农林院校研究生英语阅读下册翻译
研究生英语阅读翻译下unit7
New varieties of rice and other crops， resistant to insects and disease ，will have replaced those cultivated today. Farmers will no longer lose substantial proportions of the less developed countries. Health benefits will also come from plants genetically engineered to be more balanced nutritionally than those that have evolved through natural selection or been bred by traditional methods.
the margin of error, are correspondingly
reduced.
翻译：从一种植物到另一种植物，生物技术允许单个基
因精确地移动。很容易了解到，一个基因在其新的环境 将如何进行工作的。意想不到的可能的结果以及误差是 相应地在减少。 •疑问：The likelihood of unexpected consequences, and the margin of error, are correspondingly reduced. •这句话怎么翻译？ unexpected consequences, the margin
如果研究和发展被允许继续下去，所有产品 都将会增值。
疑问：the products will be there for all to appreciate— —是指产品会增值还是指产品会被人们所欣赏？
研究生英语课文翻译下册
1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？A former teacher of mine, Robert A．Fowkes of New York University, likes to tell the story of a class he took in Old Welsh while studying in Germany during the 1930s．On the first day the professor strode up to the podium, shuffled his notes, coughed, and began, ―Guten Tag, Meine Damen und Herren‖(―Good day, ladies and gentlemen‖)．Fowkes glanced around uneasily. He was the only student in the course．1.纽约大学的Robert A．Fowkes 是我过去的一位老师。
他喜欢讲在上世纪30年代他在德国上古威尔士语课的故事。
第一天上课，教授大步走上讲台，翻了翻笔记，咳嗽了一声，开始说道：“早上好，女士们、先生们。
”Fowkes 不安地扫视一番。
他是上这门课的惟一学生。
Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes's astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible2.在学期中间，Fowkes 因病缺了一次课。
研究生英语下册课文翻译
Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击,没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是,很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生,但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved. 2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事,可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理,这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中,人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
新编研究生英语阅读-Unit5课文翻译及分析(西农适用)
Poverty, Development and Environment文章逻辑：一开始开篇点题提出观点：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源来维持生计，并且随着人口在增加而资源在减少，人口和资源就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾。
而且随着人们对自然资源的开发，自然资源日益匮乏，其中就有红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林三个例子，然后最后再提出建议如何改善贫困地区的人们的生活，如何帮助其脱贫。
文章中关系：这里面的关系是：农业生产产值为GDP的增加贡献了最多的部分，而产业结构中农业独大，制造业工业不强，导致农业生产效率低，并且制造业不发达无法提供足够就业岗位让贫穷地区的人民去从事非农就业。
然后发展，其实就是对应的经济发展嘛，经济发展缓慢，所以农业利用效率不高，所以一方面人们很贫穷，而贫穷又没法去从事非农就业，只能从事农业，而由于农业生产过度依赖自然资源，所以又对自然资源造成极大的压力，效率又不高，农业产值在国民经济产值占比高。
然后就是这种循环，原因还是农业生产效率低，又缺少制造业产业链行业，经济发展缓慢，所以最后提出建议，要加大基础设施，卫生医疗和教育的投资，人力资本投资，解决人们对无法便捷获得贷款、交易成本贵，不能从事制造业的问题，提高制造业在国民经济中的占比，提高农业效率。
文章结构：第1段—第2段：introduction，说明了全文的背景：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源维持生计，而人口增加和资源减少就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾；第3段—第7段：current situation，一开始说明发展中国家的主要生态系统包括红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林已经开始消亡，然后分别介绍红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林流域的现状及其原有的功能；第8段—第12段：suggestions，针对前面说明的现状，提出可行的两种建议，可以直接对贫困地区的人们进行补偿以避免开发，其次是针对贫困地区进行投资，聚焦长期结构性提升贫困地区的基础设施和人力资本情况；第一段：提出本文的主题：发展中国家的人口直接依赖自然资源，并且农业产值在GDP中占有相当大的比重，绝大部分劳动力也是从事农业资源型活动，但是随着人口越来越多和资源越来越少，这样产生了矛盾。
华中农业大学研究生英语课本六篇课文全文翻译B班
真爱无限那是在1942年的一个寒冷而漆黑的冬天，与在纳粹集中营的其他日子里一样没有任何区别，在冬日里我裹着破布，瑟瑟发抖，依然无法相信这噩梦般的一切。
我只是一个年轻的男孩，我应该和朋友们一起玩耍，一起上学，憧憬美好的未来，长大，结婚，拥有一个属于我的家庭。
但是，对于眼前这一切来说，那些都是梦而已，我不再向往他们。
取而代之的是，我即将死去，自从我被从自己的家乡带到这来后，每天每小时都苟延残喘，我明天还会活着吗？是否今晚就会被带进毒气室呢？我在铁丝网附近来回走着，试图让瘦弱的身体暖和起来。
我很饿，已经记不起来何时有饥饿感了。
可以吃的东西似乎只是一个梦而已。
每一天，随着我们中人数的减少，那些过去的欢乐时间似乎仅仅是一场梦而已，于是我陷入了越来越深的绝望当中。
突然，我注意到，一个年轻的女孩正经过铁丝网的那端。
她停住脚步，用一双带有哀愁的目光看着我，似乎她也想告诉我，她理解我的处境，但是不晓得为何我会在这里。
我想把目光转移开，她这样看着我让我感到慕名奇妙的羞愧，但是，我又无法转移我的目光。
就在那时，她把手伸进口袋，拿出了一个红苹果，一个漂亮的，闪着红光的苹果。
啊，从我上次见到它已近很久很久了！她警惕的左右环视了一下，然后面带着胜利的微笑，将苹果扔过了铁丝网。
我跑过去捡起了苹果，用冻的发抖双手紧紧握住它。
在我死亡的世界里，这个苹果所传递出的的正是生命和爱。
我抬起头，注视着那个女孩消失在远处。
第二天，我无法控制住自己，在同一时间，来到了靠近栅栏的地方。
是我疯了，希望她能再次出现吗？当然，就在此处，我必须抓住任何微小的希望，因为她给了我希望，所以，我必须要牢牢抓紧它。
她真的再次来了，并且，再次给我带来了一个苹果，面带着微笑，将苹果扔过铁丝网。
这次，我接住了苹果，并且把它举起，以便能让那个女孩看到。
她的眼睛在闪烁，是在同情我吗？或许，但是，我不敢肯定。
我只是感到这样注视着她是如此的幸福。
第一次，时间是与此之长，我可以感到自己的心随着激情而起伏。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1、2、4、8、10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译
Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。
要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。
科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。
所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。
但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。
这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。
我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。
Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Unit5: The Science of Custom对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。
研究生下册英语课后习题翻译-
Translation1、I’ve been spared a lot ,one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.我一直获活得无忧无虑，深得上帝的垂爱，至少是个幸运儿。
少数人享有的龙华富贵我唾手可得。
正如百岁人一样，我的秘密也总有人探寻。
2、And so Franklin Roosevelt found that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government to get the tanks and airplanes built the uniforms made, the men and women assembled and trained and shipped abroad, and the battles fought and won.富兰克林-罗斯福因此意识到他必须招募新班人马，组建临时机构来补强不能胜任的旧政府。
新成立的政府机构专门负责建造坦克飞机，定制军服，招募培训战士。
这些战士将被派往前线，去赢得一场场战争3、Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。
北京林业大学研究生学位考农林英语翻译答案
北京林业⼤学研究⽣学位考农林英语翻译答案Unit 1Urban forestry involves (refers to / is concerned with) forestry activities introducing forestry from wild lands (fields) and countryside (rural regions) to populous cities where economy, culture, industry and business (commerce) are concentrated. Most metropolitan cities are currently prosperous but noisy (clamorous) with deteriorating ecological environment. People living in such a crowded and narrow city space suffer from a worsening (declining) physical quality. To develop urban forestry can beautify environment, purify air, reduce noise and adjust local climate (microclimate), so that the living quality of urban people can be improved. Generally, urban forestry has provided a new approach to the urban environmental problems. Unit 2With the development of economy and progress of civilization in human society, there have been significant transformations in both people’s understanding about forests and social demands for forestry. As a result, more world attention has been widely paid to the function that forests play to maintain and improve ecological environment (the role that forests play in maintaining and improving ecological environment has drawn worldwide attention.). In 1992, UN Conference on Environment and Development bestowed priority on forestry (gave priority to forestry) and it became a political commitment (promise) of the highest rank. In addition, it was particularly emphasized in the meeting that nothing would be more important than forestry among the problems that the world summits dealt with. It is a distinct milestone in world civilization history to place forestry issues at such an unprecedentedly high position.Unit 3China is one of the countries boasting the richest biodiversity and also one of the earliest adopting the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Chinese Government has highly valued the work of biodiversity conservation by formulating and enforcing a series of related laws and regulations，so that a legal system on the conservation and biodiversity has fundamentally formed. In addition, it has established and consolidated the coordination mechanism on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as the scheme of Inter-ministerial Joint Meeting on biological species resources, laid down and issued the National Action Plan on the Conservation of Biodiversity of China and other related plans in this regard,based on which various relevant sectors have mapped out and executed their own action plans. Unit 5Agriculture still has /(shoulders / takes) the responsibility to feed the entire world in spite of / (despite) the serious (tough / big /severe ) challenge of climate change. Agriculture needs to produce more food, waste less, and make it easier for farmers to have their produce sent / (get their produce) to consumers. Besides, agriculture has to find ways/approaches/methods to reduce negative impacts resulted from environmental change—including lowering greenhouse gasemissions，planning/managing food security and rural development as a whole, etc. Only through the development of agricultural high technology can the above be realized/All these are only possible through the development of agricultural high technology.Unit 6Chinese agriculture has to choose the way of a low-carbon development which is characterized by being resources-saving, production-clean, environment-friendly and quality-efficiency-oriented. Therefore, in terms of technology, great efforts must be made to develop a series of key technologies and promote /spread their practical application, such as resources-saving technologies including energy-saving, soil-saving, water-saving, fertilizer-saving, insecticides-saving / pesticides-saving, seeds-saving, materials-saving and labor-saving technologies, and so on, technologies of reducing the use of agricultural chemicals and developing their substitutes, technologies of cultivating new plant species with high light absorption and carbon sequestration, technology of soil carbon sequestration, technologies of developing clean energies, technologies of developing clean environment-friendly production, technologies of poison-free disposal and reclamation of wastes, and so on.Unit 7The enactment of the City Planning Act in 1989 is a major milestone to re-establish and formalize (regularize) the urban planning system in China. But, there are still many deficiencies of the urban planning system in coping with the rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Some of these deficiencies can be traced back to the past planned economy era, and some are intrinsic problems of the City Planning Act. Attempts are being made (Experiments are taking place) in Chinese cities which aim to provide better guidance and supervision to urban planningand development control from a planned economy to a transitional one.Unit 8Currently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on TV, net or other media. This is an intensely popular trend that we cannot fail to notice. There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product. A host of celebrity spokespersons, however, have emerged as the marketing tool of some companies, even companies producing and selling fake and inferior items. This kind of behavior has produced negative impacts on consumers and whole society, which should be severely criticized and penalized. Of course, as is known to all, everything has both bright and dark sides. Some sta rs’ endorsement of social activities and public campaigns raises public awareness, giving rise to changes in public behavior. In this case, they serve as positive role models of the general public. To name only one case: Pu CX, a household figure, acting as the celebrity spokesman of the China AIDS Foundation, contributes greatly to the cause of AIDS prevention and cure in China.Unit 9Famed for Oriental Venice, Suzhou tops all others cities in both the number and the artistry of gardens. Tracing back to the Spring and Autumn period, the earliest gardens in Suzhou belongs to the king of Wu. Recorded as the earliest private garden, Pijiang house dates from the 4th century Eastern Jin Dynasties. Following that, Suzhou's art of gardening has undergone a history of 1, 500 years. Originated from the desire to feel the charm of mountains, forest and springs without going out of the noisy surrounding of the town, Suzhou gardens are the harmonious combination of nature and constructions. During the prosperous Ming and Qing Dynasties, the number of gardens in the city increases a great deal, mounting to 200 odd. Dozens of them have survived to the present and are in a good state of preservation. Among them, the most famous ones are the Surging Waves Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator Garden and the Lingering Garden, representing the different styles of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively.Unit 10In the northern ocean there is a fish, called the kun, I do not know how many thousand li insize. This kun changes into a bird, called the peng. Its back is I do not know how many thousand li in breadth. When it is moved, it flies, its wings obscuring the sky like clouds.When on a voyage, this bird prepares to start for the Southern Ocean, the Celestial Lake. And in the Records of Marvels we read that when the peng flies southwards, the water is smitten for a space of three thousand li around, while the bird itself mounts upon a great wind to a height of ninety thousand li, for a flight of six months' duration.There mounting aloft, the bird saw the moving white mists of spring, the dust-clouds, and the living things blowing their breaths among them. It wondered whether the blue of the sky was its real color, or only the result of distance without end, and saw that the things on earth appeared the same to it.If there is not sufficient depth, water will not float large ships. Upset a cupful into a hole in the yard, and a mustard-seed will be your boat. Try to float the cup, and it will be grounded, due to the disproportion between water and vessel. So with air. If there is not sufficient a depth, it cannot support large wings. And for this bird, a depth of ninety thousand li is necessary to bear it up. Then, gliding upon the wind, with nothing save the clear sky above, and no obstacles in the way, it starts upon its journey to the south.。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L10)
第十课 A我和松鼠妈妈谈条件玛尔格特戴弗林（1）我和我的丈夫最近从郊区搬到了城里。
（2）两周前我正在书房读书的时候，听到了一阵骚乱声。
为了保护我们新婚的家不受入侵者的骚扰，我拿起了致命的防卫武器——一把扫帚，小心地下了楼。
（3）我走到外面想看看入侵者是从什么地方来的。
正当我四处寻找的时候，看见了这个坏家伙从门廊的屋顶上出现了。
根据它弄出的声音我原以为是一只 50 磅重的浣熊，但是我错了，它只是一只半磅重的灰色的毛茸茸的松鼠。
我拿起扫把嘘声将它赶走，但是第二天我听见它又来了。
（4）我上网搜索了有关松鼠的信息，我发现因为松鼠是啮齿类动物，它们的牙齿会不断地长长，因此它们就必须经常啃食东西来把牙齿磨短。
我了解到它们经常会啃电线，这样房子就有失火的危险。
这倒是挺烦人的。
因此我让我们家的副总裁——也就是我的丈夫——打电话给野生动物管理人员。
星期六的时候，他给第一家公司打电话，他们安排下星期四来处理。
然后他又给另一家公司打电话，他们说可以在星期一上午派人来看看。
（5）星期一上午来了两个抽烟的人。
他们抽完了烟，就大摇大摆地走进了前门廊。
“喂，小夫人！”他们其中的一位摆着一付约翰威恩式样子问到：“捣蛋鬼在什么地方？”（6）我很不自然地指了指门廊的顶部，现在那儿放了一小块写着“欢迎来访”的脚垫。
我看见了洞里的育儿室，而这两个家伙把小松鼠掏出来扔到了雪地上。
我再一次强调让他们不要伤害她。
（7）他们怒气冲冲地说：“我们是慈善学会推荐的”，但是我注意到了他们把电棍放回了卡车，取而代之，拿出了一种有春天香味的除臭剂，在松鼠的窝里喷了几下。
他们告诉我松鼠不喜欢这种味道，因此会逃走。
对此我有点怀疑，因为这种味道挺好闻的。
（8）没有看到松鼠妈妈，所以他们就把洞给堵上了，然后跟我要了一张 250美元的支票，一溜烟地跑了。
他们还给了我一张保修卡。
我是比较容易受骗的那种人，因此我想跟我打交道的这家公司还算是挺有诚信的。
（9）他们走了不一会儿松鼠妈妈大老远的购物回来了。
研究生英语课文翻译下册(整理版)
研究生英语课文翻译下册（整理版）愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部,与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。
幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩 1 飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。
3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人，他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
研究生英语综合教程下课文翻译详解版
Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. Butto their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them f or the better. Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest .In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
研究生学位英语补充阅读 翻译 下册
下册Unit1[1]我们都知道科学在我们的社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。
然而,许多人认为,我们的进步取决于两方面的科学。
第一部分是科学家和技术人员研发的，机器的应用知识的成果和体系。
通过科技,科学提高了社会结构和帮助人们提高控制环境的能力。
第二个方面是，从政府官员到普通居民所有的社会成员应用的，科学家在研究中使用的特殊的思维方式和行为。
[2]人类确保了他们的生存区别于其他动物，在于观察和了解他们的环境,然后适应环境或控制，并且使它适应自己的需要。
仔细观察的过程中,认知模式的现象观察,紧随其后这些知识的应用，在很大程度上赋予了人类活动知识以‚科学‛内容。
它也证明了传统科学方法的内容:客观的观察和一些现象的描述,对观察到了事件进行陈述，以及和他们之间可能的关系进行陈述,观察,利用这些来预测未来事件来验证假设,并在此基础上,构建一些地区的自然活动的理论。
[3]然而这个过程,仍然构成了科学的活动,但经典的‚科学方法‛一直被从各种角度批评。
首先,很明显,科学和科学家‚客观性‛的严格表现仅仅体现在最低的科学活动——观察。
即使在这里有人怀疑，是否任何人都可以成为一个真正的公正的事件的观察者。
某人选择去观察以及观察的方法是必须的，毕竟只是在一定程度上依据观察者的经验和想法反映出什么是重要的。
例如,考虑了一位艺术家和一个门外汉以不同的方式看同一幅画会有不同的反应。
[4]理论和假设的构造,反映了科学家他们（研究后）所看到的比观察更清楚的解释。
在这一阶段上科学方法有主观因素是不可避免的。
在真正的有创造性天才的极端的例子中,这可以最容易被看到，例如伽利略,在他的年代中，他用他的地球绕着太阳转假设来反对所有科学家们(和教堂)。
另一个二十世纪的例子是，沃森和克里克发现DNA分子结构。
显然,科学不仅是仔细观察，而且富于创新的意愿，这可能在假定的事实的研究领域需要超越现今传统研究的研究范式的展望。
[5]对此科学方法的进一步批评是关于它所应用的对象。
研究生英语综合教程下册课文翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册课文翻译研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文全章节幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳?麦克高恩1咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
(此文来自袁勇兵博客)”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来― 甚至最终会成功发达.那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面―种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质―是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义―或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。
研究生英语下册课本课后翻译
研究生英语下册课本课后翻译第一单元英译汉:1.根据曾在约翰斯，霍普金斯大学医学心理学和儿科学的著名的名誉退休教授约翰，莫奈的研究，在影响我们择偶的诸多因素中，最说明问题的是一种被称为爱图的东西: 它是我们大脑中的一组编码信息，记载着我们的爱憎。
显示我们对头发和眼睛颜色的偏好，还有声音，气味，身材。
记录了吸引我们的那种性格，无论是温柔还是寡言坚强型。
2.当男人或者女人拥有某项特定资产，比如知识水平高，美貌超群，使人神魂颠倒的个性，或者腰缠万贯等，选择人生伴侣就可以优势互补，取长补短。
例如:美貌超群者常与有权有钱的纨绔子弟匹配，富裕家庭的草包与贫困家庭才貌双全者般配。
汉译英:“it's like the ebb and flow of every relationship”,Anistonsays.“it's hard, it get easy, it gets fun again. what's hard to sustain is some ideal that it's perfect. that's ridiculous. what's fantastic about marriage is getting through those ebbs and flows with the same person. and looking across the room and saying, I'm still here. And Istill love you. you re-meet, reconnect. you have marriages within marriages within marriages. that's what I love about marriage. that'swhat I want in marriage. it's unfortunate, but we live in a very disposable society. those moments where it looks like uh oh, this isn't working! those are the most important, transformative moments. most couples draw up divorce papers when they're missing out on an amazing moment of deepening and enlightenment and connect. ”第二单元英译汉:1.片刻后，特鲁法打瞌睡了。
研究生英语课后翻译(农林类英语书)
研究生英语课后翻译（农林类英语书）Unit 1It may also refer to industrial agriculture，（often referred to as factory farming）long prevalent in developed nations and increasingly so elsewhere, which consists of obtaining financial income from the cultivation of land to yield produce, the commercial raising of animals(animal husbandry), or both.它也指产业化农业（通常称之为工厂化农业），这种农业生产方式在发达国家已经实施了很多年，并且将逐渐在其他地方得到普遍发展。
它通过耕种土地获取农产品、商业化牲畜饲养或两者皆做的方式来取得经济效益。
Hydroponics, a method of soilless gardening in which plants are grown in chemical nutrient solutions, may help meet the need for greater food production as the world's population increases.水培法是一种无水栽培法，植物在化学营养液中生长。
随着世界人口的增长，这种方法可能有助于满足人们对食物产量不断增长的需要。
Airplanes, helicopters, trucks and tractors are used in agriculture for seeding, spraying operations for insect and disease control, aerial topdressing, transporting perishable products, and fighting forest fires喷气式飞机、直升机、卡车和拖拉机等都被用于农业生产来播种、喷洒农药以控制病虫害、空中追肥、运输易腐烂的农产品以及扑救森林火灾等。
南京林业大学研究生英语期末考试翻译复习资料
Unit 1A. 1) Cinderella Today2) Thinking the Unthinkable Leads to Success3）Fail More and Succeed More4）Dare to Break the Rules5）Born to Dance6） Best Laid Plan7) Living History8) Who’s To Blame9)Recent Advances in Plant Virus Vector Systems10) Between Panic and ApathyB.1）小巷口，大市场2）网上教育3）车轮上的国度4 )透过婚姻看文化差异5 )一分为二看互联网6 )生态城市建设经济效益的动态评价7) 读者来信与答复8 )基于生态保护对土地未利用土地分类子系统的讨论9) 试论国土规划与生态环境保护10 )对原生态唱法的思考Unit 2Exercise1A. 1）There’s a lot about McDonald’s that angers the farmers its samenesses, blandness, the culinary hegemony it represents.麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇一律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权。
2 ）At least 40 plants have cleared government reviews.至少有40种作物通过了政府的审核。
3 ）To date, there’s nothing to suggest that re-engineered plants have ever done anyone any harm.至今，还没有证据证明基因重组作物已经危害到任何人。
4 ）Even without legal action, public opinion is turning a more skeptical eye on GM technology. 尽管没有诉讼，但公众的观点也越来越怀疑转基因技术5 ）Such souped-up plants are understandably popular with farmers, for whom even a slight increase in yield can mean a big increase in profits.这种强化的植物受到农民的欢迎也是有情可原的，对于他们来说哪怕是一点点的增产也意味着利润的大幅提高。
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Strengthening Liberal Education,a National ImperativeIn the midst of a rapidly changing world, the question of how U.S. colleges and universities can best equip students to be responsive to change is essential.在迅速变化的世界中，美国高校如何使他们的学生做出最好的准备以适应这种变化，这一问题是至关重要的。
More than ever before, graduates from U. S. institutions of higher education need the critical-thinking skills and ethical commitment that are necessary for both economic development and world citizenship.与以往任何时候相比，从美国高等教育机构毕业的学生，更需要批判性思维技能和职业道德担当，这些是经济发展和作为世界公民所必需的。
In the view of the presidents and chancellors who comprise AASCU’s Forum on Liberal Education, the solution to this question for institutions of higher education can be found in the liberal arts, meaning, essentially, the arts and sciences, and, more explicitly, the habits of thinking and caring that the liberal arts teach.对于高等教育机构存在问题的解决方法，在组成美国州立大专院校协会关于通识教育论坛的校长们看来，可以在人文科学中找到。
人文科学的含义，本质上也就是艺术和科学，更明确地说是思考和在其引导下关怀的习惯。
Given the vital importanc e of these habits to students’ and communities’ well-being, the Forum recommends that all AASCU presidents and chancellors continue to promote the liberal arts on their campuses, explore new ways that these studies can help prepare students for meaningful lives, and make that exploration a high personal priority。
考虑到这些习惯对学生和社区福利的至关重要性，这个论坛建议所有美国州立大专院校协会论坛的校长们继续提升学校的人文科学教育，探索新的方法，这些研究将帮助学生为有意义的生活做准备，并且寻找一个自己更高的优先权。
Our universities and colleges must educate students to become leaders in diverse careers and contribute to the reaching of regional，national，and global long-term goals.我们的大学和学院必须教导学生成为不同职业领域的领导人并为达到经济区域化、国家化及全球化的长远目标做贡献。
The value of knowledge about our own deep cultural roots as well as the cultures of societies in other parts of the world；an ethical commitment to serving others；and the practice of leadership within small communities，as well as in business and industry，will be key.关于对我们自己深厚的文化底蕴及世界其他地区的社会文化的知识的重视；服务他人的道德承诺；以及在小型社区，商业及工业领域的领导能力的实践，都将会非常关键。
A fundamental challenge that AASCU chief executive officers face, then, is to lead our institutions toward a strengthening of liberal education as the bedrock of all professional specialization—a strengthening that will depend, for its success, on effectively illuminating the centrality of a liberal education to all undergraduates’ education.AASCU的行政总监所要面对的一个根本的挑战，就是要引领我们的机构朝着以加强自由主义教育作为所有专业领域的基础这样一个目标发展—这种加强依赖于有效地提高自由主义教育在所有本科生教育中的中心地位而获得其成功。
We agree with Henry Rosovsky in our view of the meaning of,and vital necessity of ,a liberal education . In the University : An Owner's Manual (1990),Rosovsky posits that a scientific definition of liberal education (or general education ,which he equates with it ) isimpossible ,for education is not a science.在对人文教育的意义以及其至关重要性的观点上我们与亨利·罗索夫斯基一致，在《大学：用户手册》（1990）这本书中，罗索夫斯基认为人文教育（或者普通教育，他把两者等同起来)的科学定义是不可能存在的，因为教育不是一门科学.He approaches a definition by offering the following quotation from Howard Lee Nostrand’s “Introduction” to his translation of José Ortega y Gasset’s Mission of University (1946):General education means the whole development of an individual, apart from his occupational training. It includes the civilizing of his life purpose，the refining of his emotional reactions，and the maturing of his understanding about the nature of things according to the best knowledge of our time他用以下来自Howard Lee Nostrand的绪论部分和他对JoséOrtega y Gasset的《大学的使命》一书的翻译的引用下了一个定义：通识教育意味着除了一个人的职业培训外的全面发展。
它包括对其人生目的教化，对情操的陶冶以及根据当前我们已有的最优知识完善他对事物本质的理解。
It is not an easy matter for a chief executive officer to emphasize the importance of liberal education above allexpanding technological possibilities will continue to exert pressure on us to educate our students narrowly.The need for highly specialized individuals that ,surely, will continue, could distract us from the fundamental need to stress the values of a liberal education—the habits of mind and character that it develops对协会的首席执行官而言，强调上述自由教育的重要性不是件容易的事。
发展技术潜力将继续迫使我们严格地教育我们的学生。
对高度专业型人才的需要将会持续，这可能会从需求上影响我们强调自由教育培养出来的思维习惯和性格的价值。
Those habits include,ofcourse,critical thinking rather than limited thought;teamwork rather than unilateral decision-making;and problem-solving abilities which are,thereby,comprehensive.当然，这些习惯包括：批判性的思考而不是局限性的思维；协同工作而不是片面的决策；同时还包括全面的解决问题的能力。
Recent reports from business and industry(The New York Times,for example),corroborate the fact that people hired today—in order to become leaders of enterprises of all types over the next 40 years—must have the following abilities and qualities coming into a job.最近来自商业和工业的报道（例如纽约时报）确证了这样一个事实：为了在未来40年里成为各类企业的领导者，受雇者现在就必须具备工作中所需要的以下能力和品质。