Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福
笛福简介
笛福简介精选阅读一：丹尼尔·笛福，英国作家。
英国启蒙时期现实主义丰富的小说的奠基人，被誉为英国和欧洲的“小说之父”。
其作品可读性强，他所写的《鲁滨孙漂流记》在当时有很大影响，至今是雅俗共赏的名著。
主要构架为：主人公个人透过发奋，靠智慧和勇敢战胜困难，表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。
精选阅读二：丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel?Defoe，1660年－1731年4月24日），英国小说家、新闻记者、小册子作者。
其作品主要为个人透过发奋，靠自我的智慧和勇敢战胜困难。
情节曲折，采用自述方式，可读性强。
并表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。
其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》一向闻名于世，鲁宾逊也成为与困难抗争的典型，所以他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。
精选阅读三：于英国首都伦敦,父亲营屠宰业（一说是油烛商），所以转而选取了经商。
他广泛游历，经商也很成功。
在此期间，他成了家，开始了养家糊口的生活。
丹尼尔·笛福他早年经营内衣、烟酒、羊毛织品、制砖业，曾到大陆各国经商。
1684年，笛福与一个酒商的女儿结了婚，得到了女方家价值3700英镑的嫁妆。
他招妻弟和妹夫作合伙人做起了小百货买卖。
此外，还在欧洲范围内做生意，常做酒贸易来增加收入。
但是，他在“喝醉人”的生意中遵循的是清教徒原则，反对买卖当时简直要淹没伦敦的杜松子酒和一般的烈性饮料。
1685年参加蒙茅斯公爵领导反对天主教国王的叛乱；1688年荷兰信奉新教的威廉率军登陆英国，继承英国王位，笛福参加了他的军队。
1692年经商破产，负债达17000镑，以后又屡屡失败，因而不得不用各种方法谋生。
他曾充当政府的秘密情报员，设计过各种开发事业，同时从事写作。
1698年他发表《论开发》，提倡筑公路，办银行，立破产法，设疯人院，办水火保险，征所得税，办女学等。
1701年他发表一首讽刺诗《真正英国人》，认为没有纯种的英国人，反对贵族天主教势力，为外籍的信奉新教的威廉三世辩护。
笛福简介文档
笛福简介一、背景介绍笛福（Daniel Defoe）是英国18世纪的一位著名作家和记者。
他是英国文学史上最重要的早期小说家之一，被誉为“小说之父”。
笛福以其描写真实生活和社会问题的作品而闻名，对英国小说发展产生了深远影响。
二、生平经历1. 出生和早年笛福的原名是丹尼尔·福（Daniel Foe），生于1660年在英国伦敦。
他出生在一个富商家庭，家庭环境优越。
他接受了良好的教育，学习了文学、语言和商业等多个领域的知识。
2. 商人生涯笛福在成年后选择了从商，他曾在父亲的经商公司工作，但不幸的是，这个公司后来破产了。
之后，笛福开设了自己的贸易公司，并参与了包括航海贸易在内的多个商业活动。
这段商人生涯为他后来写作提供了丰富的素材和经验。
3. 政治参与除了商界，笛福还积极参与政治活动。
他是一名自由主义者，持有强烈的个人自由和言论自由观念。
他在伦敦市议会担任了几年的职务，并尝试为自由主义和民主价值观发声。
4. 文学事业尽管笛福参与了许多商业和政治活动，但他最著名的贡献还是在文学领域。
他的第一本著作是关于商业的书籍，但并没有获得太大的关注。
然而，他在1719年出版的《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）将他推上了文学巅峰。
这本小说讲述了一个男人在荒岛上的生活经历，以及他如何适应并最终成功生活下来的故事。
这本小说至今仍被视为经典之作，影响了后来的许多作家。
此外，笛福还写过其他几部著名的小说，包括《大流行时期的日记》（A Journal of the Plague Year）和《罗克荒》（Moll Flanders）。
这些作品描绘了当时的社会和人性，具有很高的艺术价值和思想深度。
5. 逝世与遗产笛福于1731年去世，享年71岁。
他在文学领域的贡献被广泛认可，并对后世的文学发展产生了深远的影响。
他的作品被翻译成多种语言，并广泛传播至世界各地。
三、对文学的影响作为小说之父，笛福对英国小说的发展做出了重要贡献。
丹尼尔笛福
Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe
Born
c.1659–1661
London, England
Died
24 April 1731
London, பைடு நூலகம்ngland
Occupation
Writer, journalist, merchant
丹尼尔笛福作家传记
丹尼尔·笛福——用一生创作一个冒险传奇我试着从最后墓碑的部分开始讲，墓碑上是这样写的——“丹尼尔•笛福：《鲁滨逊漂流记》的作者”。
墓碑上刻着此人一生的最值得一书的事情并且通过此事倒推后题词此人的一生都奉献给了这个事。
当然，本篇叙述的对象丹尼尔•笛福，并不仅仅将一生都奉献给了写出《鲁滨逊漂流记》这个事，或许至少如下所述，看来也算是潇潇洒洒地在世走一遭了。
1660年5月6日，丹尼尔·笛福出生在英国伦敦，1731年4月24日，这位传奇人物在自己的公寓中安然离世。
丹尼尔·笛福原名叫作丹尼尔·福，后来在自己的姓前面加上听起来如同贵族的“de”的前缀，形成笛福（Defoe）这一笔名。
虽然他不是贵族，但是笛福花钱买了一个盾形的纹章，虚造了一份家谱，谨以此来表明他出身于贵族。
丹尼尔·笛福的父亲詹姆士·福并不认为自己有任何的贵族血统，但他还是以“英国中产阶级的传统方式”来教育笛福以及他的兄弟姐妹。
同时笛福的父亲并不信奉英国国教，这种不满现状的精神也深深的影响到了少年的笛福，从小他就被熏陶成一个不安份的漂泊者，一个对生活具有观察力的评论家。
笛福出身于一个长老会派家庭，笛福的父亲詹姆斯·福从事屠宰业，双亲都是长老会教徒，不信仰英国国教，笛福自己也在长老会的学校里接受中等教育，但没有上过大学。
处于平民阶层的上层。
在大清洗中，他的家庭也追随其牧师脱离圣公会。
父母本打算将他培养成一位长老会牧师，他却投身商海，从鞋袜商、烟酒进口商，到船舶保险人，未及而立之年就在城里和乡下都拥有房产以及象征身份地位的四轮马车。
出生在一个不信服英国国教的家庭中，笛福对牧师不感兴趣。
于是在他20岁的时候，笛福开始了他的经商生涯。
笛福是一个有才干，有主见，有思想的年轻人，不过可惜的是，他不能把他自己的想法付诸实践。
他劝人晚婚，自己却在24岁的时候就结婚了，娶了一个商人的女儿，随之而来还有3700英镑。
鲁滨逊漂流记的作者
鲁滨逊漂流记的作者丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）是英国文学史上的一位重要作家，是18世纪初期最重要的英国小说家之一。
笛福生于1660年London，死于1731年，他的作品涵盖了小说、政治、宗教、新闻等各个领域，被认为是英国启蒙时代思想和文化的代表人物之一。
而他最为著名的作品之一，便是《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）。
该作品被认为是英国小说的开山之作，并且被翻译成了数十种语言，在全球范围内广受欢迎，成为了世界文学史的经典之作。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》讲述的是一个名叫鲁滨逊·克鲁索（Robinson Crusoe）的年轻人，在一次远航途中遭遇海难，被困在荒岛上，并维持了28年的孤独生活的故事。
在这本小说中，笛福通过叙述主人公的冒险故事，探讨了人的信仰、勇气、决心和适应能力等与人类存在相关的主题。
小说的第一部分主要是讲述主人公在荒岛上的生活，通过鲁滨逊的日记，我们了解到他是如何建造房屋、养殖土豆、驯服动物等生存技能，同时还探讨了他在孤独中度过的精神变化。
笛福通过主人公在孤独和困难中的坚韧和努力来表现了人类的适应能力和坚强的生命力。
同时，这样的描写也让读者对自然世界有了更深刻的认识和了解。
在小说的第二部分中，鲁滨逊回到了文明世界。
但他并没有像预期的那样顺利重返家园，而是在海盗、奴隶贸易等事件中展开的一系列冒险中继续着他的故事。
在这一部分中，笛福描写了人类的黑暗面，如经济压迫、奴隶制度和战争，同时也描写了人的道德选择和对未来的乐观信念。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》被誉为18世纪英国启蒙运动的一部代表作，它强调了个人自由、自由主义、人权观念，阐述了物质文明与精神文明之间的关系。
此外，作者笛福在小说中也对宗教信仰、天启文学、探险精神等问题进行了深刻的探讨。
总之，《鲁滨逊漂流记》是一部兼具冒险性质和文化哲学深度的小说，它的精力和魅力在于体现出人能够克服困境和生存下去的强大意志力和完美追求。
《鲁宾逊漂流记》作者简介
《鲁宾逊漂流记》作者简介《鲁宾逊漂流记》作者简介《鲁滨逊漂流记》是英国作家丹尼尔·笛福的一部长篇小说。
下面是小编精心整理的《鲁宾逊漂流记》作者简介，欢迎大家分享。
作者简介：丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel·Defoe 1660—1731），英国作家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。
其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。
在英国１８世纪四大著名小说家中，丹尼尔·笛福是第一个，他所写的《鲁滨孙飘流记》在当时有很大影响，至今是雅俗共赏的名著。
丹尼尔·笛福生于1660年。
1640年，英国资产阶级以暴力取得政权，但是在笛福出生那年，代表封建反动势力的斯图亚特王室又在英国复辟，笛福出生于一个小油烛商人的家庭，属于中下层资产阶级，在政治上反对斯图亚特王室的封建统治。
笛福28岁那年，即1688年，资产阶级又赶走了斯图亚特王室，重新掌了权，他一面经商，一面从事政治活动，写下不少小册子。
因为有的书和演说揭露了当时社会的不合理现象，曾先后三、四次被关进监狱。
59岁时，写成了《鲁滨孙漂流记》。
这部小说是以一件真事为素材写成的。
200多年前，有一个苏格人塞尔柯克在一艘英国海船上当水手。
1704年9月的一天，塞尔柯克因为和船长发生冲突，被遗弃古拉丁美洲的一个荒无人烟的小岛上，塞尔柯克心情很坏，但后来慢慢地习惯了。
他捕山羊做食物，用木头和羊皮盖了两间小房子，拿钉子做针，把破袜子拆开来做线，用来缝东西。
他在荒岛上生活两年四个月，1709年2月12日，一位英国航海家把他救离了海岛，塞尔柯克回到苏格兰后，经常在酒店里向人们讲述他不平凡的经历。
后来，笛福就根据这个故事写成了此书。
继《鲁滨孙漂流记》后，又写了许多小说，比较有名的有：《辛格顿船长》、《杰克上校》、《罗克查娜》、《伦敦大疫记》、《一个骑士的回忆录》等。
丹尼尔笛福德的简介
丹尼尔·笛福德的简介
丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe，1660年5月6日—1731年4月24日），17—18世纪英国作家。
1660年5月6日，出生于伦敦圣盖尔斯街。
1671年，开始在詹姆斯·费希尔牧师在萨里郡的道尔金开办的学校读书。
1674年，开始在主教查尔斯·莫顿在纽温顿格林村主办的学校读书。
1681年，完成第一部作品论著《冥想》。
1683年，开始从事商业活动。
1688年，参加光荣革命。
1695年，被任命为皇家彩票事务负责人。
1697年，出版论著《计划论》。
1701年，出版长诗《地道的英国人》。
1702年，出版论著《对付新教徒最直截了当的办法》。
1703年，创作诗歌《立枷颂》。
1704年，开始独立主办《评论》杂志。
1705年，创作行旅小说《团结》。
1709年，完成历史记录《大不列颠联合王国史》。
1719年，出版长篇小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
1720年，完成历史小说《骑士回忆录》《辛格顿船长》《鲁滨逊漂流记的回想》。
1722年，出版小说《摩尔·弗兰德斯》《杰克上校》《大疫年日记》。
1724年，出版小说《罗克萨娜》。
1725年，出版小说《英国商人手册》。
1731年4月24日，逝世于伦敦居所，葬于本希尔公墓。
丹尼尔笛福英文简介
丹尼尔笛福英文简介导读：本文是关于丹尼尔笛福英文简介，希望能帮助到您！丹尼尔·笛福简介Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British writer. British Enlightenment era realism rich novels founder, known as the "father of the novel", "the father of British novels" and "the father of the British newspaper" and so on. His works are readable. Believe in protestant William III. His representative "Robinson Crusoe", optimistic and brave Robinson through the efforts, by virtue of wisdom and courage to overcome the difficulties, the performance of the pursuit of adventure, advocate personal struggle of the social atmosphere.丹尼尔·笛福人物生平Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British novelist, founder of the British Enlightenment era of realism novels, known as the "father of European novels." Was born in the British capital of London, father camp slaughtering industry (one that is oil candle business), so instead chose to do business. He travel extensively, operating underwear in the early years, tobacco and alcohol, wool fabric, brick industry, went to the mainland business.In 1684, Defoe married a daughter of a wine business, got the woman's home worth 3700 pounds of dowry. He strokes his brother andbrother and brother as a partner to start a small department store trading. In addition, it is still doing business in Europe, often making wine trade to increase revenue. However, he followed the puritan principle in the "drunken" business, against the sale of gin and the usual spirits.In 1685 Defoe attended the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth against the Catholic kings.In 1688 the Dutch believe in protestant William led his army to land in England, inherited the British throne, Defoe participated in his army.In 1692 he was bankrupt, debt amounted to 17,000 pounds, and later failed, and thus had to use a variety of ways to make a living. He has acted as a secret intelligence officer of the government, designed various development undertakings, and engaged in writing.In 1698 he published "on the development", to promote highway construction, bank, bankruptcy law, set up crazy homes, do water and fire insurance, levy income tax, school and so on.In 1701 he published a satirical poem "real British", that there is no purebred British, against the aristocratic Catholic forces, for the foreign faith in protestant William III defense. This song is printed with version 9.1702 issued a political theory "to eliminate the different sects of the shortcut", with irony, against the national religion oppression of different sects, clever writing, began to be seen isagainst Christians, after being found, by the fine and jail punishment, imprisonment 6 Month, flog three times, but by the people of London as a hero. In the prison he imitated the Greek poet pinarross's song to write a "lie" (1703), satirical law unfairly.In 1704, Daniel Defoe won the "Review" magazine for Whig's party leader Harry, which was supported by Harry's England-Scottish coalition policy. After 11 years he has been between England and Scotland, as Harry and his successor Toli pie Gordorfen secret intelligence officer, to collect public opinion. During this period, he wrote a short term imprisonment, but never terminated for the Whig party in power to collect intelligence, newspaper, write articles.Defoe began writing novels at the age of 59. In 1719 the first novel, "Robinson Crusoe" published, popular, he succeeded in shaping the image of an idealized bourgeois, in the history of European novels is a pioneering work. The same year and published a sequel.1720 and wrote "Robinson's pensive set." Since then, he has written several novels: "Captain Singleton" "Moore Flanders" "Colonel Jack" and so on. In addition, he also wrote a number of biographies, such as "deaf man Campbell", "peter Emperor Ji", several domestic and foreign travel, such as "New Global Travel" "Roberts Captain four travel" and so on. His novel to "Robinson Crusoe" spread the most widely, is considered his masterpiece.It is said that Flute has been associated with 26 magazines, some people call him "the father of modern news reports." His works,including a large number of political books, a total of 250 species, and both are the need to develop the development of the bourgeoisie, write the city middle class interested and concerned about the issue. (1722), written in 1665 London plague, the occurrence of the plague, the spread of the plague, the plague of the plague, the plague of the plague, It caused terror and panic, as well as the number of deaths, the situation of the escape was written as immersive. At that time the French Marseille plague epidemic, causing people's special attention, Defoe's work to meet the public's curiosity on plague.After the "Robinson Crusoe", he wrote some excellent works, including "Moore Flanders" and "Colonel Jack", which were classified as British literary classics."Robinson Crusoe" best-selling prompted him to write "Robinson Crusoe sequel", he let his hero made a global travel, Robinson's most journey is starting from Beijing, across Siberia to Russia Hangeersk. He has not been to China, but in the sequel talked about the time the European people do not know Heilongjiang.Defoe was too comfortable in his later years, and wrote a few books, some creditors have died, he sold a small brick factory with a small amount of money back to other people's debt, still not far from London to purchase A suite. However, he also has ups and downs, and creditors live in harmony, and could not expect a creditor's widow made a new lawsuit, the judicial machine again spin up, he was to avoid the property was confiscated, the housing and property transferto his son The His son is a capable journalist, who wants him or a villain. Defoe wrote: "I put myself in his subordinate position, trust him, entrusted him to other children who have no living security, and he has not even compassionate, tortured the children, tortured himself The unfortunate mother, who lived a very rich life.The flute of the seventies had to hide from the debt, and he had rented rooms in the center of London's old town.On the day of the 1731 day, the London Courier reported that the evening of the evening, the famous Daniel Defoe died in his own apartment in the Canakan Boulevard. The British love to write their own pretense, written cute, witty and brief. Defoe also wrote that he wanted to write on his tombstone: "Daniel Defoe". But they are another consideration, they wrote on his tombstone: "Daniel Defoe:" Robinson Crusoe "author.丹尼尔·笛福人物评价Defoe lives in the period of capitalist development, he belongs to the bourgeoisie, he is the middle class bourgeois spokesperson.Defoe life is most concerned about the development of capitalism, he strongly praised the bourgeoisie, he believes that the core issue of a country's development is the development of trade. "Give us trade is to give us everything", "trade is the world's prosperous life", which is his most fundamental proposition. Because he thought that trade made the manufacturing and maritime industry development, so that people have work, there are clothing to wear, have food,materials and therefore can maintain high prices, and can maintain a high rent, so the upper society also benefit. As long as there are hard-working people to develop trade, any place will flourish. All his economic works and some political works have played this proposition, put forward a number of specific recommendations. Defarge's idea of developing the economy is conducive to the development of the British society, but he enthusiastically supports the colonial system, proposes to seize and operate the colonies, propose ways to expand trade with backward countries, and embrace slaves. All this shows his class limitations.Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the "gentleman" who looked down on "civilians". He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. praised his class, he in the "Rosanna" where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.Defoe's attitude towards the working people is twofold. He believes that the root of the crime is poor, rich people are not guilty. Moore Flanders and Rohsana are embraced by the glorious path, because of poverty, so he is also sympathetic to the two characters. He advocated the development of industry and commerce to make the people work. But on the other hand, he was the workers working long time, low wages, underage children will work and other brutal exploitation of the phenomenon as a matter of course. This is the employer's point of view.Defoe accepted Locke's political thought, opposes despotism, and advocates civil rights. At that time the British parliament was the upper echelon of politicians fighting infighting places, bribing and all kinds of dirty means of public. Workers, peasants and the petty bourgeoisie are not represented at all. Defoe advocates that the basic right of man is that no one, including the king, the cabinet, and the congress, can not be violated. "The British are neither kings nor slaves of Congress." Defoe advocated freedom of religious belief, although the British did not like France, Spain, as in the religious issue of extreme autocracy, but the religion outside the protestant denominations and Catholic believers are also a variety of restrictions. He is a non-state religion protestant, who is a petty bourgeoisie who demands a political system that is in line with the "revolutionary principle" and demands freedom of belief. Defoe is the spokesman for this faction. He argues that the people should beeducated and advocated for women to be educated.In general, the thought of Defoe was progressive at the time, but the limitations of his thought were great. The bourgeoisie was still a progressive class and still struggled against feudal forces. Conservative aristocrats, landlords do not produce, sit huge rent income, the bourgeoisie organized large-scale industrial and commercial promotion of social development.The petty bourgeoisie, on the one hand, has the same place as the big bourgeoisie, and on the other, with the ruling class big bourgeoisie and aristocrats, and demand more liberal politics. Therefore, Defoe's views on the development of capitalism, against feudal forces, against political undemocratic, and against monopolies are all progressive. But he was subject to the constraints of the times and class prejudice and colonial system and racial discrimination, which is consistent with the big bourgeoisie, is reactionary. To the working people, he is only concerned with making them work and producing wealth, which coincides with the demands of capitalism. Defoe thought on this duality, clearly manifested in his literary works.Defoe is deeply understood by the characters he describes, and he is good at writing individuals to overcome difficulties in an unfavorable environment. His hero is intelligent, energetic, unbelief, believe in "common sense". plot, structure does not fall ax chisel trace. He is particularly good at describing theenvironment, the details of the fidelity, fictional scene written so that people as immersive.Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the "gentleman" who looked down on "civilians". He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. praised his class, he in the "Rosanna" where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.。
Daniel Defoe&Robinson Crusoe
His twenty-eight years on an uninhabited island
There was nothing but some jungles, wild animals.
When he comes to the island
make a great Cross on the Shore
The background The introduction of Robinson Crusoe Summary
Background
Robinson Crusoe was written in the middle of 17th century. At that time, the bourgeois revolution was just over. Robinson was epitome of the society.
《鲁宾逊漂流记》提要
The story of Robinson Crusoe(1)
Crusoe leaves England on a sea voyage in 1652 against the wishes of his parents. The ship is taken over by pirates and Crusoe becomes slave of a moor. He manages to escape with a boat and is taken in by a Portuguese ship off the western coast of Africa. The ship is on route to Brazil. There, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation. He joins an expedition to bring over slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked on an island (which later turns out to be near the mouth of the Orinoco river). His companions all die; he manages to fetch arms, tools and other supplies from the ship. He proceeds to build himself a fenced-in habitation, keeps a calendar by making marks in a piece of wood, hunts, grows corn, learns how to make pottery, raises goats etc. He reads the Bible and slowly becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but society.
Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福 ppt课件
It is based upon the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, who had been marooned in an island off the coast of Chile in 1704 and who had been lived there in solitude for four years and four months.
ppt课件
11
Crusoe’s Life on the
Island
Crusoe went on a voyage, but a terrible shipwreck occurred, after which he found himself on the shore of an island, alone.
Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was himself a Puritan moralist,
A central concern of Defoe's in the novel is the Christian notion of Providence. Crusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fate, thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent hopelessness. His various fortunate intuitions are taken as evidence of a benign spirit world.
丹尼尔
丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel·Defoe1660—1731），英国作家，新闻记者，小册子作者。
英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”。
写作背景
这部小说是笛福受当时一个真实故事的启发而创作的。
1704年9月一名叫亚历山大·塞尔柯克的苏格兰水手在海上与船长发生争吵，被船长遗弃在南美洲大西洋中，离智利400英里之遥的安·菲南德岛上达4年4月之久，四年后他被伍兹·罗杰斯船长所救,当他被救回英国时已成了一个野人。
英国著名作家笛福以赛尔科克的传奇故事为蓝本，把自己多年来的海上经历和体验倾注在人物身上，并充分运用自己丰富的想象力进行文学加工，使“鲁滨逊”成了当时中小资产阶级心目中的英雄人物。
是西方文学中第一个理想化的新兴资产者形象。
他表现了强烈的资产阶级进取精神和启蒙意识。
赛尔科克在荒岛上并没有作出什么值得颂扬的英雄事迹，他和鲁滨逊都被说成有捕山羊和以羊皮为衣的经历,也都被猫骚扰过;他们也都驯养过山羊和同猫作伴,还都抽时间向上帝祈祷过。
但鲁滨逊在其他方面并未借助赛尔科克的经历。
本书成书于1719年左右，在作者快年届60时创作了这部妙趣横生、雅俗共赏、老少皆宜的传记体小说，为自己博得了“英国小说和报纸之父”的美誉。
这是一部流传很广大，影响很大的文学名著，主人公鲁滨逊十分乐观，充满了斗志，体现了自我奋斗的精神，他的创造性劳动及成果也体现了人类智慧的无穷魅力。
如果一个人遭遇困境，而无人解救就必须学会乐观地去改变现状，而这需要像鲁滨逊那样有惊人的毅力和百折不挠的精神，这是我们阅读完小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》所能体会到的。
《鲁滨孙漂流记》笛福简介
打印版笛福简介丹尼尔•笛福(1660～1731)，Daniel Defoe，英国小说家，现实主义者。
英国18世纪启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“英国小说之父”。
他的代表作是《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
丹尼尔•笛福1660年出生于伦敦的商人家庭。
父亲营屠宰业，信奉不同于国教的长老会。
笛福原姓福，1703年后自称笛福。
他受过中等教育，但没有受过大学古典文学教育。
他一直保持不同于国教信仰的立场，政治上倾向于辉格党。
他在学习当牧师多年后，才发觉自己并不适合宗教生活，因此转而选择了经商。
他广泛游历，经商也很成功。
在此期间，他成了家，开始了养家糊口的生活。
1692年，他的生意失败了，32岁的笛福负债累累，同时还要养活妻子和六个孩子。
由于对政治一直有较浓厚的兴趣，他开始为报社撰写政论文章来谋生。
因为这些文章经常抨击国王和执政党，结果，笛福数次入狱，在监狱里呆了不少年。
由于政论文章只能给他惹麻烦并增加债务，笛福只好转向小说创作。
1719年，年近60岁的笛福发表了第一部小说，后来该小说成为世界上著名的冒险小说之一——《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
290多年后的今天，这部小说仍然脍炙人口。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》给笛福带来了巨大成功并帮他还清了部分债务。
此后，他还陆续写成了《莫尔•弗兰德斯》《杰克上校》及另外两本写鲁滨逊的小说，但债主总是跟着他追债。
在他生命的最后几年中，笛福体弱多病，无人陪伴，债主不断上门，孩子们也对他撒手不管。
1731年，丹尼尔•笛福去世，终年71岁。
像生活在荒岛上长达28年之久的他的小说主人公鲁滨逊一样，他孤独而又恐慌。
丹尼尔·笛福简介
作者简介丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel·Defoe 1660—1731），英国作家，新闻记者，小册子作者。
英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。
其作品主要为个人通过努力，靠自己的智慧和勇敢战胜困难为构架。
情节曲折，采用自述方式，可读性强。
并表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。
其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》的姊妹篇是《困》，也是笛福所著。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》给笛福带来了巨大成功并帮他还清了部分债务。
此后，他还陆续写成了《莫尔·弗兰德斯》《杰克上校》及另外两本写鲁滨逊的小说，但债主总是跟着他追债。
在他生命的最后几年中，笛福体弱多病，无人陪伴，债主不断上门，孩子们也对他撒手不管。
1731年4月26日，丹尼尔·笛福在悲愤中死去，终年71岁。
作者在全篇中的名言是：害怕危险的心理比危险本身还要可怕一万倍呢。
丹尼尔·笛福的代表作有: 《鲁滨逊漂流记》《辛格尔顿船长》《摩尔·弗兰德斯》《大疫年记事》《枷刑颂》《消灭不同教派的捷径》《法国时事评论》作品介绍《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）旧译《鲁滨孙漂流记》，是由丹尼尔·笛福59岁时所著的第一部小说，首次出版于1719年4月25日。
这本小说被认为是第一本用英文以日记形式写成的小说，享有英国第一部现实主义长篇小说的头衔，是一部家喻户晓的现实主义回忆录式冒险小说，是18世纪英国著名作家笛福受一个苏格兰水手海上遇险的经历启发用英文以日记形式写成的小说。
笛福在书中塑造了一个勇于面对自然挑战的新型人物——鲁滨逊·克鲁索。
他不屑守成，倾心开拓，三番五次的抛开小康家庭，出海闯天下。
在遭遇海难流落到荒岛上以后，他运用自己的头脑和双手，修建住所，种植粮食，驯养家畜，制造器具，缝纫衣服，把荒岛改造成“世外桃源"。
丹尼尔·笛福德的简介
丹尼尔·笛福德的简介丹尼尔·笛福德（Daniel Defoe），1660年出生于英国伦敦，是英国著名的小说家、史学家。
丹尼尔·笛福德的家庭条件相当清贫，但他仍专注于学习。
他上完小学后，就投身于商业经营，并走遍英国各大城市开展业务，皮货生意创造了一笔可观的财富。
17世纪末和18世纪初，他曾参与过多次反叛活动，如1683年参与“英格兰民主人权联盟”反对英王James II ；1701年也曾参加反对William III，但都毫无结果。
1702年，他在伦敦出版了有关“大禹治水”的书籍《大禹史话》，里面收录了全球水利工程的大禹传说。
这本书大受好评，也使他开始关注历史，精通早期历史、经济和法律，引起了伦敦名流们的关注和好评。
丹尼尔·笛福德有多部作品，其中《赎罪》最著名。
它的故事讲述了一个叫做“弗兰克·切尔斯顿”的人，他冒险去此处此处，在旅程中情节戏剧性的变化，最终发现善良和正义的道路。
《赎罪》的主题情感饱满，追求自由的元素，以及提倡长期追求善良和自由的口吻，都称得上是历史上最重要的小说之一。
另外，丹尼尔·笛福德还出版了《汤姆·史密斯历险记》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《十日谋略》等作品，深受读者的喜爱。
丹尼尔·笛福德1731年因为虚假的储备性金融行为被捕，服刑五周。
在监狱里，他写了关于不稳定政治的《什么是正义？》，此作深受人们赞美。
后来，他出版了《政治观念》和《大英帝国论》，并发表很多有力的声明，坚决反对君权和宗教迫害，为日后英国民主政治奠定了基础。
丹尼尔·笛福德一生投身文学事业，出版了许多不朽的作品，是英国文学史上最卓越的作家之一。
他让英国历史变得更富有个性，其显著的贡献为现代小说的发展做出了重要贡献，并在文学艺术方面有重要影响，他曾获得英国文学协会的“钻石奖”。
2010年，他被授予英国“文学之父”称号，以表彰他对文学的影响和突出的贡献。
Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福
A jack-of-all-trades A raion A journalist and pamphleteer A prisoner
一个万事通 不信奉国教的宗教激 进者 一个记者和小册子作 者 一个囚犯
丹尼尔· 笛福（1660-1731），生于伦敦一小工商业者家庭，在一 所强调英文写作、数学和理科的学校读书。毕业后曾经商，办工 厂，屡次破产，又屡次重新起家。福笛对政治很感兴趣，早年曾 写过很多文章和小册子，常年奔走于英格兰和苏格兰各地了解舆 论情况，因文字两次获罪下狱。
He swam back to the sunk ship and after several trips he got out of it the small stores of food, clothing and tools as well as guns and bullets, which he saved up for his own use.
Crusoe’s Life on the Island
Crusoe went on a voyage, but a terrible shipwreck occurred, after which he found himself on the shore of an island, alone.
他游向已经沉没的船,在船上他找到了食物、衣服和工具以及枪支和子弹,这些 物品都可以供给他自己使用。
He managed with his industriousness and skill to create an environment for himself.
他用他的勤奋和聪明的头脑,为自己创造一个环境。
Ending of the Story
Daniel Defoe笛福
Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔•笛福) （1660--1731）●Introduction:笛福是小说的最早的倡导者，并为这种新兴文学形式的普及作出了极大贡献，被认为是英国小说之父(the Farther of the English Fiction)。
笛福是一个具有多种才能的多产作家。
共写了500多本不同类型的书和小册子，并与26家杂志有联系，其写作的主题和题材包括政治、犯罪、宗教、婚姻、心理和超自然等。
他也被称为“现代新闻报道之父”。
他的作品，包括大量政论册子，无一不是投合资产阶级发展的需要，写城市中产阶级感兴趣和关心的问题。
●His works:The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(现在也称Robinson Crusoe)（1719）；Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》（1720）；Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》（1722）；A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日记》（1722）；Roxana《罗克萨娜》（1724）；Colonel Jacques《杰克上校》（1722）。
●Appreciation: an excerpt from Chapter Ⅳ.My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing my self againsteither savages, if any should appear, or wild beasts, if any were in the island;and I had many thoughts of the method how to do this, and what kind ofdwelling to make, whether I should make me a cave in the earth, or a tentupon the earth: And, in short, I resolved upon both, the manner anddescription of which, it may not be improper to give an account of.I soon found the place I was in was not for my settlement, particularlybecause it was upon a low moorish ground near the sea, and I believedwould not be wholesome, and more particularly because there was no fresh water near it, so I resolved tofind a more healthy and more convenient spot of ground.I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me. First, health, andfresh water I just now mentioned. Secondly, shelter from the heat of the sun. Thirdly, security fromravenous creatures, whether men or beasts. Fourthly, a view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in sight, Imight not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectationyet.In search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the side of a rising hill; whose fronttowards this little plain, was steep as a house-side, so that nothing could come down upon me from the top;on the side of this rock there was a hollow place worn a little way in like the entrance or door of a cave,but there was not really any cave or way into the rock at all.On the flat of the green, just before this hollow place, I resolved to pitch my tent: This plain was notabove an hundred yards broad, and about twice as long, and lay like a green before my door, and at the end of it descended irregularly every way down into the low-grounds by the sea-side. It was on the north-northwest side of the hill, so that I was sheltered from the heat every day, till it came to a west and by south sun, or thereabouts, which in those countries is near the setting.Before I set up my tent, I drew a half circle before the hollow place, which took in about ten yards in its semi-diameter from the rock, and twenty yards in its diameter, from its beginning and ending.In this half circle I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them into the ground till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end being out of the ground about five foot and a half, and sharpened on the top: The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another.Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and I laid them in rows one upon another, within the circle, between these two rows of stakes, up to the top, placing other stakes in the in-side, leaning against them, about two foot and a half high, like a spur to a post, and this fence was so strong, that neither man or beast could get into it or over it. This cost me a great deal of time and labour, especially to cut the piles in the woods, bring them to the place, and drive them into the earth.The entrance into this place I made to be not by a door, but by a short ladder to go over the top, which ladder, when I was in, I lifted over after me, and so I was completely fenced in, and fortified as I thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the night, which otherwise I could not have done, though, as it appeared afterward, there was no need of all this caution from the enemies that I apprehended danger from.Into this fence or fortress, with infinite labour, I carried all my riches, all my provisions, ammunition and stores, of which you have the account above. And I made me a large tent, which, to preserve me from the rains that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made double, viz. One smaller tent within, and one larger tent above it, and covered the uppermost with a large tarpaulin which I had saved among the sails.And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on shore, but in a hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged to the mate of the ship.Into this tent I brought all my provisions, and every thing that would spoil by the wet, and having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the entrance, which till now I had left open, and so passed and re-passed, as I said, by a short ladder.When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and bringing all the earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent, I laid them up within my fence in the nature of a terrace, that so it raised the ground within about a foot and a half; and thus I made me a cave just behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house.。
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe
• 鲁滨逊出身于中产阶级，他父亲常用知足常乐的 哲学教育他，要他满足现状，不要出海。但海外 的新世界像一股不可抗拒的吸引力诱惑着他，他 雄心勃勃，决心舍弃安逸舒适的平庸生活出海远 航。第一次出海他几乎淹死。第三次出海，又被 海盗掳去，逃出后在巴西发了财。但他仍不死心， 经别人提议，再次出航，结果滞留海岛。28年的 孤岛生活阻止不了他的继续冒险。这种勇于进取 的冒险精神，表现了当时新兴的资产阶级不满足 于现状，要开拓世界、占有世界的欲望。
Robinson Crusoe
• The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, where-in all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written by Himself
• Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) English novelist, political pamphleteer(政治宣传册作家)and journalist, is most famous as the author of Robinson Crusoe (1719) • Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel, as he helped to popularize the form in Britain, and is even referred to by some as one of the founders of the English novel. • As a prolific(多产的) and versatile(多才多艺的) writer, he wrote more than five hundred books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.
丹尼尔笛福简介
丹尼尔·笛福简介1. 前言•丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）是一位英国作家和记者，他因他的小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》而闻名于世。
•笛福不仅是18世纪文学的重要人物，也是英国历史上最早的专业记者之一。
•本文将介绍笛福的生平及其主要作品，以帮助读者更好地了解这位杰出的作家。
2. 生平•丹尼尔·笛福于1660年出生在英国伦敦一个富有的家庭。
•尽管他的家庭富有，但他在成长过程中经历了许多困难和挫折。
他的父亲是一位商人，但在他年轻的时候就去世了。
•笛福在年轻时曾从事多种职业，包括商人、煤矿所有者和政府间谍等。
这些经历为他后来的写作生涯提供了丰富的素材和灵感。
3. 文学成就3.1 《鲁滨逊漂流记》•《鲁滨逊漂流记》是笛福最著名的作品之一，讲述了一个男人在遇到船只事故后被困在一个荒岛上的故事。
•这部小说被认为是世界上第一部关于荒岛生存的现实主义小说，对后来的冒险小说和流行文化产生了深远的影响。
•《鲁滨逊漂流记》不仅因其引人入胜的故事情节而受到赞赏，还因其深入探讨人类孤立和自我反省的主题而备受推崇。
3.2 其他作品•笛福的文学作品不仅局限于小说，他还写过大量的政治、经济和社会评论。
•他的作品主要围绕着个人自由和人类社会发展的主题展开，深受当时社会上自由思潮的影响。
•其他值得一提的作品包括《智慧之路》、《少壮派天空思考者》等。
3.3 被视为早期记者•笛福是英国历史上最早的专业记者之一。
•他在1695年创办了第一份英国商业报纸《消息报》，成为了一名独立的新闻记者。
•笛福的新闻报道以其准确性和客观性而闻名，这让他在当时的报业界有很高的声誉。
4. 影响和遗产•丹尼尔·笛福的作品对英国文学产生了深远的影响，他被认为是英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一。
•他的作品不仅在英国，而且在全球范围内都广受欢迎，被翻译成多种语言。
•他的文学成就使他成为了18世纪英国文学的重要人物，并为后来的作家提供了灵感和启示。
丹尼尔简介
丹尼尔·笛福简介及写作风格丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel·Defoe 1660—1731），英国作家，新闻记者，小册子作者。
英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。
《鲁滨孙（逊）漂流记》主要为个人通过努力，靠自己的智慧和勇敢战胜困难。
情节曲折，采用自述方式，可读性强。
并表现了当时追求冒险，倡导他个人奋斗的社会风气。
其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。
生于英国伦敦，本姓foe。
笛福后来在自己的姓前面加上听起来如同贵族的“de”的前缀，形成笛——defoe这一笔名。
笛福的父亲詹姆斯·福从事屠宰业，双亲都是长老会教徒，不信仰英国国教，笛福自己也在长老会的学校里接受中等教育，但没有上过大学。
笛福是英国文学史上第一个重要的小说家。
他一生的经历与冒险，比起小说中主人公也毫不逊色。
他出身小商人家庭，在为不信国教者设立的学院中学习。
他没有遵从父愿当牧师，而是当了内衣经销商，也经营烟酒和羊毛批发，他因商务到过西班牙、法国、荷兰、意大利。
在商务成功的同时，他对政治也很感兴趣。
1685年，他参加了试图将蒙茅茨公爵推上王位的活动。
1688年，他加入了威廉三世的军队。
3年后，他经商破产，数年内六度涉讼。
但不久他又东山再起，经营砖瓦生意，并涉足政治。
他的小册子《略谈各种计划》（1698），提出社会生活各部门的改革意见，诸如倡导养老金、所得税、保险和救济、设立妇女学院等，在小册子里赞成辉格党的重商政治。
他的政治讽刺诗《土生英国人》（1701）反驳对威廉王是外国人的非议，攻击英国贵族氏族世系，大获成功，使他成为政府商业等事务的非正式顾问二十多岁时，笛福已是伦敦一个体面的商人，经营过内衣、烟酒业等等，到过欧洲大陆。
1692年经商破产，不得不以其他方式谋生。
他给政府当过情报员，设计过开发事业。
他还从事写作，早年以写政论文和讽刺诗著称，反对封建专制，主张发展资本主义工商业。
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"The eighteenth century was the golden age of the (English) novel. The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage." The novelists of this period understood that "the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it." This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.
The significance of Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with his indomitable 不屈不挠的will, and eulogizes creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development. Form an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization.
Characteristic of the style and language: simple language, concise description, and well-knit plot construction.
Critics views on Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe and Utopian Thought of the West 《鲁滨逊漂流记》与西方乌托邦思想 牛红英
Robinson Crusoe 1719.鲁滨逊漂流记 Captain Singleton (1720) 辛格顿船长 Moll Flanders (1722),墨尔 弗兰德斯 Colonel Jack (1722)杰克上校 Roxana (1724).罗克萨娜 The last four novels show his deep sympathy for the poor and down-trodden people.
Friday: a friend/servant of Crusoe’s, he spends a number of years on the island with the main character, who saves him from cannibalistic death. Friday is basically Crusoe’s protege [ˈprəuti ʒei] （被保护者）, a living example of religious justification of the slavery relationship between the two ld-famous novel "Gulliver's Travels" drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.
Daniel Defoe
(1660-1731) The soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond, and must be polished, or the luster光 泽 of it will never appear.
A Brief Introduction to Daniel Defoe
The Works of Daniel Defoe
The Trueborn Englishman (1701),真正的英国 人His best-known pamphlet which exposes the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church. The Shortest Way with the Dissenters 消灭不 同教派的捷径(1702) satarizes the English High Church’s 英国国教suppression of Dissenters at all cost. The Review评论– a political and literary magazine started by Defoe
The image of Robinson Crusoe 1. One of the representative of the rising bourgeoisie 2. An enterprising Englishman 3. A laborer, a hard-working industrious and intelligent man. 4. A typical colonizer, explorer, and a foreign trader. He is alert, vigorous and resourceful
English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, author of Robinson Crusoe (1719), a story of a man shipwrecked alone on an island. Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel.
Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeoisie of the 18th century. The development of the English novel was continued by Richardson who wrote his first novel "Pamela" by accident. It was followed by two other long works, "Clarissa" and "Sir Charles Grandison".
Robinson Crusoe
Background on the novel: In 1704, Alexander Selkirk亚历山大 赛尔柯克, a Scottish sailor, was marooned on the island of Juan Fernandez in the Atlantic,
Fielding's novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of English society. Fielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England. Another 18th century novelist of the realistic school was Smollett, the author of "Roderick Random". The new element of sentiment or sensibility was added to the novel by Sterne whose "Tristram Shandy" was the strangest novel in English Literature.
The Rise of the English Novel:
The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes's "Don Quixote" (1605-1615). The modern English novel began two centuries later, in the 18th century. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature, which has given the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.