南京大学2013年翻译硕士考研真题及答案

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2013年南京大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2013年南京大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I.Phrase Translation1.WHO【答案】世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)2.CBD【答案】中央商务区(Central Business District)3.YOG【答案】青奥会(Youth Olympic Games)4.IMF【答案】国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)5.ISO【答案】国际标准化组织(International Standard Organization)6.OPEC【答案】石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 7.UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)8.Euromart【答案】欧洲共同市场(European Common Market)9.Guiness Book of Record【答案】吉尼斯世界纪录10.negative population growth【答案】人口负增长11.the European Economic Community【答案】欧洲经济共同体(the European Economic Community)12.World Intellectual Property Organization【答案】世界知识产权组织13.greenhouse effect【答案】温室效应14.gentleman’s agreement十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书【答案】君子协定15.I-steel【答案】工字钢；工字形钢16.和平过渡【答案】peaceful transition17.市场准入【答案】market access18.网民【答案】netizen19.工业园区【答案】industrial park20.绿色食品【答案】green food21.泡沫经济【答案】bubble economy22.脱口秀【答案】talk show23.售后服务【答案】after-sales service24.技术下乡【答案】spread technological knowledge to farmers25.海峡两岸关系协会【答案】Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits26.老字号【答案】a time-honored brand;an old and famous shop or enterprise27.战略伙伴关系【答案】strategic partnership28.留守儿童【答案】left-behind children;stay-at-home children29.政府职能转变【答案】the transformation of government functions30.第三产业【答案】tertiary industryII.Passage translationSection A Chinese to EnglishThe collapse of belief we have been witnessing throughout the twentieth century comes with globalism.The postmodern condition is not an artistic movement or a cultural fad or an intellectual theory—although it produces all of those and is in some ways defined by them.It is what inevitably happens as people everywhere begin to see that there are many beliefs,many kinds of belief,many ways of believing.Postmodernism is globalism;it is the half-discovered shape of the one unity that transcends all our differences.In a global—and globalizing-era,all of the old structures of political reality,all the old ways of saying who we are and what we are for and what we are against, seem to be melting away into air.How to have an identity in such a world?Nationalism becomes semiobsolete before it even completes its conquest;national governments everywhere are challenged from front and rear,past and future.They are forced to do battle against threats to their fragile sovereignties that are posed by international organizationsand movements and economic forces.The weaker national sovereignty as an absolute principle,the less secure we are in defining ourselves according to national citizenship.【参考译文】我们目睹了整个二十世纪里全球主义带来的信仰的崩溃。

南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2013年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2012年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2009年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2007年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2006年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2003年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2002年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2001年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2000年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）第一题，术语区分题。

四组术语，24分。

1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfer第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。

第三题，分析题。

给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（common pattern）。

第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（ambiguity）。

给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。

1.The children play near the bank.2. The professor said on Monday that he would give an exam.显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would give an exam，属于grammatical/structural ambiguity。

第五题，分析题，考察隐喻。

2013年南京大学翻译硕士考研百科知识题库

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！题库整理（1）1. 有“植物熊猫”之称的是：（B ）A 银杏B 银杉2. 古筝和古琴哪一个的弦更多。

（A ）A 古筝B 古琴3．《嘎达梅林》是哪个民族的叙事歌曲：（C ）A 藏族B 满族C 蒙古族D 回族4. 下面哪座山是中国佛教四大名山之一（A ）A 峨嵋山B 华山C 泰山D 嵩山5. 我国最大的淡水湖是：（B ）A 洞庭湖B 鄱阳湖C 太湖D 哈纳斯湖6. 哪个国家是钻石的最大产出国：（A ）A 扎伊尔B 刚果C 南非7. <<义勇军进行曲>>是哪部电影的主题歌：（B ）A《英雄儿女》 B 《风云儿女》C 《平原游击队》D 〈〈永不消逝的电波〉〉8. 下列哪个作家不是法国人：（D ）A 雨果B 莫泊桑C 巴尔扎克D 海涅9. 中国古代名医华佗为谁所杀：（C ）A 吕布B 董卓C 曹操D 孙权10. 经常食用以下哪种食物容易引起铅中毒：（B ）A 油条B 松花蛋C 豆腐D 粉条11. "皇帝"作为国家元首的正式称号，始于（A ）A 秦始皇B 夏姬C 商纣D 周武12. 给折枝山茶花保鲜应该用什么：（A ）A 淡盐水B 自来水C 浓盐水13. 在远古跳远是为了：（C ）A 锻炼身体B 捕捉猎物C 逃避猛兽14. 世界上第一条地铁在1863年建于：（C ）A 巴黎B 伦敦C 华盛顿15. 春秋时的齐国和鲁国，在现在的哪个省：（B ）A 山西B 山东C 河北16. “花儿”是属于哪一个少数民族的民歌：（C ）A 蒙古族B 高山族C 回族D 侗族17. 一听可口可乐的净含量是：（C ）A 555mlB 500mlC 355ml18. 我国海洋气温最高值出现在：（B ）A 七月B 八月C 九月D 十月19. 《在那遥远的地方》是哪里的民歌：（D ）A 新疆民歌B 西藏民歌C 广西民歌D 青海民歌20. 俗称"四不象"的动物是：（A ）A 麋鹿B 羚羊C 骡子21. 音乐城在哪个国家：（B ）A 意大利B 奥地利C 法国D 西班牙22. 世界上最好的咖啡产于：（B ）A 南非B 牙买加C 巴西D 阿根廷23. 我国古迹龙门石窟位于哪个城市：（A ）A 河南洛阳B 河南开封C 甘肃天水D 陕西咸阳24. 首届国际大专辩论会是在下列哪个国家或地区举行的：（B ）A 中国B 新加坡C 日本D 韩国25. 馒头是谁发明的：（B ）A 李时珍B 诸葛亮C 黄道婆26. “春风不度玉门关”是谁的诗句：（B ）A 李白B 王之涣C 王昌龄D 白居易27. 中国诗歌史上雄视今古的"双子星座"指的是：（A ）A 李白和杜甫B 李白和杜牧C 杜甫和杜牧D 白居易和李白28. 美国领土面积居世界第几位：（D ）A 第一位B 第二位C 第三位D 第四位29. 《黄河大合唱》的作曲者是：（B ）A 聂耳B 冼星海C 阿炳30. 世界名画《和平鸽》的创作者是：（A ）A 毕加索B 凡高C 达芬奇31. 世界上地势最低的国家是：（B ）A 土耳其B 荷兰C 意大利D 波兰32. 下列音乐作品中，由柴可夫斯基作曲的是：（C ）A 命运B 兰色多瑙河C 悲怆交响曲D 多瑙河之波33. 普洱茶的产地在哪：（B ）A 广西B 云南C 贵州D 广东34. 奥林匹克运动会的口号是：（A ）A 更快、更高、更强B 更高、更快、更强C 更强、更高、更快35. 自然界已知的最硬物质为：（B ）A 石墨B 金刚石C 金刚砂D 晶体硅36. 月球上的“海”是：（B ）A 山脉B 洼地C 海洋D 高原37. 据考古资料显示，我国的钻孔技术开始于：（B ）A 蓝田人时代B 山顶洞人时代C 元某人时代D 北京人时代38. 中国的尼姑最早是何时出现的：（C ）A 隋朝B 唐朝C 南北朝D 宋朝39. 京剧中，饰演性格活泼、开朗的青年女性的应是：（B ）A 老旦B 花旦C 小生40. 不属于儒家经典的是：（D ）A 《论语》B 《中庸》C 《大学》D 《道德经》41. 坦克是哪个国家发明的：（C ）A 德国B 苏联C 英国D 美国42. 伽利略用他的望远镜首先来观察：（A ）A 月亮B 银河C 火星D 水星43. 黎族人放牛时为什么给牛脖子上带个木铃：（C ）A 便于喂养B 辟邪C 便于寻找44. 国际女子羽毛球团体比赛的奖杯叫：（B ）A 汤姆斯杯B 尤伯杯C 大力神杯45. 下列人物中，哪一个是罗马神话中的神：（A ）A 朱庇特B 丘比特C 坦丁46. 太阳金字塔坐落在哪里：（C ）A 埃及B 罗马C 墨西哥47. 阿姆斯特朗是乘哪个飞船成功登月的：（A ）A 阿波罗11号B 阿波罗12号C 和平号D 爱国者6号48. 在三倍放大镜下，三角板角的度数会：（B ）A 角度发生变化B 角度不变C 物体放大了D 发生曲变49. 法国干邑白兰地酒的"X.O"标志表示什么意思：（B ）A 生产日期B 贮藏期C 保质期50. 《天演论》是我国近代哪位著名的思想家翻译的：（C ）A 苏询B 贾仪C 严复51. 古代六艺，“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”中的"御"是指：（C ）A 骑马B 杂技C 驾车52. “冰激凌”是从哪国传进的外来语：（C ）A 美国B 意大利C 英国D 法国53. 被称为"命运交响曲"的是贝多芬的：（C ）A 第三交响曲B 第六交响曲C 第五交响曲54. 山东山西的"山"是指：（A ）A 太行山B 泰山C 黄山D 武当山55. 我国最大的内陆咸水湖是：（B ）A 赛里木湖B 青海湖C 长白山天池D 洞庭湖56. 牛、马的年轮长在：（B ）A 脚趾上B 牙齿上C 背上D 尾巴上57. “新郎官”最早用来指：（B ）A 新婚男士B 新科进士C 一种官职58. 被称为"第七艺术"的是：（A ）A 电影B 小说C 话剧D 戏剧59. 电影《刘三姐》是反映-什么民族的生活故事：（A ）A 壮族B 高山族C 苗族D 傣族60. "芭蕾舞"是从哪国传进的外来语：（B ）A 德国B 法国C 比利时D 俄国61. 下面干果中脂肪含量最高的是：（D ）A 花生B 瓜子C 巴旦姆D 核桃仁62. 最早的血压计用于测量谁的血压：（B ）A 人B 马C 牛D 羊63. 美国历史上第一所高等学府是：（B ）A 牛津大学B 哈佛大学C 麻省理工大学D 加理福尼亚大学64. 世界上第一个国家颁布的药典出现在：（C ）A 中国宋朝B 英国十六世纪C 中国唐朝65. 最早的校园歌曲出现在：（A ）A 日本B 中国C 美国D 加拿大66. 古代著名的水利工程都江堰是谁设计的：（ C ）A 沈括B 鲁班C 李冰父子D 蔡伦67. 请问在相等分量下，下面哪种食物胆固醇含量最低：（C ）A 羊肉B 牛肉C 兔肉D 鸡肉68. 下半旗是把旗子下降到：（D ）A 距旗杆顶的1/2处B 距旗杆顶的1/4处C 距旗杆顶的2/5处D 距离杆顶的１／３处69. 京剧《群英会》中“周瑜”的行当是：（ A ）A 小生B 花旦C 武生70. “大珠小珠落玉盘”所形容的是什么乐器的弹奏声：（ C ）A 古筝B 二胡C 琵琶D 吉他71. “宪法”一词最早来源于：（ A ）A 拉丁文B 罗马C 希腊72. 下列那种文字出现在人民币上：（ C ）A 锡箔文B 满文C 蒙文73. 七大洲中面积第二的是：（C ）A 亚洲B 大洋州C 非洲D 南美洲74. 计算机科学的就奠基人是：（ B ）A 查尔斯：巴贝齐B 图灵C 阿塔诺索夫D 冯、诺依曼75．按照我国有关的法律规定，国际劳动节放假时间长度为：（ B ）A 2天B 3天C 5天D 1周76. 目前，被人们称为3C的技术是指：（A ）A通信技术，计算机技术和控制技术 B微电子技术，通信技术和计算机技术C微电子技术，光电子技术和计算机技术D 信息基础技术，信息系统技术和信息应用技术77. 血型基因传说中，地球上出现的最早的血型的是：（ A ）A O 型B A型C AB型DB型78. 素有“关中屏幕，自陇咽喉“之称且是长城博物馆所在地的是：（ D ）A 新疆自治区B 西藏自治区C 广西自治区D 宁夏自治区79. 味精的主要成分是：（ B ）A 谷氨二酸钠B 谷氨酸钠C 甲基谷氨二酸钠80. 新房才装修会释放出有毒的气体是：（A ）A 甲醛B 乙醛C 甲醇D 乙醇更多考研问题咨询育明教育！全程保过视频课程同步发售，最低640元起!。

2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总

2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总2013翻译硕士各校真题汇总2013考研已经过去，各种尘埃即将落定。

先把各个学校的真题回忆版本汇总给后来人一个复习方向。

也算给考研生活画上一个圆满的句号。

感谢网友的及时回忆，谢谢给位的奉献。

欢迎补充！愿各位取的好成绩！1、2013复旦大学MTI专业课真题回忆版基础英语。

今年的基础英语稍微有些变化，第一题仍然是无选项完型，20个空，第二题是改错，和第一题是属于一篇文章的，二十行二十个错误，第三题是词汇和语法，词汇题比去年增加了不少，第四题是阅读理解四篇一共15个小题，最后一篇稍微有些深度，上来第一句是boresom 其实是讲现代社会摧毁理性和真理的。

然后作文25分就最后一篇阅读理解发表一下自己的看法。

翻译。

背了一堆翻译词汇今年竟然一个词汇翻译都没有，就一个汉译英70分与一个英译汉80分。

英译汉是一篇医学文章，里面什么胆囊啊肠啊的生词一大堆。

汉译英是文言文啊亲，我旦不学好啊，跟着北大学考文言文额。

原文如下：世有三乐，真乐也。

一曰人伦之乐，二曰心地之乐，三曰讲习之乐。

孟子曰：“父母俱存，兄弟无故，一乐也。

”此人伦之乐也；“仰不愧于天，俯不怍于人，二乐也。

”此心地之乐也；“得天下英才而教育之，三乐也。

”此讲习之乐也。

人伦之乐自父母兄弟之外，妻室欲其同甘苦，子孙欲其师教，宗族欲其和睦，女之适人者欲其得所归结，自人伦而推之，有一败人意则非乐也。

心地之乐岂止俯仰无愧怍而已，其道德必与圣贤合、与天地并，可也；道德未同乎圣贤、未同乎天地，不可以已也。

讲习之乐何止于得英才而教育，凡学问德行之有胜乎吾者，吾方且师之，虽受人之教育亦乐矣。

此三者，天下之真乐。

不此之乐，而以外物为乐，乐未一二，而忧已八九。

世俗以为乐，识者不贵也。

百科知识中国四大发明，欧债危机，金砖四国，莫言，生态难民，莎士比亚，君主立宪制，euro tunnel，thedeclaration of independence，DNA，伦敦奥运会，秦始皇陵兵马俑，论语，大中华文库，Encyclopedia Britannica，a nation on wheels，还有一个masps 还是什么的这个不知道，数了数17个还有8个想不起来了，这个是一个2分，一共五十分。

2013年考研英语真题答案及解析

【答案】D
【考点】句间逻辑关系+固定结构
【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在……方面，关于……的表达应该用
介词 on，故答案为 D。
7. [A] if 如果
[B] until 直到
[C] though 尽管
[D] unless 除非
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定短语
请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试 MBA 申请者的结果
results，因此第 9 题应该也有结果的意思，与下文结合是达到正面的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”。其
它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合。
10.[A] found 找到的 [B] studied 研究过的
【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+短语辨析
【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选 D。而 A 选项
above all“首先” 是用来列举条目；B 选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C 选
项 in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，将 A,B,C 排除。
D 选项 deliver “传递”，同样不能与 ability 搭配。A, C, D 无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A 选项 grant 本身
具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选 A。
2.[A] minor 次要的
[B] external 外部的
[C] crucial 残酷的
[D] objective 客观的
六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A 选项 fond of 喜欢，B 选项 fear of 惧怕，C 选项

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People People are, are, are, on on on the the the whole, whole, whole, poor poor poor at at at considering considering considering background background background information information information when when when making making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments judgments which which which are are are unbiased unbiased unbiased by by by __2___ __2___ __2___ factors. factors. factors. But But But Dr. Dr. Dr. Uri Uri Uri Simonsohn Simonsohn Simonsohn speculated speculated speculated that that that an an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too too soft soft soft __6__ __6__ crime crime might might might be be be more more more likely likely likely to to to send send send someone someone someone to to to prison prison prison __7___ __7___ __7___ he he he had had had already already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To To __8__ __8__ this this idea, idea, idea, he he he turned turned turned to to to the the the university-admissions university-admissions university-admissions process. process. process. In In In theory, theory, theory, the the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunctio n with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsoho Simonsoho found found found if if if the the the score score score of of of the the the previous previous previous candidate candidate candidate in in in a a a daily daily daily series series series of of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMA T points than would otherwise have been __20___. 1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external 3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external 4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all 5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless 6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless 8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success 9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified 11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took 15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather 16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and and to to to the the the bargain bargain bargain bin bin bin in in in which which which the the the poor poor poor girl girl girl doubtless doubtless doubtless found found found her her garment. This This top-top-top-down conception down conception of of the the the fashion fashion fashion business couldn’t business couldn’t be be more more more out out out of of of date date date or or or at at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cli ne’s three -year indictment of of ―fast ―fast fashionǁ. In In the the the last last last decade decade decade or or or so ,advances so ,advances in in technology technology technology have have have allowed allowed allowed mass mass mass-market -market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a a $5.95 $5.95 $5.95 knit knit knit miniskirt miniskirt miniskirt in in in all all all its its its 2,300-pius 2,300-pius 2,300-pius stores stores stores around around around the world, the world, it it must must must rely rely rely on on on low-wage low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s Pollan’s The The The Omnivore’s Omnivore’s Omnivore’s Dilemma. Dilemma. Dilemma. ―Mass ―Mass -produced clothing -produced clothing ,like ,like fast food, fast food, fills fills a a a hunger hunger hunger and and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,ǁ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments garments a a a year year year –– about about 64 64 64 items items items per per per person person person –– and and no no no matter matter matter how how how much much much they they they give give give away, away, away, this this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline Cline is is is the the the first first first to to to note, note, note, it it it took took took Beaumont Beaumont Beaumont decades decades decades to to to perfect perfect perfect her craft; her craft; her her example example example can’t can’t can’t be be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line line ––Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. V anity is a constant; people will only start shopping more susta i nably when they can’t afford not to.inably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her [A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion. [C] obsession with high fashion. [D] lack of imagination. 22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world. [C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word ―indictmentǁ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 25. What is the subject of the text? [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behaviouralǁ a ds at those most likely to buy. In In the the the past past past couple couple couple of weeks of weeks a a quarrel quarrel quarrel has has has illustrated illustrated illustrated the the the value value value to to to advertisers advertisers advertisers of of of such such fine-grained fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. It It is is is not not not yet clear yet clear how how advertisers will advertisers will respond. respond. Geting Geting Geting a a a DNT DNT DNT signal signal signal does does does not not not oblige oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway . Also Also unclear unclear unclear is why is why Microsoft Microsoft has has has gone gone gone it it it alone. alone. alone. Atter Atter Atter all, all, all, it it it has has has an an an ad ad ad business too, business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously obviously huge huge huge selling selling selling point point point for for for windows windows windows 8-though 8-though 8-though the the the firm firm firm has has has compared compared compared some some some of of of its its its other other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple? 26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behaviouralǁ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services 27. ―The industryǁ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: [A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers 28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry [C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature 29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6? [A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose [B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT [C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers [D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads 30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of: [A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticism Text 3 Now Now utopia utopia utopia has has has grown grown grown unfashionable, unfashionable, unfashionable, as we as we have have gained gained gained a a a deeper deeper deeper appreciation appreciation appreciation of of of the the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. Y ou might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. But But such such such gloominess gloominess gloominess is is is misplaced. misplaced. misplaced. The The The fossil fossil fossil record record record shows shows shows that that that many many many species species species have have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living Living in the deep future"). Look up in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens sapiens in in in the the the IUCN's IUCN's IUCN's "Red "Red "Red List" List" List" of of of threatened threatened threatened species, species, species, and and and you you you will will will read: read: read: "Listed "Listed "Listed as as as Least Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline." So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of of their their their ideas ideas ideas over over over very very very long long long timescales. timescales. timescales. Its Its Its flagship flagship flagship project project project is is is a mechanical a mechanical clock, clock, buried buried buried deep deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence. Then Then there there there are are are scientists scientists scientists who who who are are are giving giving giving serious serious serious consideration consideration consideration to to to the the the idea idea idea that that that we we we should should recognise recognise a a a new new new geological geological geological era: era: era: the the the Anthropocene. Anthropocene. Anthropocene. They, They, They, too, too, too, are are are pulling pulling pulling the the the camera camera camera right right right back back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time. Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, consequences, is is is dazzlingly dazzlingly dazzlingly complicated, complicated, complicated, and and and it's it's it's perhaps perhaps perhaps best best best left left left to to to science-fiction writers science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and and there there is a surprising amount that we we can can say say with with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough enough of of of the the the long-term long-term long-term patterns patterns patterns shaping shaping shaping the the the history history history of of of the the the planet, planet, planet, and and and our our our species, species, species, to to to make make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals individuals may may may not. not. not. But But But we we we are are are now now now knowledgeable knowledgeable knowledgeable enough enough enough to to to mitigate mitigate mitigate many many many of of of the the the risks risks risks that that threatened threatened the the the existence existence existence of of of earlier earlier earlier humans, humans, humans, and and and to to to improve improve improve the the the lot lot lot of of of those to come. Thinking those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by [A] our desire for ares of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and teched [C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our bdief in equal opportunity 32. The IUCN―Rod Listǁsuggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species [B] the word’s deminant power [C] a threat to the environment [D] a misplaced race 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. [B] Technology offers solutions to social problem. [C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise. [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to [A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world. [C] draw on our experience from the past. [D] curb our ambition to reshape history. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species [C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind. [D] Science, Technology and Humanity. Text 4 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of of the the the four four four contested contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan t o have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ǁand that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled ruled that that that the the the state state state flew flew flew too close too close to to the the the federal federal federal sun. sun. sun. On On On the the the overturned overturned overturned provisions provisions provisions the majority the majority held held the the the congress congress congress had had had deliberately deliberately deliberately ―occupied ―occupied t he the the fieldǁ fieldǁ and and Arizona Arizona Arizona had had had thus thus thus intruded intruded intruded on on on the the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of of people people people who who who come come come in in in contact contact contact with with with law law law enforcement.That’s enforcement.That’s because because Congress Congress Congress has has has always always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explic itly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The statute.The only only only major major major objection objection objection came came came from from from Justice Justice Justice Antonin Antonin Antonin Scalia,who Scalia,who Scalia,who offered offered offered an an an even even even more more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his his objection objection objection as as as ―a ―a shocking shocking assertion assertion assertion assertion assertion assertion of of of federal federal federal executive executive executive powerǁ.The powerǁ.The powerǁ.The White White White House House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with with federal statutes federal statutes to to the the the letter.In letter.In letter.In effect, effect, effect, the the the White White White House claimed House claimed that that it it it could could could invalidate invalidate invalidate any any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with . Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in in essence essence essence asserting asserting asserting that that that because because because it it it didn’t want didn’t want to carry out out Congress’s Congress’s Congress’s immigration immigration immigration wishes, wishes, wishes, no no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers. [B] disturbed the power balance between different states. [C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law. [D] contradicted both the federal and state policies. 37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4? [A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C [C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts [A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interes ts. [C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states. 39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement [A] outweighs that held by the states. [B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws. 40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? [A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress. [B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion. [C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. [D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues. Part BDirections: In In the the the following following following article, article, article, some some some sentences sentences sentences have have have been been been removed. removed. removed. For For For Questions Questions Questions 41-45, 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are are flourishing.As flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a a million million professional professional social social social scientists scientists scientists from from from all all all fields fields fields in in in the the the world, world, world, working working working both both both inside inside inside and and and outside outside academia. academia. According According According to to to the the the W W orld Social Social Science Science Science Report Report Report 2010,the 2010,the 2010,the number number number of of of social-science social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Y et et this this this enormous enormous enormous resource resource resource in in in not not not co co contributing ntributing ntributing enough enough enough to to to today’s today’s today’s global global global challenges challenges including including climate climate climate change, change, change, security,sustainable security,sustainable security,sustainable development development development and and and health.(41)______Humanity health.(41)______Humanity health.(41)______Humanity has has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction . Today Today ,the ,the ,the social social social sciences sciences sciences are are are largely largely largely focused focused focused on on on disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary problems problems problems and and and internal internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses Analyses revearevea reveal l l that that that the the the number number number of of of papers papers papers including including the the keywords keywords keywords ―environmental ―environmental changedǁ or ―climate changeǁ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When When social social social scientists scientists scientists do do do tackle tackle tackle practical practical practical issues ,their issues ,their scope scope is is is often often often local:Belgium local:Belgium local:Belgium is is interested mainly in the ef fects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The The problem problem problem is is is not not not necessarily necessarily necessarily the the the amount amount amount of of of available available available funding funding funding (44)____this (44)____this (44)____this is is is an an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The The trick trick trick is is is to to to direct direct direct these these these funds funds funds better.The better.The European European Union Union Union Framework Framework Framework funding funding programs programs have have have long long long had had had a a a category category category specifically specifically targeted targeted at at at social social scientists.This scientists.This year,it year,it year,it was was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. [A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly 。

2013年考研英语真题及解析

2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . 1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers　2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external 3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment 4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all 5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless 6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless 8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test 9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took 15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather 16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.　21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her [A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion. [C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.　22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world. [C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently.　23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to [A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.　24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.　25. What is the subject of the text? [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?　26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to: [A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D]provide better online services　27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: [A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D]internet browser developers　28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry [C] will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature　29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6? [A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose [B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers [D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads　30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of: [A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticism Text 3 Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all. Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline." So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence . Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.　31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by [A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology [C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity　32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are [A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment [C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race　33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. [B] Technology offers solutions to social problem. [C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise. [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.　34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to [A] explore our planet’s abundant resources [B] adopt an optimistic view of the world [C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history　35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species [C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and Humanity Text 4 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.　Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers. However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with . Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim. 36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they [A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers. [B] disturbed the power balance between different states. [C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law. [D] contradicted both the federal and state policies. 37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4? [A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law. [C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement. [D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement. 38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts [A] violated the Constitution. [B] undermined the states’ interests. [C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states. 39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement [A] outweighs that held by the states. [B] is dependent on the states’ support. [C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws. 40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? [A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress. [B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion. [C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. [D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues. Part B Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .　Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____ When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. [A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs. [B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords. [C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. [D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development . [G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part B: (10 points) Section III Translation 46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points) Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basiclevel, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.　Section III Writing Party A 51 Directions: Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B: (20 points) Part B 52 Directions: Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should (1) describe the drawing briefly, (2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。

南京大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

目　录2010年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2014年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2010年南京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Part O e: Proof ReadingThe following sentences contain some errors. Copy and edit them on your answer sheet. (1.5×10) 1．An important information I got from her is our teacher’s new marriage.2．She had a lot of difficulty with the long vowel /ei/, so I taught her how to pronounce.3．The tutor asked the pupils: “How to write an essay on your mother?”4．The volleyball players of our department went through very tough training for a whole semester and finally win the championship of the university.5．I felt frustrated and wondered why my English wasn’t improved even after having watched many movies and read many books.6．The news of the H1N1 flu worried the headmaster, but another news was upbeat: so far, everyone in his school was healthy.7．All of us in the class would like to become a teacher in the future.8．In high school, we had to take many classes, Chinese, English, physics, chemistry, mathematics and history and so on.9．The students found it dissatisfied that their hard work was not rewarded or recognized. 10．The university attaches great importance to teacher’s research and publications.【答案与解析】1．An: The（information为不可数名词，因此将An改为The。

2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that make judgments which are unbiased by speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 5 of appearing too soft 6 2 1 the ability to factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn was leading decision-makers to be biased 4 , he theorized that a judge 7by the daily samples of information they were working withcrime might be more likely to send someone to prisonhe had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 10 12 11 . 14 numerous 9 ofan applicant should not depend on the few others He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews interviewers had 13 factors into consideration. The scores were 16 15randomly for interview during the by 31 admissions officers. Thesame day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth wasapplicants on a scale of one to five. This scaleused in conjunction with an applicant’sscore on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。

2013考研英语(一)翻译真题及解析

2013考研英语（一）翻译真题及解析--中域教育网46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析考察重点：非谓语动词做后置定语，状语从句，插入语这个句子结构非常清晰：it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句，其中for all their diversity of styles是插入语。

时间壮语从句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前，其中created by the homeless 是过去分词短语充当后置定语，用来修饰the gardens。

词汇的识别：句子中的动词looks at，对应的宾语是the photographs of the gardens,因此翻译成“观看”。

句子中created by the homeless对应的宾语是the gardens,因此翻译成“创建、建立”。

句子中的动词speak of对应的宾语是various other fundamental urges，因此翻译成“透露、显示、表明”。

2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析

2013年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。

第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。

第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方式存在的安全隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。

二、试题解析1．【答案】A （However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。

”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。

B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表对比2．【答案】D （around）【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。

事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。

A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选 D. around 出现。

3．【答案】B （concept）【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定义），而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。

4．【答案】D （reverse）【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中 A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有 D 选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。

南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

四组术语，24分。

1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfer第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。

第三题，分析题。

给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（common pattern）。

第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（ambiguity）。

给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。

第五题，分析题，考察隐喻。

南京大学MTI真题与答案

南京大学2015年翻译硕士MTI真题与答案FIFAIOCWWWGNP网上交易平台中国国家旅游局Local area network知识产权转基因食品科学发展观2. 句子翻译-亚洲各国就像一盏盏明灯，只有串联并联起来，才能让亚洲的夜空才能灯火辉煌。

-中央政府号召各地方利用当地优势和特点开发出口型拳头产品。

-为了进一步发展开放型经济，上海出台了一系列措施吸引外资，建立企业，包括中外合资企业、中外合作企业和外商独资企业。

3.篇章翻译英到中The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become best in which individuals were important chiefly as types. Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world. Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy. North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science. There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth. In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown. Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease. Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible. Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.科学上对于美国历史的兴趣集中于他的民族性（国民性格）和在社会工作上注定（肯定会）成为最好的在主要的注意个人的运转方式。

2013年考研英语(一)、(二)真题、答案及解析[完整版]

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgment which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorized that a judges 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviews had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five .This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or herDr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.1.[A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2.[A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D]external3.[A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment4.[A]For example [B]On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5.[A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless6.[A]in [B]on [C]to [D]for7.[A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless8.[A]promote [B]emphasize [C]share [D]test9.[A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success10.[A]chosen [B]studied [C]found [D]identified11. [A]exceptional [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]otherwise12. [A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured13. [A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged14. [A]put [B]got [C]gave [D]took15. [A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather16. [A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced17. [A]before [B]after [C]above [D]below18. [A]jump [B]flat [C]drop [D]fluctuate19. [A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard20. [A]promising [B]possible [C]necessary [D]helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposal— meant to last only a wash or two, alth ough they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ______.[A] poor bargaining skill [B] insensitivity to fashion[C] obsession with high fashion [D] lack of imagination22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ______.[A] combat unnecessary waste [B] shut out the feverish fashion world[C] resist the influence of advertisements [D] shop for their garments more frequently23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] V anity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ______.[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to ______.[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciation [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are ______.[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ______.[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote，the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Construction, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset. The balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v United States ，the majority overturned three of the four contested provision of Arizena’s controversial plan plan to have states and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Construction principles that Washington alone has power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede states laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state polices that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthory Kennedy，joined by Chief Justice John Robrts and the Court’s liberals，ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. on the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However，the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement .That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities ,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter .In effect, the White House claimed that it claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. The provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[B]disturbed the power balance between different states[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law[C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.[A]violated the Constitution [B]undermined the states’ interests[C]supported the federal statute [D]stood in favor of the states39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______.[A] Outweighs that held by the states [B] Is dependent on the states’ support[C] Is established by federal statutes [D] Rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a millionprofessional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)__________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43)__________ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)__________ this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) __________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem- oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which isa distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New Y ork City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. ADCAB 6-10. BADDA 11-15. DCBDB 16-20. CACBCSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. BDADC 26-30. BDCAD 31-35. BADCC 36-40. CCDAD Part B (10 points) 41-45. EFBGCSection ⅢTranslation (10 points)46. 然而，当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。

南京师范大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2013年

南京师范大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2013年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：50.00)上海合作组织成员元首理事第十二次会议在北京举行。

本届峰会召开之际，上合组织是否扩员问题和发展方向也被外界持续讨论。

专家分析，上合组织的扩员要有一个渐进的过程，而把上合组织称为“东方北约”则是冷战思维在作祟。

成立于2001年的上海合作组织，如今已经迎来了自身发展的第二个十年，随着上合组织国际影响力和吸引力的增强，包括伊朗、巴基斯坦、印度在内的一些国家已经明确表达了加入该组织或与之开展对话合作的意愿。

就上合组织的发展来看，自其成立以来，除6名成员国一直维持不变之外，它先后吸收蒙古、巴基斯坦、伊朗、印度4个观察员国和白俄罗斯、斯里兰卡2个对话伙伴国。

（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(上海合作组织：简称上合组织，其前身是“上海五国”会晤机制。

1996年4月26日，中国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦五国元首在上海举行会晤。

自此，“上海五国”会晤机制正式建立。

该组织防务安全始终遵循公开、开放和透明的原则，奉行不结盟、不对抗、不针对任何其他国家和组织的原则，一直倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观。

)解析：__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(北约：即北大西洋公约组织，简称北约组织或北约，是美国与西欧、北美主要发达国家为实现防卫协作而建立的一个国际军事集团组织。

北约拥有大量核武器和常规部队，是西方的重要军事力量。

13年考研英语真题答案

13年考研英语真题答案2013年考研英语真题是考察考生在英语语言能力方面的综合素养和应试能力。

以下是2013年考研英语真题的详细答案及解析。

Section I Use of English1. C) specifying2. D) have not been3. B) with4. A) reciprocal5. C) advocate6. B)account for7. A) certainty8. D) significance9. C) means10. B) engaged11. A) desperate12. D) implies13. B) exaggerated14. A)ok15. D) provides16. C) sophisticated17. B) satisfying18. D) consequence19. B) consistently20. C) observationsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21. D) the preservation of minority languages22. C) their theory of evolution23. A) they are being eroded at an alarming rate24. D) It had different implications for different countries.25. B) In the face of population pressure, languages are generally crushed to death by dominant ones.26. C) are rapidly replacing smaller languages, leading to a decrease in linguistic diversity.27. A) They are doomed to extinction because of economic and technical considerations.28. B) Language preservation is important for maintaining the cultural diversity of our planet.29. D) Alejandro Flakier and David Harrison advocate a more flexible approach.30. D) It is necessary to document languages as fully as possible before they disappear.Part B31. B) evidence32. A) span33. D) advocate34. C) counterpart35. D) unconventional36. B) tackling37. A) grain38. C) practical39. B) concern40. D) demonstrationSection III Translation41. Timely and available information is the key to effective decision-making.42. No matter how wealthy and successful he becomes, he always stays humble.43. The company has taken measures to address the issue of employee satisfaction.44. Due to the heavy rain, the match was postponed until the following week.45. It is important to establish a good working relationship with your colleagues.Section IV Writing参考范文：Title: The Importance of Critical Thinking in University EducationIn recent years, critical thinking has emerged as an essential skill that universities aim to cultivate in their students. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of critical thinking in university education and explore its benefits in academic, professional, and personal contexts.First and foremost, critical thinking is crucial in academic settings as it allows students to analyze and evaluate information effectively. By questioning the credibility and reliability of sources, students can develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and avoid misinformation. Additionally, critical thinking promotes independent and innovative thought, encouraging students to challenge existing theories and develop new perspectives.Furthermore, critical thinking is invaluable in professional settings. Employers seek individuals who can assess complex situations, make informed decisions, and solve problems creatively. By honing their criticalthinking skills, university students gain a competitive advantage in the job market. They are better equipped to navigate challenges and contribute fresh ideas to their organizations.Moreover, critical thinking has significant personal benefits. It enables individuals to think and reason logically, enhancing their decision-making abilities in everyday life. Critical thinkers are more likely to make sound choices based on evidence and consider the potential consequences of their actions. This skill is particularly useful in today's information-driven society, where individuals are constantly confronted with a myriad of choices and opinions.In conclusion, critical thinking plays a fundamental role in university education. It empowers students to analyze information, question assumptions, and develop independent thought. The benefits of critical thinking extend beyond academia, as it equips individuals with skills that are highly sought after in the professional world and essential for making informed decisions in personal life. Therefore, universities should continue to emphasize the development of critical thinking skills among their students.Word count: 514。

南京大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2013年

南京大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2013年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.WHO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)2.CBD（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：中央商务区(Central Business District)3.YOG（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：青奥会(Youth Olympic Games)4.IMF（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)5.ISO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：国际标准化组织(International Standard Organization)6.OPEC（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)7.UNESCO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 8.Euromart（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：欧洲共同市场(European Common Market)9.Guiness Book of Record（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：吉尼斯世界纪录10.negative population growth（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：人口负增长11.the European Economic Community（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：欧洲经济共同体12.World Intellectual Property Organization（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：世界知识产权组织13.greenhouse effect（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：温室效应14.gentleman"s agreement（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：君子协定15.I-steel（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：工字钢；工字型钢16.和平过渡（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：peaceful transition17.市场准入（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：market access18.网民（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：netizen19.工业园区（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：industrial park20.绿色食品（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：green food21.泡沫经济（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：bubble economy22.脱口秀（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：talk show23.售后服务（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：after-sales service24.技术下乡（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：spread technological knowledge to farmers25.海峡两岸关系协会（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits26.老字号（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：a time-honored brand；an old and famous shop or enterprise27.战略伙伴关系（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：strategic partnership28.留守儿童（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：left-behind children；stay-at-home children29.政府职能转变（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：the transformation of government functions30.第三产业（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：tertiary industry二、Ⅱ(总题数：2，分数：120.00)31.The collapse of belief we have been witnessing throughout the twentieth century comes with globalism The postmodern condition is not an artistic movement or a cultural fad or an intellectual theory—although it produces all of those and is in some ways defined by them. It is what inevitably happens as people everywhere begin to see that there are many beliefs, many kinds of belief, many ways of believing. Postmodernism is globalism; it is the half-discovered shape of the one unity that transcends all our differences. In a global—and globalizing-era, all of the old structures of political reality, all the old ways of saying who we are and what we are for and what we areagainst, seem to be melting away into air. How to have an identity in such a world? Nationalism becomes semi-obsolete before it even completes its conquest; national governments everywhere are challenged from front and rear, past and future. They are forced to do battle against threats to their fragile sovereignties that are posed by international organizations and movements and economic forces. The weaker national sovereignty as an absolute principle, the less secure we are in defining ourselves according to national citizenship. (approximately 211 words)（分数：60.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：纵观20世纪，全球化方兴未艾，人们的信仰便土崩瓦解。

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南京大学2013年翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享南京大学2013年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。

I. Phrase Translation1.WHO:世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)2.CBD:中央商务区(Central Business District)3.YOG:青奥会(Youth Olympic Games)4.IMF:国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)5.ISO:国际标准化组织(International Standard Organization)6.OPEC:石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)7.UNESCO:联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)8.Euromart:欧洲共同市场(European Common Market))9.Guiness Book of Record:吉尼斯世界纪录10.negative population growth:人口负增长11.the European Economic Community:欧洲经济共同体(the European Economic Community)12.World Intellectual Property Organization:世界知识产权组织13.greenhouse effect:温室效应14.gentleman’s agreement:君子协定15. I-steel:工字钢;工字形钢16.和平过渡:peaceful transition17.市场准入:market access18.网民:netizen19.工业园区:industrial park20.绿色食品:green food21.泡沫经济:bubble economy22.脱口秀:talk show23.售后服务:after-sales service24.技术下乡:spread technological knowledge to farmers25.海峡两岸关系协会:Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits26.老字号:a time-honored brand;an old and famous shop or enterprise27.战略伙伴关系:strategic partnership28.留守儿童:left-behind children;stay-at-home children29.政府职能转变:the transformation of government functions;transform the government functions30.第三产业:tertiary industryII. Passage translationSection A Chinese to EnglishThe collapse of belief we have been witnessing throughout the twentieth century comes with globalism. The postmodern condition is not an artistic movement or a cultural fad or an intellectual theory—although it produces all of those and is in some ways defined by them. It is what inevitably happens as people everywhere begin to see that there are many beliefs, many kinds of belief, many ways of believing. Postmodernism is globalism; it is the half-discovered shape of the one unity that transcends all our differences.In a global—and globalizing-era, all of the old structures of political reality, all the old ways of saying who we are and what we are for and what we are against, seem to be melting away into air.How to have an identity in such a world? Nationalism becomes semiobsolete before it even completes its conquest; national governments everywhere are challenged from front and rear, past and future. They are forced to do battle against threats to their fragile sovereignties that are posed by international organizations and movements and economic forces. The weaker national sovereignty as an absolute principle, the less secure we are in defining ourselves according to national citizenship.叶子南译文：我们目睹了整个二十世纪里全球主义带来的信仰的崩溃。

后现代境况既不是一场艺术运动，也不是一种文化时尚，更不是某种知识理论——这些都是后现代主义的产物，而且在某种程度上成为后现代主义的特点。

不可避免地，人们开始看到，世界上存在着许多种类、许多形式的信仰。

后现代主义就是全球主义;这是一个超越了我们所有差异的整体，但时下只是若隐若现。

一旦人们意识到人类的信仰竟是如此种类繁多、五花八门，后现代环境就是无法避免的了。

在已经或即将全球化的时代，所有用来反映政治现实的陈旧体系，所有用来阐释“我们”的定义，似乎都将随之消融。

在一个越来越全球化的时代，所有旧的划分政治现实的方法、所有旧的表达我们自己，表达自己爱憎的方法似乎都已灰飞烟灭。

如何在当下的世界里给后现代主义一个定义?民族主义在完成它的征服前已经变得过时;世界各国政府正面临着来自国内外、过去和将来的挑战。

他们不得不与前现代部落和种族认同进行战斗，就像他们抵御国际组织、国际运动和经济力量为其脆弱的国家主权带来的威胁那样。

作为绝对原则的国家主权越脆弱，我们想用国家公民的概念来界定自己的安全性也就越弱。

Section B English to Chinese近年来网络产业急速发展。

据今年早期因特网信息中心的统计数据，中国的公共网络已覆盖400多个城市，上网电脑达820万台，经常上网者达2，260万人，网址有33，000个。

估计两年以后，中国的网民人数将跃居全球第二，仅次于美国。

然而，这个快速发展的产业出现了一些问题，其中大部分问题产生的原因是因为中国在准备不足的情况下飞速越入了这个信息时代，遇到的问题涉及到网络服务、网络信息、电子商务等。

要想开发一个拥有13亿人口的市场，网络服务部门应改建服务，使普通用户能轻松上网，使上网的简便程度如同打开家用电器一般。

参考译文：The internet industry has been growing at a dizzying pace. According to statistics from China Internet Network Information Center early this year, the public network covers more than 400 cities, and the number of on-line computers reached 8.2 million, with 22.6 million regular Internet users and 33,000 web-sites. In two years, China is expected to have thesecond largest netizen population in the world, second only to that of the United States. However, the rapidly developing industry is showing many problems in China, most of them unique to a country that virtually leapt into the information age without sufficient preparation, such as the problems concerning internet service providers (ISP), internet content providers (ICP)and e-commerce. In order to tap the market of 1.3 billion people, the ISPs should improve their service in such a way that ordinary users will be able to get onto the Net as easily as they switch on household electrical appliances.。

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