浅谈目的论与电影片名翻译

Movie Title Translation Under the Guidance of SkoposAbstract：With the developing of living standard, the film as a form of spiritual life has been a part of our life. As an integral part of the movie, the movie title translation has become the primary task. The translation of film products has become the international cultural exchange, and it has received more and more attention of scholars in the translation field. For the study of translation of film titles, skopos theory put forward by Hans Vermeer become the core theory of the functional translation theory, which is the suitable guiding method. It not only from the language level pays attention to translation, but also stresses the important role of the translator and culture. This article introduces the research significance English status Chinese translation of movie titles and the general situation of Skopos theory. It is concluded that the skopos theory has his own imperfections, but in the translators know the translation purpose, the translator can effectively guide the good movie title translation work. It can effectively guide the movie title translation work under the condition that the translators know the purpose of translation.Key Words:movie titles; skopos; translation methods浅谈目的论与电影片名翻译摘要:随着物质生活的日益提高，电影作为精神生活的一种形式已经走入人们的日常生活里。

作为电影一个不可缺少的组成部分，电影片名的翻译就成为了首要任务。

电影产品的翻译己经成为国际间文化交流重要的组成部分，受到了越来越多的翻译界学者的关注。

对于电影片名的翻译研究，在所提出的翻译理论中，汉斯维米尔提出的翻译目的论成为功能翻译理论的核心理论，是一种适合片名翻译的指导方法。

它不仅从语言的层面去关注翻译，同时也强调了译者和文化的重要作用。

本论文介绍了英文电影片名汉译的现状及翻译目的论的概况。

文章最后得出结论是翻译目的论虽然有其不完善的地方，但在译者知道译文目的的情况下，能够有效地指导译者做好电影片名的翻译工作。

关键词: 电影片名；目的论；翻译方法1 IntroductionAccording to statistics, the annual 100-200 Department China imported films, most of them are English film. Because of the cultural differences between English and Chinese, the translation of film work is not a simple matter. At present, film translation has made some development, but as an important part of film translation, research work in film title translation is still far from enough. Film title translation is an important and creative work, better translation for the film the icing on the cake, play a decisive role in the promotion of the new film in. With the 1995 American blockbuster "the fugitive" (The Fugitive) of the introduction, then English films have entered the China, makes China lit movie craze. Home to the translation of film titles also officially started, subsequent research has gradually increased the translation of film titles. There is also a concern status, it is the mainland, Hongkong, Taiwan translation confusion, showing "a more, a topic multi translation" of the situation. The lack of theoretical guidance, the lack of systematic.The film is useful for both young and old people who love to see and hear the form of art. A good film can attract tens of thousands of spectators, in addition to the profound implications the actor's performance, the picture and blew to express surprise, and attract people`s attention, lead a person to endless aftertastes titles have a direct link. The seemingly simple but the title product author quite challenging, a numeral embody the essence of the whole work.In numerous television advertising posters, titles are very prominently in direct "guide", plays the role of.Whenever possible, the author will use a variety of vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric, the eye-catching title. Film title above on film, but in the movie. With the China opening up the door open, gradually increasing cultural exchanges and learning Chinese and the world, the film is a kind of form of expression. The introduction of foreign films enriched the Chinese film market, in Chinese also popular. Since it is the foreign movie introduction, it must involve the problem of translation. While the film title translation seems to be the priority among priorities of film translation. Film title is the movie's eyes, the translator should will "make the finishing point". Translated titleof outstanding plays a role can not be ignored to promote international cultural exchange.Bao Huinan points out, the film and television film title translation "should conform to the language standard, but also full of artistic charm, not only to be faithful to the original title of the content, but also embody the language features of the original work, and strive to achieve the creation of" art, to emphasize the "popular, popular, colloquial and art", "to be able to afford to a very good guide and promotion effect".2 The Overview of Skopostheorie2.1 The Introduction of SkopostheorieFrom the definition of the concept of translation skopos theory perspective, the action theory and cross-cultural communication theory as the theoretical foundation, holds that translation is a kind of complex behavior for the realization of information culture, cross-cultural communication and not simply to the original text based symbolic conversion. Vermee thinks, "translation means in specific environment, because of the specific purpose of translation, for a specific recipient". From the perspective of translation principle, teleology to skopos rule as the primary principle of translation should follow, process and the translation is translation behavior to achieve the purpose of decision behavior of the whole translation means. According to Skopostheorie, the communicative purpose of the translation is generally determined by the translation initiator, initiator to put forward by translators "translation requirements". However, the translator can not passive ground accept sponsors "translation requirements", if the initiator of the lack of professional knowledge of translation or don't understand, so the communicative purpose of the translation can be combined with the social and cultural background of the target readers, to the translation look, communicative needs and factors such as the initiator of joint consultation to decide. At the same time, the theory also the coherence and fidelity as a law. Among them, the fidelity rule subordinate to the coherence rule, both from belong to objective law. The original and the translation function the same, fidelity rule can no longer apply; if the objective laws require translation need not smooth, so the coherence rule can no longer apply. Reducing the source language status is a significant feature of teleology. The source language text plays an important role in traditional translation theory, also requires the translation to be faithful to the original, and the skopos theory holds that "objective decision means", "the source language is a kind of" the translator needs a lot of information obtained in the translation before, but not the primary basis for the translator.Compared with the traditional "equivalence theory", the skopos theory rather than focus on the translation and the source text equivalence, but stressed that the translation from its expected function embarks, according to the context, choose the best treatment method, so it has high scientific and operable (Chen 20). Teleology is the "full" rather than "peer to peer" text according to different purposes of translation, may produce multiple versions, the original and the translation is not necessarily complete equivalence. As long as the translation meets the purpose of translation, it is sufficient, acceptable. Therefore, in the purpose theory perspective, as the standard of translation, highlights the translator's role, expand the translator's responsibility scope. Skopos theory is a breakthrough of the contemporary western translation theories, has opened up a new train of thought of translation theory, translation practice for the translation practice to provide a new operation method.2.2 About the Skopos Rule2.2.1 Skopos Rule1.Objective principle (Skopos rule) objective principle is the first rule of Skopos theory. That is, translation purpose decided to achieve the desired goal of strategy. The law, translation method and the choice of translation strategies, and the whole process of translation is required by the act of translation purpose decision.2.The principle of coherence (coherence rule) is the translation must meet the intratextual coherence criterion. What is the intratextual coherence refers to the translation allows the recipient to understand, and readable, also have meaning in the target language culture communication and the use of the original communicative environment.3.The principle of fidelity (fidelity rule) the principle of fidelity refers to the author and the original text faithfully. That is to say, between the original translation should achieve intertextual coherence. Intertextual coherence equivalent usually said is faithful to the original text, the translation purpose and the translator determines the extent and form of the faithful to the original.2.2.2 The Relationship Between the RulesIn the process of translation, the Skopos rule requirements if the source text and the target text function is different, so the loyalty principle not apply; if the objective principle requires a translation is not fluent, is not in conformity with the domain coherence, coherence rule does not apply, "faithfulness" belongs to the "coherence rule", but the two must obey "objective principle", this is the relationship between the three, the skopos theory breaks through the study of contemporary western translation theories.2.3 The Purpose of the Translation of Film TitlesTransfer film title translation is the most direct purpose is information, good translation can highlight the original film content, to understand the original audience better expression and convey the theme of information. For example, The Rock translated into "the rock" will enable the audience to predict film want to express the effect of stimulation, the information transfer film. If literally translated into "rock" will let people think is a science film. The film was born in the west, is affected by the capitalist culture from the beginning, playing on the commercial brand. The ultimate purpose of the film should be the production and exchange rather than simply for the film creators appreciation and creation. The film is an art, it should belong to both the art and belongs to the field of aesthetic. At the same time, the film is a commodity, it is highly industrialized production line to produce. Therefore, driven by economic interests, the art attribute and commercial attribute of the film would become less important than. The film thus must first have the economic value and exchange value, production objective is to maximize the economic benefits to producers. The box office income level is the only criteria to decide the film production. USA movie world hegemony is the reason, USA film industry highly commercial, film has become one of the pillar industries USA third industry. At present, Chinese imported sheet film market share has increased.Film translation direction and purpose depends to some extent on the film market highly commercialized and broad space fordevelopment. Of course, a good movie translation is inseparable from the good translation of a film title. Film title as a type of advertising and advertising translation, also has the same purpose, namely, eye-catching, arouse interest, arouse the desire, is one kind has the specific target of commercial activities, restricted by various aspects of business and culture. However, the translation of film titles and not completely equal to advertising translation, the existence of film is not physical goods, with aging, and the length is limited. Movie is just like is the commodity trademark, is Punchline. Good movie has speed, strong advertising effect, can attract large audiences to watch the film, support the film, and then increase the box office income, so as to realize the commercial value of the film. Name of film art, culture, aesthetic value to establish in the film's foundation, has the intense commercial propaganda function. If the movie art and cultural value to meet the psychological requirements of movie audience, so its commercial propaganda function has been achieved. Can say, the movie name commercial value is first to meet a variety of general value of the film, after is to meet a movie audience psychology of the higher level of value. If the movie name value is a bridge, then art, culture, aesthetic value is equivalent to a pier, commercial value is the bridge. Therefore, translation of film name purpose, must not be confined to the translation itself, can not stay in the realization of film art, literature, general common value level, but should try to realize the translation of film names in movie industry operation commercial publicity of great value. Therefore, this should also be present and translation of film title in the next few years should be considered an important aspect. Film title translation purpose is: artistic charm and style reproduction of the original title, comprehensively and fully propaganda film, maximize attract the target country's audience. English film title translation purpose determines the translation is not only a kind of highly creative art activities, is also a great market economic value of commercial activities, the premise of the basic guiding ideology and follow the general principle of the translation, the translation of movie titles should explore their own unique rules and methods.3 The Overview on film title3.1 Characteristics of Film and Film Titles1.The language characteristics.First of all, the movie film title must have the simplicity in language. The movie title is highly enriched the content of the film. Film title is the first channel viewers understand the movie, no matter what kind of type of film, film title is usually only a short span of a few words. "Concise" is a remarkable characteristic of movie titles. So that the audience can guess the movie belong to which kinds of movies, long title not only lose its as the title character, and very difficult to remember the audience. For example, Speed True Lies "speed", "true lies". Secondly, to have the popular movie titles. The film is a kind of mass media, with the majority of the audience for different age, occupation and education level, need to film title must popularization, popularization. Avoid the use of obscure and difficult to understand, hard to remember words, or highly specialized terminology. Must be consistent with the original film content, reflect the theme of "brave heart" Brave Heart The Princess Diaries, "the Princess Diaries". Finally, the movie film title must be vivid and attractive to the audience, to beauty, to attract the audience into the theater. The audience saw the movie on buying desire, want to immediately into the cinema to see. Films such as "Sister Act Cast Away Sister Act", "desert island".2.Cultural characteristics.The film is a cultural product of a kind of special artistic form. The film named, is drawn from the plot, background or hero, title although concise, but the meaning is profound. Some titles from allusions, implied meaning is not clear grasp. And the film content reflects the East-West be totally different natural environment, religion and historical origin, loaded with rich cultural information. The existence of the film must be able to reflect their culture people's way of thinking and cultural values. Different language determines different nationalities in different ways of thinking, behavior and language expression. Some English film title is the legendary stories from their own culture, than the Seven-year Itch translated into Chinese "seven year itch". And movies like "the red shoes" RedShoes, translators have a very China culture and cultural characteristics of the images of "Hong Ling" into the film translation, which has successfully created a new image of the majority culture for Chinese familiar to audiences, can accept.3.Business characteristics.No doubt, the film is a kind of commodity, the ultimate goal is to obtain commercial value and commercial benefits. Of course, make every attempt to attract the audience to the film business is the key to the eye, to occupy the market. A film from start to write, shoot, publicity has to put on the market, businesses have invested huge funds. Therefore, these investments must return from the box office, in order to obtain more profits. Therefore, from some dubbing film title can be seen in the movie title inevitably commercial characteristics. "To do the film is the first to do business, which has become the highest philosophy in contemporary Hollywood." (morning and night, 1999:56). For example, It Happens One Night dubbed the title "one night", Sister Act's "Sister Act" and so on. Practice has proved, to arouse the curiosity of the audience, to win the market, you have to give the film a loud and attractive name. Therefore, whether it is imported or exported to a film, film title translation is undoubtedly must consider its signage and promotional role. In order to cater to the market, the film title translation often jump out of the formerly restricted, out of its advertising function with a show ingenuity name.3.2 The Function of Film TitleLanguage is a special symbol system. British scholar and translation theorist Peter Neumark language functions are divided into 6 types: information function (informative function), the expression function (expressive function), imperative function (vocative function), power (aesthetic function), beauty of phatic function (plastic function), meta language function (Multilingual function). While the German scholars and functionalist translation theorist Christie Nord will be the function of language is divided into 4 types: the indicator function (referential function), the expression function (expressive function), call function (appellative function); phatic function (phatic function). Different people have different classification of languagefunctions of film title text, is also a kind of text (Zhang 20). The film title function is summed up in four: information dissemination function, expressive function, aesthetic function and advertising function. According to the features and functions of film titles, we will function attributed into four kinds: information function (informative function) (cultural function), cultural function, aesthetic function (aesthetic function), call function (appellative function). The film is not only the product of culture, is also a kind of special artistic and commercial products. So the importance of film title is to reflect the cultural exchange, commercial and artistic appreciation value. Specifically, the requirements of film title should have four main functions: information function, expressive function, aesthetic function and appellative function.4 The Methods of Translation of Film Titles under the Guidance of Skopos4.1 The Influence Factors of Film Title TranslationFilm title is the highly generalization of the film, art film title should embody the film, the most important is the embodiment of the commercial value. The art of film of movie titles should be concise requirements of highly generalized. While the film business value decided to a wonderful film also can not ignore the movie box office income. Therefore, the title must be able to maximize attract the audience, the audience to have the desire to watch the movie. English film translation by way of thinking, aesthetic ideas, cultural connotation, affecting the commercial value.4.2 The Supporting ExamplesThe translation skopos theory tells us, the purpose of translation determines the translation methods. Translation and advertisement translation of film names are similar, therefore, in the process of translation, the translator cannot limit and restrict the original title of the movie, but to exert their subjective initiative, in the faithful to the film content and film on the essence, characteristics and the audience to consider the translation language culture requirements, according to the characteristics of different film and the needs of different audiences take flexible methods of film title translation.(1)Transliteration: In the purpose theory, skopos theory emphasizes that translation should note the intended function embarks, according to the context, choose the best treatment method. As long as the translation meets the purpose of translation, it is sufficient, acceptable. In traditional translation, there are many examples of transliteration. Will not lead to misinterpretation of the target language culture, should as far as possible the direct transliteration principle. The reason for using the direct transliteration, is because it has retained the original title of rhymeand rhythm, but also can reflect the characteristics of the film alien. Such as: Rocky: "Rocky" Casablanca: "Casablanca". Titanic "Titanic" Jane Eyre "," Macbeth ", Jane. Love, Troy" Troy "Macbeth".(2)Literal translation: Chinese has more than 100 years of history in translation, many translation theories, translation should be faithful to the original both emphasized, and reflect the original style. In the teleology do follow the principle, in addition to the primary principle -- the principle of goal, but also including the coherence rule and fidelity rule. The principle of fidelity refers to the original and true to the original author. Literal translation method followed the teleology of faithful principle. There are many films, formerly known as itself is the content of the film's highly generalized, better realize its information function, aesthetic function and market function. The theoretical basis of faithfulness in the translation the translator must request the title also as far as possible to literal translation, based on language universals of translation, in a reasonable condition, also is in the target language when conditions permit, can keep the original ideas expressed, and as far as possible should be maintained relative with the original language form translation. This literal titles are often able to inherit the concise original titles, a large amount of information, easy to arouse the curiosity of the characteristics of the audience. Literal translation for the translation of the film, also can be called complete translation. Without prejudice to the plot of the movie, the content and will not cause errors under the premise of Lenovo, with vivid, image of the TL reproduction title. So, is faithful to the original, the original intention of the expression, and can be accepted by the audience. Therefore, the movie film title translation method is a basic strategy. Such as the India film Slumdog Millionaire's Oscar winning film, the title itself is a high level overview of the entire movie. Slumdog and millionaire are two than too think Guoliang and contradictory words, together has greatly aroused the curiosity of the audience. So it will be literally translated as "Slumdog Millionaire" the most appropriate, the translation successfully retained the name rainbow.(3)Free translation：Relationships exist between the three rules of Skopos theory. In the process of translation, the Skopos rule requirements if the source text and thetarget text function is different, so the principle of fidelity is no longer suitable for use, if the objective principle requires a translation is not fluent, is not in conformity with the intratextual coherence, coherence rule is not suitable for use, the principle of fidelity from belongs to the coherence principle, but the two must obey the objective principle. Literal translation can not transfer the movie itself information accurate, literal translation is difficult to reflect the title itself contains rich cultural connotation, such as themes and categories of the film, the film audience will feel difficult to understand. The title is informative text, this text translation requirements when do aims to pass on information, in order to achieve the purpose, the translator to understand the original film content, analysis, style, the plot even style on the basis of the method can flexibly adopt free translation. Therefore, translation of the translation purpose has not changed, or the transmission of information, reflect the film's artistic charm, attract the purpose and audience. As the Oscar winning film the The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, China has repeatedly literally translated as "Benjamin Barton", and the translation for "renew one's youth" will be more popular with viewers. From the information function, "Benjamin Barton" although summarized the movie the original content, but apparently not "rejuvenescent" can directly pointed out that "the specific content of wonders". If from aesthetics perspective, the latter using the Chinese traditional four syllable word, obviously than the former easier to the audience to accept, but also more in line with the Chinese audience's psychology. Of course, "rejuvenescent" than "Benjamin Barton" more box office appeal.(4)Transliteration and Translation：Transfer film title translation is the most direct purpose is information. Good translation to highlight the primary content of the film, the audience a better understanding of the original film express and convey the theme of information. Transliteration and translation combination embodies the teleological principle, follow the principle of faithful transliteration and free translation part part follows the principle of coherence, and follow the principle of goal is the most important.(5)The new nomenclature：Skopos theory holds that translation is a kind of complex behavior for the realization of information culture, cross-culturalcommunication and, rather than simply to the original text based symbolic conversion. Transfer film title translation is the most direct purpose is information. The film is an art, is also a commodity, film translation should reflect its commercial property. There are some movie title translation, if using the method mentioned above, from the hands of the language environment and psychological point of view, cannot give attention to realize three functions of the film. Some cinemas name too simple, too abstract. If the literal translation or transliteration method, as the carrier of information in the title are unable to convey the theme of the movie and the hands to express information. There are some films originally too lengthy and tedious, this type of film title is often used more than one word or phrase in the form of. This time, the meaning will consider renaming the method.5 Conclusion5.1 The Discussion on the Significance of Film Title5.1.1 The Purpose of Movie Title TranslationFor the translation of film titles are common, the original is placed in the core position, in the process of translating batted consideration, in order to achieve the greatest degree of original movie and the "equivalence". Since the advent of the skopos theory, for the translation of film titles have a direction. Skopos theory holds that the first rule is followed by the translation skopos rule, this film title translation from the bondage of the equivalent, the original name of film in the process of translation and the guidance of dominance is greatly reduced, at the same time, is also conducive to play the target language advantage, of course, the translator's subjective initiative, in the process of translation, to make the translation to a more ideal effect.5.1.2 The Various Methods of Translation of Film TitleSkopos theory holds that, any translation behavior has its own purpose, therefore, the purpose of the overall translation action determines the methods and strategies which should be adopted in translation. In the purpose theory of a translation task purpose determines the translation of a text taken strategy. So, the problem of translation methods of the film is solved. Any one can achieve the purpose of translation methods can be adopted, here said the purpose is to better play its commercial value in realizing the movie general value basis, which makes the translation methods of film title diversification. Translation method is no longer limited to literal translation, transliteration method in general, of course, can also according to different audiences, different cultural psychology and language habits and so on are separated from the original movie, free translation, combination of literal translation and free translation, transliteration and free translation with etc..5.1.3 The Commercial Value of Film Title TranslationIn the study of film title translation, not just regard it as a kind of literary。