跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料
《跨文化交际》复习资料Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
跨文化交际复习资料(最新版)
1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching fromthe past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. Inthese culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and oftenbreak them.3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication betweenpeople from different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the hostculture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and evensilence.10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”theprocess by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli fromthe external world” In other words, perception is an internal process wherebywe convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal comeinto play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture weadopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent towhich we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or oughtto be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes orother shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
跨文化交际复习材料
Needs and Purposes for CommunicationGenerally speaking, purposes relate to needs in that our purpose is what we intend to get done through communication. In other words, we have needs，which communicating can help to satisfy. The followingis a described list of common purposes and needs for communicating.一般来说，目的涉及需要，因为我们的目的是我们打算通过沟通来完成。
换句话说，我们有需要，沟通可以帮助满足我们的需要。
以下是通信的常见目的和需要的描述列表。
Survivalcommunicate survive. For example, we would communicate in Order to rent a flat (shelter). If we felt ourselves in physical danger, we would also communicate with others to try to get help.沟通生存。
例如，我们将通信订购租住一个公寓（住所）。
如果我们感到自己处于身体危险之中，我们还会与他人沟通，试图获得帮助。
Co-operationWe communicate in order to work with others. It is obvious that our need to form social group actually comes from our need to co-operate with each other in order to survive. Organized groups of people in any society work together to provide basic needs and also less basic needs.我们沟通，以便与他人合作。
跨文化交际知识点汇总
一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响；跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提升文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际; 非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际水平；跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素：传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要：1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分；第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。
《跨文化交际》题集
《跨文化交际》题集一、选择题（每题10分，共100分）1.跨文化交际主要研究的是：A. 不同国家之间的政治关系B. 不同文化背景的人们之间的交流与互动C. 国际经济的合作与发展D. 全球气候变化的影响2.在跨文化交际中，哪种行为可能被视为不尊重他人？A. 直视对方的眼睛以示真诚B. 在交谈中频繁点头表示赞同C. 在未经允许的情况下触摸他人的头部D. 礼貌地询问对方的个人生活3.“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的区别在于：A. 沟通中直接信息的多少B. 人们使用语言的频率C. 社会习俗的复杂性D. 对时间的重视程度4.下列哪项不属于非言语交际的形式？A. 肢体语言B. 面部表情C. 语音语调D. 书面文字5.在一些文化中，沉默可能被视为：A. 同意的标志B. 思考的表示C. 不尊重的行为D. 沟通的一种方式6.“文化休克”通常发生在：A. 一个人长时间处于自己的文化中B. 一个人初次接触并适应新的文化环境时C. 一个人对某种文化有深入了解之后D. 一个人在不同文化之间频繁切换时7.下列哪项是跨文化交际中常见的挑战？A. 语言障碍B. 价值观差异C. 沟通风格的不同D. 以上都是8.在一些文化中，时间被视为一种：A. 可以随意支配的资源B. 必须严格遵守的规则C. 可以用来建立社会关系的工具D. 以上都有可能是，取决于具体的文化9.“面子”在跨文化交际中是一个重要的概念，它通常指的是：A. 一个人的社会地位B. 一个人的自尊心和荣誉感C. 一个人在外貌上的吸引力D. 一个人在经济上的实力10.下列哪项不是促进跨文化交际有效性的策略？A. 增强文化意识B. 发展跨文化沟通技巧C. 避免与不同文化背景的人交往D. 尊重并适应不同的文化习俗二、填空题（每题10分，共50分）1.在跨文化交际中，__________是指由于文化差异而导致的沟通障碍或误解。
2.__________文化强调直接、明确的沟通方式，而__________文化则更注重含蓄和间接的表达。
跨文化交际复习
跨文化交际复习题型：1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述（理论举例）30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类：要求掌握定义，能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动，它是一个动态的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时，就产生了交际，交际受制于文化心理等多种因素，不一定以主观意识为转移。
2、文化一个群体（可以是国家，也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动，就是文化。
3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程，是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。
从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因，以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。
5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。
是一个说与听的互动过程，其成功与否，取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。
言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。
6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。
即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程，其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。
7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。
心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素，积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用，在交际中主体应当具备平等意识，双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用，消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。
跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细
Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。
跨文化交际 复习资料
1、文化：cultureIt is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.The Characteristics of Culture:Learned、transmitted、Subject to change、unconscious、integrated、symbolic、adaptive.2、跨文化交际：intercultural communicationIntercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.3、高语境文化：High-Context Cultures①Infer information from message context, rather than from content.②Prefer indirectness, politeness and ambiguity.③Convey little information explicitly.④Rely heavily on nonverbal signs.4、价值观：ValuesA standard by which members of culture define what is desirable or undesirable、good or bad、beautiful or ugly、acceptable or unacceptable. V alues are standards set by the members of a society.V alues are often highly contexted. V alues can change significantly over time. V alues can differ within one society and around the world.5、言语交际：verbal communication:It refers to any form of communication that is directly dependent on the use of language.非言语交际：Nonverbal communicationIt will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.6、本地化：LocalizationThe process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and desired local “look-and-feel.”Aspects to be considered in localization: Language、Time zones、Money、National holidays、Local color sensitivities、Product or service names、Gender roles、Geographic examples 、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesA fixed general image, characteristic, etc. that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing.Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. It is found in nearly every intercultural situation. The reason forthe pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.8、文化休克：Cultural shockIt is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.9、符号：SymbolA person，an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation.1、猫头鹰的故事：①This is because Chinese and English native speakers assign different associative meanings to the same bird—owl.②Owl in China is the sign of bad luck. The mere sight of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting is enough to cause people to draw back in fear.But in English it is associated with wisdom. In children’s books and cartoons, whenever there is a dispute among birds or beasts, it is the owl that acts as judge.③The term dog elicits different feelings in these two cultures. In China gou(dog) often has derogative meanings, such as 狼心狗肺. But in West is considered the best friend of man, which is well established in their cultures. So the feel disgusted at eating dog meat.④Long(龙) is a symbol of the emperor in ancient China. It has been almighty to us Chinese. Today long is often identified with China or Chinese. But to the English—speaking people, the Chinese long has been rendered in English as “dragon”. Dragon is a fire—spitting monster, cruel and fierce that destroys and therefore must be destroyed.⑤In Chinese ,松、柏、鹤、桃stand for longevity. In English, they are just plants.2、气泡空间：①This is because each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studies show that people from South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries have a smaller personal territory than do North Americans, British and Germans. In Mexican and Arab cultures, physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is very close. In order to feel comfortable while talking, what the Mexican does is to move closer, while what the North American does is to step back a little.②In Western counties, personal territory is highly valued. Each one has his/her own space at home or in office which should not be invaded. In public places, they have “temporary territory”, not be intruded upon either.③As is in the case of human behavior, the use of space is directly linked to the value system of different cultures. The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures and tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.3、家庭第一：①One of the reason that Annie could not understand Rosa is this:：in American culture, the nuclear family is much more important to the individual than the extended family. Most Americans feel little responsibility toward their second cousins, and may never even have met them. Therefore, Annie was confused because Rosa put so much effort into helping “just” a second cousin.②But in Rosa’s culture there is not such a big difference between nuclear and extended family responsibilities. In some countries, the extended family is the main financial and emotional support for people in times of crisis. However, this is not so far most Americans, who rely more on friends, institutions, and professionals.③Another reason is their possession of different cultural values. Rosa felt that “family comes first”, which means that her own needs come second. Annie had a hard time understanding that point of view because in her culture the individual usually comes first. In the United States the person who can “make it on his own”without help from family is respected, although of course many people do get help from their families.④Because of these differences, it is sometimes difficult for people to understand and accept the way family members in other cultures seem to treat each other. It is important, however, to remember that families show their love in different ways. These differences sometimes make it hard to see the reality of family love in every culture in the world.4、男女之间的约会：①Blanca thought that Kevin was going to pay for her because he had invited her to go out, this was the American custom. But things are changing. One reason is that many more American women work today. Therefore, many men and women think it is unfair for men to always pay for everything when they go out.②Another reason is that some women say that if a man pays for them, they feel like they own him something. And some American women prefer to pay because they like to feel like an equal partner on a date. They don’t feel equal if they are taken places and paid for.③Blanca’s understanding that Kevin was going to pay for her is an example of a cultural assumption. Our cultural assumptions are so much a part of us that many times we cannot believe that the whole world does not see things as we do. Trying to understand cultural assumptions that other people make can help to explain their way of thinking and acting.④Most Hispanic parents assume the worst will happen if they let their daughters go out alone with a man. And the Hispanic assumption about women is that they will not be able to stop a man.。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。
①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。
物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。
饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。
制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。
以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。
心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。
专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。
2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。
定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。
文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。
这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。
（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。
前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。
本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。
后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。
（3）成因社会和个体。
从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。
家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。
《跨文化交际》复习材料
《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。
一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。
-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。
2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。
-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。
-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。
二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。
-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。
2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。
-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。
-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。
-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。
三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。
-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。
2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。
-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。
-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。
3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。
-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。
4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。
-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际复习题
跨文化商务交际复习资料Unit 1一、匹配1.culture：The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.munication：A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols,signs,or behavior,or the exchange of thoughts,messages,or information,as by speech,signals,writing,or behavior.3.ethnocentrism：The belief that your own cultural background including ways of an analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal.communication, is superior.4.horizontal communication：The communication at the same level in an organization.5.intercultural communication：The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.6.business communication：The communication is within business and administration,aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.二、判断T：1.Culture is all men’s medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.2.The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be used interchangeably.3.Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.4.Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy, and misguided perceptions.F：1.When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” in its broad sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, or an invisible level, and a visible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of some form.3.With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.4.In the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties.三、SummaryCulture and Communication①Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.②Only the outward symbols of a culture, 10 percent, are easily visible. The most important aspects of culture, 90 percent, its norms and values, are far more difficult to grasp. These moreprofound cultural differences can cause problems when communicating with someone from another culture.③Culture has six major characteristics: shared, learned, symbolic, integrated,dynamic, and ethnocentric.④ Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing,or behavior.⑤ There are three business communication patterns in terms of direction: upward communication, downward communication, and lateral communication⑥Culture and communication are inseparably linked. Culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication. Besides, meaning is in the person, not in the word.Intercultural Communication①Intercultural communication is the communication between persons of different cultures, or different cultural backgrounds.②There are five barriers in intercultural communication: language differences,nonverbal communication, stereotypes, cultural bias on judgments, and high level of stress.③ Technology has broken down cultural boundaries, and the world is becoming a global village, in which neighbors speak different languages, have different values and different lifestyles Understanding is a measure of communicative success in the global village.四、重点1.culture 文化的广义和侠义in the broad sense:It is estimated that there are more than 164 definitions of culture.In the narrow sense:meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.metaphors of culture 文化的比喻（1）the culture iceberg（文化冰山）① Culture above the waterline. ② Culture below the waterline.（2）the culture onion（文化洋葱）① Culture in the outer layer.② Culture in the middle layer.③ Culture in the inner nucleus layer.3.characteristics of culture（文化的特点）① Culture is shared. ② Culture is learned. ③ Culture is symbolic.④ Culture is integrated. ⑤ Culture is dynamic. ⑥ Culture is ethnocentric.munication（交际的4个特点）① dynamic ② symbolic ③ transactional ④ contextual5.patterns of communication（沟通方式）①Upward communication.Upward communication is the communication flowing from subordinates to superiors usually concerning employees’ comments about themselves, their reactions about others,their reactions to practices and policies,and their thoughts about their work.② Downward communication.Downward communication is the communication flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy,telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued(policy).③Lateral communication (or horizontal communication).Lateral,communication or horizontal communication refers to the communication at the same level in an organization.6.barriers in intercultural communication（跨文化交际障碍）① Language differences.② Nonverbal communication.③ Stereotypes.Stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.④ Cultural bias on judgments.⑤ High level of stress.Unit 2一、匹配1.pragmatics：It is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.nguage：It is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols and rules that are used and understood by a large community of people.3.Semantics：It is the study of the meaning of words,a system that relates words to meaning.4.Verbal communication：It is carried out either in oral or in written form with use of words.5.memo：It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization,usually short.二、判断T：nguage is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and information as well as to transmit experience and so on.nguage and culture are closely related, reflecting, influencing and shapingeach other.3.Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten.F：1.Verbal communication is the transferring of thoughts between individuals only via spoken messages.2.Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication, e.g. written communication.三、SummaryVerbal Communication① Verbal communication includes oral communication and written communication.②Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express. It can keep and disseminate information, and can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.③ Semantics is a system that relates words to meaning,It is the study of the meaning of words. Frequently the same word can be misunderstood by i people.from two countries because of their different cultural backgrounds.④ Pragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers use the language to effect successful communication.⑤Language is the cornerstone of a culture. Language is part of culture. Language.and culture interact and interplay.Oral and Written Communication① Generally.y there are three basic communication goals for giving oral presentations in business communication:to inform, to persuade,and to build goodwill.② Making calls is efficient and convenient for business people to send and receive information in their intercultural communication Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business, most frequently for making appointments.③Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols,either printed or handwritten. Letters, memorandums, and reports are the primary means of exchanging written information in business.④Letter writing is a very important activity in day-to-day business and personal life. A good business letter is brief, straightforward and polite.⑤ A memo is a hard-copy document. It is used for communicating inside an organization, usually short. A memo contains To," "From," Date." Subject Heading and Message" sections.⑥ In a report, we re supposed to report, not embroider or influence. Just state the facts, nothing but the facts. The best reports are written in a style that is clear with a logical structure which is easy to follow, and is concise and comes to the point.四、重点1.verbal communication’s attributes:（言语交际的特点）① Verbal communication can express all kinds of ideas we want to express.② Verbal communication can keep and disseminate information.③ Verbal communication can be clearer and more efficient than other ways.2.skillful and effective verbal communication（有效的言语交际的四个因素）① logical and emotional effects ② objective and subjective factors③ the needs of the message sender ④ cultural factors3.Words have two major dimensions of meaning, their denotation and connotation.4.（中美文化交际的不同点）① How to address people. ② Different perceptions of titles.③ How to show gratitude. ④ Conversation topics. ⑤ Being modest.5.Generally, there are three basic communication goals fou giving oral presentations business communication: to inform-to provide others with new information, to persuade-to modify attitudes and behaviors or to reinforce already-existing attitudes and behaviors, and to build goodwill.① Informative Presentations. ② Persuasive Presentations. ③ Goodwill Presentations.6.how to make an effective oral presentation① Analyze your audience.② Reduce your residual message.③ Restrict your main points to three.④ Design your introduction.⑤ Your pattern of organization must be absolutely clear to your audience.⑥ Conclude the business presentation with a call to action.⑦ Deliver your presentation confidently from beginning to end.7.（打电话目的）Most foreign business people have a habit of using telephones for what they are going to do before or after business. Most frequently for making appointments.8.written communication（书面交际方式）① business letters ② business memos ③ business report9.Memos should have the following sections and content：① A “To” ② A “From” ③ A “Date” ④ Subject heading. ⑤ The message.Unit 3一、匹配1.nonverbal communication：The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.2.kinesics：The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.plementing：It means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message in communication4.proxemics：The study of peoples perception and use of space.5.personal territory：It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.二、判断T：1.Nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.2.As many movements are carried out at a subconscious or at least low-awareness level, kinesic movements carry a significant risk of being misinterpreted in an intercultural communication situation.3.A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures.4.Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements such as place, sex, age and character.F：1.Nonverbal codes play an important part in communication or intercultural communication. But it is not as important as verbal codes.2.We put the index finger and mid finger apart with palm against the receiver to mean "OK," which was first used by Winston Churchill.3.Postures send same messages to all people,e,g. when you stand in an upright position, you impress others as being energetic.4.The British, like Americans, believe that looking someone directly in the eye is a mark of rudeness until a more intimate relationship is established.5.Eyes looking sideways can show one 's coldness and superciliousness.It is impolite to move your head side to side while you are communicating with people, e.g. in India or Pakistan.6.How closely people position themselves to one another during a discussion or talk cannot communicate what type of relationship exists between them.三、Summary1.Nonverbal Communication① Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words.② Nonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication.③There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general:accenting, complementing, contradicting,regulating,repeating and substituting.2.Kinesics① Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or of the body as a whole.② Facial expressions are important in human communication; the meanings people attach to the same expression differ from culture to culture.③The same gesture may send different messages to those who have different cultural backgrounds.④Posture often goes unnoticed to many people, because it follows one' s natural habits, and therefore, it is subconscious in nature.3.Space and Distance① There are four types of distances. They are intimate distance, personal distance. social distance and public distance.② Private space refers to the space that people have for their own activities. The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.③The Chinese value togetherness in their nonverbal communication, while people from English-speaking countries value apartness.四、重点1.（非言语交际的功能）There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general. They are accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating and substituting.2.（体距）Generally speaking, there are four categories of distances.intimate distance 0-45cm personal distance 45-120cmsocial distance 1.3meters to 3 meters work together or doing business together 1.3-2 meters public distance beyond 3 metersUnit 4一、匹配1.power distance：The degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.2.values：A learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.3.uncertainty avoidance：The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.4.masculinity：The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.5.individualism：The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.二、判断T：1.Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined order of inequality in which everyone has a rightful place.2.Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations to the group.3.In high masculinity societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant.4.In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege, etc. are related to ability.5.Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree of uncertainty and is open to the unknown.6.Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security.F：rge power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland,and Denmark hold that inequality in society should be minimized.2.Where individualism is high, the society emphasizes the role of the group.n, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high in individualism but low in collectivism.4.In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal.三、Summary1.Cultural Values① A value system represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden.It is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.② Cultural differences between the West and the East can be highlighted in cognition, relationship with nature, and the concept of truth.③ The Chinese are collectivist.. placing high value on group cooperation and individual modesty. Americans are individualist placing high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.2.Cultural Dimensions① Power distance is the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.②Individualism is the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.③ Masculinity is the degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.④Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.四、重点parison Between Chinese Values and American Values （中美价值观比较）① Differences in friendship. ② Differences in time consciousness.③ Differences in conception of the self. ④ Differences in approaches to tasks.⑤ Differences in social relationships.2.cultural dimensions（文化维度）① power distance ② individualism/collectivism③ masculinity/femininity ④ uncertainty avoidanceUnit 5一、匹配1. culture shock：This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.2. reverse culture shock：It refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.3. recovery shock：A stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.4. low-context culture：It refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt communication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.5. repression：A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we pretend that everything is acceptable and nothing bothers us.6. honeymoon stage：A stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feeleuphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.7.rejection：A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.8.high-context culture：It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics.二、判断T：1.People of different cultural backgrounds usually behave and respond in different ways in the same context.2.The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he is confronted with a new cultural environment.3.For some multinational firms, they can alleviate culture shock by selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal and professional qualifications.4.In high-context communication the list ener is already “contexted” and so does not need to be given much background information.5.The French culture is a high-context culture; American culture is a low-context one.F：1.The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture.2.In high-context culture, that of North America, for example, a large portion of the message is left unspecified and accessed through the context.3.In low-context cultures, people judge what someone is talking about not only by what he is saying but also by the context in which the message occurs.三、Summary1.Culture Shock① Culture shock expresses the lack of direction,the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.② Five stages of culture shock can be identified as: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage.③ The symptoms of culture shock include two aspects: physical and psychological.④ People can suffer from the symptoms of culture shock in a new place and in their own country as well.⑤ There are some mechanisms against culture shock, such as repression, regression, isolation and rejection. Culture shock can be alleviated, or minimized.2.High-context Culture and Low-context Culture① Members of high-context cultures use the context to communicate the message, as both senders and receivers understand the context of the message well.②Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They tend to think that if thoughts are not solidified in words, they will not be understood correctly or completely.四、重点1.feelings of culture shock（文化休克的感受）① Familiar signs and symbols are lost.② Familiar cues are removed.③ All cultures are not exactly the same.2.stages of culture shock（文化休克的阶段）① the honeymoon stage② the hostility stage③ the recovery stage④ the adjustment stage⑤ the biculturality stage3.two aspects of culture shock（文化休克的两个方面）① Physical symptoms of culture shock. Some of the physical symptoms of culture shock include: too much sleep or too little sleep, eating too much or having no appetite, frequent minor illnesses, upset stomachaches or headaches, and a general feelings of uneasiness.②Psychological symptoms of culture shock. Some of the psychological symptoms of culture shock include: loneliness or boredom, homesickness, idealizing home, feeling helpless and dependent, irritability and even hostility, social withdrawal, excessive concern for health or security, rebellion against rules and authority, feeling like you have no control over your life, feeling unimportant and being a foreigner, crying, negative stereotyping of people in the host country.4.It may be that an inverse relationship exists between ease of adjustment to an unfamiliar culture and degree of reverse culture shock: The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the harder it is to readjust to home culture.5.defense mechanisms against culture shock（文化休克的防御机制）① Repression. The first coping mechanism is called “repression.”This happens when we pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers us.② Regression. The second one is called “regression.”This occurs when we start to act as if we are younger than we actually are. We act like a child. We forget everything and sometimes we become careless and irresponsible.③I solation. The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation.” We would rather be home alone, and we don't want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, we try to avoid the effects of culture shock. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms we can use because it separates us from those things that could really help us.④Rejection. The last type of defense mechanism is called "rejection." With this coping mechanism, we thin k we don’t need anybody. We feel we are coping fine alone, so we don’t try to ask for help.6.alleviating culture shock（减缓文化休克）① Learning throughout your stay. ② Get involved.③ Master simple tasks. ④ Try to understand.⑤ Learn to live with ambiguity. ⑥ Be empathetic.⑦ Be flexible and resourceful. ⑧ Be humorous.Unit 6一、匹配1.introduction：The formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.2.etiquette：It refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.3.superstitions：Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.4.customs：They are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.5.taboos：Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable.二、判断T：1.Shaking hands at different time will leave different impressions upon the person you are addressing.2.In Europe and North America, business cards are far less formalized and are used merely to keep track of who's who during a hectic meeting schedule.3.It is rude to season without tasting and this may actually reflect negatively on your character by implying that you are prone to making hasty decisions before checking out the facts.4.In Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand throughout a meal.5.In the United States, a businessman who is invited for dinner to the private home of a business contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event.6.Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.F：1.Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing. bowing and making introductions.2.Clothes make the man or the woman and the reality is that how you look goes a long way toward leaving a great first impression.3.The goal at a cocktail party is to meet as many people as possible. Everyone expects to get into deep discussions.4.Some businesspersons maintain that American humor is helpful to export and appreciate.三、Summary1.Introductions and Greetings①An introduction is the formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know each other and establish relationships with each other.②Proper greetings can make you appear polite and sociable in intercultural business communication.2.Handshaking and Exchanging Business Cards① Shaking hands is an expression of mutual trust and respect, and it is a way to send greetings in business situation.② Presenting a card with two hands conveys respect and an appreciation of the importance of the ritual in most Asian cultures.3. Dressing and Dining① People communicate through what they wear, their hair style, and the polish of their shoes and even the look of their fingernails.②Though each culture has its own peculiarities when it comes to dining customs,some basic dining etiquette tips are workable in most countries.4.Social Customs①Customs are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.② Attitudes toward time and punctuality vary in different cultures.③ The way people from different cultures send invitations and express appreciation for hospitality differs.5.Gift Giving and ReceivingIn many cultures it is appropriate to bring smalll gifs when one is invited to enjoy hospitality, though what kind of gifts is suitable and when to open gifts varies across cultures.6.Humor, Superstition and Taboos① While humor is a universal human characteristic, what is perceived as humorous varies from culture to culture.② Superstitions are beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.③Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.四、重点1.social customs（社会习俗的不同点）Customs vary not only country but also by region or location within a country.① punctuality② invitations③ meeting people at a cocktail in the U.S.2.An invitation specifies a time, a date, and a place.。
跨文化交际资料
跨文化交际复习资料文化身份（cultural identity）指认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
文化是人类所独有的，区别于动物。
文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。
文化中的大部分是不自觉的，隐型的。
文化是人们行动的指南; 文化是动态的。
语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
高语境交际（high context communication）是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
非语言交际。
一切不使用语言进行交际的活动统称之为非语言交际，包括眼神、手势、身势微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念以及对空间的使用等等。
空间距离；人际交往的体距可以分为四种，亲密距离(0~45cm):心理学的角度看，这一区域是属于自己的，关系不亲密者进入这一范围就会引起威胁感。
个人距离：距离约为45cm~80cm，这是朋友间谈心的距离，所谈内容一般是个人的私事。
社交距离：相距，这是社交的正常距离，谈论的内容一般非个人事宜。
公共距离：在这种距离内讲话声音很高，谈话内容不涉及个人私事，一般适用于讲课、演说、演戏等场合。
各国人对体距方面的反应是不一样的。
民族中心主义就是按照本族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量他族文化中的一切，包括人们的行为举止，交际方式，社会习俗，管理模式以及价值观念等。
言语跨文化交际：同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。
禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。
定势指针对目标群体的成员所持有的（过于简单的）正面或反面的判断。
人们经常认为定势只含有否定贬义的意思。
然而，定势还包括盲目积极方面的判断，例如：认为所有的医生都是聪明机智的。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
跨文化交际能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。
跨文化交际公选课复习资料
第一部分谚语翻译不劳不获No pains, no gains.眼不见,心不烦Out of sight, out of mind.有志者事竟成Where there is a will there is a way.三思而后行Look before you leap.物以类聚,人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.人多好办事Many hands make light work.趁热打铁Strike while the iron is hot.人靠衣装马靠鞍。
Clothes make the man．哑巴狗最危险。
Dumb dogs are dangerous．孩子不打不成器。
Spare the rod and spoil the child.傻人有傻福。
Fortune favors fools.熟能生巧。
Practice makes perfect.眼见为实。
Seeing is believing.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.欲速则不达。
Haste makes waste.来得容易去得快。
Easy come, easy go.艺术是永恒的，生命是短暂的。
Art is long, life is short.夸夸其谈，所成不多。
Great boast, small roast.有情人终成眷属。
All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.好事不出门，坏事传千里。
Bad news has wings．凡人皆有死。
Death will have his day.王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。
Every cook praises his own broth（肉汤）. 好事多磨。
Roses have thorns.英雄所见略同。
Great minds think alike.冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
一．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，一方发出信息，另一方接受信息，这一过程就是传播。
2、亚文化：又称集体文化或副文化，指与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象，指在主文化或综合文化的背景下，属于某一区域或某个集体所特有的观念和生活方式，一种亚文化不仅包含着与主文化相通的价值与观念，也有属于自己的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚文化等都是这种亚文化。
亚文化是一个相对的概念。
是总体文化的次属文化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》一文中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：一是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
二是隐含要素：时空环境、心理因素、文化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单一，静止。
6、语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式，就像一面镜子，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和行为举止。
词汇作为语言的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族文化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的文化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，一个词语的字面意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语言对比为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平行、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语用规则就是特定文化群体关于语言交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的方式、说话的多少以及言语行为与非言语行为的配合等诸多方面。
10、交际风格是言语行为和非言语行为由于受使用中不同交际环境的影响或制约而形成的一系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运用对交际过程起着积极的促进作用，对交际能力的培养也起到重要作用。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
(完整版)跨文化交际复习题和答案解析
判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。
然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a perso n’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。
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第一章跨文化交际
交际：往来应酬
跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程
第二章文化的定义与特性
1.文化的定义：
1)人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和
2)考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
3)所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括社会成员的
个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。
4)历史上创造的所有的生活样式，包括显型的和隐型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及谈
不上是合理的或是不合理的一切，他们在某一时期作为人们的潜在指南而存在。
2.文化的特性
1)文化是人类所独有的，是区分人类和动物的主要标志。
文化是社会遗产，而不是生理
的遗传。
2)文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。
3)文化中的大部分是不自觉的。
4)文化是人们行动的指南。
5)文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
第五章语言交际
1.语言与文化的关系
语言与文化有着密切的关系。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
文化影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确而缜密。
语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。
2.词义与文化
1)语言要素：语音、语法、词汇
语音与文化关系最不密切，语法次之，而关系最密切关系最直接的是词汇。
2)有的学者将词汇分为一般词汇和文化词汇（判断区分两种词汇）
3.语用规则与文化
1)语用规则
语用规则就是讲话规则，指根据一定的交际对象、交际场合、交际目的等，对言语形式进行正确选择的规则，是语言的外部规则。
2)语用原则
［1］会话合作原则
量的准则质的准则相关准则方式准则
［2］会话礼貌原则
得体准则慷慨准则赞誉准则谦逊准则一致准则同情准则
第六章非语言交际
1.非语言交际，包括在交际的环境中人为的和环境产生的对于传播者和受传者含有潜在
信息的所有的刺激。
2.体态语，是非语言交际的重要组成成分。
3.非语言交际还包括副语言、对时间与空间的利用、味道、颜色等。
4.非语言交际的特点：
1)非语言交际没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构，非语言交际行为往往需要
综合分析周围的情况才能确定。
2)非语言交际没有具体明确意义的符号。
3)连续不断的
4)非语言交际的手段一部分是人类的本能，有些是后天习得的。
5.作用：
1)非语言交际通常和语言交际结合进行，在不同的情况下起着不同的作用，大致上起补
充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作用。
2)一般来说，在语言交际和非语言交际冲突时，人们倾向于相信后者。
6.非语言交际行为
1)副语言
2)沉默
3)味道
4)相貌
5)眼神6)身势面部表情、
手势、姿势
7)触摸
8)服饰
9)时间行为
10)对空间的利用
领域性、个人空间和
体距
11)颜色
第七章社会交往
见面语告别恭维与谦逊送礼宴请招待
第八章人际关系
1.家庭的地位与作用价值观、人际关系、原则
2.（家庭化的）社会关系孝顺服从、尊重平等父母子女、夫妻、上下级、朋友
庇护、义气、客观、公正、责任、义务
3.价值观和为贵价值观至上
第十一章跨文化交际的障碍
个人跨文化交际的障碍：
1.认识上的误区：把自己的文化规范误认为是他人也接受的文化规范是跨文化交际的主
要障碍
2.刻板印象：先于某种文化接触而对其先入为主的印象，刻板印象与其实密切相关。
3.民族中心主义：所谓民族中心主义就是按照本族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量他族
文化中的一切，包括人们的行为举止、交际方式、社会习俗、管理模式以及价值观念等等。
任何人都不可能完全避免民族中心主义，民主中心主义与文化共生。
第十二章文化休克与跨文化训练
1.文化休克：只对一个新的文化环境中居住或体验的经历感到不愉快的惊讶或震撼
2.文化休克有6个方面的表现：
1) 疲惫
2) 失落感
3) 不能接受和不被接受
4) 自我认同混乱
5) 强烈的负面感觉和反应，甚至惊奇、焦虑，厌恶和气愤
6) 无能为力
3. 进入陌生环境会发生文化休克的4类情况：
1) 旅游者；
2) 短期出访的商人、政府官员、外交官等
3) 留学生和长期在外工作的人员
4) 移民和政治避难者
文化休克集中反映在这两种人身上
4.
文化休克的四个阶段
蜜月期敌意/僵持/沮丧恢复/调整适应/掌握（双文化阶段）
5. 进入异文化前的训练 6类
1) 提供信息
2) 分析原因
3) 提高文化敏感 4) 改变认知行为 5) 体验型的训练（角色扮演、制造异环境） 6) 互动式训练
典型实例分析是跨文化交际训练中常用的一种方法。
6. 跨文化意识的四个层次：（努力达到第三个层次，达到第四个层次的部分要求）
1) 了解异文化表象的特点
2) 经历文化冲突
3) 理性分析
4) 长期生活于异文化中的体验，学会以当地人的眼光看待世界
7. 跨文化交际研究者一般都不主张异国人彻底本土化，完全按照本地人的风俗习惯行事。