现在完成时语法详细讲解

英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题

一、现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学记忆。

现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下：

肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.

否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.

He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.

疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t.

Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.

二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。

标志词词义用法位置

already 已经肯定句句中或句末

ever 曾经疑问句、肯定句句中

never 从未，从来不陈述句，不和not 连用句中

(ever)since 自从肯定、疑问、否定句中

for 后接一段时间肯定、疑问、否定句中

just 刚刚，正好肯定句句中

yet 还疑问句、否定句末

recently 最近肯定、否定、疑问句句末

once, twice, a few times 几次肯定、疑问句末

在过去的一段时间里肯定、疑问、否定句末

during/over /in

the past/last + 一段时间

It’s the first time I …这是我第一次…肯定句前

用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times （很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。

※副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .

②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.

③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去

的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？

④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.

⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.

⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.

⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.

用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：

①for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。

②since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.

③since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.

④since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.

三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?

英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间

就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）

※但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999. （5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。

He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks. 常见的相应转换形式如下:

borrow / lend→keep, buy→have, finish / end→be over,

arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there,

begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed,die→be d ead ,

leave→be away（from）, go to school→be in school / be a student,

getup→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost,become→be, return / come back / get back→be back,

join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold,

begin to study→study,

他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:

He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.

He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.

He joined the army three years ago.

It is three years since he joined the army.

Three years has passed since he joined the army.