同等学力英语作文必背20句

同等学力英语作文必背20句-学苑教育
1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and
the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。

然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students’ too much time. In fact,
it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。

然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

议论文写作的基本句式可以归纳为以下几种，考生可以摸索规律并练习使用。

(1)摆事实、谈现状
No one can deny the fact that since the beginning of the l980s，…
There is no denying that…
Strong evidence suggests the fact that…
…has become a household word in the past decade.
The fact that…can prove the commonness of this phenomenon in modem society.
More and more people prefer to have …
An increasing number of people are now interested in…
With China's entry of WTO, many people…
With the advent of the computer, …
As living standards improve, every family is considering…
It is well known that…
As is known to all…
From the graph (table, chart, picture) given, it can be seen that…
The diagram clearly shows that …
According to a recent statistics, …
A recent survey conducted by...shows that 25 percent of the...
As popular saying "East, west, home is best" can prove that …
The meaning of the well known proverb "Where there is a will, there is a way"
Is best demonstrated by …
(2)表示看法、分析原因
I believe that a job interview is necessary to both the interviewer and the interviewee.
It is important (necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for people to …
In my opinion, it is necessary for top students to develop many other skills.
It seems to me that modem life cannot go on properly without …
Reading extensively is extremely necessary for students in the information age.
The chief reason lies in that fact that …
Some major factors leading to this result are …
Although different people may have different opinions on this, one major factor seems to be…
In spite of the fact that most people may prefer…I believe that …
While many people believe that …, there are certain other people who argue that…
At least three major causes contribute to this fact. First，…
The reasons for this problem can be as follows.…
Some of th e reasons for such a serious problem can be…
We have good reasons to believe that …
To do things in this way has the following advantages. First,…
Therefore, to do…can really result in better results.
To take this matter into consideration, one can at leas t…
It will benefit us all if government officials and social workers …
Taking immediate actions to correct the situation is the most important task at present.
Adopting this method, of course, has disadvantages as well as advantages, but …
Attaching much i mportance to this issue can prevent…from…
This policy can surely bring much more economic returns when business companies compete in international markets.
It will not do any harm to enterprises that adopt these effective measures.
All the joint-venture businesses must try their best to overcome these difficulties.
The sudden drop in the figure can be attributed to the following reasons.
Changes that have taken place in the past five years can be explained by the fact that…
It is principally because of government's emphasis on education that there has been such a big increase in…
Medical treatment and insurance policies have led to that fact that…
The 80% increase in the…is the result of…
（3）提出和归纳结论
In short l it can be said that…
To conclude (In conclusion), if people pay more attention to…, they will certainly…
To sum up, these three measures can…
The above discussion certainly leads to the conclusion that…
From what has been discussed, we can come to an obvious conclusion that…
（4）看图作文
The pictures indicate that there have been significant changes in the ways of communication in the last 30 years.
By showing…, the examiner tries to convey the message that…
Through the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals.
The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean resources.
The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that.
The cartoon ridicules/criticizes' some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the advertisement of their products.
The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinations—hiring ringers, those who take tests for others.
It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other.
As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market.
At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters; which reads
"Like a lamp love burns most brightly in the darker places."
（5）描述图表
From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to 10 square meters in 2000.
As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed~ countries and that in the developing countries.
According to the charts, China's higher edqcation has been developing rapidly with the growth of the gross domestic product.
The number of singlE people establishang their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000.Drom the table we caN see t hat within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffac accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 k)lled.
From the graph we can see that there were a total of 1$2 fire accidejts in the city in 1999, most of which were caused by defective electrical appliances, smokers and children playing with fire.
From the chart we learn that the proportion of part-time education has increased substantially in the last 5 years.
The curve graph shows that the percentage of family income has declined sharply, accounting for only 13 percent of the total.
Forest coverage was reduced from 28 percent of total land area in 1954 to 12 percent in 1998.
There is a sharp increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively.
Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents.
Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one.
The number of death and injury was more than 3 times greater than that of the July.
And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the number of January.
The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.
Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1930.
After a steady decline for a whole decade the country's fertility rate shows signs of leveling off.
在实际写作中，可供考生选择的句型结构是无法一一列举的。

考生应按照以上部分句型总结规律，熟练地掌握一些基本句式，正确地套用。

句子是由单词构成的。

如何选择合适的单词表达自己的意思，是考生应该注意的。

因此，在确定写作基本句式的同时，要根据题目要求在大脑里搜索出由一系列相关词汇构成一个小词汇库。

例如，看到有关环境污染的题目，毫无例外地会涉及到environment，air，water，food，vegetables，pollution，contamination，toxic，poisonous, harmful, dust, industrial waste, automobiles, acid rain, ecology, balance of nature, extinction, precious and rare plants and animals, health, death rate, public awareness, formulate, roles and regulations, take effective measures, water treatment 等等。

写作时，应该注意句子简练，能用一个词汇表达的概念或动作过程，不要故意绕圈子凑字数。

能用He excused himself from the meeting because of the urgent work表达清楚的，就不用写成He found an excuse in order not to attend the meeting because he had some urgent work to do。

如上所述，写作时尽可能不要使用太大和太偏的词。

如在能用house的情况下就尽可能不用residence，habitation，domicile等过分正式的词。

能用destroy 表达你要表达的意思，就没有必要用annihilate，exterminate，eradicate等这些你读起来懂但用起来把握可能不大的词。

一个很普通的词，如果用在非常合适的地方而且用得有技巧，会得到更好的效果。

请比较以下句子：
Visitors could observe a wide expanse of sea．
Visitors could see a wide expanse Of sea．
A wide expanse Of sea greeted our eyes．
第一句中observe显然不如第二句中的see直截了当和准确。

如果换成第三句的被动语态结构，用比喻用法则更有生气。

当然选择什么样的词汇表达思想最合适，不能一概而论，许多时候应视具体情况确定。

例如上面强调不要使用太大和太偏的词。

但也会有人说，懂得使用
count on和consist in的考生显然比只知道使用depend on和lie in的考生英文水平要高，这也不是没有道理。

但是阅卷人员主要看考生的语言能力，流利表达程度，而不是看你背了多少不大常见的单词。

如果你使用了特别生僻的单词，假如阅卷人员都不大熟悉其意思(从科学的态度出发，这种情况是可能的)，而阅卷实践中是没有人停下来找词典查阅的，那么只有你吃亏了。

原因很简单：除死记硬背外，你目前的语言水平不足以写出连他都不认识的单词(除非是你熟悉而他不熟悉的专业术语)。

1988年的大学英语四、六级考试作文用的是一个共同题目：吉利数字是否会带来好运?许多考生用了effective，valid，faithful以及更大的词汇，有些当然用得不准确。

而相反，其中一个考生的开头句子是：Many people think that lucky numbers such as 6 and 8 can bring them good luck．But do lucky numbers really work？很简单的一个work就胜过许多别的大词和偏词而获得比较好的印象。

一句话，扎实的语言基础是写出灵活而准确的句子的前提。

没有扎实的基础，写出的句子不是名词单复数不对就是动词句型出错，不是主谓语一致问题就是主动被动语态分不清，要不就是按照汉语习惯使用“因为……所以……”、“尽管……但是……”等结构，在because从句后的句子前加上therefore…或在although…从句后的句子前加上but等。

写作所涉及的语言知识虽然是综合性的，但能用到的词汇量总是有限的，远小于考生在阅读中所接触到的语言点和知识面。

一位诗人说过：使你疲惫不堪的不一定是远方的高山与大河，而是你脚下鞋子里面的一粒沙子。

对考生来说，英语写作过程中的这粒沙子也许就是你的基础语言能力使你无法顺利从词汇走到句子。

三、从句子到段落
选择正确的词汇，组出正确的句子，还不是目的。

连贯的思想是由若干个句子来表达的。

句子的出现有一定的先后顺序，不同的句子在段落中有不同的作用，而且句子与句子之间有一定的衔接方式。

下面我们看看怎样由句子组成段落。

1．段落的结构
一个段落一般由三部分组成：主题句(The Topic Sentence)，段落扩展句
( Paragraph Development Sentences) 和结论句( The Concluding Sentence), 如:
Reasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough (1). For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger at McDonald's, for
example, costs about one-half as much as a meal at a regular restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is their convenience. For busy working couples who don't want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative (2). Considering the fact that customers are increasing in number, many Americans like the taste of the food (3).
主题句（The Topic Sentence）
主题句是英文段落的典型特点，顾名思义，主题句就是提出段落主题的句子。

它是一个段落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。

它指出了这段内容的主导思想。

主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间，也可以用在段落的末尾，但是对于硕士研究生入学考试来说，我们应该尽量把主题句放置于一个段落的开始，这既有助于组织材料，也可以使文章结构清楚。

主题句是一篇文章的灵魂，文章的所有材料和论述都是围绕主题句展开的，因此，写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键，一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想，把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。

好的段落主题句必须表达一个完整的思想，该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开，用定义、描述、分类、解释、举例说明等手段。

因此，段落主题句中必须包含段落的主旨，必须包含一个等待发展的思想。

另外，一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性，它应该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容，而且一个段落的容量是很有限的，如果主题句限定的范围太宽，主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。

如果以The Problem of Cheating in Testing为题作文，考生很可能联系到有些学生考试作弊等不诚实的行为。

但是如果说Cheating is very common around the world或Many students do not take cheating as a dishonest act等就显得主观和证据不足。

一方面，主题句不能太大，但是也不能太小。

如果太大，将无法具体讨论。

如果太小，将限制后面的写作。

例如，既然谈论考试作弊问题，就没有必要把这个题目扩大成整个教育产业和道德范围的大讨论，也没有必要抛开话题，转而讨论个别考试作弊的人是否能成才是否能诚实地对待婚姻家庭等话题。

切记在设计主题句时注意不要把不相关的观点包括在一个主题句中，否则将失去航向。

如果主题句不能确定具体的讨论范围，就形同虚设。

一个好的主题句，不仅要表达作者的态度，还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求，对题目的范围进行控制和确定。

段落扩展句(Paragraph Development Sentences)
段落主题句给出段落的主题思想，段落扩展则用来发展、证明或支持这一主题思想。

段落扩展句必须切题而且有序，还要层次分明。

段落扩展句是对主题句进一步的引申与发展，然而引申与发展的方法是多种多样的。

一种最为实用的方法就是设问解答法，即在句子展开之前先提出一个问题，然后再针对这一问题进行解答，例如：
结论句（The Concluding Sentence)
结论句位于全段的末尾，对全段的内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点。

结论句不仅仅是重复主题句提出的段落主题(restatement)，更重要的是，它可以进一步强调段落的中心思想，以引起读者的重视。

写结论句应该注意，其结构形式没有必要与主题句在形式上保持一致，但是所表达的内容必须与主题句在内容上一致。

当然，并非每个段落都需要结论句，对于一些描述性段落也可以不使用结论句。

重点提示：
文章的开头段由一个或几个句子组成。

若开头段只有一个句子，这个句子本身往往就是文章的中心论点。

一般来讲，文章的开头段有以下几种常见的方式：
1)直接提出中心论点，如：
I think it is fair to pay tuition fees for higher education in China．
2)由某一普遍现象或概念开始，逐渐缩小范围，引出中心论点，如：
Knowledge may be acquired through many ways. One way of getting knowledge is from traveling. Another way is by conversation, especially one with a great man. A person may also become knowledgeable through other ways such as listening to the radio or watching television. The best way to acquire-knowledge, however, is through reading.
3)由某一具体事实或数据引出主题，如：
During the past five years，the number of Americans h11ed annually in car accidents has climbed to more than55，000．These needless deaths on sweets and highways can be attributed to three general causes：mechanical failures，environmental conditions and errors of human judgment．
4)由名言或谚语引出中心论点，如：
Nearly every civilization has its equivalent to the proverb“No pains，no gains”．It means that nothing that is really worth doing can be gained without
painstaking efforts and that no knowledge or skill Can be acquired Without sweat or effort．
5)设问开头，引发读者兴趣，导入中心论点，如：
Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if peop1e made effort to Change their life Styles．Instead，many people continue to smoke，to drink excessively and to eat Unbalanced diets. How can governments help people protect their health and avoid premature(过早的)death?
注意：在写作文章开头段时应避免提出多个主题或论点。

论述文的开头：提问，陈述句，谚语等
图表作文的开头：In this picture(graph)，you can see that…
As(is)Shown in Fig.1．…
It can be seen from the table that…
文章的结尾
文章的结尾与文章的开头一样，往往是读者最注意的地方，其作用是对文章的中心论点进一步强调或对文章就中心论点的论证进行归纳总结，给全文一个圆满的结束。

常用的结尾方式如下：
1)重申开头段中的中心论点，如：
In Short，with people's standard of living getting higher and higher，changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater．
2)提出问题的解决方法，如：
Making Cities greener requires more than Widespread awareness；it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers．
3)总结展开段中的论证，表明作者观点，如：
I benefited by working in this factory．For one thing，I learned to exchange my labor for money；for．another，I made some new friends．
注意：在文章的结尾段中应避免提出新的论点，以防“画蛇添足”。

2．句子之间的过渡
句子之间的过渡有四种基本类型：使用过渡词、重复关键词和词组、使用代词、使用并列结构。

(1)过渡词包括连接副词、状语连接词。

如：
(a) Addition: again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too
(b) Comparison: also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
(c) Concession: granted; naturally, of course
(d) Contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet
(e) Emphasis: certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
(f) Example or Illustration: after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is tree, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly
(g) Summary: all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize
(h) Time Sequence: after a while, .afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when
(2)重复关键词和词组可以使句子有节奏感、有感染力等特点，一定会给读者留下很深的印象。

例如：
We can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but we cannot fool all of the people all of the time.
…a government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.
(3)代词的使用可以避免不必要的重复，但是要注意指代明确。

如This is true
because…这句话用在文章开头显然不合适。

This指代什么，一定要明确才行。

如果担心在文中表述不清楚的话，干脆写成They say that…则更好。

(4)并列结构同样可以给文章强烈的乐感和节奏感。

请看下段：
The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is possible to diagnose the disease they suffered in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies. The process was remarkably effective. Sometimes apparent were the fatal afflictions of the dead people: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head, and polio killed a child king. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages.
尽管这个段落不是非常完美，但是从主题句到结尾句，整段还是很统一的，不显得零散。

不过由于缺少结构上的衔接还是不够连贯。

再看修改后的段落并注意和衔接手法：
The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them. In short, mummification consisted of removing the internal organs; applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. And the process was remarkably effective. Indeed, mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. Their skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features are still evident. Their diseases in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies, are still diagnosable. Even their fatal afflictions are still apparent: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head; a child king died from polio.
可见，句子之间的过渡，使用过渡词是最主要的手段。

在汉语写作中，人们讲究文章的起、承、转、合，实际上都是靠过渡性衔接手段来实现的。

下面就从这个角度对以上列举的过渡词汇进行分类总结。

(1)“启”：用于引导主题句，或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个发展句。

如first (firstly), at first, first of all, in the beginning, in the first place, at present, to begin with, currently, to start with, lately, for one thing, now, recently, on the one hand, in general, generally speaking, at present, in recent years, comparatively (speaking), nowadays, in general, in a sense, in a way, in my opinion, obviously, undoubtedly 等;
(2) “承”：用于承接主题句或前一个发展句。

如second ( secondly ), third (thirdly), also/too, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, for
another, for example, for instance, as an example, as another example, namely, then, in other words, in particular, in the same way, after that, afterwards, after a few. days, after a while, from now on, later, just as, similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, by this time, soon, consequently, of course, for this purpose, equally important, what is more, what is worse, certainly, surely, obviously, especially, in particular, indeed, still, in fact, in plain terms, in practice, for the most part, no doubt 等;
(3)“转”：用来表示不同或相反的情况。

如after all, but, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, though, although, despite, in spite of, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, whereas, on the other hand, all the same, unfortunately, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, in any case, at any rate, otherwise, or else, instead 等;
(4)“合”：用于总结段落中上文的内容，引导一个发展句或结论句，也可以用于文章的最后一段。

如finally，hence，in brief，in conclusion，in short，in summary, therefore, thus, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, briefly, above all, as a consequence，as a result，for this reason, as has．been noted，as I have said，at last，at length，by and large，consequently，eventually，accordingly，so，after all，in general，in a word，on the whole等。

四、段落扩展方法
段落的扩展，必须围绕主题句的中心思想来阐明某一方面。

段落扩展的方法很多，比较常用的有列举法、举例法、描写与叙述法、因果法、比较和对比法、归类法和定义法等。

(1)列举法。

列举法是一种最为常见的段落扩展方法。

写出主题句后，需要列举一系列论据对主题句内容进行陈述和解释。

列举的顺序可以按照各点内容的相对重要性，时间的先后或地理位置的远近等关系来进行。

例如：列举常用的表达词汇手段有：first，second，in the first of place，first of all，to begin with，in the second place，next，also，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition，what is more，beyond that，for one thing，for another，finally等。

(2)举例法。

为了阐明或支持一个观点，采用例子帮助说明，是一个常用而且有力的手段。

在采用举例法发展段落时，作者往往在主题句中开门见山地摆出自己的观点，然后举出具体的事例来对其进行说明。

所举的例子一般可按照时间顺序或重要性等来进行安排。

关键在于各个实例都要与主题密切相关，具有典型性和说服力，或者能够不断地深入说明，或反映主题各个侧面。

举例法常用的表达词汇手段有：for example，for instance，as an example，as
a case in point，as an illustration，such as，namely，that is，like，say等。

(3)描写与叙述法。

在扩展段落过程中，还可以用描述与叙述的方法。

描述和叙述一般按照时间和空间的次序，而这种次序关系在很大程度上体现在它们所特有的过渡连接词上。

通过过渡连接词，能够清楚而连贯地描述物体的概况或叙述事件的整个发展过程。

(4)因果法。

在人类的思维活动中，人们常常会根据事物的原因推断其结果，或者根据某一结果分析其原因。

写作中的因果法正是这种思维方式在写作过程中的具体体现。

所谓因果法，就是通过分析事物发生的原因，自然地说明由此而产生的各种结果，或者通过分析某一结果，推断导致这一结果的原因。

段落写作手法总结
(1)时间顺序：时间顺序协作手法可以用在叙述、过程描述、举例与解释、因果关系分析等类型的写作中。

In the last century；in the following three years；in the days to come等都是很常见的表达法。

(2)空间顺序：on the right；in the middle；a little further on；to the south of; a few feet behind；directly on the bridge of his nose and a centimeter above his gaping，hairy nostrils；turning left on the pathway等都是很常见的表达法。

(3)递进顺序：一般采用数字并编号。

First；second；next；last；more importantly；best of all；still worse；a more effective approach；even more expensive；even more painful than passing a kidney stone；the least wasteful；occasionally；frequently；regularly等都是很常见的表达法。

(4)主题顺序：给写作的段落加上信息结构标记，能够使信息结构明确，读起来顺畅。

主题顺序也是诸多写作形式经常采用的。

常见表达法包括Among the three elements，the first is…；Another key part l have to discuss is…；A third common principle of doing this kind of work is…；Before l end my discussion，I have to add still another point，which may not seem relevant，but actually very important…等等。

五、从段落到短文
从段落到短文是写作的必然。

考生要把短文写作方法、技巧和要领综合体现，在写作的全过程之中。

最重要的是审题、构思、成文和检查修改四个步骤。

1．审题。