英语语法讲解之定语从句

英语语法讲解之定语从句

一、几个基本概念

1.定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

3.位置：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。

4.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。

﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/which/whom/whose

﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why

﹙3﹚引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。

﹙4﹚引导词的功能(作用)：

①连接先行词和定语从句。

②在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状

语)。

5.定语从句的类型：

﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句

Eg.The man who you’re talking to is my friend.

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

Eg.The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.

=

I need a pen with which I can write a letter.

=

I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.

=

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在相关动词之后。例如：

The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.

=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.

=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.

※﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。

除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。

①在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

②非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。

The engineer，whose leg was badly hurt，was quickly sent to hospital.

(那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤)

The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.

(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)

③在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who，做宾语时用whom；

指物做主语，宾语都用which；关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。

④whose引导非限定性定语从句：

The house，whose window faces south，is mine.

=The house，the window of which faces south，is mine.

=The house，of which the window faces south，is mine.

二、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。

1.who/that 指人，主格，代替先行词，在定语从句中作主语，不能省略。

Eg.Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there？

2.whom/who/that指人, 宾格，代替先行词，在定语从句中作宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾(动词后的宾语)时，关系代词可省略。

Eg.Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now？

②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时：

介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；

介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。

Eg. The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.

Eg. The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.(不能用who/that)

注：固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for，take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。

Eg. She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.

3.whose：指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式，可指代形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词和名词所有格。

Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。

I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (主语)

He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (动宾)

The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介宾)

4.which/that指物，代替先行词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。

②当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；

介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。

The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.

The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.

The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.

The games in which the young men competed were difficult.

注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。

5.when 关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。When = on which

I still remember the time when I joined the League.

=I still remember the time on which I joined the League.

=I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.

6.where 关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还