckert numberḐ 䳡 Grashof number⡍ Nusselt number⡍ prandtl number䳋䇎↨ Reynolds analogy⡍ schmidt number乓 Stanton number⌕ convection㞾⬅ ⌕ natural convection, free convection䖿 ⌕ forced convection⛁ ⌕ heat convection䋼䞣Ӵ䗦 mass transferӴ䋼㋏ mass transfer coefficient⛁䞣Ӵ䗦 heat transferӴ⛁㋏ heat transfer coefficient⌕Ӵ⛁ convective heat transfer䕤 Ӵ⛁ radiative heat transfer䞣Ѹ momentum transfer㛑䞣Ӵ䗦 energy transferӴ conduction⛁Ӵ conductive heat transfer⛁Ѹ heat exchangeЈ⬠⛁䗮䞣critical heat flux⌧ concentrationdiffusiondiffusivity⥛ diffusivity䗳 diffusion velocitymolecular diffusion⊌㝒 boiling㪌 evaporation⇨ gasification㒧 condensationḌ nucleation䅵ㅫ⌕ԧ computational fluid mechanics䞡 䯂乬 multiple scale problemԃḐ Burgers equation⌕ convection diffusion equation。
力学专业英语词组+解释
拉力拉力 tensile force 正应力正应力 normal stress 切应力切应力 shear stress 静水压力静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 集中力集中力 concentrated force 分布力分布力 distributed force 线性应力应变关系线性应力应变关系 linear relationship between stress andstrain 弹性模量弹性模量 modulus of elasticity 横向力横向力 lateral force transverse force 轴向力轴向力 axial force 拉应力拉应力 tensile stress 压应力压应力 compressive stress 平衡方程平衡方程 equilibrium equation 静力学方程静力学方程 equations of static 比例极限比例极限 proportional limit 应力应变曲线应力应变曲线 stress-strain curve 拉伸实验拉伸实验 tensile test‘ 屈服应力屈服应力 yield stress 极限应力极限应力 ultimate stress 轴 shaft 梁 beam 纯剪切纯剪切 pure shear 横截面积横截面积 cross-sectional area 挠度曲线挠度曲线 deflection curve 曲率半径曲率半径 radius of curvature 曲率半径的倒数曲率半径的倒数 reciprocal of radius of curvature 纵轴纵轴 longitudinal axis 悬臂梁悬臂梁 cantilever beam 简支梁简支梁 simply supported beam 微分方程微分方程 differential equation 惯性矩惯性矩 moment of inertia 静矩静矩 static moment 扭矩扭矩 torque moment 弯矩弯矩 bending moment 弯矩对x 的导数的导数 derivative of bending moment with respect to x 弯矩对x 的二阶导数的二阶导数 the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁静定梁 statically determinate beam 静不定梁静不定梁 statically indeterminate beam 相容方程相容方程 compatibility equation 补充方程补充方程 complementary equation 中性轴中性轴 neutral axis 圆截面圆截面 circular cross section 两端作用扭矩两端作用扭矩 twisted by couples at two ends 刚体刚体 rigid body 扭转角扭转角 twist angle 静力等效静力等效 statically equivalent 相互垂直平面相互垂直平面 mutually perpendicular planes 通过截面形心通过截面形心 through the centroid of the cross section 一端铰支一端铰支 pin support at one end 一端固定一端固定 fixed at one end 弯矩图弯矩图 bending moment diagram 剪力图剪力图 shear force diagram 剪力突变剪力突变 abrupt change in shear force 、 旋转和平移旋转和平移 rotation and translation 虎克定律虎克定律 hook hook’’s law 边界条件边界条件 boundary condition 初始位置初始位置 initial position、 力矩面积法力矩面积法 moment-area method 绕纵轴转动绕纵轴转动 rotate about a longitudinal axis 横坐标横坐标 abscissa 扭转刚度扭转刚度 torsional rigidity 拉伸刚度拉伸刚度 tensile rigidity 剪应力的合力剪应力的合力 resultant of shear stress 正应力的大小正应力的大小 magnitude of normal stress 脆性破坏脆性破坏 brittle fail 对称平面对称平面 symmetry plane 刚体的平衡刚体的平衡 equilibrium of rigid body 约束力约束力 constraint force 重力重力 gravitational force 实际作用力实际作用力 actual force 三维力系三维力系 three-dimentional force system 合力矩合力矩 resultant moment 标量方程标量方程 scalar equation、 矢量方程矢量方程 vector equation 张量方程张量方程 tensor equation 汇交力系汇交力系 cocurrent system of forces 任意一点任意一点 an arbitrary point 合矢量合矢量 resultant vector 反作用力反作用力 reaction force 反作用力偶反作用力偶 reaction couple 转动约束转动约束 restriction against rotation 平动约束平动约束 restriction against translation 运动的趋势运动的趋势 tendency of motion 绕给定轴转动绕给定轴转动 rotate about a specific axis 沿一个方向运动沿一个方向运动 move in a direction 控制方程控制方程 control equa tion 共线力共线力 collinear forces 平面力系平面力系 planar force system 一束光一束光 a beam of light 未知反力未知反力 unknown reaction forces 参考框架参考框架 frame of reference 大小和方向大小和方向 magnitude and direction 几何约束几何约束 geometric restriction 刚性连接刚性连接 rigidly connected 运动学关系运动学关系 kinematical relations 运动的合成运动的合成 superposition of movement 固定点固定点 fixed point 平动的叠加平动的叠加 superposition of translation 刚体的角速度刚体的角速度 angular speed of a rigid body 质点动力学质点动力学 particle dynamics 运动微分方程运动微分方程 differential equation of motion 工程实际问题工程实际问题 practical engineering problems 变化率变化率 rate of change 动量守恒动量守恒 conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述定性的描述 qualitative description 点线点线 dotted line 划线划线 dashed line 实线实线 solid line 矢量积矢量积 vector product 点积点积 dot product 极惯性矩极惯性矩 polar moment of inertia 角速度角速度 angular velocity 角加速度角加速度 angular acceleration infinitesimal amount 无穷小量无穷小量 definite integral 定积分定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段某一时间段 kinetic energy 动能动能conservative force 保守力保守力damping force 阻尼力阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数阻尼系数阻尼系数 free vibration 自由振动自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动周期性扰动 viscous force 粘性力粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动强迫震动general solution 通解通解particular solution 特解特解transient solution 瞬态解瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程二阶偏微分方程 external force 外力外力internal force 内力内力stress component 应力分量应力分量state of stress 应力状态应力状态应力状态 coordinate axes 坐标系坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件平衡条件平衡条件 body force 体力体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学连续介质力学 displacement component 位移分量位移分量 additional restrictions 附加约束附加约束 compatibility conditions 相容条件相容条件 mathematical formulations 数学公式数学公式 isotropic material 各向同性材料各向同性材料 sufficient small 充分小充分小state of strain 应变状态应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量第一应变不变量 deviator stress components 应力偏量分量应力偏量分量应力偏量分量 the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量应力张量的第一不变量 bulk modulus 体积模量体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系本构关系 linear elastic material 线弹性材料线弹性材料线弹性材料 mathematical derivation 数学推导数学推导 a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态静力平衡状态 Newton ‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律牛顿第一运动定律 directly proportional to 与……成正比与……成正比与……成正比 stress concentration factor 应力集中系数应力集中系数应力集中系数 state of loading 载荷状态载荷状态载荷状态 st venant ’ principle 圣维南原理圣维南原理 uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标柱坐标 buckling of columns 柱的屈曲柱的屈曲柱的屈曲 critical value 临界值临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件不稳定平衡条件 critical load 临界载荷临界载荷a slender column 细长杆细长杆细长杆 fixed at the lower end 下端固定下端固定 free at the upper end 上端自由上端自由 critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷临界屈曲载荷临界屈曲载荷 potential energy 势能势能fixed at both ends 两端固定两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸横向尺寸 stability of column 柱的稳定柱的稳定柱的稳定axial force 轴向力轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力平面应力nominal stress 名义应为名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向主应力方向主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩轴向压缩 dynamic loading 动载荷动载荷 dynamic problem 动力学问题动力学问题 inertia force 惯性力惯性力resonance vibration 谐振谐振static states of stress 静态应力静态应力 dynamic response 动力响应动力响应time of contact 接触时间接触时间length of wave 波长波长波长resonance frequency 谐振频率谐振频率。
最新力学专业英语单词表
Aabrasion n. 磨损[耗]abrasive n. a. (研）磨料（的）磨损abscissa n. 横坐标actuation n. 驱动align v. 调整，对中，校直alloy n. 合金alternative n. a. 交替（的），可供选择的aluminum n. 铝amortize v. 阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还anisotropy n. 各项异性annealing n. 退火annealing n. 退火antiparallelogram n. 反平行四边形anvil n. （锤）砧，砧座armor n. 铠甲assumption n. 假定设想, 担任(职责等), 假装at one’s command 自由使用，支配attainable a. 可达[得]到的austenitic a. 奥氏体的Bbar n. 杆件bass n. 黄铜be distinguished from 与…区分be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为abnormal a. 非正常的be termed… 被称为……beam n. 横梁，一束bearing n. 轴承bending n. 弯曲，折弯bias vt. n. （使）偏向[重，差]billet n. 坯料，锻坯binary a. 二[双, 复]的, 二元的bismuth n. 铋blacksmith n. 锻工blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯block n. （模）块blow molding 吹塑（法）brake forming [压]折弯（机）成型branch n. v. 分（部，支）braze n. vt. 硬钎焊，铜焊breakage n. 断裂breakdown n. 破坏，击穿brittleness n. 脆性, 脆度broken up 破[断]裂，分散bronze n. 青铜broom n. 扫帚buckling n. 弯[翘]曲，挠曲buttwelding 对头（缝）焊Ccadmium n. 镉capability n. 能力,性能,容量carbide n. 碳化物，硬质合金carbon n. 碳carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳casting n. 铸造[件]category n. 种类category n. 种类、类别cavity n. 模膛，型槽centripetal a. 向心的centroid n. 质心；形心closed impression die 闭式锻模coefficient n. 系数coherent a. 互相凝聚的，协调一致coincide with 一致，相符cold[hot] working 冷[热]加工collinear adj. 共线的comparative adj. 比较的，相当的compression molding 压塑，模压（法）compression n. 压缩compressive stress 压（缩）应力configuration n. 外形，配置，排布confine vt. 限制，约束constituent n. a.组成[的，部分] constrain(t) v. n. 强制，约束constrained a. 约束的，限定的consumer goods 消费品continuum n. 连续（体）contour n. 外形、轮廓线convert v. 转变[化]convert v. 转变[换]，更换copper n. 铜copper-base alloy 铜基合金corrosion n. 腐蚀coupler n. 连接件，连杆cracking n. 裂纹craftsman n. 技工criterion (pl. criteria) n. 标准, 判据, 准则critical strain 临界应变critical temperature 临界温度crystalline n. a. 结晶[的]，晶体cuploa n. 冲天炉Ddecoration n. 装饰deep drawing 深冲（压）definite a. 确定的deflection n. 偏移[转，离]，挠曲deformation n. 变形density n. 密度derivative of M with respect to NM对于N的导数design specifications:设计技术要求destructive a. 破坏（性）的，有害的deterioration n. 变坏，退化，损耗determinant n. 行列式die failure 模具损坏die life 模具寿命die n. 模具，锻[冲]模，凹模die-casting n. 模铸[件]discount v. 打折扣，忽视discrete a. 不连续的，单个的disjoin v. 拆散，分开dislocation n. 位错displacement n. 位移,排量,替换distributed forces n. 分力diversity n. 不同，多样性draft n. 模锻斜度drawing n. (锻坯）拔长，[线，管材]拉拔drawn out 拔长drop forging 落锻，锤模锻ductility n. 延展性，可锻性dump v. 倾倒，堆放Eeccentricity n. 偏心[度，率]efficiency n. 效率elastic a. 弹性的elasticity n. 弹性electric resistance-type strain gage n. 电阻应变片electrode n. 电(焊)极, 焊条elimination n. 消除，淘汰elongation n. 伸长（量）embed v. 嵌入、加在层间envision v. 想象equilibrium n. 平衡erosion n. 腐[侵，烧]蚀extract vt. 提炼，萃取extrusion n. 挤压Ffabricate vt. 制造[备]，生产factor n. 因素failure n. 失效；破坏fasten(ing) v. n. 连接(件), 紧固（件）ferrous a. （含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属filler n. 填充（剂）fine adj. 细的finite element 有限元fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊flexibility n. 柔（韧）性，灵活性final flow line 流线flow stress 流动应力flux n. 焊接，助熔剂flux n. 通量，流量forging 终锻forging n. 锻造，锻件foundry n. 铸造[车间]four-bar linkage 四杆机构frame n. 机架，构架friction n. 摩擦furnace n. [熔，高]炉fusion n. 熔化，熔接fusionwelding 熔焊，熔接Ggauge vt. 测[计]量，校验gear ration 齿轮[速、齿数] 比geometry n. 几何形状globular a. 球形（状）的gradient n. 坡[梯]度，斜率grain n. 晶粒grain size 晶粒度graphite n. 石墨grips pl.c.n. 夹具gross n. 总共，重大Hhanding n. 处理，装卸，搬运handle n. 手柄hardening n. 淬火hardness n. 硬度hazard n. 危险，未知数，意外事故heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂heat treatment 热处理higher acceleration 高阶加速度homogeneous a. 均匀的hydraulic adj. 液压的hydraulic press 液压机hydrochloric acid 盐酸Iideal mechanical advantage理想的机械效率immortalize vt. （使）不朽（灭）impact n. v. 冲击，碰撞impart v. 给与，分给impression die forging 模锻impression n. 模膛，型腔（槽）impurity n. 杂质，不纯in connection with 关于，与…相关incline v. （使）倾斜increment n. 增量inertia n. 惯性（物），惯量ingot n. (钢）锭inherent a. 固有的，先天的，本质的initiation n. 开[初]始，发[产]生injection molding 注射模塑（法）inorganic acid 无机酸insulate v. (使)隔离, 绝缘integrity n. 完整性，完全[善]inversion n. 转换，变换investigate v. 调查，研究iron n. 铁It follows that …由此可见,由此得出结论..., 因而断定...it is certain to 必然，一定it is likely that 很可能iterative a. 反复的，迭代的Jjerk n. 震动jet engine 喷气发动机joint n. 结合, 铰链n. 连接的Kkinematic a. 运动学的,运动学上的kinematic chain 运动链knead v. 揉搓[制]Llead n. 铅linear analog 线性模拟link n. 构件，杆件v. 连接longitudinal adj. 经度的; 纵向的;loop n. 环，回路，循环low-carbon steal 低碳钢lubrication n. 润滑luster n. 光泽Mmachine-building 机械制造machine-tool shipments: 机床装运费machining operations: 机床操作,加工工艺magnesium n. 镁manageable a. 可控制的manual a. 手动的，人工的manual skill 手工技艺matrix n. 矩阵mechanical fatigue 机械疲劳mechanical press 机械压力机mechanics n. 力学mesh n. v. 网格，啮合metallic a. （含）金属（制）的metallurgical a. 冶金（学）的metalworking n. 金属压力加工microscopic a. 显微的，微观的microshrinkage n. 显微缩孔microstructure n. 显微组织military n. a. 军队[事，人]的mill n. 轧钢机，铣床mineral a. 矿物的mode n. 方式，状态，模式model n. 模型，样品modify v. 修改，调解，变更mould (mold) n. 模子，铸模，塑模movability n. 可动的，易动的multidisciplinary n. 多学科的multiloop n. 多环链, a 多回路的multiplier n. 放大器，乘法器Nneglect vt. 忽略nickel n. 镍nonferrous metals 有色金属normal adj. 法向的normalizing n. 正火，（正）常化Oopen die forging 自由锻optimization n. 优化，优选（法）ordinate n. 纵坐标orientation n. （定）方向,方位oriented 导向oscillate v. 摆动，摇动overhead : 管理费overheat n. 过热overlap v. 搭接，重叠overload n. v. （使）过[超]载oxidation n. 氧化oxy-acetylene n. a.氧（乙）炔（的）Ppackaging machinery 包装机械parallelogram n. 平行四边形parameter n. 参数parameter n. 参数paraphrase v. 解释，意译penetration n. 贯穿，渗透permanent a. 永久的perpendicular adj. 垂直的pig iron 生铁pin n. 销[钉]，铰销pitch v. 投掷pivot n. 枢(轴), 轴销, 回转副plastic working 塑性加工plasticity n. 塑性polygon n. 多变形porosity n. 多孔性，疏松pose v. 提出，摆出…姿态pour v. 浇注powder metallurgy 粉末冶金precision forming 精密成型preconceive v. 预想、事先想好preprocess vt. 预（先）加工，预处理prescribe v. 规定，指示pressurewelding 压力焊prime mover 原动件，驱动件prismatic adj. 棱柱的pristmatic a. 棱柱（形）的prolonged a. 长时间的, 持续很久的pyrometer n. 高温计Qquenching n. 淬火,骤冷Rram n. 锤头，滑块，活动横梁ramp n. 斜板，斜坡rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打recrystallization n. 再结晶recycle v. 反复[循环]利用refine v. 精炼[制]，细化refinement n. 精炼[制]，细化regarding 考虑到，关于removal n. 除去，放出response n. 反[响]应，灵敏度restriction n. 限制retard vt. n. （使）延缓，推迟retarding media 延缓介质reversal n. 颠倒，相反revolute v. 旋转, 转动, n. 回转体rigid a. n. 坚硬的，刚性，刚度rivet n. v. 铆钉，铆接rock n. 摆动，v. 摇动rocker n. 摇杆roll n. v. 轧辊，滚，轧roll v. 滚动rule of thumb 据经验和实际所得的做法rupture n. 破[开]裂Sscoop n. 勺子,铲斗，v.挖,掘,铲second acceleration 二节加速度sensitive a. 灵敏的，敏感的shear stress 剪应力shielding n. 遮护，屏蔽simultaneously ad. 同时sinter n. vt. 烧结sizing n. 整形，校正，定径skeleton diagram 草图, 示意图slider-crank mechanism 四杆机构slope v. （使）倾斜soaking(=holding) n. 均热,保温solder(ing) v. n. 软钎焊，（低温）焊料solidfy v. (使）凝固solvent n. 溶剂solvent n. a. 溶剂（的）somewhat adv. 稍微soundness n. 致密性，坚固性，无缺陷specific gravity 比重specification n. 操作规程，技术指标，说明书spheroidizing n. 球化（处理）spotwelding 点焊spring-back n. 回弹squeeze v. 挤压stainless steel 不锈钢stamp n. 冲压standard gage n. 标距standardize v. 标准化steep n. a. 陡（坡）的，急剧的stock n. 坯料，原材料strain (rate) n. 应变strain n. 应变strain[deformation] hardening 应变[变形]硬化strength n. 强度stress field 应力场stress n. 应力stress n. 应力stress relieving 消除应力处理stretch forming 张拉成型strike v. 攻[打]击，放电stroke n. 行程，冲程subsequently ad. 随后suitability n. 适应性sulphuric acid 硫酸surface finish 表面光洁度sweep v. 扫荡[描]，掠过symmetrical a. 轴对称的Ttempering n. 回火tensile stress 拉（伸）应力tension n. 拉伸test specimens n. 试样thermal fatigue 热疲劳thermal refining 调质处理tin n. 锡tolerance n. 公差topologically adv. 拓扑学地torch n. 焊炬torque n. 力矩，扭矩toughness n. 韧性trajectory n. 轨迹transition n. 过渡区transmission angle 传动角trial-and-error 试凑法turbine n. 涡[汽]轮机，透平机U-Zultimate a. n. 最终的，首要的，极限upset n. 镦粗，顶锻vacuum forming 真空模塑validity n. 正确有效，合法variable n. 变量warm working 温加工，温锻wear v. 磨损weld(ing) v. n. 焊接，熔焊with ease 轻易，很容易的yield stress 屈服应力zinc n. 锌。
力学专业 英语词汇
专业英语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。
力学专业英语词汇翻译
力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。
力学专业英语考试重点
力学专业英语考试重点Only by being serious and persistent can one achieve success in one's career力学专业英语考试重点整理一、单词：英译汉、汉译英Centroid 质心,形心Elasticity 弹力,弹性Linear 线性的,直线的Prismatic 棱镜的,棱柱形的Strain 应变Stress 应力Tension 张力,拉力,拉紧Alloy 合金Aluminium 铝Ductile 易延展的,韧性的Failure 失败,破坏,失效Lateral 侧面的,横向的Necking 颈缩Couple 力偶Cylinder 圆筒,圆筒状物Inertia 惯性,惯量,惰性Shaft 轴,杆状物Torsion 扭矩Cantilever 悬臂梁,伸臂Neutral 中性的Statics 静力学,静止状态,静态Symmetry 对称Transverse 横向的,横断的Astronomer 天文学家Galaxy 天河,银河,星系Planet 行星Collinear 共线的,在同一直线上的Dimension 尺寸,大小,维数Equate 使相等,等同Parameter 参量,参数Visualize 想象,形象化,使看得见Acceleration 加速度Dynamics 动力学Stationary 不动的,稳定的,定常的Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Angular 角的,角度的Coordinate 坐标Radian 弧度Shaft 轴Symbol 符号Conservation 守恒,保存Differentiation 微分Integration 积分,集成,一体化Interval 间隔,间隙,空隙Linear 直线的,线性的,一次的Moment 力矩,瞬间,片刻Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Derivative 导数,派生的Frequency 频率Friction 摩擦Magnitude 大小,量级Power 力量,乘方,幂Viscous 黏性的Continuum 连续体,连续统Rectangular 矩形的,成直角的Resultant 合成的,合力,合量Torque 扭转力,扭矩Dilatation 膨胀,扩张Distortion 扭曲,变形Isotropic 各向同性的Tensor 张量Coordinate 坐标Crack 裂缝Curvature 曲率Ellipse 椭圆Formula 公式Function 函数,功能Buckle 屈曲,皱曲,弄弯,翘曲Deflection 挠曲,偏向Wrinkle 皱纹,皱褶,起皱Factor 因数,系数Flexural 弯曲的,挠曲的Notch 缺口,凹槽,刻痕Vibrate 振动vVibration 振动nDetector 发现者,侦察器,探测器,检波器Vacuum 真空,空间,真空的,产生真空的Other than 除了二、句子：英译汉1、The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of a prismatic bar. As shown in Fig. 1, a prismatic bar is one that has constant cross section throughout its length and a straight axis. In thisillustration the bar is assumed to be loaded at its ends by axial forces P that produce a uniform stretching, or tension, of the bar.翻译：应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明;一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面;在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧;2、By making an artificial cut section mm through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate part of the bar as a free body see Fig. 1b. At the left-hand end the tensile force P is applied, and at the other end there are forces representing the action of the removed portion of the bar upon the part that remains. These forces will be continuously distributed over the cross section, analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure over a submerged surface.翻译：通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体如图1b;在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力;这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布;3、We are so used to our life on the surface of the earth that it can be quite an effort for our minds to break free of all the ideas that we take for granted. We talk about ‘up’ and ‘down’ , but we know that what is ‘down’ for us is ‘up’ for someone else on the other side of the world. We can feel that things are heavy, and we often think of ‘weight’ as being a fixed quality in an object, but it is not really fixed at all. If you could take a one-pound packet of butter 4,000 miles out from the earth, it would weigh only a quarter of a pound.翻译：我们是如此熟悉在地球表面上的生活,以至于需要很努力才能从心理打破我们认为理所当然的观点;我们谈论“上”和“下”,但是我们知道对于我们来说是“上”,对于世界另一边的人来说就是“下”;我们可以感受到物体很重,并且我们经常认为“重量”是物体固定的量,但是它不总是固定的;如果你把一包一磅重的1磅;黄油带到离地球4000英里的地方,它将只有44、Why would things weigh only a quarter as much as they do at the surface of the earth if we took them 4,000 miles out into space The reason is this : all objects have a natural attraction for all other objects, this is called gravitational attraction. But the power of attraction between tow objects gets weaker as they get farther apart.1理由翻译：为什么我们把物体带到空中4000英里处,它的重量只有地表时的4是：所有的物体对于其他的物体都有自然的吸引力,这叫做万有引力;但是两个物理间吸引的程度会随着他们愈来愈远,变的愈来愈弱;5、What about the weight of our one-pound packet of butter on the surface of the moon On the moon there will be an attraction between the butter and the moon, but the butter will weigh only about one sixth as much as it does on the earth. This is because the moon is so much smaller than the earth. The amount of gravitational pull that a body produces depends on the amount of material in it. So this is one of the first things we need to remember: that the weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the surface of the earth.翻译：一包一磅重的黄油在月球上的重量又是多少呢在月球上,黄油和月球之间有1;这是因为月球比地球小的多;物体产生的引吸引力,但是黄油只有地球上重量的6力值取决于它自身材料的数量;因此这是我们首先需要记住的事情：物体在太空中的重量与在地球表面的重量是不同的;6、When a medium is disturbed by the passage of a wave through it, the particles comprising the medium are caused to vibrate. To take a simple example, corks floating on the surface of a pond will bob up and down owing to the influence of water waves.The bob of a simple pendulum and the weight hanging freely from the end of a spring are other examples of particles which may be set in vibration, and most readers will have a good mental picture of these vibrate.翻译：当介质由于波通过它而引起扰动时,由介质组成的质点发生振动;举一个简单的例子,漂浮在池塘表面的软木塞由于水波的影响上下跳动;简单钟摆的浮子和自由悬挂在弹簧末端的重量,是可能处于振动中的质点的其他例子,多数读者将会对这些质点如何振动有一个好的印象;7、The motion of a vibrating particle is periodic, that is, after equal intervals of timethe period T the system finds itself in exactly the same situation. The bob of the pendulum, for example, is found to be at the same position, moving with the same velocity and acceleration as it was T seconds earlier, and these quantities will be the same T, 2T , 3T, etc. Seconds later. During the interval of one period, a vibrating system is said to go through a cycle of situation, and the frequency f is defined as the number of cycles occurring in one second. Clearly, then ,f=1/T, the dimension of f is second -1 . This unit is termed the hertz.翻译：一个振动质点的运动时周期性的额,也就是说,在相等的时间间隔时段T 后,系统将会准确的处于相同的位置;例如,将会发现钟摆的浮子处于相同的位置,以跟T 时刻前相同的速度和加速度移动,这些量在T,2T,3T 等时刻后也是一样的;在一个时间间隔内,振动系统据说经历了一个周期的状态,频率f 被定义为在一秒内发生循环的次数;很明显,f=T1,f 的单位是1-S ;这个单位被叫做赫兹Hz;8、2x/dt 2 ,which is directed towards the point o and proportional to he distance x. Thus0/222=+x dt x d ω where ω is a positive constant.翻译：最简单的一类周期运动时,一个支点沿着直线运动,它的加速度指向线的一个固定点,并且与从固定点起计算的距离成比例;这叫做简谐运动;假设一点P 沿着一直线移动,以便它的关于点沿着一直线移动,以便它的关于点O 的位置完全由位移的坐标X 指定;移动点的加速度是22d dtx,指向O,并且与距离X 成比例;这样得到0/222=+x dt x d ω,式中ω是正常数;9、If the equations of equilibrium and compatibility are examined, it is found that the equations which involve stresses involve only stresses, body forces, and accelerations, but do not involve strains or displacements. Furthermore, those equations which involve strains and displacements do not contain stresses.翻译：如果观察平衡方程和相容方程,就会发现包含应力的方程只包含应力、体力和加速度,但是不包含应变和位移;另外,那些包含应变和位移的方程不包含应力; 10、Since the application of forces to a body produces both stress and deformation, it is expected that the stresses on an element can be related to the deformation which these stresses produce. Such a set of relationships will then complete the description of the action of loads on the body. Experience has demonstrated that these relationships will depend on the material in question.翻译：由于作用于物体上的力使物体产生应力和变形,人们可以看到单元上的应力与这些应力产生的变形有关;这样一组关系完成了对作用在物体上荷载的描述;实验表明这些关系取决于所讨论问题的材料;11、For most engineering materials, elastic strains are always sufficiently small that the relationship between the stress and strains is linear. The most general set of linear relations which could be written is kl k l ij C εσ∑∑===3131ijk l . The s ’C ijkl are proportionalityconstants, where i and j can have any value from 1to 3 . The number of constants ijk l C required is therefore 34=81. From equilibrium it is known that ji ij δ=δand by definitionji ij ε=ε.翻译：由于大多数工程材料,弹性应变通常是十分小的,应力和应变的关系是线性的;最普遍的一组线性关系可以表示为kl k l ij C εσ∑∑===3131ijk l ;其中ijk l C 是比例常数,ij 可以取从1到3的所有值;所以常数ijk l C 有34=81个;从平衡关系可以知道 ji ij δ=δ当然地ji ij ε=ε;12、From energy arguments it can be shown that klij ijkl C C =. These conditions combined imply that the number of independent constants which must be specified in the most general linear elastic formulation is 21. Since materials generally have a great deal of symmetry, arguments based on the equivalence of various directions in a material can be used to further reduce the number of constants required.翻译：从能量的观点看可以知道klij ijkl C C =;这些条件组合意指,在最普遍的线弹性公式中,需要指定的独立常数的数量是21.由于材料通常具有大量的对称性,依据不同方向等价性的参数可以进一步的被用于减少所需常数的量;。
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聚合物的粘性行为
众所周知，聚合物的现象学的本构关系是非常复杂的。
除了在一些特别的环境下，很难概括出很长时间内聚合物的行为，因为载荷，温度和加载时间都会影响本构关系。
然而，很清楚的是聚合物表现为黏弹塑性行为。
在低温和高荷载下，弹性和塑性变形处于主导地位，但是在高温和高荷载下，粘性行为要更重要。
在室温时，聚合物承受一个中等的载荷，其中一个有区别的力学行为特征是粘弹性。
聚合物的粘弹性特性可以由弹簧阻尼系统来近似模仿。
非常有名的连个模型是Maxwell模型和Voigt-Kelvin模型。
如图1所示，这些模型描述了线粘弹性，概括了聚合物的真实粘弹性行为。
尽管过去尝试使用许多弹簧和阻尼的组合来建立真实固体的本构关系基本上失败了，仍然可以使用这些模型进去一定的概括。
定性的说，Maxwell模型表明在瞬时加载时，固体表现为弹性，然后发生粘性变形，这是由于弹簧是瞬时变形的和阻尼的变形率和应用的荷载成比例。
在Voigt-Kelvin固体情况下，没有瞬态变形，最大的应变也是被弹簧限制的。
尽管真实聚合物的力学行为不能够被弹簧和阻尼的组合精确模仿，真实聚合物的许多特征可以从简单的Maxwell和Voigt-kelvin模型的特征来理解。
考虑Maxwell模型的本构关系，总应变是弹性和塑性变形的的总和，也就是
εij=εij e+εijν(1)
εij e是弹性应变，εijν是粘性部分造成的应变。
应变εij e和εijν与应力的关系是
ε11e=σ11
E
(2)
dε11νdt =
σ11
η
(3)
对等式(1)和(2)求导，并结合等式(3)Maxwell固体的本构关系可以写为
dε11 dt =
1
E
dσ11
dt
+
σ11
η
(4)
Voigt-Kelvin模型的本构关系也可以类似得到。
从等式(4)可以看出在拉力测试中获得的通常的应力—应变关系将会非常敏感的依赖于应变率。
对于有着很大粘性或者在很高加载速率的材料，Maxwell表现的像Hookeian固体，Voigt-kelvin表现的像刚体。
在这方面，聚合物的行为由Maxwell模型来表现比Voigt-kelvin 模型要更接近实际情况。
当然，用这些简单的模型不可能充分的描述真实的聚合物。
通过添加更多的弹簧和阻尼，可以更接近真实行为，至少在理论上是这样。
对任意数量的单元的本构关系可以表示为
∑P m d mσij‘
dt m
=∑q n
d nεij’
dt n
b
n=0
a
m=0
(5)
P m和q n是常数。
等式(5)只包括应力和应变的偏量。
粘弹性材料的静水压缩是弹性的，所以应力和应变的静水量是与材料的体积系数有关的。
等式(5)是线性常微分方程。
能够用等式(5)表示本构关系的固体叫做线性粘弹性体。
注意，比例常数P m和q n是独立于应用的应力大小。
所以，在恒定均布载荷作用下的线性粘弹性固体中，应变与应力在任何时候都是线性成比例。
真实的聚合物在有限的载荷范围内表现为线性粘弹性行为。
在更广泛的载荷范围中，其行为是非线性的。