Industrialization of agriculture industrialization thinking(工业化农业工业化思维)
托福阅读背景材料：Industrialization
托福阅读背景材料：Industrialization小马过河为大家准备了“托福阅读背景材料：Industrialization”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267IndustrializationThe most significant development by 1900 was the Industrial Revolution. It began in this country in the second decade of the nineteenth century and had started to blossom after the Civil War. By the 1880s the value of man- ufactured goods surpassed that of farm products, and more people worked in nonagricultural occupations than on farms. The capital invested in Amer- ican manufacturing increased from $1 billion in 1860 to $10 billion in 1900.The value of American manufacturing products grew from $2 billion to $13 billion in the same period, making the United States the leading industrial nation of the world. In 1889 the Dow Jones industrial average made its de- but. It was comprised of twelve business behemoths and began trading at 40.94.The largest steel producer in the nation, the Carnegie Company, saw itsprofits swell from $1.6 million in 1880 to $40 million in 1900. That same year, the company was worth $320 million—a 500-percent increase over the orig- inal investment made just twenty-seven years earlier. In 1901, company prop- erties were valued at $492 million.John D. Rockefeller and his associates founded their first oil refineries in 1863 with a capitalization of $1 million. In 1889 the net value of Standard Oil properties was $196.7 million. By 1911 the company’s net value had bal- looned to $660.4 million.Inventions and technological advances were at the core of industrializa- tion. Between 1860 and 1890, Americans took out an unprecedented 440,000 patents. The Bessemer process of converting iron into steel, for example, not only made Carnegie a multimillionaire but contributed to the transformation of American life with steel railroad tracks, plows, bridges, skyscrapers, scalpels, sewing machines, and automobiles. Thomas Edison’s development of the electric light bulb in 1879 introduced a wave of startling advances and helped create an electrical equipment industry that produced goods worth $21.8 million in 1890. Alexander Graham Bell’s genius enabled the New York metropolitan area to have more telephones in 1888 than the entire UnitedKingdom. There were already 100,000 of George Eastman’s Kodak cameras in circulation by 1900, and the Brownie box camera introduced that year was priced at a mere $1.00. Some eightthousand automobiles were moving about the country, at a time when the nation had only a single mile of smooth paved road.The telegraph, transatlantic cable, typewriter, rotary press, gasoline motor, refrigerator car, and linotype machine were among many pathbreaking in-novations that contributed significantly to the industrialization of America.Wireless telegraphy, the airplane, the motion picture The Great Train Rob- bery, the diesel engine, and Henry Ford’s Model T would appear within the first decade of the new century.Railroad development was a vital stimulant to industrialization. Railroad mileage in the United States increased from 79,082 in 1877 to 166,703 in 1890, the latter figure amounting to about a third of the world’s total. More- over, track gauges were uniform by 1890 and the integration of a railroad network was virtually complete. This network, which encompassed 200,000 miles by 1900, enabled people and goods to travel from one corner of the nation to another, permitted factors of production such as iron ore and coal to be combined readily, opened a national market for corporations, and stim- ulated mass production. Historian John A. Garraty would later write of the railroad system, “its rails, tying section to section, were the bone and sinew, its locomotives and cars the pumping heart and life-bearing blood of the na-tion.”By the turn of the century the rise of the modern corporation was also an integral part of America’s industrial revolution. Business leaders were in-creasingly abandoning individual ownership of companies, with its personal risks and limited capital, in favor of creating state-chartered corporations. Vast sums of money could be raised through the sale of corporate stock to in- vestors. Stockholders and officials enjoyed limited liability: they were legally responsible for corporate debts only to the extent of their personal invest-ments. And stockholders elected a board of directors, which in turn appointed managerial personnel to run the corporation, an arrangement that enabled a small group of people to manage the complex policies of a large enterprise with efficiency and dispatch. (In the new century corporations would be run by professionals who held little or no stock in the economic empires they managed.) With the growth of national and international markets, and the rapid expansion and diversification of industry, the corporation soon became the dominant economic institution of the Western world.来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福阅读常出现的9个深度句托福阅读利剑之语法托福阅读解题方法之《主旨题》。
Civilization, Industialization and Globalization-
Civilization, Industialization and Globalization----Heidi Once all Chinese thought Chin a’s civilization was the most extrodinary and unique; once agriculture made up the most part of China’s economy; and once China just held fast to its own economy, policy and culture. But these all belonged to yesterday. China is no longer that way. What contributed to China’s current prosperity? Civilization is the first factor that occurs to me, then come industialization and globalization.Civilization has not only brought China different cultures, but also demacracy. Before, we Chinese were just aware of our own culture, and all regarded it as the only a remarkable one. This was also revealed in the patriotism, but to some extent it was too extreme. However,as civilization spread to China, a variety of cultures appeared in front of us. We began to learn about the differences, while the cultural barriers came up. Apart from appreciation, a wise mind to decide which is good is badly needed. Gradually, people came to realize that t he other nation’s civilization also turns out to be extrodinary. Along with the world civilization, demacracy came into existence in China. People began to pursue their civil rights and learn to fight for their rights. This was an improvement. All in all, civilization helps Chinese to be more patriotic but not blindly. It prevents China from being overly proud, and it brings China a great number ofadvanced and novel things. With civilization, China will surely continue to develop in a promising way.Years before the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, agriculture was the most developed field, and contributed the most to the Gross Domestic Product. However, since the appearance of industrialization, China’s industry has become thriving all the way. In spite of late starting, china tried to explore an appropriate and benefical way. Joyously, since the open and reform policy was implemented, C hina’s economy has developed at a rapid speed. The GDP has continued to increase by 9.4% per year and has succeeded to be the sixth on the world list. The manufacturing industry now takes up a large portion. Almost half the financial income comes from manufacture. Industrialization has turned China into an industrial power from an agriculture power. In the future, I believe, China will achieve more feats because of industrialization.Globalization is recognized as an inevitable global trend which China has always been trying to follow, to be part of it, and actively participate in it since its opening to the world in 1978.However, it’s a double-edged sword. First, it can help reduce the danger of a world war and create a peaceful international community, which is advantageous for China to concentrate on developing its economy.Second, globalization increases foreign direct investment inChina. Together with the rapid economic development and favorable policies, globalization has made China the most popular country in the world for attracting investments. Third,globalization promotes educational and cultural exchange between China and foreign countries, which is beneficial to improve the quality of human resource in China. Along with the opportunities,globalization also brings challenges. The most critical challenge is that globalization enhances international capital flows and strengthens the connection of financial markets that tend to cause instability in Chinese financial market and resulting in devastating financial crises. Since the financial market is immature and the banking system is fragile in China, the outcome is disastrous once massive reversals in capital flows happen. Besides, it increases competitive pressures on Chinese national firms, especially in the sectors of agriculture and automobiles, in which China has comparative disadvantages. What’s worse, it may further result in instability of society and outflows of talented individuals. In fact, civilization, industrialization and globalization will all make contributions to C hina’s future, but challenges are also on the way, and those of globalization challenges are what I concern the most.In china not only will the development affect the nation, but also its citizen s. As a college student, I’ll have the opportunity to apply fora job abroad with globalization. I’ll not have to make the necessity b y myself with industialization. And I’ll live in a more civilized world with civilization. Look, how great benefits they will make for my future! And I believe all of us will feel grateful for them.。
农业产业化agriculture industrialization
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Solution – Organic Agriculture 解决方法 – 有机农业
Organic food 有机食品标志 12
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The traditional agriculture 传统农业
Men do farm work and women engage in spinning and weaving 男耕女织
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Agricultural machines 农业机械
The Industry Revolution in 18th century 18世纪工业革命 Pesticide 农药
Chemical fertilizer 化肥
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The agriculture industrialization 产业化农业
Chicken factory 工厂化养鸡场
Work with machines 机械劳作
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Are all the things of agriculture Are all the food from it safe for us? industrialization good? 从产业化农业中得到的所有食物都是安 农业产业化的所有一切都是好的吗？ 全的吗？
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Problem – Environment 问题 – 环境
Excessive use land lead to land erosion 过度使用土地导致土壤侵 蚀
Farm chemical lead to water pollution 农药会导致水污染 7
Problem – Society 问题 – 社会
Agribusiness: Plant a lot of cash crop lead to lack of food and waste 经济型农业：大量种植经济作物导 致食物短缺和经济作物的浪费
关于工农商的英语单词
关于工农商的英语单词Essential Vocabulary Related to Agriculture, Industrialization, and Commerce.Agriculture:1. Farming: The primary activity of cultivating plants and raising animals for food, fuel, and fiber.2. Agrarian: Pertaining to agriculture or the ownership and use of land for farming.3. Cultivation: The process of growing crops or plants, usually involving tilling, planting, and harvesting.4. Irrigation: The supply of water to crops, usually through canals, pumps, or other means, to ensure their growth.5. Fertilizer: A substance used to enrich the soil withessential nutrients, promoting plant growth.6. Livestock: Domesticated animals raised for food, labor, or other products such as wool or milk.7. Crop Rotation: The practice of planting different crops in the same field in successive years to maintainsoil fertility and prevent disease.8. Sustainable Agriculture: Agricultural practices that aim to meet current food and fiber needs while preserving the environment for future generations.Industrialization:1. Industry: The aggregate of manufacturing and processing activities, especially on a large scale.2. Factory: A large building or complex where goods are manufactured on a mechanized scale.3. Manufacturing: The process of converting rawmaterials into finished products for sale.4. Automation: The use of machines and technology to perform tasks without direct human intervention.5. Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid economicand technological transformation, marked by the mechanization of manufacturing and the widespread adoptionof new technologies.6. Mass Production: The large-scale production of identical items using standardized methods and processes.7. Supply Chain: The network of businesses, logistics, and infrastructure involved in the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services.8. Industrial Policy: Government measures designed to promote industrial growth, innovation, and competitiveness.Commerce:1. Trade: The activity of buying and selling goods and services, either domestically or internationally.2. Market: A place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange goods and services.3. Commerce: The aggregate of all trade and business activities.4. Retail: The sale of goods and services to individual consumers.5. Wholesale: The sale of goods and services to other businesses or resellers in large quantities.6. Imports: Goods and services brought into a country from another country.7. Exports: Goods and services sent from a country to another country.8. Trade Balance: The difference between the value of acountry's imports and exports.9. Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce): The buying and selling of goods and services using electronic systems such as the internet.10. Globalization: The process of integration and interdependence among nations, cultures, and economies through trade, investment, and cultural exchange.In conclusion, agriculture, industrialization, and commerce are three essential pillars of any economy. The vocabulary associated with these sectors is diverse and covers various aspects of production, distribution, and consumption. Understanding these terms is crucial for anyone interested in the economics, politics, and sociology of modern society.。
农业比工业更可取的英语作文
农业比工业更可取的英语作文Agriculture: A Viable Alternative to IndustryIn the modern world, the dominance of industrialization and technological advancements often overshadow the importance of agriculture. However, it is imperative to recognize that agriculture remains an essential sector that offers numerous benefits for both individuals and society as a whole. In this essay, we will explore why agriculture should be considered a viable alternative to industry.Firstly, agriculture serves as the backbone of human civilization by providing sustenance and nourishment. From the earliest agricultural practices to the present day, farming has been crucial in ensuring food security for mankind. Unlike industry, which focuses primarily onprofit-making, agriculture caters to the most basic human need: hunger. Emphasizing the significance of agricultural development can help address global issues such as poverty and malnutrition.Furthermore, agriculture plays a vital role in environmental preservation. The impact of rapid industrialization on our planet's delicate ecosystem cannot be ignored - pollution levels are rising, natural resources are being depleted, and climate change is becoming increasingly severe. In this context, placing emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices can serve as a solution to combat environmental degradation.Agriculture promotes biodiversity by preserving natural habitats for various plant and animal species. It encourages responsible land management techniques such as crop rotation and organic farming, reducing reliance on harmful chemicals and promoting soil fertility. Unlike industrial practices that often prioritize profit maximization over environmental integrity, agricultural methods prioritize long-term sustainability.Moreover, when it comes to job creation, agriculture surpasses industry in terms of employment opportunities. Across the globe, rural communities heavily rely on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. By investingin agriculture instead of solely focusing on industrial development in urban areas, governments can ensure equal distribution of resources and alleviate rural poverty. Supporting farmers through subsidies and providing them with access to modern technology could enhance productivity while increasing employment rates.Additionally, investments in agricultural research have significant potential for innovation and economic growth. Advancements in crop breeding, pest management techniques, and agricultural technology can not only improve overall productivity but also create profitable business opportunities for entrepreneurs. By promoting agri-businesses in both developed and developing countries, governments can stimulate economic growth while simultaneously addressing food security concerns.In sum, it is clear that agriculture offers numerous advantages that make it a viable alternative to industry. Food security, environmental preservation, job creation, biodiversity promotion, and economic growth are just some of the benefits that can be achieved by emphasizing theimportance of agriculture. While industry undoubtedly contributes to societal progress, neglecting the potentialof agriculture would be a disservice to humanity. Therefore, it is crucial for policymakers and individuals alike to recognize and support the significance of agriculture inour world today.。
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文最新（节选重点翻译）英文Managing uncertainty and expectations: The strategic response of U.S.agricultural cooperatives to agricultural industrializationJulie HogelandAbstractThe 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted U.S. agricultural cooperatives with responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. Agrarian-influenced cooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty and influence producer expectations by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer driven compensation.The serfdom metaphor alluded to industrialization's potential to either bypass family farmers, the cornerstone of the economy according to agrarian ideology, or to transform them into the equivalent of piece-wage labor as contract growers. The “family” metaphor reflects how cooperatives personalized the connection between cooperative and farmer-member to position themselves as the exact opposite of serfdom. Hypotheses advanced by Roessl (2005) and Goel (2013) suggest that intrinsic characteristics of family businesses such as a resistance to change and operating according to a myth of unlimited choice andindependence reinforced the risk of institutional lock-in posed by agrarian ideology.To determine whether lock-in occurred, Woerdman's (2004) neo-institutional model of lock-in was examined in the context of late 20th century cooperative grain and livestock marketing. Increasingly ineffective open markets prompted three regional cooperatives to develop their own models of industrialized pork production. Direct experience with producer contracting allowed cooperatives to evade institutional and ideological lock-in.Keywords：Cooperatives，Agricultural industrialization，Agrarianism，Expectations，Family business，Family farming，Metaphors，Lock-inIntroductionRecent fluctuation in global financial markets led a panel of cooperative leaders to identify uncertainty as the primary managerial difficulty anticipated by cooperatives in the future (Boland, Hogeland, & McKee, 2011). Likewise, the 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted cooperatives with the challenge of responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. When the environment is highly uncertain and unpredictable, Oliver predicts that organizations will increase their efforts to establish the illusion or reality of control and stability over future organizational outcomes (Oliver, 1991: 170). This study argues thatcooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer-driven compensation.These metaphors are agrarian. Recent research highlights the impact of agrarian ideology on cooperatives. Foreman and Whetten (2002: 623)observe, “co-ops have historically sought to reinforce the traditions and values of agrarianism through education and social interventions. Indeed, for many members these normative goals of a co-op have been preeminent.” These authors studied the tension within rural cooperatives produced by a normative system encompassing family and ideology and a utilitarian system defined by economic rationality, profit maximization and self-interest. They argue that this split in values implies that cooperatives are essentially two different organizations trying to be one. To capture the tension between these multiple identities, they focused on a potential family/business divide in cooperatives, basing this on a duality often noted in cooperative community and trade publications.The authors found that respondents wanted their local co-op to be more business oriented and at the same time, expected co-ops ideally (e.g., as an ideal organizational form) to be more family focused. These conflicting expectations suggested that multiple-identity organizations need to be assessed in terms of the individual components of their identity and the tension (or interaction) between them. Foreman and Whettenregard dual or multiple identity organizations as hybrids. There are consequences to hybridity: many members of a hybrid organization will identify with both aspects of its dual identity, “and thus find themselves embracing competing goals and concerns associated with distinctly different identity elements” (Foreman and Whetten, 2002). They conclude that competing goals and concerns foster competing expectations with consequences for organizational commitment (and I would add, performance).The split focus observed by Foreman and Whetten can be regarded as a contemporary expression of a value conflict beginning early in the 20th century over how production agriculture should be organized. Decentralized, autonomous, and typically small, family farmers used their skill at deciding the “what, when, where, how and why” of production and marketing to reduce the risk of being a price taker at open, competitive markets. Farmers also diversified the farm enterprise to spread price risk over several commodities. Corporate-led industrialized agriculture (integrators) by-passed both markets and independent farmers. Integrators coordinated supply and demand internally based on top-down administrative control over production and marketing decisions. They engaged in production contracting with growers who were held to competitive performance standards and paid according to their productivity. In contrast, family farmers were accountable only tothemselves.Study overviewFoss (2007) observes that the beliefs organizations hold about each other or the competitive environment are a key aspect of strategic management which have been understudied. Beliefs, which include norms and expectations, are important because they can be wrong. Cooperatives are often considered to have an ideological component but how such ideology develops and persists also has been understudied. This study addresses that gap by examining how agrarian language and assumptions shaped cooperatives’ reaction to 20th century agricultural industrialization. During this era, industrial methods transformed the production and marketing of processing vegetables, poultry, beef, and pork and were initiated for dairy and grains. An historical and institutional perspective is used to examine how two contrasting metaphors brought cooperatives to the brink of institutional lock-in. The study spans the entire 20th century from beginning to close.The study opens with a brief discussion of metaphors and norms then presents a theoretical model of lock-in. Discussion of the overarching role of agrarianism follows. Discussion then addresses why the cooperative alternative to corporate-led industrialization –the 1922 model developed by Aaron Sapiro –was not palatable to agrarian-influenced cooperatives (this section also definesagrarian-influenced cooperatives).Discussion then turns to considering how the disturbing implications of serfdom paved the way for the agrarian-influenced norm, “cooperatives as a competitive yardstick” and the cooperative metaphorical n orm, “cooperatives are like a family.” Producer expectations triggered by “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” are addressed. Parallels are briefly drawn between neighborhood exchange in late 19th century rural California and behavior implied in “cooperatives are like a family.” Parallels are then drawn between family business traits and cooperative and producer experience in livestock and identity-preserved grain markets. This provides a foundation for examining in greater detail how well cooperative experience in pork and grains corresponded to Woerdman's four part model of lock-in (2004). Study conclusions and suggestions for future research follow.Importance of ideology, metaphor and normsEconomists have begun studying how cognition and discourse affect cooperative outcomes (Fulton, 1999). This study continues that line of inquiry by considering how a dominant ideology like agrarianism produced words and associations that, for most of the 20th century, arguably had a deterministic effect on farmer and cooperative perceptions of the future. Even today, few guidelines or predictions exist that suggest how organizations can manage ideological conflict (Greenwood, Raynard,Kodeih, Micelotta, & Lounsbury, 2011). Moreover, the difficulties of escaping a hegemonic ideology have seldom been recognized (Spencer, 1994).Metaphors are a pithy word or expression meant to evoke a comparison. They are used to understand one thing in terms of another (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 5). Understanding what metaphors represent and how they emerge and persist can offer a window into the salient factors influencing farmer and cooperative decision-making. Moreover, as in this text, metaphors “allow for the sorts of story in which overwhelming evidence in favor of one interpretation of the world can be repeatedly ignored, even though this puts the assets of the firm and the position of the decision-makers at extraordinary risk” (Schoenberger, 1997: 136).Much of what Pfeffer and Salancik (2003) say about norms also applies to how metaphors are used in this study. For example, these authors observe that an important function of norms is to provide predictability in social relationships so that each party can rely on the assurances provided by the other. Consequently, norms stress the meeting of expectations in an exchange relationship. Certainly, the metaphor, cooperatives are like a family, can be understood in the same manner. Defining norms as commonly or widely shared sets of behavioral expectations, Pfeffer et al. also indicate that norms develop underconditions of social uncertainty to increase the predictability of relationships for the mutual advantage of those involved. Once they cease to serve those interests norms break down.California's early industrializationIt seems reasonable to assume that agrarianism's belief in the pivotal importance of agriculture was shared to some degree by all U.S. cooperatives. However, unique features of California's agriculture, particularly in the Central Valley, predisposed it to industrialize some decades earlier than the Midwest, Great Plains, and Northeast (McClelland, 1997). The latter continued to rely on patriarchal family farm labor and so, for this paper, are assumed to represent the core domain of agrarian-influenced cooperatives. These areas lacked access to the supply of excess ethnic or minority labor which McClelland indicates prepared California for industrialization by 1910. Added to this advantage was California's legacy of estate or hacienda production which boosted cultural familiarity and acceptance of large scale production (Hogeland, 2010).In 1922, California attorney and cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro combined elements of California experience into a model of cooperative organization and marketing popularly kno wn as “orderly marketing.” Sapiro began by extolling industrialization: “The factory system is recognized as the key to all forms of productive industries to-day all overthe world-except in agriculture… The farmer is the only part of modern industry… in which you have individual production” (Sapiro, 1993: 81).In general, Sapiro offered a cooperative alternative to producers’ tendency to dump excess supply from bumper harvests on the market. Instead, cooperatives should provide a home for the growers’ prod uct and use accumulated inventory to develop new products to stimulate consumer demand. Investing in processing or preservation technologies –canning, refrigeration and drying –would allow cooperatives to release excess production to the market in a prog ressive “orderly” manner.For example, by 1925 Sunkist growers had increased fruit utilization by transforming oranges from a single hand-held breakfast fruit to a glass of juice made from multiple oranges. The Sunkist extractor was specifically designed to use off-size fruit and wind-damaged fruit that would not sell as fancy Sunkist table fruit because all produced the same quality juice (Nourse, 1925). In 1922, Sun Maid scored a consumer success by packaging raisins in convenient snack-sized boxes called “Little Sun Maids” (Gary Marshburn, telephone conversation, July 24, 2008; Cotterill, 1984).The far-sighted orderly marketing norm anticipated the values of industrialized agriculture, urging cooperatives to guarantee supply through marketing contracts with some 85–95 percent of producer-members (Sapiro's recommended target). This commitmentcould propel the cooperative into being sole supplier of a particular specialty crop. (Such specialization was facilitated by California's geographically compact micro-climates).Sapiro's model provided a template for important 20th century specialty crop cooperatives outside of California, notably, Ocean Spray Cooperative (cranberries) and Welch's (Concord grapes). However, Sapiro's model represented a highly specialized, marketing-intensive cooperative that was conceptually and financially out of reach of the small family farmers in the Midwest, Great Plains, and the Northeast who produced fungible commodities like milk, meat and grains.6Cooperative philosopher and economist Edwin Nourse commented on cooperatives performing agricultural rationing such as orderly marketing:To be sure, a few cooperatives which stand in a class by themselves have already attained a degree of success comparable with the best achievements in industrial lines. But these are in comparatively small branches of specialized agriculture where economic organization was already on a high level. Before anything like the same result could be achieved in the great staple lines of production, where the demand for [price] stabilization is most acute, there would have to be a fair degree of concentration of executive responsibility in their operating organization (Nourse, 1930: 132).Serfdom's implicationsDuring the 1920s and 1930s –considered a “golden age” of agriculture – collective action surged. Rudimentary markets and chaotic distribution channels for basic commodities like milk, grain, and fruit provided new opportunities for cooperative marketing. Moreover, new antitrust legislation curbed many of the horizontally-integrated “trusts” dominating 19th century meat packing, oil, railroads and grain markets.Nevertheless, as early as 1922, Nourse saw emerging within agriculture market power so centralized and hierarchical it seemed feudal (Nourse, 1922: 589). Subsequently, the metaphor of “serfdom” was used throughout the 20th century by agrarian-influenced cooperatives to suggest how industrialization's contract production could reduce entrepreneurial and independent farmers to the equivalent of hired hands – so-called “piece wage labor.”In 1900, most counties could point to someone who started as a tenant or laborer and through hard work, luck, sharp dealing or intelligent cultivation, retired as a landlord owing several farms (Danbom, 1979: 7). In 1917, Ely introduced the concept of the ‘agricultural ladder’ as a model of occupational progression to farm ownership. The ladder showed how the agrarian virtue of hard work could allow a landless, unpaid family laborer to progress from being a hired hand and tenant farmer to an independent owner-operator (Kloppenburg & Geisler, 1985). Yet, the serfdom metaphor suggested just how tenuous such occupationalprogression could be.Late 19th century farmers formed cooperatives in response to market exploitation or failure. Although such exploitation affected farmer costs and returns, as a rule it did not impinge on farmers’ understanding of themselves as entrepreneurial and independent. Agrarian ideology lauded family farmers for taking on the risks of farming with a frontier attitude of self-reliance. Such farmers answered to no one except themselves. The small farmer was “first of all a self-directing individualist who could be counted on to resist with vigor the encroachments of outside authority” (Robinson, 1953: 69).Industrialized agriculture brought a new institutional logic to agriculture by putting efficiency and profitability first and using vertical integration to bypass farmers’ decision-making power over agriculture. Industrialization was market driven, seeking growth in identifying and satisfying consumer preferences. Research has indicated that the norms and prescriptions dictated by family logics are often at odds with the prescriptions dictated by markets (Greenwood et al., 2011).Power, reflected in ownership and governance arrangements, determines which logics will more easily flow into organizations and be well received (Greenwood et al., 2011). Family logics formally embedded into an organization's ownership structure are a very effective conduit for increasing familial influences within the organization. Not surprisingly,farmer-owned cooperatives believed they had a mandate to protect and foster family farming (Hogeland, 2006).中文管理不确定性和期望：美国农业合作社与农业产业化朱莉·霍格兰摘要20世纪的农业产业化使美国农业合作社面对很大的不确定性。
北京外国语大学应用语言学考研备考资料中国日报高频词汇
北京外国语大学应用语言学考研备考资料中国日报高频词汇农机agricultural machinery农垦agricultural reclamation农林间作agro-forestry农民人均纯收入rural per capital net income农奴制serfdom;serf system弄巧成拙be too smart by half;cunning outwits itself.农药残留物pesticide residue;agricultural chemicals residue农业产业化经营the industrialization of agriculture;industrialized agri农业生态学agricultural ecology农业生物工程agro-biological engineering农业税费改革reform of rural taxes and administrative charges农业特产税taxes on special agricultural products农业增加值added value of agriculture农转非rural residents become urban residents农村合作医疗rural cooperative medical service农村养老金制度rural pension system农技站agro-technical station暖温带warm temperate zone诺亚方舟Noah's Ark挪占misappropriate;embezzlement女权运动movement for women's rights女权主义者feminist能源农业energy agriculture逆反心理negative mentality尼姆达(病毒)Nimda泥菩萨like a clay Buddha fording the river-hardly able to save oneself;each one is looking out for his own survival泥石流mud-rock flow年度国家预算annual State Budget年利润annual return年龄结构age structure年同比year-on-year;on an annual basis年夜饭family reunion dinner涅磐(佛)nirvana凝聚力cohensive force扭亏为盈turn losses into gains扭转局面"reverse the tide,turn the table"农产品出口补贴agricultural export subsidies农产品的统购派购unified purchasing of farm produce by the state according to fixed quotes 弄潮儿wave rider;current leader农村非农产业non-agricultural industries in rural areas农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labour(labourers)农村税费改革试点the experimental reform of rural taxes and administrative charges农村信用社rural credit cooperatives农工党Chinese Peasants'and Workers'Democratic Party农工商联合企业agro-industrial-commercial combines。
农业产业化agriculture industrialization
*此W ord包含大纲与讲稿两部分，与同名的PPT文档结合使用Agriculture IndustrializationBy Robot (Zhou Ji) H09000424OutlineIntroduceThe traditional agricultureThe industry type agricultureProblemsTo environment:Lands and waterTo society:Do farm work for money so that some area lack of food but some area have a lot of wasteLead to large scale spread of disease (H5N1 avian influenza,Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE))To humans:Farm chemical is harm for the healthProduct chemical spawned food without nutritionSolutionEcological agriculture (Biogas circulatory system)No use farm chemical and develop the organic agricultureAgriculture IndustrializationDetailsPage 1Good evening everyone, today I want to talk about agriculture industrialization. Page2So what is agriculture industrialization?Page3As we know in the past farmers work with simple tools and animals. This picture tells us a very famous word about ancient China agriculture - Men do farm work and women engage in spinning and weaving (男耕女织). This is the traditional agriculture.Page4After The Industrial Revolution in the middle of 18th century, many agricultural machines, chemical fertilizer （化肥）and farm chemical （农药）were invented and produced.Page5Farmers can use agriculture machines and chemical to do their farm works. And people can feed a lot of chickens like the factory produce the goods. So the traditional agriculture changed to the agriculture industrialization.Page6.But are all the things of agriculture industrialization good? Does all the food from it save for us?Page7The answer is No. Nowadays excessive (过度的) agriculture behavior and using too much farm chemical cause the environmental problems. For example the land erosion (土地侵蚀) and the water pollution.(过量使用土地，不合理的修建各种工程设施，砍伐树木做耕地导致水土流失，围湖造田导致洪涝等)Page8The agriculture industrialization also takes us some society problems. After using the machines chemical fertilizer and farm chemical, the farmers can get much more rice and wheat (小麦) very year, so most of people do not need to worry about the food. But the rice and wheat can’t be sold for much money. And Some famers try to grow cash crop (经济作物) like cotton (棉花) and soybean (大豆) for money. The more and more famers follow to do like this. So once bad weather happen some people will lack of food. And if some cash crop can’t be sold or we produce much more than we need, we will have a lot of waste.Because of the agriculture industrialization, people now build breed factory (养殖场) to feed chickens and other animals. So it leads to large scale spread of disease easily, like H5N1 (avian influenza禽流感) and BSE (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy疯牛病).Page9And we know it has some other problems for ourselves, we humans. The farm chemical may take us pesticide poisoning (农药中毒). Some chemical technology can let the vegetables and animals grow up quickly. But they have no nutrition (营养) and they are not good for our bodies at all.(鸡拿抗生素当饭吃feed chickens with a lot of antibiotic 肯德基的45天速成鸡KFC use 45-days-grow chickens into food)Page10What we should do about the problems?Page11I think agriculture is a part of the nature, so the agriculture can’t destroy the nature. We should develop the ecological agriculture (生态农业). The agriculture working must fix the nature and environment. For example the Biogas circulatory system (沼气循环系统发酵ferment), it can recycle the rubbish and excrement (粪便) to supply the nature fertilizer and supply the power for people.Page12We also develop the organic agriculture (有机农业) and produce the organicfood (有机食品). Don’t use the farm chemical and use the nature fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer. And we must resist the speed-grow food.Page13I wish the agriculture and our lives will be better and better! Thank you.。
impact of industrial agriculture
Discuss the impact of industrial agriculture(factory farming) on modern day society and the problems it has caused.The essence of agricultural industrialization is agricultural mechanization. It refers to the process of agricultural operation from the use of human and animal labor into mechanical labor, and also changes the factors not controlled by the natural law into a man-made controllable production mode. Undoubtedly, its promotion has its advantages and disadvantages.Positive impact:First of all, it improves the development and production level of agriculture, which can increase the output of the same production area, so as to provide more food for people; secondly, it is conducive to promote the scientific and technological innovation of agricultural mechanization; in addition, it realizes the efficient farmland social service system, making the products more convenient from the production land to the dining table; finally, it deepens the management of land consolidation and the construction of standard farmland.The problems are as follows:On the one hand, soil pollution. The industrialization of agriculture makes the soil acidified, salinized or hardened, which makes the soil unsuitable for farming; on the other hand, a single crop will destroy the diversity of the environment, which will lead to more diseases and insect pests; in addition, the nutritional value of food is reduced, and the vegetables are not as delicious as before, because of the imbalance of chemical elements; at the same time, underground fresh water is also polluted.。
英语词汇复习历史类
英语词汇复习历史类英语词汇对于历史类考试来说是非常重要的一部分。
掌握了相关的词汇，学生能够更好地理解历史事件和人物，提高阅读和写作的能力。
本文将为您提供一些常见的历史类词汇复习，帮助您更好地备考。
1. Ancient civilization (古代文明)Ancient civilization refers to the early stage of human development, such as the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. It is characterized by advanced social, cultural, and technological achievements.2. Empire (帝国)An empire is a political unit that extends over a considerable area, typically featuring an emperor as the supreme ruler. Examples include the Roman Empire, the British Empire, and the Mongol Empire.3. Revolution (革命)A revolution is a radical and often violent change in the political, social,or economic structures of a society. Examples include the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.4. Renaissance (文艺复兴)The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual change in Europe, characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and science. It is often considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and the modern era.5. Industrialization (工业化)Industrialization refers to the process of transforming an agrarian, rural society into one based on industry and manufacturing. It is often associated with the rise of factories, urbanization, and technological advancements.6. Colonialism (殖民主义)Colonialism is the policy or practice of claiming and dominating foreign lands and peoples. It was a significant feature of European expansion during the 15th to 20th centuries. Examples include the British Empire and the Scramble for Africa.7. Nationalism (民族主义)Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and self-determination of a particular nation or group of people. It played a significant role in the breakup of empires and the formation of new nations in the 19th and 20th centuries.8. World War (世界大战)A world war is a conflict involving multiple nations on a global scale. The two most famous examples are World War I and World War II, which had a profound impact on the political and social landscape of the 20th century.9. Cold War (冷战)The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. It lasted from the late1940s to the early 1990s and was characterized by political, economic, and military competition.10. Civil rights movement (民权运动)The civil rights movement was a social and political movement advocating for equal rights and treatment for racial minorities, primarily in the United States. It peaked in the 1950s and 1960s and led to significant legislative and social changes.以上是一些常见的历史类英语词汇，通过对这些词汇的复习，您将能够更好地理解历史事件和人物，并在考试中取得更好的成绩。
托福阅读笔记TPO18：荷兰和纳维亚半岛的工业化进程
托福阅读笔记TPO18：荷兰和纳维亚半岛的工业化进程TPO18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia 文章题材：社会学科——两地的工业化进程常见词汇：determined [di'tə:mind] adj. 坚毅的，下定决心的fortunate ['fɔ:tʃənit] adj. 幸运的，侥幸的movement ['mu:vmənt] n. 活动，运动，移动，[音]乐章identify [ai'dentifai] vt. 识别，认明，鉴定vi. 认同，感同身industrialization [in.dʌstriəlai'zeiʃən] n. 工业化orientation [.ɔ:rien'teiʃən] n. 信仰，趋向，定位，适应，情况介绍proportion [prə'pɔ:ʃən] n. 比例，均衡，部份，(复)体积，规模established [is'tæbliʃt] adj. 已被确认的，确定的，建立的，制定的corruption [kə'rʌpʃən] n. 腐败，堕落，贪污dependence [di'pendəns] n. 依赖，信赖，上瘾易错题解析：Paragraph 2: All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.1. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?A.It was a more important factor than population size.B.It was more influential than the rate of population growth.C.It was more important in the early stages than it was later.D.It was not a significant factor.题型：推论题。
高三英语历史重大事件反思单选题40道
高三英语历史重大事件反思单选题40道1. Who was the leader of the ancient Roman Empire at its peak?A. Julius CaesarB. AugustusC. NeroD. Constantine答案：B。
本题考查古代罗马帝国的重要人物。
Julius Caesar 是罗马共和国末期的重要人物；Nero 是罗马帝国的暴君；Constantine 对基督教的发展有重要影响，但Augustus 被认为是罗马帝国在其巅峰时期的领袖。
2. The construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza began in which dynasty?A. Old KingdomB. Middle KingdomC. New KingdomD. Ptolemaic Dynasty答案：A。
本题关于古埃及吉萨大金字塔的建造时期。
Middle Kingdom 和New Kingdom 时期较晚；Ptolemaic Dynasty 是希腊化时期的王朝，而吉萨大金字塔始建于Old Kingdom 时期。
3. What was the main impact of the Trojan War on ancient Greek society?A. Economic growthB. Cultural exchangeC. Political unificationD. Military advancement答案：B。
本题考查特洛伊战争对古希腊社会的影响。
经济增长并非主要影响；政治统一不是直接结果；军事进步不是最主要的，而文化交流是其带来的重要影响。
4. In ancient Mesopotamia, the invention of writing was mainly for:A. Religious purposesB. Record-keepingC. Artistic expressionD. Entertainment答案：B。
农业专业英语词汇（M-N）_农业专业英语词汇
macchia 马基群落machine emulsion 机械油乳剂machine milking 机品奶machine rice transplantation 机械插秧machine shearing 机启毛macroelement 大量元素macroelement fertilizer 大量元素肥料macrogamete 大配子macroispore 大孢子macrosporangium 大孢子襄macrosporium leaf spot of red pepper 辣椒黑霉病macrosporium leaf spot of sweet potato 甘薯黑星病maggot 蛆magmatism 岩浆酌magnesite 菱镁矿magnesite tailings 菱镁土尾矿magnesium 镁magnesium ammonium phosphate fertilizer 磷酸镁铵肥magnesium carbonate fertilizer 碳酸镁肥magnesium chlorate 氯酸镁magnesium chloride 氯化镁magnesium fertilizer 镁肥magnesium hydroxide fertilizer 氢氧化镁肥magnesium potassium phosphate fertilizer 磷酸镁钾肥magnesium superphosphate 镁过磷酸钙magnetic property 磁性magnetized fly ash fertilizer 烟灰磁化肥料magnifying glass 放大镜magnolia 柯不斯玉兰main branch 枝main channel 干渠main crop 诛main crop culture 衷培main effect 知效应main factor analysis 烛子分析main harvest 终获main leaf 真叶main nerve 嘱main pipe 周main plot 著main root 直根main soil pit 基本剖面坑main stem 炙main variety 址种main vegetable 诌菜maintenance breeding 保存育种maintenance line 保持系maintenance ration 维持日粮maintenance variety 储存品种maize 玉米maize cob 玉米棒子maize common smut 玉米瘤黑穗病maize culture 玉米栽培maize dry ear 玉米灰腐病maize farming 玉米农作maize feed unit 玉米饲料单位maize husker 玉米剥苞叶机maize kernel rot 玉米穗腐病maize mosaic 玉米花叶病maize mow binder 玉米割捆机maize planter 玉米播种机maize processing 玉米加工maize pulp 玉米渣maize seedling 玉米苗maize storage house 玉米仓maize straw 玉米秸秆maize straw manure 玉米秸秆堆肥major gene resistance 支基因抗性making of seedling bed 做秧床malaria 疟疾malate 苹果酸盐malate dehydrogenase 苹果酸脱氢酶malathion 马拉硫磷male 雄male bacterium 雄性菌male bee 雄蜂male cell 雄性细胞male flower 雄花male gametocide 杀雄剂male genital disease 雄性生殖啤male infertility 雄性不育性male parent 父本male sex hormone 男性激素male sterile line 不育系male sterility 雄性不育性maleic acid 马来酸maleic hydrazide 马来酸酰胼malformation 畸形malformed cocoon 畸形茧malic acid 苹果酸malignant catarrhal fever 恶性卡他热malignant foulbrood 恶性腐烂病malignant oedema 恶性水肿mallow vegetable 木槿花科蔬菜malpighian tube 马氏管malt 麦芽malt treatment of feed 饲料曲子处理maltodextrin 麦芽糖糊精maltose 麦芽糖mammal 哺乳动物mammalogy 哺乳动物学mammary cistern 乳腺池mammary gland 乳腺mammary gland disease 乳房疾病managing of mulberry field 桑园管理manchurian walnut 核桃树长果核桃树mancozeb 代森锰锌mandarine 桔子mandibular actinomycosis 下颌骨放线菌病mane 毛maneb 代森锰manganese 锰manganese bacterium 锰细菌manganese choline deficiency 缺锰胆碱症manganese fertilizer 锰肥manganese slag fertilizer 锰矿渣肥料manganese sulphate 硫酸锰manganese superphosphate 锰过磷酸钙mange mite 疥螨manger 饲槽mango 芒果mangrove 红树manila hemp 蕉麻mannan 甘露聚糖mannite 甘露醇mannitol 甘露醇mannose 甘露糖manometer 压力表manometry 测压法manson's sparganosis 曼森裂头蚴病manual duster 手摇喷粉机manual sprayer 手动喷雾器manual sulphur duster 手动硫磺喷粉机manufactured feed 配合饲料manufacturing machine of milk powder 奶粉制造机manure 堆肥manure fork 粪叉manure spreader 厩肥撒布机manure spreading 撒厩肥manure spreading float 撒厩肥耢manurial value 肥料价值manuring 施肥manuring system 施肥制度many lobed leaf 多裂叶map of agricultural soil 农业土壤图map of river system 河系图maple 槭mapping unit of soil 土壤图表示单位maquis 马基群落marble 大理石marbled meat 大理石状肉mare 母马marek's disease 马立克氏病marginal land 边际地marginate 有边的marinating 海水腌制marine algae 海藻类marine clay 海滩土marine climate 海洋性气候marine deposit 海积层marine environment 海洋环境marine resources 海洋资源marine sedimentation 海相沉积marine soil 海积土marine solonchak 海成盐土marker 划行器marker boar 试情猪marker bull 试情公牛marker gene 标记基因marker of chromosome 染色体标记marker sheep 试情羊marketing quality 商品品质marking 斑纹marl 泥灰岩marly soil 泥灰土marsh 沼地marsh drainage 沼泽排水marsh gas 甲烷marsh horsetail 沼泽问荆marsh mallow 药用蜀葵marsh plant 沼生植物marsh plough 沼泽地犁marsh tretoil 睡菜marshy soil 沼泽土marssonina leaf spot of walnut 胡桃叶枯病mass chromatography 质量色层法mass emasculation 群体去雄mass mating 群体交配mass method of breeding 集团选择法mass mutation 大量突变mass propagation 大量繁殖mass seed production 混合制种mass selection 混合选择mass spectrometry 质谱法mastectomy 乳房切除mastication 咀嚼mastitis 乳房炎material osmosis 物质渗透material permeance 物质透过material production 物质生产maternal behaviour 母性行为maternal correlation 母体相关maternal effect 母体影响maternal immunity 母体免疫maternal inheritance 母性遗传maternity pen 分娩室mathematical forecast 数值预报mating 交配mating group 交配组mating season 繁殖季节mating type 交配型matroclinous haploid 偏母单倍体maturated follicle 成熟滤胞maturation 成熟maturation division 成熟分裂mature field 熟稻田mature grain 结实粒mature larva 熟蚕mature seedling 成秧matured silkworm 熟蚕maturing rate 结实率maturity 成熟maximum absorption 最大吸收量maximum air temperature 最高气温maximum capillary water capacity 最大毛管持水量maximum flood capacity 最大洪水量maximum hygroscopic moisture 最大吸湿水maximum limiting quantity 最大限制量maximum molecular water capacity 最大分子持水量maximum permissible concentration 最大允许浓度maximum permissible velocity 最大允许临maximum rising tide height 最大涨潮高maximum temperature 最高温度maximum tillering stage 最高分蘖期maximum water capacity 最大含水容量mcpa 2甲4氯mcpb 2甲4氯丁酸mdna 信使dnameadow 草地meadow crane's bill 草原老鹤草meadow fescue 草原羊茅meadow foxtail 草原看麦娘meadow sweet 绣线菊mealy plum aphid 桃大尾蚜mean 平均mean annual precipitation 年平均降水mean depth of water 平均水深mean deviation 平均偏差mean dust concentration 平均粉尘浓度mean flow velocity 平均临mean life 平均寿命mean lifetime 平均寿命mean square 均方mean square error 均方差mean temperature 平均温度mean temperature of air 平均气温mean value 平均值mean water level 平均水位measuring glass 量杯meat 肉meat and bone meal 肉骨粉meat animal 肉用家畜meat by product 肉类加工副产品meat emulsion 肉乳剂meat extract 肉汁meat fat ratio 肉脂比率meat inspection 肉品检验meat meal 肉粉meat of marbling 大理石状肉meat output 净肉量meat type 肉用型meat yield 净肉量mebendasol 甲苯咪唑mechanical control 机械防治mechanical fraction 粒径组合mechanical hoe 锄地机mechanical property 机械性能mechanical pruning 机械整枝mechanical sampling method 机械抽样法mechanical tissue 机械组织mechanical transmission 机械传播mechanized farming 机械化农业mecistocirrhosis of cow 牛捻转胃虫病meconium 蛹便median 中位数medicinal herbs 药草medicinal pasteurizer 药物消毒器medicinal plant 药用植物medicinal property 药物特性medicinal sterilizer 药物消毒器mediterranean climate 地中海气候mediterranean flour moth 地中海斑螟medithorax 中胸medium 培养基medium bog 中位沼泽medium early variety 中间早熟种medium oxidative horizon 过渡氧化层medium peat 中位泥炭medium soil 中等土壤medium species 中间种medium swamp 中位沼泽medium term forecast 中期预报medium term monitoring 中期预察medium term weather forecast 中期天气预报medium wool 中毛medullary layer 毛髓层medullary ray 髓射线megagamete 大配子megalocarpous 大果实的megasporangium 大孢子襄megaspore 大孢子meiocyte 性母细胞meiosis 减数分裂meiosis stage 减数分裂期meiotic division 减数分裂meiotic ratio 减数分裂比melanin 黑色素melanism 黑化melanocarpous 黑果的melanoidin 类黑精melibiose 蜜二糖melilot 草木犀melioration 改良melon 甜瓜melon powdery mildew 甜瓜白粉病melting 熔化melting point 融点membrane 膜membrane rooted 膜质根的menazon 灭蚜松mendel's first law 显性定律mendel's law 孟德尔定律mendelian character 孟德尔性状mendelian inheritance 孟德尔式遗传mendelian ratio 孟德尔式比例mendelism 孟德尔皱meninge 脑膜meningitis 脑膜炎meningomyelitis of turkey 火鸡脑脊髓膜炎meningomyelitis virus 脑脊髓膜炎病毒mercaptane 硫醇mercurialismus 汞中毒mercury 汞meridional index 经向指数merino sheep 美利奴羊meristele 分体中柱meristem 分生组织meristem culture 分生组织培养meristematic cell 分生组织细胞meristematic tissue 分生组织mesectoderm 中外胚层mesencephalon 中脑mesh 筛眼mesoblast 中胚层mesocarp 中果皮mesocestoidiosis 有钩绦虫病mesoclimate 中气候mesoderm 中胚层mesogen strain 中毒株mesophile microorganism 中温微生物mesophyll 叶肉mesophytes 中生植物mesosome 间体mesozoic stratum 中生代层messenger dna 信使dnamessenger rna 信使rnametabolic defence 代谢保护metabolic energy 代谢能metabolic physiology 代谢生理metabolic process 代谢过程metabolism 物质代谢metabolism of amino acid 氨基酸代谢metabolism of nucleic acid 核酸代谢metabolism regulation 物质代谢第metabolite 代谢物metaldehyde 多聚乙醛metallic element 金属元素metamorphic rock 变质岩metamorphism 变质酌metamorphosis 变态metaphase 中期metaphosphoric acid fertilizer 偏磷酸肥料metaplasm 后生质体metaxenia 果实直感metencephalon 后脑meteor 大气现象meteorological disaster 气象灾害meteorological element 气象学要素meteorological environment 气象环境meteorological information 气象信息meteorological instrument 气象仪器meteorological observation 气象观测meteorological station 气象站meteorological table 气象表meteorology 气象学methane 甲烷methane bacteria 甲烷细菌methane fermentation 甲烷发酵methanol 甲醇methionine 蛋氨酸method of brushing 收蚁方法method of least squares 最小二乘法method of moments 矩量法method of raising seedling 育秧方法method of random proportional sampling 随机比例抽样法methomyl 灭多虫methoprotryne 盖草津methyl bromide 甲基溴methyl green 甲基绿methyl transfer 甲基转移methylated spirit 变性酒精methylation 甲基化methylcellulose 甲基纤维素methylchloro phenoxyacetic acid 2甲4氯methylene 亚甲基methylnitrophos 杀螟硫磷methyltransferase 甲基转移酶methyridine 甲岩吡啶mezineb 甲代森锌mica 云母micro parasite 寄生微生物microbalance 微量天平microbe insecticide 微生物杀虫剂microbial ecology 微生物生态学microbial pesticide 微生物农药microbial protein feed 微生物蛋白饲料microbic biomass production 菌体生产microbiological analysis 微生物分析microbiological process 微生物学过程microbiological treatment of feed 饲料的微生物处理microbiology 微生物学microbody 微体microcarpous 小果的microchemistry 微量化学microclimate 小气候microclimatic factor 小气候因素microclimatic map 小气候图microdissection 显微解剖microelectrode 微电极microelement 微量元素microelement additive 微量元素添加剂microelement complex fertilizer 微量元素混合肥料microelement deficiency 微量元素缺乏症microelement fertilizer 微量肥料microelement fixation 微量元素固定microelement immobilization 微量元素固定microelement phosphorus fertilizer 微量元素磷肥microfiltration 微细过滤microflora 微生物区系microgamete 小配子microinjection 显微注射micromanipulation 显微操作micrometeorology 微气象学micronization 微分化micronucleus 小核micronucleus cell 微核细胞micronutrient fertilizer 微量营养肥料microorganism 微生物microorganism drugs for agriculture 微生物农药microorganism insecticide 微生物杀虫剂microorganism of proventiculus 前胃微生物microorganism of soil 土壤微生物micropedology 微土壤学microphyllous 小叶的micropropagation 微细增殖micropyle 珠孔;卵膜孔microscope 显微镜microscopic diagnosis 微诊断microscopical technique 显微技术microsome 微粒体microspectrophotometry 显微分光光度法microspore 小孢子microstructure 微结构microsurgery 显微手术microtechnique 显微技术microtitration 微量滴定microtome 超薄切片机microtomy 切片法microtubule 微管microwave treatment 微波处理mid intestine 中肠midbrain 中脑middle lamella 中层middle lately ripening variety 中晚熟种midrib 中脉migratory cell 游走细胞migratory locust 飞蝗mild humus 温性腐殖质mildewed cocoon 霉茧milk 乳milk acidity 奶酸度milk by product 乳副产品milk churning 搅乳milk collection 收奶milk composition 乳成分milk container 奶罐milk cooler 牛奶冷却器milk cow 乳牛milk density 乳比重milk fat 乳脂milk fever 产乳热milk globulin 乳球蛋白milk goat 乳用山羊milk heater 牛奶加温器牛奶杀菌器milk metering device 牛奶计量器milk processing room 奶加工室milk productivity 产乳性milk protein 乳蛋白milk pump 奶泵milk recording 乳量记录milk replacer 代乳品milk ripe stage 乳熟期milk ripeness 乳熟milk secretion 泌乳milk sheep 乳用羊milk vein 乳静脉milk vessel 乳管milk yield 产奶量milk yielding animal 奶畜milking 挤乳milking capacity 泌乳能力milking cow 乳牛milking hygiene 挤乳卫生milking machine 挤奶机milking method 挤奶方法milking number 挤奶次数milking pail 挤奶桶milking parlour 挤奶厅milking sow 哺乳母猪milky juice 乳汁milled rice 白米milled rice rate 出米率millet 黍milligramme equivalent 毫克当量milling by product 面粉加工副产品milling quality 碾米品质millipore filter 微孔滤器milt 脾miner 超深耕犁mineral constituent 矿物组成分mineral feeds 矿物质饲料mineral fertilizer 矿质肥料mineral fibre 矿物纤维mineral metabolism 矿质代谢mineral salt 无机盐mineral soil 矿质土壤mineral water 矿泉水mineralization 矿化mineralization coefficient 矿化系数mineralization intensity 矿化强度mineralization process 矿化过程mineralogical soil type 矿物学的土壤类型minerals 矿物minicell 微细胞minimal medium 基本培养基minimum air temperature 最低气温minimum lethal dose 最低致死量minimum limiting quantity 最小限界量minimum plough 少耕minimum temperature 最低温度minimum thermometer 最低温度表minimum water capacity 最低持水量mink 水貂mink viral enteritis 水貂病毒性肠炎minmum law 最低量定律minor cereals 杂粮minor gene 微效基因minor gene resistance 微效基因抗性mint 薄荷minute chromosome 微小染色体mire 泥misdivision 错分裂missence codon 误义密码子missing plot 缺区missing silkworm 遗失蚕missing value 缺值mist 雾mist blower 弥雾器弥雾机mist irrigation 雾灌水mist nozzle 弥雾喷嘴mist propagation 喷雾繁殖法mist sprayer 弥雾器弥雾机mite 壁虱mite control 螨防治miticide 杀螨剂mitochondria 线粒体mitochondrial genetics 线粒体遗传学mitogen 促细胞分裂剂mitosis 有丝分裂mitotic center 有丝分裂中心mitotic crossing over 有丝分裂交换mitotic cycle 有丝分裂周期mitotic index 有丝分裂指数mitotic inhibition 有丝分裂抑制mitotic inhibitor 有丝分裂抑制剂mitotic recombination 有丝分裂重组mitotic segregation 有丝分裂分离mixed batches rearing 混合育mixed bud 混合芽mixed cropping 混作mixed feed 混合饲料mixed fertilizer 混合肥料mixed fertilizing rate 配合施肥量mixed forest 混交林mixed growth stimulator 配合生长刺激剂mixed herbicide 混合杀草剂mixed infection 混合感染mixed pasture 混合草地mixed phosphorus fertilizer 混合磷肥mixed pollination 混合授粉mixed silage 混合青贮mixochromosome 偶合染色体mixoploidy 混数性mixotrophism 混合营养mobile frame 移动式温床mobile microelement 活动性微量元素mobile nutrient element 可动性营养元素mobility 可动性mobilization 可动化mobilization of microelement 微量元素可动化mode 众数moderate bog stage 中位沼泽阶段moderate resistance 中抗moderate susceptibility 中感modern agriculture 现代农业modern weathered crust 现代风化壳modern weathering 现代风化modificability 变更性modification 诱发变异modified starch 变性淀粉modifier gene 修饰基因moistening irrigation 湿润灌溉moisture capacity 保水性moisture content 含水量moisture damage 湿害moisture equivalent 水分当量moisture meter 湿度计molar concentration 克分子浓度molar solution 克分子溶液molasses 糖蜜molasses feed 糖蜜饲料mold 霉mold fungi 丝状菌moldboard plough 有壁犁mole 田鼠mole drainage 鼠道排水mole plough 田鼠暗沟犁molecular adsorption 分子吸附molecular biology 分子生物学molecular cloning 分子克隆molecular cytobiology 分子细胞生物学molecular genetics 分子遗传学molecular hybridization 分子杂种化molecular nitrogen 分子态氮molecular sieve chromatography 分子筛层析法molecular weight 分子量molinate 草达灭mollic andosol 松软暗色土mollic gleysol 松软潜育土mollic planosol 松软粘磐土mollic solonchak 松软盐土mollic solonetz 松软碱土mollisol 软土molybdate 钼酸盐molybdenite 辉钼矿molybdenum 钼molybdenum fertilizer 钼肥molybdenum superphosphate 钼过磷酸钙monadelphous 单体的monandrian 具单一雄蕊的monandrous 具单一雄蕊的monanthous 单花的monaster 单星体monesiosis 莫尼茨绦虫病moniezia 莫尼茨绦虫moniliform antenna 念珠形触角monitoring 预察monitoring index 预察指标monitoring method 预察法monitoring service 监视工作monkshood 乌头monocarpous 结一次果的monocaryon 单核monocelled 单胞的monoclinous 雌雄同花的monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体monocotyledon 单子叶植物monocotyledonous 单子叶的monocotylous 单子叶的monocrotophos 久效磷monoculture 单作monocyte 单核细胞monocytosis 单核细胞增多monoecism 雌雄同株性monogenic hybrid 单性杂种monoglyceride 单酸甘油酯monohybrid 单性杂种monokaryon 单核monolayer culture 单层培养mononuclear complex salt 单核络盐monopetalous 单瓣的monophagy 单食性monophyllous 单叶的monoploid 单倍体monopodium 单轴monopyrenous 单核的monosaccharide 单糖monosepalous 合萼的monosome 单体monoterpene 单萜monozygotic twins 同卵双生monsoon 季节风monsoon climate 季风气候monsoon rainfall 季风降雨monster 畸形montmorillonite 膨润石montmorillonization 高岭石化过程monuron 灭草隆mor 粗腐殖质moraine soil 冰碛土morass 沼泽morbidity 病状morgan unit 摩尔根单位moricaud silkworm 暗色蚕morphallaxis 形态重组morphine 吗啡morphogenesis 形态形成morphogenetic process 形态形成过程morphological feature 形态特征morphological mutant 形态突变体morphological sterility 形态不育性morphology 形态学morphophysiological base 形态生理的基础morphosis 形态变异mosaic 花斑体mosaic gene 嵌合体基因mosaic of kidney bean 扁豆花叶病mosaic of white clover 白三叶草花叶病mosquito 蚊子moss animalcules 苔藓动物类mosses 藓类moth part 口器mother 母体mother cell 母细胞mother plant 亲本植物mother tree 母树motor duster 动力喷粉器motor lawn mower 机动草坪割草机motor mower 机动割草机motor plough 机动犁motor threshing machine 动力脱谷机motor winch 机动绞盘mouflon 摩弗伦羊mould 霉moulding 培土moulting 换羽moulting gland 脱皮腺moulting hormone 脱皮激素moulting silkworm 眠蚕moultinism 眠性mountain area 山区mountain chanberry 越桔mountain chernozem 山地黑钙土mountain chestnut soil 山地栗钙土mountain cinnamonic soil 山地褐土mountain climate 山地气候mountain dry steppe soil 山地干草原土mountain farming 山区农业mountain forest soil 山地森林土mountain gray brown soil 山地灰棕壤mountain meadow 山地草原mountain meadow soil 山地草甸土mountain melick 垂穗臭草mountain podzolic brown forest soil 山地灰化棕色森林土mountain podzolic soil 山地灰化土mountain red brown soil 山地红棕壤mountain red soil 山地红壤mountain slope 山坡mountain soil 山地土mountain taiga soil 山地泰加林土mountain tundra soil 山地冰沼土mountain waste 山荒地mountain yellow brown soil 山地黄棕壤mounted cultivator 悬挂式中耕机mounted drill 悬挂式播种机mounted duster 悬挂式喷粉器mounted harrow 悬挂式耙mounted plough 悬挂式犁mounting 上簇mouse 小鼠mouse leucaemia virus 小白鼠白血病病毒mouse sarcoma virus 小白鼠肉瘤病毒mouse trap 鼠打捞器mouse unit 小鼠单位mouth gag 开口器张开器movable dam 活动坝movable weir 活动堰movement disorder 运动障碍movement organ 运动器mow binder 割捆机mowing 割草mrna 信使rnamucilage 粘液mucilage hair 粘液毛mucilaginous hair 粘液毛mucin 粘液素muck loader 装厩肥机muck scraper 刮粪铲mucopolysaccharides 粘多糖mucosa 粘膜mucous gland 粘液腺mucous membrane 粘膜mucus 粘液mud 泥muddy field 重粘田muddy mulberry leaf 泥桑mudstone 页岩mugwort 野艾mulberry branch 桑枝条mulberry cultivation 桑试培mulberry field 桑园mulberry field for autumn rearing 秋蚕专用桑园mulberry field on the slope land 坡地桑园mulberry leaf 桑叶mulberry leaf for grown silkworms 大蚕用桑mulberry leaf for summer rearing 夏蚕用桑mulberry leaf for young silkworm 稚蚕用桑mulberry leaf harvest 采桑mulberry leaves for autumn rearing silkworm 秋蚕桑mulberry plantation 桑园mulberry root 桑根mulberry sapling 桑苗mulberry scion 桑视穗mulberry seed 桑甚子mulberry shoot harvesting 条桑收获mulberry shoot reaper 伐条机mulberry silkworm 桑蚕mulberry silkworm rearing 家蚕饲育mulberry stump 桑十子mulberry syncarp 桑椹mulching 地面覆盖mule 骡mule breeding 骡繁育mull 细腐殖质multicourse rotation 多区轮作multifactor design of experiment 多因子试验设计multifactorial experiment 多因素试验multifactorial forecasting formula 多因子multifoliate 多小叶的multilocation testing 多区域试验multilocular echinococcosis of livestock 家畜多室包虫病multinomial distribution 多项分布multiparous animal 多胎动物multiparous trait 多产性性状multipistillate mutant 多雌蕊突变体multiple allele 复等位基因multiple bud 复芽multiple chromosome 复染色体multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 多重相关系数multiple covariances analysis 多元协方差分析multiple cropping 多熟制multiple division 复分裂multiple effect 多效multiple gene 多基因multiple land use 多方面土地利用multiple pistilate line 多雌蕊系multiple range 多重范围multiple rearing 多次养蚕multiple regression 多重回归multiple regression analysis 多重回归分析multiplication 增殖multiplication theorem 乘法定理multipolar division 多极分裂multipurpose breed 多用途品种multipurpose trailer 通用拖车multistomachal animal 多胃动物multivalent chromosome 多价染色体multivoltine 多化性mung bean 绿豆muscardine 硬化病muscle 肌肉muscle relaxant 肌肉松弛剂muscle system 肌肉系统muscular dystrophy 肌肉营养障碍muscular stomach 肌胃muscular tissue 肌肉组织musculature 肌肉系统musculoskeletal disease 肌骨病musculoskeletal system 肌肉骨系统mushroom 蘑菇mushroom house 蘑菇栽培室musk oxen 牛musk rat 鼠muskmelon 香瓜musky gourd 南瓜mussel scale 榆蛎盾蚧must 葡萄汁musty cocoon 霉茧mutability 可突变性mutable site 易变位点mutagen 诱变剂mutagenesis 突变形成mutant 突变体mutant protein 突变蛋白质mutant species 突变种mutation 突变mutation adaptability 突变适应性mutation breeding 诱变育种mutation constant 突变常数mutation fixation 突变固定mutation frequency 突变频率mutation frequency declination 突变频率衰退mutation map 突变图mutation period 突变期mutation pressure 突变压力mutation rate 突变率mutation theory 突变学说mutational lag 突变迟延mutator gene 突变基因mutein 突变蛋白质muton 突变子mutton 羊肉mutton sheep 肉用羊mutual affinity 交互亲和力mutual complementation 相互补充mutual exclusion 互斥现象mutually exclusive event 互斥事件mutually exclusive outcome 互斥结果myar cane 甘蔗myasthenia 肌弱myatonia 肌弛缓mycelium 菌丝体mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属mycocecidium 菌瘦mycology 直菌学mycoplasma 支原体mycoplasma synoviae infection 枝原体滑液感染mycoplasmoses 枝原体病mycoprotein 菌体蛋白mycorrhiza 菌根mycosis 真菌病mycosphaerella leaf spot of orange 柑桔黄斑病mycotoxicosis 酶菌毒素中毒症mycotoxin 真菌毒素myeloma 骨髓瘤myelomeningitis 脑脊髓膜炎myiasis 蝇蛆病myocarditis 心肌炎myoglobin 肌红蛋白myoglobinuria of horse 马肌色素尿症myomalacia 肌软化myosin 肌凝蛋白myositis 肌炎myr mecophytes 蚁植物myrmecophytes 蚁植物myrrh 没药myxomatosis of rabbit 粘液瘤病myxomycetes 粘菌类nadp 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核甙酸磷酸nagana 非洲锥虫病nail head spot of tomato 番茄褐斑病naked flowered 裸花的naked fruited 裸果的nanism 侏儒症nannygoat 母山羊nanophanerophytes 矮高位芽植物naphthalene acetamide 萘乙酰胺naphthenic acid 环烷酸naphthoxyacetic acid 萘氧基乙酸naphthylacetic acid 萘醋酸naphthylamine 萘胺narcosis 麻醉narrow leaved 狭/叶的narrow leaved plantain 长叶车前narrow leaved vetch 窄叶野头豆narrow petaled 狭瓣的narrow ridge 窄垄narrow row seeder 窄行播种机narrow row seeding 窄行条播narrow track tractor 窄轨距拖拉机native breed 土种natrium 钠natrium humate 胡敏酸钠natural calamity 自然灾害natural channel 自然渠道natural crossing 自然杂交natural distribution 自然分布natural dormancy 自然休眠natural drying 自然干燥natural enemy 天敌natural environment 自然环境natural feed 自然饲料natural fertility 自然肥力natural hatching 自然孵化natural humus acid 天然腐殖酸natural infection 自然感染natural insemination 自然受精natural law 自然定律natural lighting 自然照明natural manure 自然肥料natural mating 自然交配natural meadow 天然草地natural medium 天然培养基natural mutation 自然突变natural nutrient 天然养分natural pasture 天然放牧地natural pollutant 天然污染物natural radioelement 自然放射性元素natural resin 天然尸natural resource 自然资源natural selection 自然选择natural soil 自然土壤natural soil fertility 自然地力natural span of livestock life 家畜寿命natural type 自然型natural ventilation 自然换气natural world 自然界nature of soil 土壤性质nature protection 自然保护nature reserve 自然保护区nautical mile 海里navel 脐navel hernia 脐疝navel septic arthritis of foal 马驹败血性多发性关节炎neck 颈neck fold of sheep 羊颈褶neck onchocercosis of cattle 牛颈部盘尾丝虫病necrobacillosis 坏死杆菌病necropsy 尸体检剖necrosis 坏死nectar 花蜜nectariferous plant 蜜源植物nectary 蜜槽necton 自泳生物needle culture 穿刺培养needle leaf tree 针叶树negative colloid 阴性胶体negative correlation 负相关negative heterosis 负优势nemagon 二溴氯丙烷nematicide 杀线虫剂nematocide 杀线虫剂nematoda 线虫类nematoda control 线虫防治nematode 线虫nematode transmission 线虫传染nematodosis 线虫病nematodosis of silkworm 蚕线虫病neogaea 新界neomycin 新霉素neonatal asphyxia 初生仔畜窒息neosome 新成体neotenia 幼态成熟neoteny 幼态成熟nepheline 霞石nephelometric analysis 浊度分析nephelometry 浊度测定法nephrectomy 肾切除术nephritis 肾炎nervation 脉状nerve 神经nervous physiology 神经生理nervous system 神经系统nervous system disease 神经系统疾病nervous system of silkworm 蚕神经系统nesting 造巢net assimilation rate 净同化率net blotch of barley 大麦网状斑点病net energy 净能net for grown silkworm 大蚕用网net for young silkworm 稚蚕网net water requirement 净需水量net yield 纯产量netted venation 网状脉network harrow 网状耙neural reflex 神经反射neuroleptic medicine 神经松弛剂neuromuscular disorder 神经肌障碍neurophysiology 神经生理neurosurgery 神经外科学neurotransmitter 神经传递介质neurotropic drug 亲神经性药剂neuston 漂浮生物neuter flower 无性花neutral flower 无性花neutral gene 中性基因neutral point 中性点neutral rock 中性岩neutral soil 中性土壤neutrality 中性neutralization 中和neutralization reaction 中和反应neutralizer 中和剂neutron activation analysis 中子活化分析new root 新生根new species 新种new zealand flax 新渭麻new zealand spinach 番杏newborn animal 初生仔畜newborn asphyxia 初生仔畜窒息newborn omphalitis 初生仔畜脐炎newborn substance 新生物质newcastle disease 鸡新城疫newly formed humus substance 新生腐殖物质newly hatched larva 蚁蚕newton flux 牛顿怜niacin 抗癞皮病维生素nickel slag fertilizer 镍溶渣肥料nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核甙酸磷酸nicotinamide 烟酰胺nicotine 烟碱nicotine poisoning 尼古丁中毒nicotine sulphate 硫酸菸碱nicotinic acid 抗癞皮病维生素nicotinic product 烟碱剂农药night soil 粪肥night soil sludge 人粪尿污泥night soil treatment 粪尿处理nigrospora cob and stalk rot of sorghum 高粱穗腐病ninhydrine 茚三酮niple 乳头nitosol 强风化粘磐土nitralin 磺乐灵nitrate 硝酸盐nitrate fertilizer 硝酸盐肥料nitrate of lime 硝酸钙nitrate reductase 硝酸盐还原酶nitrate reductase inhibitor 硝酸盐还原酶抑制剂nitric acid 硝酸nitric nitrogen 硝酸态氮nitrification 硝化酌nitrification inhibitor 硝化抑制剂nitrifying bacteria 硝化细菌nitrifying process 硝化过程nitrile herbicide 腈类除草剂nitrite 亚硝酸盐nitrite bacterium 亚硝酸细菌nitrite intoxication 亚硝酸盐中毒nitro chalk 硝酸钙铵nitro phosphor complex 氮磷复合肥料nitro potash complex fertilizer 氮钾复合肥料nitro superphosphate 硝化过磷酸钙nitroammophos 硝化磷酸铵nitroammophoska 硝化铵磷钾nitroaniline herbicide 硝基苯胺类除草剂nitrobacteria 硝酸菌nitrochlor 硝基氯nitrogen 氮nitrogen absorption coefficient 氮吸收系数nitrogen assimilation 氮素同化nitrogen balance 氮平衡nitrogen cycle 氮素循环nitrogen deficiency 缺氮nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮nitrogen fertilizer 氮肥nitrogen fixation 固氮nitrogen fixing bacteria of symbiosis 共生固氮细菌nitrogen free extract 无氮浸出物nitrogen metabolism 氮素代谢nitrogen oxide 氧化氮nitrogen phosphorus fertilizer 氮磷肥nitrogen retention 氮保持nitrogenase 固氮酶nitrogenous compound 氮化合物nitrohumic acid 硝基胡敏酸nitrophoska 硝酸磷酸钾nitroso compound 亚硝化合物nitrosoation 亚硝化nitrosoguanidine 亚硝基胍nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮no tillage farming 免耕农业nocardiosis 诺卡氏病node 述node differentiation 节分化nodose root 支持根nodular vaginitis of cattle 牛传染性颗粒阴道炎nodule 小节nodule bacterium 根瘤菌noil 短毛non additivity 非加性non capillary pores 非毛管孔隙non conjugation 不接合non cycle photophosphorylation 非循环光磷酸化non electrolyte 非电解质non exuviated larva 不脱皮蚕non glutinous rice 粳稻non glutinous sorghum 粳高粱non grain feed 非精料non hibernating egg 不越年卵non infectious abortion 非传染性龙non infectious insect 非传染性昆虫non linear correlation 非线性相关non linear regression 非线性回归non linear relation 非线性关系non linearity 非线性non metal 非金属non molting larva 不眠蚕non newton flux 非牛顿怜non nitrogenous chemical compound 无氮素化合物non productive tiller 无效茎non productive tillering 无效分蘖non protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮non protein nitrogen compound 非蛋白态氮化合物non radioactive isotope 非放射性同位素non random assortment 选择组合non reducing sugar 非还原糖non reduction 非减数non selective herbicide 非选择性灭草剂non selectivity 非选择性non watered ploughing 干耕nongranular leucocyte 无粒白血球nonsense suppressor 无意义抑制基因norm of cocoon drying 烘茧标准normal curve 正态曲线normal density curve 正规密度曲线normal deviation 正态偏差normal distribution 正态分布normal distribution law 正态分布定律normal distribution table 正态分布表normal equation 正规方程normal erosion 正常侵蚀normal feeding 定额饲养normal marked silkworm 普通斑蚕normal population 正态总体normal solution 规定溶液normal value of accumlated year 多年平均值normal water level 正常水位。
农业文明的发源地英语作文
The cradle of agricultural civilization is a topic that has fascinated historians, anthropologists,and archaeologists for centuries.It refers to the regions where the first instances of agriculture were practiced,leading to the development of complex societies and the eventual rise of modern civilizations.The Fertile CrescentOne of the most wellknown areas recognized as the birthplace of agriculture is the Fertile Crescent,which stretches from the Nile River in Egypt to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia.This region is characterized by its fertile soil,which was conducive to the cultivation of a variety of crops.The Neolithic Revolution,which began around 10,000BCE,saw the domestication of plants and animals,marking a significant shift from a nomadic,huntergatherer lifestyle to a settled,agricultural one.The Indus ValleyAnother significant region in the development of agriculture is the Indus Valley,located in presentday Pakistan and northwest India.The Indus Valley Civilization,which flourished between2600and1900BCE,is known for its advanced urban planning and sophisticated irrigation systems.The cultivation of crops such as wheat,barley,peas,and sesame,along with the domestication of animals like cattle,sheep,and goats,played a crucial role in the sustenance of this civilization.The Yellow River BasinIn East Asia,the Yellow River Basin in China is considered another key area in the development of agriculture.The Neolithic cultures of the region,such as the Yangshao and Longshan cultures,are known for their rice and millet cultivation.The practice of agriculture in this region led to the establishment of the Xia Dynasty,which is often considered the first dynasty in Chinese history.The AmericasIn the Americas,the Andean region,particularly in what is now Peru,is recognized for its early agricultural practices.The domestication of crops like potatoes,quinoa,and maize corn was instrumental in supporting the growth of complex societies such as the Inca Empire.Similarly,in Mesoamerica,the cultivation of maize,beans,and squash formed the basis of the Three Sisters agricultural system,which was central to the development of civilizations like the Maya and the Aztecs.The African SahelThe Sahel region of Africa,which stretches across the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, is also noted for its early agricultural practices.The domestication of sorghum and millet in this region allowed for the establishment of sedentary communities and the eventual rise of the Nok culture,known for its terracotta sculptures and ironworking.The Role of Agriculture in CivilizationThe development of agriculture in these regions was not just about the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals.It was a catalyst for social change,leading to the formation of complex societies with stratified social structures,specialized labor,and centralized governance.The surplus of food produced by agriculture allowed for the growth of cities,the development of trade,and the emergence of art,religion,and writing systems.In conclusion,the cradle of agricultural civilization is a testament to human ingenuity and adaptability.It is a reminder that our modern world,with its complex societies and advanced technologies,owes much to the early agricultural practices that allowed our ancestors to settle,build,and thrive.。
美_日工业反哺农业的经验及启示
西南交通大学学报(社会科学版) 2009年10月JOURNAL OF S OUTH W EST J I A OT ONG UN I V ERSI TYOct .2009第10卷 第5期(Social Sciences )Vol .10 No .5收稿日期: 2009205216基金项目: 四川省哲学社会科学“十一五”规划项目(S C08B35)作者简介: 叶子荣(1956-),男,重庆市人。
教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共经济学、财政学研究。
E 2mail:yezr ong@ 。
美、日工业反哺农业的经验及启示叶子荣,江晓莉(西南交通大学公共管理学院,四川成都610031)关键词: 工业反哺农业;“三农”问题;农业现代化;农村经济合作组织;公共政策摘 要: 工业反哺农业是人类社会经济发展的客观规律,诸多发达国家在不同阶段实施的一系列工业反哺农业的政策也说明了这个规律。
其中,美国和日本尤为典型。
2006年,我国政府全面取消农业税,这表明我国进入大规模反哺农业时期。
美日经验表明我国工业反哺农业可在如下方面有所作为:财政支农、法律法规体系的建设、农村经济合作组织的发展、社会化反哺等。
中图分类号: F30文献标志码: A文章编号: 1009-4474(2009)05-0098-05The Exper i ence and Revel a ti on from I ndustry Backfeed i n g Agr i culturei n Am er i ca and Japan YE Zi 2r ong,J I A NG Xiao 2li(S chool of Public A dm in istra tion,S ou thw est jiaotong U n iversity,Chengdu 610031,Ch ina )Key words :industry back feeding agriculture;Three Rural Issues;modernizati on of agriculture;rural econom ic cooperati on organizati on;public policyAbstract :I ndustry backfeeding agriculture is an objective la w in the devel opment of human s ociety .Many devel oped countries have had series of policies about industry back feeding agriculture .Among the m America and Japan can p r ovide very good exa mp les .I n 2006,Chinese government has cancelled all agriculture taxes,which means that China has walked int o the stage of industry backfeeding agriculture on a large scale .China can learn fr om American and Japanese ex periences and make significant p r ogress in the f oll owing fields:agriculture financial aid,constructi on of related la ws,devel opment of rural econom ic cooperati on organizati ons,s ocialized backfeeding,and etc . 一、引言 工业反哺农业,是客观经济规律作用的结果。
发展演变过程英文作文
发展演变过程英文作文Title: The Evolutionary Process of Development。
Development is a multifaceted phenomenon, characterized by a dynamic and often intricate process of growth and change. Its evolution is influenced by various factors ranging from historical, socio-economic, technological, and environmental dynamics. This essay will delve into the evolutionary process of development, tracing its trajectory from historical origins to contemporary paradigms.The journey of development can be traced back to ancient civilizations where rudimentary forms of societal organization and economic activities laid the groundworkfor progress. Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley civilizations witnessed early forms of urbanization, agriculture, and trade, marking the nascent stages of development. However, it was during the Enlightenment era in Europe that the concept of development began to take shape in a more systematic and philosophical manner.Thinkers like Adam Smith, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau laid the intellectual foundations forunderstanding the principles of progress, individual rights, and social contracts, which became pivotal in shaping modern development theories.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19thcenturies marked a significant turning point in theevolution of development. The advent of mechanization, mass production, and urbanization ushered in a new era of economic growth and technological advancement. However, it also brought about profound social transformations,including urban poverty, exploitation of labor, and environmental degradation. These challenges underscored the need for a more inclusive and sustainable approach to development, laying the groundwork for subsequent developmental paradigms.The 20th century witnessed the emergence of various development theories and approaches, each offering distinct perspectives on how societies could achieve progress and prosperity. Modernization theory, influenced by scholarslike Walt Rostow, emphasized the role of industrialization, urbanization, and technological innovation in driving development. However, its emphasis on Western models of development and linear progression drew criticism for neglecting the diverse socio-cultural contexts of developing countries.In response to these critiques, dependency theory and world-systems theory emerged, highlighting the unequal power dynamics and economic exploitation between developed and developing nations. These theories underscored the importance of addressing structural inequalities and promoting economic self-reliance among marginalized countries. Similarly, the rise of sustainable development paradigms in the late 20th century emphasized the need for balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.The dawn of the 21st century has seen the evolution of development paradigms shaped by globalization, technological innovation, and the growing interconnectedness of the world. The SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015, represent a collective effort to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, and sustainable consumption. Moreover, the digital revolution has opened up new possibilities for inclusive development, facilitating access to information, education, healthcare, and financial services in previously marginalized communities.Looking ahead, the evolutionary trajectory of development is likely to be shaped by ongoing global trends such as demographic shifts, technological advancements, climate change, and geopolitical dynamics. Embracing a holistic and inclusive approach to development will be crucial in addressing the complex challenges of the 21st century and ensuring a more equitable and sustainablefuture for all.In conclusion, the evolutionary process of development has been characterized by a continuous journey of growth, change, and adaptation to evolving socio-economic and environmental realities. From ancient civilizations tomodern-day global initiatives, the quest for progress has taken various forms, shaped by historical contingencies, ideological debates, and practical exigencies. Moving forward, embracing a holistic and inclusive approach to development will be essential in navigating the complexities of the contemporary world and fostering a more equitable and sustainable future.。
古人是如何环保的英语作文
古人是如何环保的英语作文In ancient times, before the advent of industrialization and modern technology, people inherently lived in closer harmony with nature, adopting practices that, though not labeled as "environmental protection" then, align with today's sustainability principles. These customs and traditions demonstrate a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of life and the necessity to preserve resources for future generations. Here are a few examples of how ancient civilizations practicedeco-conscious living:1. Agriculture and Farming Techniques:Ancient farmers employed methods like crop rotation and terracing, which not only maintained soil fertility but also prevented erosion. The Chinampas system used by the Aztecs in Mexico involved creating floating gardens on shallow lake beds, a highly sustainable agricultural practice that maximized land use without harming the surrounding ecosystem.2. Water Conservation and Management:Many ancient societies developed sophisticated systems for managing water resources. The Indus Valley Civilization, for instance, had an advanced urban planning system that included an elaborate network of drainage and sewage systems to maintain cleanliness and prevent water pollution. Similarly, the Incas built an extensive system of aqueducts and canals, known as qanats, to transport water from high mountains to arid lands for irrigation.3. Use of Renewable Resources:Ancient peoples relied heavily on renewable resources for their daily needs. Bamboo, for example, was extensively used in China for construction, utensils, and even clothing due to its rapid growth rate and versatility. In North America, Native American tribes utilized every part of hunted animals, ensuring nothing went to waste, and practiced controlled burning of forests to regenerate the land and encourage the growth of food sources.4. Respect for Wildlife and Biodiversity:Many ancient cultures held deep spiritual beliefs that discouraged overexploitation of natural resources. The Maori of New Zealand had a concept called kaitiakitanga, which translates to guardianship or stewardship of the environment. This cultural practice emphasized living in harmony with nature and respecting the balance of all living beings.5. Recycling and Reuse:Resourcefulness was a hallmark of ancient societies. The Romans were known for recycling building materials, repurposing old structures into new ones. In Egypt, papyrus, a writing material, was often reused by erasing previous texts and writing over them, a practice known as palimpsest.These examples illustrate that environmental consciousness is not a modern invention but a wisdom embedded in human history. Ancient civilizations, out of necessity and respect for nature, lived sustainably, leaving behind a legacy of practices that we can learn from and integrate into our modern quest for a greener planet. As we face contemporary environmental challenges, revisiting these ancient wisdoms can inspire innovative and sustainable solutions for our future.。
农业生产有关的作文
农业生产有关的作文英文回答：Agriculture: The Backbone of Civilization.Agriculture, the cultivation of crops and livestock, has been the backbone of human civilization since the dawn of time. It provides us with sustenance, shelter, and clothing, and it is essential for the survival and prosperity of our species. The development of agriculture has allowed us to settle in one place and establish permanent communities, and it has fueled the growth of cities and empires.Agriculture is a complex and multifaceted field, and it encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from soil science and plant breeding to livestock management and agricultural economics. Farmers must have a deep understanding of the natural world and the specific needs of their crops and animals in order to be successful. They must also be ableto adapt to changing conditions, such as weather patterns and market trends.The challenges facing agriculture are numerous and complex. Climate change, population growth, and urbanization are all putting a strain on our food system. Farmers are also struggling to compete with large-scale industrial agriculture, which often relies on unsustainable practices that harm the environment.Despite the challenges, agriculture remains anessential industry. It is essential for our survival, and it provides a livelihood for millions of people around the world. By investing in sustainable agriculture practices and supporting our farmers, we can ensure that our food system is resilient and equitable for generations to come.中文回答：农业，文明的脊梁。
工业化养殖英语作文模板
工业化养殖英语作文模板Industrialized Farming: A Solution for Sustainable Livestock Production。
Introduction。
Industrialized farming, also known as factory farming, is a method of raising livestock in a highly controlled and efficient manner. This approach to agriculture has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ability to meet the growing demand for meat, dairy, and eggs. In this article, we will explore the benefits and challenges of industrialized farming, and discuss its role in sustainable livestock production.Benefits of Industrialized Farming。
One of the primary benefits of industrialized farming is its ability to produce large quantities of livestock products to meet the demands of a growing global population. By utilizing advanced technologies and management practices, industrialized farms can maximize the efficiency of their operations, resulting in higher yields and lower production costs.Furthermore, industrialized farming allows for the standardization of livestock production, ensuring consistent quality and safety of the products. This is achieved through the use of controlled environments, strict hygiene protocols, and advanced breeding techniques. As a result, consumers can have confidence in the safety and reliability of the food they consume.In addition, industrialized farming has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production. By centralizing production in large-scale facilities, industrialized farms can implement advanced waste management systems, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and minimize the use of natural resources. This can help to mitigate the negative effects of traditional farming practices on the environment.Challenges of Industrialized Farming。
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Industrialization of agriculture industrialization thinking（工业化农业工业化思维）Industrialization of agricultureindustrialization thinkingIndustrial modernization achievements of 30 years of rapid economic growth in China, industrial information technology and services, it is under the direction of a sustainable development. Industry to support agriculture, technology, equipment, only the surface of the support, resources integration awareness, enterprise management thinking, industrial development layout, is the industrialization of agriculture industrialization seeds take root in the soil, leafy growth hormone. But the present industrialization of agriculture, cultivation or breeding toward stereotyped single, industry chain patchwork, capital policy hatching to flashy, product packaging and so on heresy bolted over, ignoring the needs of agriculture and industry Outsider inherent in the law, Even the desire to eventually come to nothing industry, agriculture can only be three lane, into non-industrialization joke. Mechanization, technology, scale, in the end is not the core of the industrialization of agriculture? How leveraging the industrialization of 1 agriculture industrialization thinking? These two issues can not be ignored, they are the Gate of theindustrialization of agriculture. Face big proposition, we may relax thinking. Nervous thinking, easily transferred to their own clichesnonsense trap, take the old road of thinking became unlatched the guise of Bale.Youwenyouda, do not ask, do not answer, quiz-style thinking, perhaps one of the most direct way, with questions to think, ponder guide action, is learning by doing and pragmatic attitude. So, we started off right, from the question and answer five questions in the common search for the industrialization of agriculture and the industrialization of the essence of thinking. A Q: What is industrialization? The answer: mass production, pipeline, standardized parts, but industrialized coat.Ford’s assembly line left the world’s greatest asset,perhaps industrialized stereotype and stubborn to understand. Pre-industrial civilization is still active not a bad thing, you can ignore the inner nature ofindustrialization, perhaps crazy enclosure, fierce cover plants,large Tim equipment demons. Distorted concept of industrialization, global warming, the initiator of 2ecological deterioration, but also high growth and low efficiency of the concept of disruptive construction thugs. Industrialization, in essence, the concept of the value of innovation dominated entity tremendous growth, and is based on small changes in the entity acquired. Low cost-effectiveness, let us embark on resourceconsumption towards environmental friendly new road to industrialization. The continued development of industrialization, is behind the knowledge economy, human creativity once again released fromthe machine inside out. From the point of view of control chain monomer technology breakthroughs and lead, not food of domestic enterprises, we can do should be based on information, intelligence, network wide view, order and re-integration of industry value , and domestic industrial restructuring as an opportunity to open up their own standards and territories, the largest industrialized country of manufacture regain industrial discourse is a must. Second question: Vodka agricultural products or industrial products? The answer: liquor, production has been industrialized, but the operator is still agrarian. Brand level, liquor wishfully dead from the Millennium 3tomb planing value and modernization, industrialization lopsided; product level, the liquor has not been hard to find quality basis, taste is also anachronistic, and departure from the modern diet, the young who defected to wine, wine and beer camp, was liquor persecution, not their nature fawning. Strategic level, even Wuliangye, Maotai liquor companies such leader, still missing the big chain operations boldness, enterprise operations ignore the accounting, finance, HR and other leveraged resources, straight toward marketing and communication, corporate life on profits, Corruption consumption cliff suddenly its Koya, which also Bo Xing Yan its sudden fall. And many followed, then haste, less speed, more harm than good, from eating food is not uncommon. Carnival of the liquor industry, is under the name Chinese cultural renaissance geek. Three questions: green and black tea, who is agricultural products, industrial products Who is it? The answer: green tea, now agriculturalproducts, the future must be an industrial product. Tea, domestic agricultural products, international for industrial products. Green tea, the product is a natural state to dominate, and can not be integratedinto a variety of life situations, 4narcissistic self-products only. Green tea, in addition to thenatural state of products, very few successful development of new products. Drinking green tea personalization features, high-end products destined only go gift line, it is difficult to become like a social gather to drink liquor as the protagonist. Products spread word of mouth spread and difficult to face leveraging effect, green tea brand in addition to this origin cards, the brand value, how will pupate as butterflies do? Green tea, liquor, these quintessence class products, we must study the standardization of Chinese fast food, chain,characteristic mode of operation, without thinking of industrialization of baptism, even as strong as Maotai, it is still an agrarian brand only, one-third of an acre of ground somersaults, anything big future? Tea, industrial products, not to mention the British sustained two hundred years of development, that is, in the country, a great red with green future is obvious. Black tea, low-cost produce high enjoyment, high value, you can mix with refreshments, a leisure lifestyle with theperfect fusion. It is open, inclusive, and it is industrialized. In contrast, green tea is a solo, entertain individual games. Black tea is then hop 5dance, broad product line, product value brand, origin, quality, taste no longer be bound, social experience, group emotions, living symbols and other brands spire value ensues. Tea, Chinese people can toss out the fertile soil of international brands, unlike wine country is so telling their own stories.6。