E5---2011年北师大考博【英语真题
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
北京师范大学2011年博士入学英语试题与答案详解
北京师范大学2011年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIt is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to entre factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination”of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex…into public industry.”Observes thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarialwork, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end”jobs, thenceforth consider “women’s work”. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of shill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.16. The main idea of the text is that mechanization_________.A. does not perform an inherently revolutionary functionB. revolutionizes the traditional values of a societyC. has caused the nature of women’s work to changeD. creates whole new classes of jobs that did not exist previously17. In relation to those historians who study the history of women, the author most probably believes that_________.A. they provide a valuable insight into the social phenomena affecting the position of womenB. their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in historical studiesC. they tend to draw less reliable conclusions than do other historiansD. their work has not had an impact on other historians’ current assumptions18. The text states that, before the twentieth century, many employers_________.A. employed women only in traditional household workB. tended to employ single rather than married womenC. resisted changing women’s roles in their social lifeD. hired only qualified women to fill the open position19. According to the author, which of the following may indicate a fundamental alteration in working women’s conditions?A. the majority of women occupy white-collar positionsB. married men are doing the same household tasks as are womenC. female workers outnumber male ones in a new class of jobsD. working women’s pay is as high as that of working men20. The function of the concluding sentence of the text is that_________.A. it sum up the general points concerning the mechanization of work in the textB. it draws a conclusion which goes beyond the evidence presented in the text as a wholeC. it restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preceding itD. it suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory views stated in the textPassage TwoOld people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human difference can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?21. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned? _________.A. Better educated.B. More money and freedom.C. Independence.D. Hard work.22. What so the young reject most? _________.A. Values.B. The assumption of the elders.C. Conformity.D. Conventional ideas.23. Why do the young stress on the present? _________.A. They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.B. They dislike the past.C. They think the present world is the best.D. They are afraid of destruction.24. What can the old learn from the young generation? _________.A. Enjoyment is not sinful.B. People should have more leisure time.C. Men might enjoy life.D. One should enjoy one’s work.Passage ThreeTwo conditions are necessary for the formation of ice: the presence of water and temperatures below freezing. Ice in the atmosphere and on the ground can assume various forms, depending on the conditions under which water is converted to its solid state. Ice that forms in the atmosphere can fall to the ground as snow, sleet, or hail. Snow is an assemblage of ice crystals in the form of flakes; sleet is a collection of frozen raindrops, which are actually ice pellets. Hail consists of rounded or jagged lumps of ice, often in layers of water. In North America, ice forms in late autumn, winter, and early spring. On very large bodies of water, it may not form until late winter because there must be several months of low temperatures to chill such large amounts of water.On puddles and small ponds, ice first freezes in a thin layer with definite crystal structure that becomes less apparent as the ice thickens. On lakes large enough to have waves, such as the Great Lakes, the first ice to form is a thin surface layer ofslush, sometimes called grease ice, which eventually grows into small floes of pancake ice. If the lake is small enough or the weather cold enough, the floes may freeze together into a fairly solid sheet of pack ice. Pack ice may cover the entire lake or be restricted to areas near the shore.Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats rather sinks in water. As ice floats on the surface of a lake, ocean, or river, it acts as an insulator and is thus important in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Without the insulating effect of floating ice sheets, surface water would lose heat more rapidly, and large bodies of water such as the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay might freeze up completely.26. What condition is necessary for water in the atmosphere to change to its solid state? _________.A. A solid cloud cover that absorbs the sun's heat.B. A weather forecast for snow, sleet, or hailC. A position directly above a large body of waterD. A temperature below water's freezing point27. Ice that forms in the atmosphere in the form of layered lumps is known as_________.A. snowB. pack iceC. hailD. grease ice28. Why does ice form later on very large bodies of water? _________.A. Most large bodies of water are located at low elevations or low latitudes.B. It takes several months of cold temperatures to cool a large body of water.C. Large bodies of water are fed by underground springs of warmer water.D. The waves on large bodies of water prevent the water from freezing quickly.29. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to_________.A. waterB. iceC. surfaceD. river30. Which of the following is an effect of the density of ice? _________.A. Ice that forms on large lakes has a greasy consistency.B. Each ice crystal is unique, but all are six-sided structures.C. Pack ice is restricted to areas near the shore of a lake.D. Floating ice sheets prevent bodies of water from losing heat.Passage FourAlthough recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levelsof carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline withcleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be design ed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.31. The author of the text is primarily concerned with_________.A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.32. According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because_________.A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B. the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.33. The text suggests which of the following about air pollution? _________.A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.34. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text? _________.A. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate excee ds that of other towns in the surrounding area.B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.C. Although a town’ s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.35. It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as _________.A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.B. inapplicable b ecause of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.D. inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns.Passage FiveDisease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudesthat change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s toan illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of suchan etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for thegenes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms.Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual,social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals withasymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive—it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers--but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues ofpersonal responsibility, and improving accessibility to healthcare. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools—nominalist and essentialist or reductionist—have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, suchas schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology,while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state isa genetic abnormality.It has been suggested that diseases defined according to theessentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype(genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, thegenetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.36. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with_________.A．proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB．describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC．assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodD．predicting a change in future taxonomy37. It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?_________.A．A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classificationB．A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificationC．A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional methodD．A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method38. Accor ding to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school” would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways? _________.A. she would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it accordingly.B. she would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C. she would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.D. she would describe the patient’s symptoms, compare them to pa tients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.39. Which of the following best describe the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole? _________.A. it summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B. it provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficultendeavor.C. it argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already inuse.D. it continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.40. It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be mostproblematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?_________.A. a patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsiblefor the symptoms has not been isolatedB. a patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatmentsC. a patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known butwhose consequences remain unidentifiedD. a case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two knowndisease of different sourcesPassage SixWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord’s fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet? There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter ofchance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children’s choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing ‘Silent Night’, ‘Jingle Bells’ and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.41. Why does the author describe the customers as a ‘captive audience’？_________.A. They usually like the music thrown at them.B. Because they can’t escape the music.C. He wants to show how easy they are to please.D. Because they’ve paid a special charge called a ‘music toll’.42. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because _________.A. it’s usually very tastefulB. it’s chosen very carefully by the ownerC. it tries to create a soothing atmosphereD. it doesn’t aim to increase profits43. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoid? _________.A. Happy songs.B. Certain instruments.C. Children’s choirs.D. Any extremes.44. From what the writer says, it’s reasonably clear that he or she ______.A. loves pop musicB. likes music in public placesC. enjoys classical musicD. is keen on Christmas carols45. The writer of the passage would probably like to ______.A. join an ‘air pollution action group’B. get rid of music just in restaurantsC. start a movement against ‘canned music’D. make people listen to the piped music in public placesPart III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:。
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear several short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWERSHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.1.[A]At the airport.[B]At a travel agency.[C]At the post office.[D]At a stationery store.2.[A]He wasn't in the picture.[B]He left the park in a hurry.[C]He couldn't run fast enough.[D]He didn't have enough film.3.[A]He won't clean anything until tomorrow morning.[B]He never cleans his desk in the morning.[C]He's already cleaned his desk today.[D]He went to the cleaner's earlier4.[A]His roommate has it with him.[B]It isn't really about Texas.[C]He doesn't know where it is.[D]He can't lend it out.5.[A]His bill was very high.[B]He doesn't care how much the salary is.[C]He was careful not to spend too much.[D]He didn't pay any more than she did.6.[A]His pen.[B]His suitcase.[C]His passport.[D]His hotel reservation.7.[A]Whether Dave's arm hurts.[B]Whether Dave broke his arm.[C]When Dave will be paying for the window.[D]When Dave broke the window8.[A]Both bags cost the same per pound.[B]The man shouldn't Spend so much money on potatoes.[C]She always buys the same size bag.[D]She doesn't usually eat any potatoes.9.[A]Working with a different lamp.[B]Changing the light bulb.[C]Fixing the desk tomorrow[D]Getting a better quality lamp.l0.[A]She thinks the other meeting would have been more interesting.[B]She wanted to say something else to the group.[C]She wanted everyone else to be quiet.[D]She was listening carefully to the other people.Section B.Directions:In this section you will hear two short passages.At the end of each passage you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.Questions11to15are based on the following talk.11.Which year is typical of the l950's according to the talk?A.l953.B.l954.C.l955.D.l956.-12.The talk is mainly concerned with which of the following aspects of United States history?A.The agricultural trends of the l950's.B.The unemployment rate in l955.C.The general economic situation in the I950's.D.The federal budget of l952.13.According to the talk,about how many million people were unemployed in l955?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four14.It can be inferred from the passage that most people in the United States in1955viewed the national economy with an air of.A.optimismB.confusionC.decisionD.suspicion15.Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the1950's?A.Farmers.B.Economists.C.Politicians.D.Steelworkers.Questions16to20are based on the following talk.16.When were herbs first used for medical purposes?A.In10000BC.B.In3000BC.C.In2698BC.D.In1000BC.17.Who are the most famous herbalists?A.The Chinese.B.The Egyptians.C.The Babylonians.D.The Indians.18.Who was Nicholas Culpeper?A.An English herbalist who tried to help the poor.B.An English scientist.C.An archeologist who studied herbs.D.An English man who bred swans.19.Why did the age of the herbalists come to an end in the West?A.Because Nicholas Culpeper used herbs incorrectly.B.Because people didn't trust Chinese medicine.C.Because people didn't want to help the poor.D.Because Nicholas Culpeper invented new scientific techniques.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析
北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struckby monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for socialcontrol of their aggressive behavior.Studies directed at describingaggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as thesocial mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the firstinvestigations of monkeys’social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete forany resource in the environment:hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and,in general,at time morethan one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously,a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form ofaggression.However,the motivating force of competition for Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi incentives beganto be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction ofspace or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaryincreases in intragroup aggression.Indeed,food deprivation not onlyfailed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted indecreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme fooddeprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almostall available energy to foraging,with little energy remaining foraggressive interaction.Furthermore,accumulating evidence fromlater studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control interanimal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order,in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets.If,however,the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit;but,again,no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack.Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily tomaintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.[B]comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.[C]explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.[D]discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys.2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’behavior?[A]Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.[B]Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.[C]Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting,but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.[D]Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys,but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’socialbehavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.[C]situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.[D]most monkeys are potentially aggressive,yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?[A]How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?[B]Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?[C]What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?[D]How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?[A]A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.[B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it iscited.[C]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.[D]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。
东北师范大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
东北师范大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析People do not analyze every problem they meet.Sometimes they tryto remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other timesthey begin to act without thinking;they try to find a solution bytrial and error.However,when all these methods fail,the person witha problem has to start analyzing.There are six stages in analyzinga problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem.Forexample,Sam's bicycle is broken,and he cannot read it to class ashe usually does.Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define the problem.Before Sam can repairhis bicycle.he must find the reason why it does not work.For instance,he must determine if the problem is with the gears,the brakes,orthe frame.He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi problem clearerand lead to possible solutions.For instance,suppose Sam decided thathis bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gearwheels.At this time.he can look in his bicycle repair book and readabout gears.He can talk to his friends at the bike shop.He can lookat his gears carefully.after studying the problem,the person shouldhave several suggestions for a possible solution.Take Sam as an illustration.His suggestions might be:put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones;tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way.Sam,for example,suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum(口香糖)between the gear wheels.He immediately realizes the solution to his problem:he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested.Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly.In short,he has solved the problem.41.What is the best title for this passage?A)Six Stages for Repairing Sam's BicycleB)Possible Ways to Problem-solvingC)Necessities of Problem AnalysisD)Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem42.In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except.A)recognize and define the problemB)look for information to make the problem clearerC)have suggestions for a possible solutionD)find a solution by trial or mistake43.By referring to Sam's broken bicycle,the author intends to.A)illustrate the ways to repair his bicycleB)discuss the problems of his bicycleC)tell us how to solve a problemD)show us how to analyses a problem44.Which of the following is NOT true?A)People do not analyze the problem they meet.B)People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.C)People may learn from their past experienceD)People can not solve some problems they meet.45.As used in the last sentence,the phrase in short means.A)in the long run B)in detail C)in a word D)in the endPassage91.B2.D3.C4.A5.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京师范大学2011年考博英语真题
The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I think the chief points in that complex, many-sided movement.I have explained in the first of them what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than was intended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century which was only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result. This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearly pronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the breaking down of those limits which the religious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination.I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as an expression of its qualities, two little compositions in early FrenchSummary原题，google出来的too，一个百科全书里的词条：computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems.The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension.If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure, and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide one-to-one interaction with a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students. A computer program can be used diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally, because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the embarrassmentof giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other classmates.There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costly systems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use of computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction.One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the program provided this way may not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A courseware template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individual particulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is that instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course. Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise than is available.-----------------------------楼上的真厉害，你也google一下汉译英吧。
北京师范大学考博英语真题常见的一些代词及其用法
北京师范大学考博英语真题常见的一些代词及其用法连接代词：连接代词包括who，whom,whose，what，which，that。
其中除what外，其他连接代词也可作关系代词，其区别在于连接代词引导的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句，而关系代词引导的是定语从句。
(一)引导主语从句例句：That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.分析：该句是复合句，that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充当主语。
译文：太阳是我们行星系的中心(而不是地球)这一概念在中世纪是很难让人明白的。
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例句：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(2009年第46题)分析：该句是由转折连词but连接的并列句，其中第一个分句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是that the measure of the worth...，of any social institution是worth的后置定语，in enlarging and improving experience 是its effect的后置定语。
2019年2011年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题.doc
2011年北京师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes) Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the correspond¬ing letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
1. A) She will give him the receipt later.B) The man should make his own copies.C) She has not got the man's copies ready.D) The man forgot to make the copies for her.2.A) She phoned Fred about the book. C) She ran into Fred on her way here.B) She was late for the appointment. D) She often keeps other people waiting.3. A) Mark is not fit to take charge of the Student Union.B) Mark is the best candidate for the post of chairman.C) It won't be easy for Mark to win the election.D) Females are more competitive than males in elections.4. A) It failed to arrive at its destination in time.B) It got seriously damaged on the way.C) It got lost at the airport in Paris.D) It was left behind in the hotel.5. A) Just make use of whatever information is available.B) Put more effort into preparing for the presentation.C) Find more relevant information for their work.D) Simply raise the issue in their presentation.6. A) The man has decided to choose Language Studies as his major.B) The woman isn't interested in the psychology of language.C) The man is still trying to sign up for the course he is interested in.D) The woman isn't qualified to take the course the man mentioned.7. A) They are both to blame.B) They are both easy to please.C) They can manage to get along.D) They will make peace in time.8.A) They are in desperate need of financial assistance.B) They hope to do miracles with limited resources.C) They want to borrow a huge sum from the bank.D) They plan to buy out their business partners.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) We simply cannot help reacting instinctively that way.B) We wish to hide our indifference to their misfortune.C)We derive some humorous satisfaction from their misfortune.D) We think it serves them right for being mean to other people.10. A) They want to show their genuine sympathy.B) They have had similar personal experiences.C)They don't know how to cope with the situation.D) They don't want to reveal their own frustration.11. A) They themselves would like to do it but don't dare to.B) It's an opportunity for relieving their tension.C) It's a rare chance for them to see the boss lose face.D) They have seen this many times in old films.12. A) To irritate them. C) To relieve her feelings.B) To teach them a lesson. D) To show her courage.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) Smuggling drugs into Hong Kong. C) Stealing a fellow passenger's bag.B) Having committed armed robbery. D) Bringing a handgun into Hong Kong.14. A) He said not a single word during the entire flight.B) He took away Kumar's baggage while he was asleep.C) He was travelling on a scholarship from Delhi University.D) He is suspected of having slipped something in Kumar's bag.15. A) Give him a lift. C) Check the passenger list.B) Find Alfred Foster. D) Search all suspicious cars.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%)Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution、A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be remindedthat the medium is the message、A.accustomed to split and dividedB.accustomed to splitting and dividingC.accustomed to split and dividingD.accustomed to splitting and divided13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、A、at itselfB、as itselfC、on itselfD、in itself14. us earlier, your request to the full、A、You have contacted…we could comply withB、Had you contacted…we could have complied withC、You had contacted…could we have complied withD、Have you contacted…we could comply with15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、A、discardB、discreetC、discordD、disgorge16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、A、on…by…atB、by…for…inC、from…in…onD、through…with…from17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create、A、boreB、boredC、boredomD、bordom18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、A、lackedB、lackingC、for lack ofD、lack of19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、A、that have toB、have toC、having toD、has to20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、A、none the worseB、none the betterC、never worseD、never better21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、A、cried out for…cried out forB、cry out for…cry out forC、had cried out for…cried out forD、had cried out for…cry out for22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、A、triggerB、meagerC、vigorD、linger23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、A、as much the Africans are detribalizedB、the Africans are much being detribalizedC、as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD、as much as the Africans are detribalized24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、A、can butB、cannot onlyC、cannot butD、can only but25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、A、inundatingB、imitatingC、immolatingD、insulating26、you promise you will work hard, support you to college、A、If only…will IB、Only…I willC、Only if…will ID、Only if…I will27、It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life、A、any concern withB、any concern aboutC、any concern inD、any concern at28、One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching、A、resolvedB、absolvedC、dissolvedD、solved29、People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government、A、in…for…upB、for…on…outC、by…in…onD、on…for…out30、The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA、soaredB、souredC、soredD、sourcedPart Three: Close T est (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank、Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet、2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006、In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years、Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling、Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy、People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies、These days, high-quality copies are 35、According to the Pew Internet project, people use software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops、I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm、But even as I’ve heard over the p ast decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse、Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid、38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist AndersSandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework、The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract、“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things、”31、A、As B、Same C、Thus D、So32、A、stagnating B、declining C、increasing D、stultifying33、A、taking B、robbing C、stealing D、pirating34、A、upgraded B、inferior C、ineffective D、preferable35、A、numerous B、ubiquitous C、accessible D、effortless36、A、so B、this C、that D、much37、A、satisfy B、help C、reconcile D、equate38、A、Based B、Capitalizing C、Reflecting D、Drawing39、A、match up with B、fill in C、fit into D、set up40、A、constraints B、consciousness C、norm D、etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements、For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given、Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way、Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings、Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its painis like the pinch of a crab’s claw、Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges、The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos)、In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bil e, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances、Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim、Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C.concluded: “There is no treatment、”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light、In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis)、The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is、This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity、”At one time, it was thought that c ancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be br ought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence、Inthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes、William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy、”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression、As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene、Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort、“It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”c ancer、41、According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians 、A、called cancer the crabB、were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC、found out the cause of cancerD、knew about a lot of malignant tumors42、Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A、Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB、In the past, people did not fear cancerC、Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD、Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43、Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A、Modern cancer care is very effectiveB、There is a lot more cancer nowC、People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD、There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44、“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because 、A、they are as fatal as cancerB、they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C、people dread them very muchD、they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45、As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A、The care and management of cancer have development over timeB、The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC、Cancer s identity has never changedD、Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious、There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U.S. economy had become “very distorted、”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling、What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent、This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left、(The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs、) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand、When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong、This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years、In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”、In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U.S.consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”、There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take、There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie、Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few、The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy、And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant、But the financialcrisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that、A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit、And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble、46、According to the passage, the U.S.economy 、A、fares quite wellB、has completely recovered from the economic recessionC、has its own problemsD、is lagging behind other industrial economies47、Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A、T oday’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB、Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC、They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD、They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48、What can be said of modern technological innovations?A、They have lifted many people into the middle class、B、They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich、C、They have led to a rise of income inequality、D、They have benefited the general public、49、The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath 、A、have compromised the rich with the non-richB、have enriched the plutocratic eliteC、have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD、have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50、The primary purpose of the passage is to 、A、present the financial imbalance in the U.S.B、display sympathy for the working classC、criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD、appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U.S.Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him、It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director、William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n.1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries、While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas、The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n.10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it、Scholars now believethat somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks、Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first i n a new Director’s Lecture Series、Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality、Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species、”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended、In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975、The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection、The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work、This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable、Though others thought about evolution beforeDarwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea、In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber、Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea、Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said、“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism、”51、According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that、A、it was the most studied by later scientistsB、it had significant ideas about evolutionC、it was the first to talk about evolutionD、it was well received by the public52、Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to 、A、credit the ideas about evolution before hisB、claim himself as the father of evolutionC、introduce his grandfather to the readerD、summarize his predecessors work53、In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in 、A、his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB、his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC、the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D、the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54、We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in 、A、a much larger bookB、a 400page bookC、scientific termsD、plain language55、Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect 、A、coming up with a new ideaB、understanding the significance of the ideaC、making claims to the idea by writing booksD、convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest、So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality、Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body、By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure、When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time、But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break、In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure、And the heart isn’tthe only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps、The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure、We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness、But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response、So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet、You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days、During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams、Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis、Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state、This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic、Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well、For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterdayafternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them、It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like、Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree、Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps so lidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache、56、According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A、T o sleep for an average period of time、B、To sleep deeply without dreaming、C、T o sleep less than needed、D、To sleep modestly、57、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A、When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer、B、When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright、C、Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system、D、Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system、58、Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A、It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping、B、It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming、C、Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep、D、Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up、59、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A、Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain、B、Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired、C、You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep、D、Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep、60、What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A、High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、B、Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory、C、Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory、D、High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part、You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word、If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it、If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it、If you deletea word, cross it out with a slash (/)、Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2)、Examples:eg、1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg、2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up 、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg、3(63) Never will I not do it again、Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store、(62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs、(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products、(64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer、(65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales、(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a loca l store、Ace Hardware, J.C.Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs、In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online、(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, whichusually takes about four hours、(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”sai d Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar /doc/0111381199.html,、(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods、(71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r.Nave did dismiss that possibility、(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it、(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores、”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days、Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words、Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2)、In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places、But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks、Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment、What do youthink?Part II Structure and Written Expression(20%)11、【A】A项admits of“容许,有……的可能”;B项requires。
北京师范大学考博英语历年真题及详解专业课考试试题
A. Carving changed the texture and strength of the wood.
B. It took the canoe makers several months to build a canoe.
4.D 推理判断题。文章最后一句提到“With harpoons of yew wood, baited hooks of red cedar, and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers, they fished for cod, sturgeon, and halibut, and hunted whales, seals, and sea otters.”，由此可知，木材为海达人提供了重要的捕食工具，故D项正 确。A项过于绝对；B、C两项文中没有提及。
目 录
2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2013年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版） 2012年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版） 2008年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2007年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2005年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2004年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2003年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2002年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2001年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
B. To shorten the work of carving wood from the inside.
C. To avoid having to paint the bottom of the canoe.
北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析
北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析23.D解析：推断题。
本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。
从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。
第四段开头作者提到，devoted concertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devoted concertgoers are missing the point(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。
[D]项overestimate the value of live performances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devoted concertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。
干扰项：选项[A]意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到These recordings are cheap，但是这个选项片面，没有概括性。
选项[B]意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devoted concertgoers的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devoted concertgoers的描述Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance…存在误差。
选项[C]意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)24.D解析：推断题。
首都师范大学2011年考博英语真题
首都师2011年博士研究生入学考试题考试科目：英语Part I Vocabulary Test (15%)Directions: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.1. The team will have to do well to win a medal at the Olympic Games, where they will face ________ competition from several countries.A. roughB. rigidB. harsh D. stiff2. In that year the ________of infections diseases in the United States was extremely high.A. rateB. ratioC. frequencyD. incidence3. He's been working too hard and he's ________. He needs a rest.A. run downB. run overC. broken apartD. broken up4. The large crowds lingering in the streets were quickly _______by heavy rain.A. dispersedB. dispatchedC. depositedD. detached5. This ticket ________you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A. confersB. entitlesC. grantsD. credits6. The gloves are really too small, and it is only by ________them that I manage to get them on.A. stretchingB. extendingC. enlargingD. squeezing7. Young people's social environment has a ________effect on their academic progress.A. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound8. It is rather ________that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.A. misleadingB. embarrassingC. boringD. demanding9. My boss has always attended to the _________of important business himself.A. transactionB. stimulationC. transitionD. solution10. When he applied for a _______in the office of the local newspaper he was told to see the manager.A. locationB. professionC. careerD. position11. There’s a whole _______of bills waiting to be paid for the poor family.A. stockB. stackC. numberD. sequence12. The new washing machines are ________at the rate of fifty a day.A. turned upB. turned downC. turned outD. turned in13. The senator ________in Los Angeles, but he lives for the better part of the year in Washington.A. lodgesB. residesC. lingersD. inhabits14. How do you ________his refusal to attend the meeting?A. interviewB. intervalC. interpretD. translate15. The teachers of the college are making great efforts to ________in their students the habit of speaking English.A. cultivateB. accomplishC. assistD. require16. Sam’s close _______to his brother made people mistake them for one another.A. accuracB. confusionC. probabilityD. resemblance17. An argument was _______because they dislike each other so much.A. ridiculousB. inevitableC. excessiveD. conservative18. His inability to learn foreign language was an ________to his career.A. shortageB. disturbanceC. occurrenceD. obstacle19. The workers' demand are ________; they are asking for only a small increase in their wages.A. complicatedB. moderateC. abnormalD. commercial20. This document is _________unless it is officially stamped.A. invalidB. acuteC. deliberateD. confidential21. Since the couple couldn’t _______their difference, they decided to get a divorce.A. reviseB. resumeC. reconcileD. repel22. The Chinese Red Cross _______a generous sum to the relief of the physically disabled.A. assignedB. contributedC. furnishedD. administered23. Charles has not the least _______of giving up his research.A. ideaB. intentionC. mindD. desire24. After the examination, the doctor ________a prescription for me.A. wrote outB. wrote inC. wrote downD. wrote off25. This is the _______piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A. actualB. genuineC. realD. original26. Children ar do not know.A. queerB. strangeC. curiousD. quaint27. Nobody can _______her from marrying him, for she always has her own way.A. preventB. preserveC. presentD. prevail28. Some people either _______avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.A. violentlyB. enthusiasticallyC. sincerelyD. deliberately29. When you take medicine, be careful not to _______that amount printed on the bottle.A. surpassB. substituteC. exceedD. overcome30. Though she was not a professional writer, she became an _______member of the Writer’s Association.A. honourB. honourableC. honouredD. honoraryPart Two Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions:There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.Passage 1The word of science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from faction is not always easy. For thisreason great c nguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown, Man can not be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes---for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door of the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.31. Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?A. It may lead to anti scientific, “impure” results.B. It necessarily precedes applied science and discovery of the cell.C. It is not always as pure as we suppose.D. It necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of the cell.32. A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call this approach________.A. applied scienceB. chemical scienceC. pure scienceD. environmental science33. Which of the following does the author imply?A. pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B. Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C. in science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D. Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.34. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?A. On Distinguishing Fact from FictionB. Biology and the Scientific AgeC. Hypotheses and TheoriesD. The nature of Science and ScientistsPassage 2While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classesimmediately b them, who, in turn, imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, move to its doom.As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.35. it is known from the first paragraph that ________.A. fashion operates in every societyB. fashion is found only in a few fields of group lifeC. fashion originates in a class societyD. people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society36. Which of the following statements is true?A. Fashion, as a movement, is static.B. A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.C. A fashion will never vanish once it is launched.D. The upper classes play a little role in fashion movements.37. According to the author, a fashion movement ________.A. will eventually develop into a social organizationB. has little in common with other movementsC. has a powerful leadership guiding itD. has a set of symbols and values38. It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement ________.A. is a form of expressive behaviorB. contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behaviorC. can boost the morale of its participantsD. functions in the same way as specific social movementsPassage 3If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.本资料由博宸考博英语辅导收集并整理编辑，更多系统化的考博英语辅导资料或服务请百度搜索博宸考博。
2011年北京师范大学考研真题回顾
（721）基础英语一. 完形填空（20分）一篇短文，挖出20个空，讲learning second language对人大脑的好处，没有选项，没有首字母提示，全凭上下文分析，应该能填出来，只是不确定是否为最佳答案，难度不是很大。
二. 阅读一（18分）heading搭配，多给了两个备选项，讲的是一个小型电影节三. 阅读二（18分）段落排序，原文少了六个段落，给了七个选项，选进去，讲的是一些科学结论及research可信性，大家要学会辨别四. 阅读三（24分）两道主观大题，一道12分，文章讲thinking分三个level，第一题阐释三个level是什么，并自己举例，第二大题elaborate作者最后一句话五. 翻译（30分）一段比较formal的文章，从中截取了五六个长句子，讲的是在学校实行的种族隔离对儿童的影响，号召取消这样的隔离六. 作文（40分）encouraging young people that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is misleading and potentially harmful 谈谈你的看法（941）英语语言文学一. 单选（10分）唯一的五道选择题，范围比较宽，比如说以下作品共有的特点（lyrical 啊，还是ballad之类的），或是以下五位作者属于哪个时代，还出了一个Emerson的self-reliance的小选段，分析作者这样说的意义等等（以前没看过也没关系，和阅读题一样直接分析就行）总之这五道应该是把基础知识看了就差不多。
接下来就全是主观题了~~二.（20分）作家在作品中设置了许多villain，用他们来反映自己的theme，选一部作品谈谈当中的villain是怎样解释主题或作者的想法的，suggested writer有Melville, Hawthorne, Dickens, Bronte, shakespeare, Jonson等十位左右三. （10分）作品中常常用到allegory，要求name two works of allegory, 并说说这些allegory 在现实中的寓意四. （20分）两篇文章选段分别从language和style上分析，一篇是Defoe的Robinson Crusoe 中主人公自我介绍，另一段是Allan Poe的The House of Usher,主人公从远处走向house of Usher的描写五. 汉译英（30分）众人对严复提出的翻译标准“信，达，雅”中“雅”的争议六. 英译汉（30分）一个project前的speech，提出在21世纪到来之际，文化大交融，我们要彼此学习，中国要向世界展示自己五千年的文化传统七. 诗歌分析（30分）Alexander Pope的An Essay on Criticisim II----A Little Learning is A Dangerous Thing，分析诗歌theme和article features（243）日语（由于二外是日语，所以只知道这个的题）1. 汉字写假名五个（5分）2. 假名写汉字五个（5分）3. 单选语法题20个（20分）4. 单选5个，根据上一句选下一句，大多为对话，能看懂就能选出来（10分）5. 阅读一，六个小问，讲人的体能分为抵抗力，免疫力，协调力等等（18分）6. 阅读二，三个小问，讲与人对话要注重话题是双方都有兴趣的（9分）7. 阅读三，一个小问，讲的是现在孩子更爱看电视与漫画，而不是书，就问主要讲什么（3分）8. 汉译日，五句话（10分）9. 日译汉，一段文字，讲20世纪各国在追求经济发展的同时为环境带来的灾害（10分）10. 作文，题目是“70歳の私”，200字左右（10分）日语今年好像不是很难（不过貌似我也不知道以往都什么样……），我感觉，感觉啊，初级下的水平掌握好了应该就还可以，不过因为之前不知道都考什么题型，看到作文的时候很感慨啊……就这些了，希望能有点用处，祝大家假期愉快~~VI. Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and finish the writing task.（40 points）Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.Do you agree with the statement? Write an essay presenting your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience or observation. Your essay should be 400-500 words. 试题来源：GRE ISSUE 236以下是搜索到的提纲：（一）开头:①确实，持续的努力和汗水在人通向成功的路上起了很大的作用。
2011年北京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年北京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing” for human being is a question that______a wide solution.A．admits ofB．requires ofC．needs ofD．seeks for正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：对人类来说，意识的扩展是否是一件好事是一个可能有广泛答案的问题。
A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”；所以A项符合题意。
2．In a culture like ours, long______all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided正确答案：B解析：accustomed to中的“to”为介词，后面跟名词或动名词，and连接的两个动词为并列关系，都应该用动名词形式，选B。
3．Apple pie is______neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A．at itselfB．as itselfC．on itselfD．in itself正确答案：D解析：“in itself”为固定短语，意为“以其本身而言，本质上”，at／as／on itself 短语不存在，也无此意义。
北京大学考博英语真题2011年
北京大学考博英语真题2011年Part ⅠListening Comprehension略Part ⅡStructure and Written ExpressionDirections: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1. Whether the extension of consciousness is a "good thing" for human being is a question that ______a wide solution.A.admits ofB.requires ofC.needs ofD.seeks for答案：A[解答] 句子大意为：对人类来说，意识的扩展是否是一件好事是一个可能有广泛答案的问题。
A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”；所以A项符合题意。
2. In a culture like ours, long ______ all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A.accustomed to split and dividedB.accustomed to splitting and dividingC.accustomed to split and dividingD.accustomed to splitting and divided答案：B[解答] accustomed to中的“to”为介词，后面跟名词或动名词，and连接的两个动词为并列关系，都应该用动名词形式，选B。
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经典回复：韶华博友1.第一篇听力是执业咨询师给一个咨询者一些建议；第二篇听力是说如何减少房间内噪音的方法和经验；第三篇是说美国的造纸业？(第三篇没听太懂)。
2.阅读的第一篇有点难，说的是妇女在生产力革命的背景下就业的境遇；第二篇第三篇第四篇都比较短，词句也短：老年人和青年人的观念冲突；水在变成冰的条件和过程。
（记不太清了）；最后一篇和第一篇难度一致。
3.英译汉，有一个超长句，我译完了我也不知道自己在说什么：大致是文艺复兴的源头是在中世纪就开始了4.汉译英：提笔忘字，呵呵，始终是打得最不靠谱的一道题；5.summay：一向的工整，清晰，挑主题句抄，不得法。
总结是比2010年难了，听力难度不变，阅读的难度集中于较长的文章（约两篇），汉译英难度不变，英译汉有超级长难句，summay稍稍比去年难一点点。
英译汉原题，凭记忆google出来的，出自一本书的前言：The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I think the chief points in that complex, many-sided movement.I have explained in the first of them what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than was intended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century which was only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result. This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearly pronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the breaking down of those limits which the religious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination.I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as an expression of its qualities, two little compositions in early FrenchSummary原题，google出来的too，一个百科全书里的词条：computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presentedby means of a computer or computer systems.The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension.If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure, and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide one-to-one interaction with a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students. A computer program can be used diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally, because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the embarrassment of giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other classmates.There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costly systems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use of computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction.One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the program provided this way may not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A courseware template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individual particulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is that instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course.Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise than is available.-----------------------------楼上的真厉害，你也google一下汉译英吧。