肺癌英文

Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
Etiology

2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere .
2.Symptoms
caused by the near organs or tissue involved by tumor.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to invasion of the pleura.



Radiographic Findings

The appearance on the x-ray film depends on the position ,size and stage of the tumor 1.Peripheral type :It may be various such as infiltrative or nodular, lobulated or umbilicus sign,liner protrusions from the shadow into the surrounding lung, cavitation which is often eccentric irregular in the inner wall owing to the necrosis of the neoplasm.
Clinical Features

(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face. (5)Cardiac effusion
small cell lung carcinoma.
Clinical features
There are no symptoms of early lung cancer in some patients. Symptoms caused by lung cancer are nonspecific:perhaps an audible wheeze or a slight cough,symptoms of infection (fever ,purulent sputum) , of obstruction (wheezing,dyspnea), or ulceration of bronchial mucosa (hemoptysis).
Radiographic Findings
2 Central type (1) Direct appearance :Unilateral enlargement of the hilar shadow due to the tumor itself or enlarged lymph nodes. (2) Indirect appearance :Including local emphysema;obstructive pneumonia either lobal or segmental; obstractive atalectasis (collapse) lobe or segment.

Cytologic examination of bronchial secretions(or sputum)may reveal exfoliated malignant cells recognizable to the pathologist who is specially trained for such work.The sputum must to be fresh, send on time, repeat(4-6 times)..

Pathology And Classification
2.According to cytology,it is convenient to classify into four kinds of types. (1).Squamous cell carcinoma. (2).Small cell anaplastic carcinoma. (3).Large cell anaplastic carcinoma. (4).Adenocarcinoma(including alveolar cell carcinoma).

Clinical fetures
4.Paraneoplastic syndrome.Because tumor cell can secrete ectopic hormone，antigen or enzyme the patients with Lung Cancer sometimes may have some paraneoplastic syndrome Including: (1) Collagen tissue disorder such as finger clubbing , hypertrophic pulmonray osteoarthropathy 。

Pathology And Classification
According
to the different principles
of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small NSCLC:non
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้cell lung carcinoma.
Incidence and mortality

Bronchogenic carcinoma has increased remarkable in incidence and mortality during half of the century and has become the most frequent visceral malignant diseases of men.The mortality of lung cancer hold the first place among all kinds carcinomas.

Clinical fetures
(6).Superior vena caval syndrome. Due to obstruction of the superior vena caval,the patient may have noticed that his collar is tight, the neck is enlarged and the jugular vein and the veins of anterior chest wall are distension and edema of the face. 3.Symptoms caused by metastasis.liver, skeleton,brain, supra clavicle lymph nodes.

5.Diets and Nutrition.
6.Chronic irritation.
7.Genetic factors.
Pathology And Classification

1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types . Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental bronchus .
Bronchogenic Carcinoma (Lung Cancer)
Respiratory department
Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma
refers to the malignant tumor which grows in the bronchus. Originating from mucus or gland of bronchus.

Fig1 Atelectasis,Right upper lobe
Fig3
Mass With Fuzzy,Right Upper LObe
Fig4 Mass In right Lobe,Lateral portion
Fig5 Cavitating Bronchial Carcinoma
Examination of sputum

Fig 1 Normal Trachea
Fig 2 Normal Carina
Etiology

The cause of lung cancer is unknown.It is believed
that there are following related factors.

1. Excessive cigarette smoking:Smoking
index(Brinkman Index) is equal to cigarettes per day smoking time(years).

Advantage of CT: