Lexicology 2词汇学练习及答案

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Lexicology词汇学练习题目和答案

Mid-term Exam1.Please illustrate the logical relationships of the following terms: free morphemes,bound root, derivational affixes, affixes, morphemes, inflectional affixes, bound morphemes.Free ----free rootBound rootMorphemeBound inflectional affixesprefixesDerivational affixessuffixes2.Prefixation and suffixation are two subclasses of affixation. Please define prefixationand suffixation and explain the difference between them. Use ―polite—impolite‖, ―happy—happiness‖ to illustrate your point.Prefixation is the formation on new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base, and usually change the meaning of the base. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. Im- is a negative prefix, polite, by adding a suffix im- , changes into the negative side impolite. However, happy is a adjective, and it is changed into a noun by adding suffix –ness without changing its basic meaning.3. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate types of meaning of wordsand their relationship.Group 1: ―took, taught, became‖Group 2: ―have, has, had, had, having‖There are two main types of meaning that are grammatical and lexical. Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm. Group 1 is the same in grammatical meaning: ―took , taught, became‖, they have different lexical meaning, but they are in the same word-forms of the past-tense meaning. However, group 2 has the same lexical meaning, while they are different in the tense, that is to say in different grammatical meaning.4. Analyze and comment on three adjectives used in the following sentences based onsynonym difference in connotation.[A] Look at that little boy.[B] Look at that small boy.[C] Look at that tiny boyLittle, small, tiny are synonyms, but they are different in affective meaning.The word small has no affective meaning, and it just means that sth or sb is not large in size, number, degree, amount, etc. The word little almost has the sa me meaning, but it carries with it some emotion of affection or dislike. The word tiny means sb or sth is very small in size or amount.5. The basic form of English negative prefix in- is [in-], as in inaccurate and insecure.In impossible, [n] is changed to match the place of articulation of its following stop [p]. In illiterate, [n] becomes identical to its following [1]. Which phonological rule does this example illustrate? Please define the rule and give one more example.Assimilation rule can illustrate this example. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, in irregular, [n] becomes identical to its following[r].。

词汇学习题

西安外国语大学王满良老师词汇学考试习题Questions and tasks:1.What is lexicology?2.What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?3.What subjects is English lexicology correlated with? And to what extent?4.Why should a student of English study English lexicology?Chapter oneQuestions and tasksI.Answer the following questions.1.What is a word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning andsyntactic function.1) a minimal free form of a language;2) a sound unity;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function independently in a sentence.2.What are the causes of differences between sound and form?The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, one letter may represent two or more different sounds,Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases have drawn far apart.A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes(抄写员)3.How do you define “vocabulary”?The vocabulary of a language refers to all the words in the language.4.List 3 criteria for classifying words.By use of frequency, words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary.By notion, words can be categorized into content words and functional words.By origin, they can be classified into native words and borrowed words.1) 5.What are the characteristics of basic word stock?2)All national character3)Stability4)Productivity5)Polysemy6)Collocability6.List 7 kinds of nonbasic word stock.) Terminology (术语)Jargon(行话)Slang(俗语)) Argot(黑话)Dialectal words(方言Archaisms(陈词)Neologisms(新词)7.Explain neologisms with examples.overworking class, nounA segment of society in which the chief characteristic is the desire or need to work long hours.8.What features do native words have in contrast to borrowed words?Neutral in style2) Frequent in useII.Multiple choice1.Which of the following is NOT true? Aa.A word is the smallest form of a language.b.A word is a sound unity.c.A word has a given meaning.d.A word can be used freely in a sentence.2.The differences between sound and form are due to ____C_.a.the fact of more phonemes than letters in Englishb.stabilization of spelling by printingc.influence of the work of scribesd.innovations made by linguists3.Of the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is ___A__.a.all national characterb.productivityc.polysemyd.collocabilityplete the following statements by supplying an appropriate word for each blank.1.Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are __ Aliens ___.2.There is no ___ logical ___ relationship between sound and _ Meaning____ as the connection between them is ___ arbitrary __ and conventional.3.__ Denizens (同化词)___ are borrowings that have become naturalized or assimilated in English.4.Archaisms(陈词)__ are words once in common use or but now restricted only to specialized or limited use.5.Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ___ stable__._ Functional _____ words enjoy a ___greater___ frequency in use than content words.6.A word whose meaning was borrowed from another language is called __semantic-loansIV.Choose the standard word from the column on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a.beaver cowardb.bloke drunkc.blue fellowd.chicken fighte.dame girlf.full greatg.gat loose womanh.smoky pistoli.swell policej.tart womankeys: beaver—girl bloke—fellow blue—fight chicken—coward dame—woman full—drunk gat—pistol smoky—police swell—great tart—loose womanV.Match following archaic words with their modern equivalents:a.albeit alsob.bade althoughc.billow befored.eke bide.ere faithf.hallowed holyg.haply it seems to meh.methinks morningi.morn perhapsj.quoth saidk.sooth truthl.troth wave/the seakeys: albeit—although bade—bid billow—wave/the sea eke-also ere—beforehallowed—holy haply—perhaps methinks—it seems to me morn—morningquoth—said sooth—truth troth—faithchapter twoQuestions and tasksI.Define the following terms:1.Old English2.Middle English3.Modern EnglishOld English (450-1150)Middle English (1150-1500)Modern English (1500-up till now)5.The Germanic language familyGermanic(日尔曼语族): Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, known as Scandinavian languages, German, Dutch, Flemish(比利时佛兰芒语), EnglishII.List the major modes of modern English vocabulary development.Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.Considering the changes in vocabulary, it is necessary to subdivide it into Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English.In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false:F 1.English has always been the language of England.T 2.Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary.T 3.People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.T 4.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.F 5.English is more closely related to French than to German.F 6.Modern English is considered a highly inflected language.T 7.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.F 8.In modern times, borrowing brings more than 10% of modern English vocabulary.F 9.In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.T 10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.Keys:IV.Borrowings usually fall into two classes: denizens and aliens.Decide which words are denizens and which are aliens.Write in the bracket D for denizen and A for alien.savant (A 学者savoir ) servant ( D ) genre ( A种,类 ) gender ( D )message ( D ) massage ( A ) chapel ( D,小教堂 ) chapeau ( A帽子 )morale ( A ) moral ( D ) button ( D ) cartoon ( A )Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and are now well assimilated into the English language.liens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.V.Look up the following words in a dictionary and determine the language from which each has been borrowed and then translate these terms into Chinese.chapter threeQuestions and tasksI.Match the definitions with their corresponding terms:1.a minimal meaningful unit of a language F a. affix2.a morpheme that can stand alone D b. bound morpheme3.a morpheme attached to a stem or root A c. derivational affix4.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships E d. free morpheme5.an affix that forms new words with a stem or root C e. inflectional morpheme6.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes G f. morpheme7.a form to which affixes of any kind can be added H g. root8.a morpheme that cannot function as a separate word B h. stemKeys: 1.f 2.d 3.a 4.e 5.c 6.g 7.h 8.bII.Analyze the words in terms of root and stem.individualistic undesirablesK ey: individualist (stem) individual (stem) dividual (stem) dividu (stem, root)undesirable (stem) desirable (stem) desire (stem, roo t)chapter fourTasks and assignmentsI.Choose the best to complete each of the following statements:1.In modern times, the expansion of English vocabulary is mainly through __C___.A.borrowingB.semantic changeC.word-formationD.none of the above2.The one that is Not a major means of word-formation is __D___.A.affixationpoundingC.conversionD.blending3.It is estimated that affixation supplies modern English with ___A__ percent of its new vocabulary.A.30-40B.more than 50C.less than 20D.about 264.Affixation, also known as ___B__, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.A.clippingB.derivationpoundingD.back-formation5.Prefixation is to create new words by adding _C____ to stems.A.suffixesB.affixesC.prefixesD.a definite article6.The word silkworm is a compound that is written __C___.A.openB.hyphenatedC.solidD.as a free phrasesuitcasebest man,mischief-maker (搬弄是非者)solid, hyphenated, and open.pounding, also known as ___B__ , is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.A.conversionpositionC.acronymyD.shortening8.Words created through back-formation are mostly __B___.A.nounsB.verbsC.adjectivesD.adverbs9.Initialisms and acronyms are two kinds of ____A_ .A.acronymyB.clippingC.back-formationD.blending10.Words formed by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another are called blends or __D___ words.A.mixedbinedC.buzzD.portmanteauII.Decide whether the statements below are true or false:pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.F2.Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are written separately.T3.The stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.T4.The meaning of a compound is always the combination of the stems.F5.A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure cannot be changed.T6.Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.T7.Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.F adjectives8.Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.T9.Such words as the poor, the handicapped, a Democrat are all examples of partial conversion.F10.The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.T11.An alternative for conversion is functional shift.TIV.Write out the full forms of the following shortenings:Clipping is the formation of words by cutting a part off a longer word and using what remains.V.Identify the mode of word-formation of each of the following words:1.boredom compound2.website compoundsk (as in “milk the cow”) Conversion4.Pasteurize Words from proper names5.drowse Back-formation6.ads Acronymy7.WHO Acronymy 8.motel Blending 9.narcissus Words from proper names10.emote Back-formationVOA Voice of AmericaBBC British Broadcasting Corporationc/o care ofSOS save our shipGMT Greenwich Mean Time (格林尼治平均时)GDP gross domestic productUFO unidentified flying objectWHO World Health OrganizationMFN Most Favored Nation statusIMF International Monetary Fund (世界货币基金组织)RSVP (French)CEO chief executive officerCPA certified public accountant2.Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word:TV televisionp.s. postscriptID identification card/identity cardTB tuberculosisGHQ General HeadquartersMBA master of business administrationGRE graduate record examination4.6.2 AcronymsAcronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as normal words, for example, radar (radio detecting and ranging), laser (lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).More examples:NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganationAIDS acquired immune deficiency symdromeBASIC beginners’ all-purpose symbolic instruction codeTOEFL test of English as a foreign languageUNESCO United Nations Education, Science and Culture OrganizationOPEC Organization of Petroleum Export CountriesTESO teaching English as a second languageSome acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second:N-bomb nuclear bombD Notice Defence NoticeD Day decimalization day (英国十进币制实施日,即1971年2月15日)1.affixation 30%-40% of the total number of words are produced through affixationpounding 28%-30%3.conversion 26%4.shortening5.clipping6.acronymy 4, 5 and 6 8%-10%7.blending 1%-5%Chapter fiveQuestions and tasksI.Define the following terms:1.Reference2.Concept3.Sense1.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.By means of reference, a speaker indicates what in the world is being talked about.2.Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. Synonymous pairs such as die/pass away, fat/overweight, answer/reply are all good examples.Each pair has the same concept but different social, cultural and stylistic values.3.Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference).The meaning of “meaning” is what is termed “sense”.Sense is also an abstraction.II.Choose the best to complete each statement:1.“Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is NOT a __D___.A.free rootB.free morphemeC.stemD.bound root2.Word formation excludes __C___.A.affixation and compoundingB.conversion and shorteningC.repetition and alliterationD.chipping, acronymy and blending3.The negative form of the word “political” is _A__.A.apoliticalB.ilpoliticalC.inpoliticalD.impolitical4.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in the aspects of __D___.A.phonetic featuresB.semantic featuresC.grammatical featuresD.all the above5.The chief function of prefixation is to __A___.A.change meanings of the stemsB.change the word-class of the stemsC.change the grammatical functionD.all the above6.A concept has __C___ referring expressions.A.oneB.noC.manyD.none of the above7.The correct statement among the following is __D___.A.Root and stem are identicalB.Root includes stemC.Root and stem are totally differentD.Stem includes root8.Associative meaning comprises several types except __D___.A.connotative meaningB.stylistic meaningC.affective meaningD.lexical meaning9.The overwhelming majority of blends are __B___.A.verbsB.nounsC.adjectivesD.adverbs10.The de- in decompose is a __C___ prefix.( dis- un-)A.negative ( a- dis- in- il-im- ir- non-)B.pejorativeC.reversativeD.locative11.__C___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixespoundsIII.True or false:1.A concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race and language.T2.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.F singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms part of speech of words3.Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of theuser.T4.Collocation can affect the meaning of words.Tit is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.5.Functional words have little lexical meaning.T6.Conceptual meaning forms the core of word-meaning.TConceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning(指示/外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.7.Connotative meaning is an essential part of word-meaning.FIn contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones(含蓄之意) or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.8.Connotative meaning varies from culture to culture.T9. Words that have stylistic values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative.F‘formal’, ‘neutral’, and ‘informal’.10.Every word has reference.F11.The same word may have different grammatical meanings.T12.Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning.TKeys: 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.F 11.T 12.TIV.Classify the following groups of words under Appreciative, Neutral and Pejorative.Write in the bracket A for appreciative, N for neutral, and P for pejorative.Example: fattening ( ), nourishing ( ), rich ( )Answer: fattening ( P ), nourishing ( A ), rich ( N )Affective meaning (情感意义)Keys1) famous ( A), notorious ( P ), well-known ( N )2) aroma ( A ), smell ( N ), stench ( P )3) cottage ( N ), shack ( P ), summer home ( A )4) legislator ( N ), politician ( P ), statesman ( A )5) skinny ( P ), slender ( A ), thin ( N )6) chubby ( A ), fat ( P ), heavy ( N )7) economical ( A ), stingy ( P ), t hrifty ( N )8) extraordinary ( A ), unusual ( N ), weird ( P )9) adherence ( N ), loyalty ( A ), partisanship ( P )10) extravagances ( P ), luxuries ( N ), the good things of life ( A )V.Classify the following groups of words under Formal and Informal.Write in the bracket F for formal and I for informal.Stylistic meaningExample: ( ) guy ( ) manAnswer: ( I ) guy ( F ) man1) (F ) Impoverished ( I ) poor2) ( I) rich ( F ) wealthy3) ( F ) intelligent (I ) smart4) ( F ) automobile ( I ) car5) (I ) enough ( F) sufficient6) ( F ) certain (I ) sure7) ( I) pick ( F ) select8) (F ) appropriate (I ) right9) ( F) awesome ( I ) scary10) ( I) bad ( F) negativeChapter sixTasks and questionsI.Define the following terms:1.A polysemant2.homonyms3.synonyms4.antonyms5.hyponyms6.superordinate7.semantic field1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.2.Homonyms are words different in meaning but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or in spelling.3.Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in essential meaning.4.Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition.Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.Antonyms can be classified into three major groups.5.For instance, lilac and chrysanthemums are hyponyms of flower; pigeon and magpie are hyponyms of bird.These general words such as flower and bird are the superordinate terms or superordinates.6.Hyponymy can be described in terms of a tree-like graph, with high-order superordinates above the lower subordinates/hyponyms, but their status either as superordinates or as subordinates is relative to other terms.7.Semantic field is one of the meaning areas around which the massive stock of a language is composed.1.II.True or false:2.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt withfrom two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach.(T)3.Perfect homonyms share the same spelling and pronunciation.(T)4.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, change in sound and spelling, and shortening.(F)5.Homonyms are words whose meanings are closely related.(F)6.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants.(T)7.Most homonyms are words that are the same in spelling, but differ in sound andmeaning.(F)8.Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms.(T)9.Contradictory terms do not show degrees.(T)10.Relative terms are relational opposites, which include verbs reversing the action of eachother.(T)11.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.(F)12.If a word has synonyms, naturally it has antonyms.( F)13.The marked term of an antonymous pair often covers the meaning of the unmarked.(F)14.Antonyms should be opposites of similar intensity.(T)Antonymy deals with the relationship of semantic opposition.(T)1.III.Multiple choice:A.The most important source of synonyms is perhaps _____. ( B )B.dialects and regional EnglishC.borrowingD.figurative and euphemistic use of wordsE.coincidence with idiomatic expressions2.Homographs are words identical only in _____ but different in two other aspects.A.soundB.meaningC.spellingD.sense ( C )3. Homophones are words identical only in _____ but different in two other aspects.A.soundB.meaningC.spellingD.sense ( A )4. _____ are contrary antonyms. ( B )A.true and falseB.rich and poorC.parent and childD.male and female5.Of the types of homonyms, _____ constitute the largest number and are most common.A.perfect homonymsB.homophonesC.homographsD.antonymy (B )6.Two processes of development of word-meaning from monosymy to polysemy are _____.A.radiation and concatenationB.radiation and extension ( A )C.synchronic and diachronic approachesD.concatenation and borrowing7.The origins of homonyms include _____. ( D )A.change in sound and meaningB.shorteningC.borrowingD.all the above8.Relative synonyms, also called near-synonyms, are similar or nearly the same in _____ meaning.( C )A.stylisticB.affectiveC.conceptualD.collocative9.Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes except _____.( C )A.perfect homonymsB.homographsC.synonymyD.homophones10.Absolute synonyms are _____.（B）A.numerousB.rareC.popularmon11.The differences between synonyms show in three aspects except _____.(C )A.denotationB.connotationC.tense meaningD.application12._____ may often lead to ambiguity.(D)A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.Grammatical structureD.All the above13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English is illustrated by _____.（B）A.long (not short )B.ball ( a dancing place )C.rock ( rock’n’roll )D.ad (advertisement)14.Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of _____.( D )A.humourB.sarcasmC.ridiculeD.all the above15.Banana is a _____ of fruit. ( A )A.hyponym B synonym C.superordinate D.antonymIV.List 3 types of homonyms and give 2 pairs of example to illustrate each type.V.List 3 types of antonyms and give 2 pairs of example to illustrate each type.Chapter sevenQuestions and tasksI.Define the following terms:1.elevation2.degeneration3.extension4.narrowing1.Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.2.Degeneration or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation.It is a process in which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.3.Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, refers to the widening of meaning that some words undergo.4.Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning.It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized meaning (sense). II.What are the causes of semantic change? Illustrate your point with examples.1.III.Multiple choice2.Of the modes of word-meaning changes, _____ are the most common.A.elevation and transferB.narrowing and degenerationC.extension and narrowing C.degeneration ( C )2. The word wife designating woman now means a married woman.This change of word-meaning is called _____.A.extensionB.narrowingC.elevationD.degradation (B)3.The word layman which used to refer to one who is not of clergy now means non-member of any profession.This change of word-meaning is _____.A.extensionB.narrowingC.elevationD.degradation (A)4.The original meaning of nice is ignorant or foolish and its modern meaning is delightful.This is _____ of word meaning.A.extensionB.narrowingC.elevationD.degradation (C)5.Linguistic factors in word meaning changes exclude _____.A.internal factors within the language systemB.the influx of borrowingC.analogyD.grammar ( D )6.Silly meant happy in old English, but now it means foolish.This mode of word-meaning change is _____.A.extensionB.narrowingC.elevationD.degradation ( D)7.Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning include _____.A.historical reasonB.class reasonC.psychological reasonD.all the above ( D )8.The change of word meaning is brought about following internal factors except _____.A.the influx of borrowingB.repetitionC.analogyD.shortening ( B )9.The four major modes of semantic change are _____ . ( A)A.extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB.extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC.generalization, narrowing, specialization and degradationD.extension,, elevation, amelioration and pejorartionChapter EightQuestions and tasksI.Study the following sentences carefully and then match the definitions with the corresponding italicized words in the sentences.Definitions:a. a material in the form of thin flat sheets used for writing or printing on, etc.b. a newspaperc.thesis written at the end of the termd. a set of printed questions used as an examination in a particular subjecte.an official report explaining something that the government intends to do Sentences1.He is reading today’s paper.2.I must finish my term paper tomorrow.3.The teacher has made out a test paper.4.The government has just issued a new white paper on education.5.Can you lend me some writing paper?1.II.Determine the meaning of do in each of the following sentences:2.She’ll do her hair before she goes out. (arrange)3.The police stopped the red car that was doing 80 miles an hour.(driving)4.They do fish very well in this restaurant.(cook)5.The students are doing computer at school.(studying)The children are doing well at their new school.(progressing)1.III.Rewrite the following sentences to eliminate ambiguity:2.Mary found a book on Main Street.3.We were shocked by his punishment.4.Visiting relatives can be boring.5.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.6.He has left his mother to look after his daughter.7.Illegal waste dumping is a serious source of pollution.Chapter NineQuestions and tasksI.True or false:1.An idiom contains at least two words.T2.Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.F3.Idioms are usually difficult to understand because the meanings of idioms are not in many cases the total of individual words. T4.Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.5.Some idioms deny analysis in terms of grammar.T6.All idioms are used in their figurative senses.F7.Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word.F8.Idioms are characterized by terseness, expressiveness and vividness.9.Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms, but there are many exceptions.II.Multiple choice1.The idiom “sooner or later” has ___D__ rhetorical coloring.A.rhymeB.alliterationC.reiterationD.juxtaposition(1) Alliterationbag and baggage ( with all one’s belongings)part and parcel (most important and essential part)(2) Rhymewear and tear (damage from continuous use)toil and moil (work hard and long; strive laboriously)(1) Reiteration (duplication of synonyms)pick and choose (select with much care or in a fussy way)hustle and bustle (do things in a hurry, with some fuss)(2) Repetitionby and by (gradually)out and out (completely)(3) Juxtaposition (of antonyms)2.___D__ is NOT a characteristic of idiom.A.TersenessB.ExpressivenessC.Vividnessplication3.Forms and functions of idioms are ___D_.。

英语词汇学(二) 期末考试试题及参考答案

Test 2I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines 词汇学题目_文库下载/doc/26fe481ca300a6c30c229f93.html and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot。

英语词汇学试题及答案

英语词汇学试题及答案### English Lexicology Test Questions and Answers#### Question 1: Define the term "morpheme" and provide examples.Answer: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. It can be a word, a prefix, a suffix, or an affix. For example, "run" is a morpheme, and so is "un-" in "unhappy." The word "runner" consists of two morphemes: "run" and "-er."#### Question 2: What is the difference between a free and a bound morpheme?Answer: Free morphemes can stand alone as words and have meaning by themselves, such as "dog" or "run." Bound morphemes cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes to form words, such as "un-" in "unseen" or "-s" in "dogs."#### Question 3: Explain the concept of "derivation" in wordformation.Answer: Derivation is the process of creating new words by adding affixes to a base word or root. For example, adding the prefix "un-" to "happy" creates "unhappy," and adding the suffix "-ness" to "happy" creates "happiness."#### Question 4: Provide an example of a compound word and explain its formation.Answer: A compound word is formed by combining two or more words to create a new word. For instance, "blackbird" is a compound word made up of "black" and "bird." The meaning of the compound word is often related to the meanings of the individual words.#### Question 5: What is the function of a root in word formation?Answer: A root is the base form of a word that carries the primary meaning. It can be combined with prefixes andsuffixes to create new words. For example, the root "port" in "airport" and "export" carries the meaning of carrying or moving something from one place to another.#### Question 6: Define "inflection" and give an example.Answer: Inflection is the process of changing a word's formto express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, and gender. An example of inflection is the verb "run" changing to "ran" to indicate past tense.#### Question 7: What is the role of a prefix in word formation?Answer: A prefix is an affix that is added to the beginningof a word to create a new word with a different meaning. For example, the prefix "re-" in "rebuild" indicates doing something again, as in rebuilding something that waspreviously built.#### Question 8: Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.Answer: Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and possibly different pronunciations, such as "bat" (the animal) and "bat" (the sports equipment). Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, such as "knight" (a person) and "night" (the time of day).#### Question 9: What is the term for words that have the same root but different meanings?Answer: Words that share the same root but have different meanings are called homonyms. For example, "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river.#### Question 10: Define "semantics" in the context of vocabulary.Answer: Semantics is the study of meaning in language. In the context of vocabulary, it refers to the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, and how those meanings can change based on context, usage, and other linguistic factors.。

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

…2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into…_______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words-5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .^9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .【11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .(archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.[19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book\1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.{9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences betweensound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.(( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.>4.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )5.Words that have clear notions.( )6.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )7.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )8.Old words with new meanings.( )9.Words which have become assimilated.( )10.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )11.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )：the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated!2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.）Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.（language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.·influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.*is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;French…the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lost—English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .…;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .:;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.^archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period."( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.,2.the Indo-European Language Family3.Old English4.foreign elements5.creation6.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.、4.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary5.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI./II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized theMidland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

lexicology2词汇学练习及答案

Test of Lexicology 2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Which words belong to the functional words ( A )A. prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctionsB. articles, adjectives, pronounsC. adverbs, conjunctions, nounsD. prepositions, auxiliaries, verbs2. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.（ C ）A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds3. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be( C ). A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound4. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ( C ) morpheme.A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. bound5. Which of the following is NOT true ( B )A. A word is a soundunityB. A word has a given meaningC. A word is the smallest form of a languageD. A word can be used freely in a sentence6. The following words have derivational affixes Except________.( D )A.subseaB. prewarC.postwarD. desks7. Which of the following is not a compound ( B )A. swimming poolB. king-heartedC. greenhouseD. International8. The suffix “-tion” is a ____ suffix. ( D )A.adjectiveB. verbC.adverbD. noun9. From the sentenc es “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as________. ( C )A.affixationB. compoundingC.conversionD. acronymy10. “mis-“ in “misunderstand” is a ____________ prefix. ( C )A．negative B. pejorative C. reversative D. locative11. Which of the following is not a major word-formation process ( D )A. CompoundingB. DerivationC. ConversionD. Coinage12. “Anti-” in “antihero” means______. ( A )A. “against”B. “unconventional”C. “of or belonging to the hypothetical world of antimatter”D. “not”13. “-able” in “fashionable” is a(an) _____ suffix. ( D )A. denominalB. deadjectivalC. deverbalD. noun-formingII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.1. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and ____derivational______affixes.2. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ___affixes______.3. Words may fall into ___content _____words and functional words by notion.4. Generally, prefixes only modify the ___lexical meaning_____of the stem.5. Sometimes a word may undergo ____multiple______ conversion, which enables it to function as a member of several word-classes.6. Affixation can be subdivided into ____prefixation_________ and ____suffixation________.III. Term explanationpounding Compounding is a word-formation progress consisting ofjoining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.2.Derivation Derivation is generally defined as word-formationprocess by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. Derivation may be defined as process of forming new words by the additional of word element, such as prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.3.Conversion Conversion is a word formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-classwithout the addition of an affix.4.Word-formation rules The rules of word-formation define the scopeand method whereby speakers of a language may create new word.。

词汇学试题

English lexicologyI Choose the best answer from the four choices. (30’)1.The “s‖ in ―drums‖ is ____.A.a free morphemeB.a stemC. a rootD.an inflectional affix2.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting3.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. phoneticallyD. etymologicall4._____is a pair of emotive synonyms.A.―Dad‖ and ―father‖B.―Flat‖ and ―apartment‖B. C.―Mean‖ and ―frugal‖ D.―charge‖ and ―accuse‖5.The word ―language‖is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.This is called_______.A.scientific languageB.idiolectB.C.colloquial language D.formal language6.The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mo de of_______.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. Degradation7. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example______ .B.A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolishC.C. last → pleasureD. knave → boy8.English lexicology embraces morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and _____.A. linguisticsB. pragmaticsC. lexicographyD. Phonology9. Which of the following is incorrect?A. ―airmail‖ means ―mail by air‖B. ―reading-lamp‖ means ―lamp for reading‖C. ―green horn‖ is the horn green in colorD. ―hopeless‖ is ―without hope‖10.which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)11.The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in soundC .change in spelling D. borrowing12. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. complementary termsD. conversive terms13. ―parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor‖are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. conversive termsD. complementary terms14.There are 2 main process of sense –shift except____.A. radiationB. concatenationC. borrowing15. According to morphology, there are 2 types of classifications except_____.A. root antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. contraries16．There are derivative antonyms except____.A. pleasant----unpleasantB. polite---impoliteC. war---antiwarD. large----small17. There are complementary antonyms except____.A. child----girlB. single—marriedC. dead----aliveD. brother---sister18. There are 3classifications of homonyms except_____.A. perfect homonymsB. homographsC. HomophonesD. contrary homonyms.19.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic20.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzedplete the following statements with proper words.(24)1.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ____ .2.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.3.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In thewords the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.4.Part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong to________ meaning.5.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _______of words.6.Generally speaking,linguistics is the ______study of language.7.There are two main approaches to study of English lexicology,that is____and_____.8.“Tulip”and “rose”, are______of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the______term.8.At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe:Angles, _____ and______.9.Four group of loan words________,________,_______and_________.III.Put the following words into the appropriate blanks.(10’)flock herd school troop pride1.a ____of cattle2.a ____of monkeys3.a____of lions4.a____of sheep5.a____of fishIV.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(10’1.Relations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts.4．The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.5.―Male/female, present/absent‖are contrary terms.V.Define the following terms.(2’+4’=6’）1.Word2.MotivationVI.Answer the following questions .(6’+6’+8’=20’）1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemy? How to differentiate them?2.How do linguists divide the history of the English language for analysis?3.Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.答案I.1.D.2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C 7B 8.C 9.C 10 C 11.A12.A 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.AII.1.meaning2.associated meaning3.origins4.grammatical5.meanings6.scientific7.synchronic,diachronic8.hyponymys, superordinate8.Saxons,Jutes9.aliens, denizens,translation-loans,semantic borrowingsIIIherd troop pride flock schoolIV1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TV.1.A word is a minimum free form,that is to say,the smallest form that may appear in isolation.2.Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words can said to be non-motivated.That is,the connection of the sign and meaning does not have logical connection explanation.Neverthelss,English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.VI.1. Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemy is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of a polysemy are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemy has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2.Three periods in the development of English language (vocabulary)1)Old English or Anglo-Saxon period (449-1100)1 Much of the old English vocabulary was borrowed from Latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2 Old English was a highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions of words2)Middle English period ( 1100-1500 )1 French influence and Norman Conquest in 1066Law and government administration: Military affairs、Religion、Art2 Middle English is becoming from highly inflected language to analytic language3)Modern English period (1500-)1 Influence of Renaissance Latin and Greek words2 Science and abstract ideas3 Literary, technical and scientific words4 The Late Modern English (between1700-the Present).3.1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2. A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4.Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。

张维友词汇学2-8单元课后练习答案-

Chapter2【练习答案】1.Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European LanguageFamily?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch3.What are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the threeperiods of development? Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways? Defend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one another. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50,000—60,000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings.Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the development in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066 the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of the three phases of the original division is lost.4.What characteristics of English make the English language heterogeneous?It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible forEnglish to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5.Account for the popularity of English in the present world from a linguisticperspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6.Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume separateequal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causesimpel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7.Give a brief account of the four phases of Latin borrowing with two or threeexamples.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, (2) Old English period, (3) Middle English period and (4) modern English period.Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw words borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the four period words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, minimum.8.Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English]pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9.Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being earlyborrowings and the other late ones.amateur (late)finacé (late)empire (early)peace (early)courage (early)garage (late)judgement (early)chair (early)chaise (late)grace (early)servant (early)routine (late)jealous (early)savaté (late)genre (late)gender (early)début (late)morale (late)state (early)chez (late)ballet (late)ment on Jespersen’s remark on Scandinavian element in English ‘AnEnglishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words; they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare’.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English.Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11.Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitionsallegro, f轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e强piano, h轻soprano, c女高音12.Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from whicheach has been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi)tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp)wok (Ch)shampoo (Hindi)chocolate (Mex)tepee (AmInd)jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G)Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (AmInd)tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab)voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi)sauerbraten (G)13.Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill ineach space.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos14.Describe the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary.The characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost most of their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.15.What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporaryEnglish?The major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other languages and revival or old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.【练习答案】1.Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions.a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base2.What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectionaland derivational morphemes? Give examples to illustrate their relationships.Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as -s(-es), -ed, -ing and -est(to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including reflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes.3. Analyse the words in terms of root, stem and base.individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]anize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【练习答案】Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three important means of word formation are affixation, which creates 30-40% of the total number of new words; compounding, which brings 28-30% of all the new words; and conversion which provides English with 26% of the new words. Affixation1.What is affixation? What is its alternative name?Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation according to the type of affixes used to form new words.2.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to bases and suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to bases.3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of bases but their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but modify the meaning of bases.4.What is the best way to classify prefixes? Why?The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes change the meanings of bases only in general.5.Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of theseprefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6.Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with -en, -ify, -ize andthen choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea.apologizedb.beautifyc.lengtheningd.sympathizede.fattenf.falsifyg.memorizing h.Sterilize7.Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Completethe sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.a.employeeb.politicianc.participantd.waitresse.conductorf.teacherg.pianist h.examinee/examiner8.Match Column A with Column B and give two examples for each.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = below: subculture, subconsciousmal-= bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1.What are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases?What do you think of these criteria?The three criteria are (1) stress pattern, that is stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. `--(compound), -` -(free phrase); (2) meaning, that is the meaning of a compound is usually not the combination of the meanings of the component parts, but the free phrase is, e.g.hot line (compound: busy line), hot potato (free phrase: potato which is hot); (3) grammatical unity, that is the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair (compound: a special arm chair), easier chair (free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has exception. The same is true of the criteria. There are examples against each of the three rules.2.Analyse the following compound words and explain their internalgrammatical relationship.heartbeat [S + V]brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V]baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + adv]dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement]peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O]easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv]tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a]goings-on [V +adv]3.What are the usual methods to form compound verbs? Give examples.There two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v from first name), honeymoon(v from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion; words such as proofread (v from proofreading) and chain-smoke (v from chain smoker) are formed by means of backformation.4.Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element ofthe compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well-bred有教养的well-behaved守规矩的culture-bound含文化的homebound回家的needle work针织品homework家庭作业praiseworthy值得表扬得respectworthy值得尊敬的bar-woman吧女sportswoman运动员nation-wide全国的college-wide全校的clear-minded头脑清晰的strong-minded意志坚强的military-style军事风格的newstyle新款self-control自制self-respect自尊budget-related有预算的politics-related与政治相关的water-proof防水fire-proof放火once-fashionable曾经流行的once-powerful曾经强大的news-film新闻片news-letter实事通讯mock-attack演习mock-sadness假悲伤sister-in-law嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law岳父/公公home-baked自家烤的home-produced自制的half-way半途/半道half-done半生不熟ever-lasting永久ever-green常青age-conscious年龄敏感的status-conscious身份敏感campus-based以校园为基地的market-based基于市场的Conversion1.What is conversion? What do you think of the alternatives functional shiftand zero-derivation?Conversion is to use words of one part of speech as those of another part of speech. The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e.change of the functions of words. The term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation?Although both are called derivation, suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj) → simpli fy (v) whereas conversionis the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single (adj) → single(v).3.What classes of words are most frequently converted?The classes frequently involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adjectives. 4.In what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to theoriginal nouns and versa?Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to (1) state of mind or sensation, e.g. desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim(the activity of swimming) ; (3) result of the action, e.g. buy (the result of buying); (4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person who bores); (5) tool or instrument, e.g.paper (doing something with paper) and (6) place, e.g. turn (the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in seven different ways. The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e.g.bottle (to put into the bottle); (2) to give the noun or provide with the noun, e.g.finance(to provide with finance); (3) to remove the noun from, e.g. peel(to remove the peel from); (4) to do with the noun, e.g. shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun, e.g. tutor (to be the tutor); (6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (to change into cash) and (7) to send or go by the noun, e.g. ship (to send by ship).5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examples.When adjectives are converted into nouns, .some are completely changed, thus known as full conversion, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, e.i. having all the characteristics of nouns. That is they can take a/an or-s/-es to indicate singular or plural forms: a native, a Republican, a pair of shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer, the young, the very unfortunate.6.What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation, e.g. life /laif/ → live /liv/, breath /breθ/ → breathe /bri:ð/ and blood /bl∧d→bleed/bli:d/; (2) change of pronunciation and stress, e.g. use n /ju:s/→ use v/ju:z/ and permit n /`pə:mit/ → v /pə`mit/ and so on.7.Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentencesand tell how they are converted.a.stomach [n → v]b.room [n → v]c.wolf [n → v]e/go [v → n]e.familiar [a → n]f.innocent [a → n]g.flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i.warm [a → n]j.has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k.Hamlet [proper n → v]l.buy [v → n]m.smooth [a → v]BlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (mo tor + ho tel)汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence)情报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics)广告统计学psywarrior(psy chological warrior)心理战专家hoverport (hover craft + port)气垫船码头chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinem a + actress)电影演员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these slipped words are formed.copter (heli copter)front clippingdorm (dorm itory)back clippinglab (lab oratory)back clippingprefab (prefab ricated house)phrase clippinggas (gas oline)back clippingprof (prof essor) back clippingscope (tele scope)front clippingchamp (champ ion)back clippingsarge (serge ant)back clippingmike (mic rophone)back clippingad (ad vertisement)back clippingtec (de tec tive)front and back clippingAcronymy1.Both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initialletters. Is there any difference between them? Illustrate your point with examples.Yes, there is difference between them. The difference lies in the formation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO /ju:efou/ (unidentified flying object), BBC /bi:bi:ci:/ (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP /vi:aipi:/ (very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/`eiz/ (a cquired i mmune d eficiency s yndrome) , MAD/mæd/ (m utually a ssured d estruction), radir/`neidə/ (ra diod etecting a nd r anging).2.What do the short forms stand for?kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter$ = dollar ibid = ibid emetc. = et c etera VIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3.Choose a word from the list to fill each of the blanks.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1.Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words byremoving the endings of words. How do you account for the coexistence of the two? Can you illustrate the difference?It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words. But they have difference. For a back-formed word, what is removed is supposed to be the suffix, e.g. auth← auth or, donate← donat ion, loaf← loaf er, the forms -or, -ion, -er coincide with the three suffixes. For back clipping, however, what is removed is usually difference from the existing suffixes, e.g.ad← ad vertisement, gas ← gas oline, exam ← exam ination, etc.2.Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.a. tantalize—Tantalus: to tease or torment by keeping sth. wanted out of reachb. Argus-eyed—Argus: to be extremely watchfulc. narcissism—Narcissus: excessive admiration of oneself or one’s appearanced. sabotage—sabots: (1) to destroy or damage deliberately;(2) deliberate damage or destructione. martinet—Martinet: strict/stern (military) trainerf. yahoo—Yahoo: a lout or ruffiang. Shylock—Shylock: a ruthless money lenderh. hoovering—Hoover: cleaning by using a vacuum cleaneri. utopia—Utopia: an imaginary place of ideal perfectionj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom: behaving subserviently to whitesChapter 5【练习答案】1.What is reference?Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world.2.What is concept?Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world.3.What is sense?The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.4.What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of ‘arbitrariness’and ‘conventionality’ concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses?Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meanings, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the definition. The answer is ‘yes and no’. By ‘yes’, we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural noises. By no, we mean all the multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many cases the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.5.What are the four types of motivation? Explain them with examples.The four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunication of the words such as mieow, thump, peng etc.; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such profiteer(profit + eer), darkroom(dark + room), deconstruction(de + construct + ion), etc.; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth;etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting (therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille (language used by the blind created by Brille).6.Match the words in Column A with those in column B.apes—gibber birds—sing/twittercattle—low crickets-chirpdoves—coo foxes—yelpgeese—gabble sheep—bleatwolves—howl monkeys—chatterpigs—grunt hyenas—laughturkeys—gobble swans—cry7.What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the frammatical meaning, i.e. conceptual meaing and associative meaning.8.What are the characterisitics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas assocaitive meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.9.What connotations do you think the word atomic nmight have for each of thefollowing people?a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive a ssociations with “atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c.To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,science, knowledge”, etc.10.All the words talkative, articulate, gossip, garrulous, rambling, fluent, gabby,mouthy can be describe a person’s ability of speech. What impression do you obtain of the person with the use of each of the words?talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)garrulous: talking too much about trivial things (somewhat negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)gabby: inclined to chatter (neutral)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)11.Put the following groups of words under Appreciative, Neutral and Pejorative.12.What are semantic features?Semantic features are the minimal semantic components of words which are abstracted from the words. These features are used to describe the sense of each words.13.What are the merits and demerits of componential ananlysis?Componential anaysis (CA) is useful mainly in three aspects. First, Componential anaysis reveal the semantic features of the sense of a word and helps one grasp the conceptual meaing of the word. Second, CA can help show the synonymy of two words by revealing their same components. Third, CA can help tell whethera collocation or syntactic structure is acceptable or not.However, problems are obvious. First, CA is appliable only to concrete words which have definite referents, but not to abstract words or words expressing abstract ideas or concepts. Second, CA is useful in revealing the conceptual meaning, but helpless in showing the figurative meaning of words. 14.Try to analyse the following words in terms of semantic opposition [±HUMAN],[±MALE], [±ADULT], [±BOVINE], [±GALLINE].bull[-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+BOVINE]cow[-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+BOVINE]calf[-HUMAN±MALE-ADULT+BOVINE]rooster[-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+GALLINE]hen[-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+GALLINE]chicken[-HUMAN±MALE±ADULT+GALLINE]Chapter 6【单元练习答案】Polysemy1.What is polysemy?Polysemy is a sense relation that deals with words of more than one meaning．It is the result of semantic change.2.When a word is created, it is monosemous. Then how does the word acquireits new meanings and become polysemous? Illustrate your point with examples.Take “neck” for example. It has five senses: (1) that part of a man or animal joining the head to the body；(2) that part of the garment；(3) the neck of an animal used as food；(4) a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object；(5) the narrowest part of anything．Of these five meanings，(1)is the meaning given to the word when it was created and all the rest were derived later on in the process of development.3.What is the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation?A word develop its meaning through the process of either radiation orconcatenation, and in many cases, of both.Radiation is a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning and。

英语专业---词汇学--的自我检查卷（lexicology）

英语专业---词汇学--的自我检查卷（lexicology）委婉语The low-income groupThe have-notsA man of modest meansA negative saver（积蓄为负值的人）Urban camping(流落街头）Culturally deprived environment （贫民窟）apple of one’s eyes 心肝宝贝,掌上明珠follow one's nose一直往前走，凭直觉行事Indian summer小阳春（深秋季节里一段风和日丽的时期）；愉快宁静的晚年putting two and two together. 根据事实推断five and ten 便宜的the salt of the earth精英the last straw 最后一击the lion’s share最大份额词汇自我检查5/28/20121.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one thatwould best complete the statement and put the letter in the answer sheet.( 30% )1.“un-” and “in-” are__________.A. morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivational morphemesD. free morphemes2.“Influenza” being shortened to “flu” is the result of ________ .A. back clippingB. front clippingC. front-and-back clippingD. shortening3.Which of the following is MISSPELT?A. adorableB. manageableC. indigestibleD. noticable4.Which of the following words is a functional word?A. OftenB. NeverC. ThoughD. Apple5.Which of the following words is Not formed through clipping?A. memoB. autocideC. zooD. fridge6.“Why is Sunday the strongest day?”“Because all the others are week days.”This passage is the rhetoric use of ____________.A. polysemy C. homonymsC. homophonesD. metaphor7.The opposite meaning of clear in the sentence ”Now that I’ve to ld her everything, I can leavewith a clear conscience. ”is _________.A. dull,B. harshC. confusingD. guilty8.The word search turning from a verb into a noun is called________ as far as word-buildingis concerned.A. conversionB. suffixationC. affixationD. compounding9._____ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. StemsB. RootsC. AffixesD. Compound10.Which type of transfer is the word help in “The student assistant is an efficient help.”?A. transfer of sensationB. associated transferC. abstract to concreteD. concrete to abstract11.What type of word-formation is the process “from lip-reading to lip-read”?A. from noun to verbB. Back-formationC. ConversionD. Free-phrase16. Context clues very a great deal. The sentence Mary United Nations employees are polyglots, Mrs. Mary, for example,speaks five languages. Here the context clues is ______.A. ExplanationB. ExampleC. SynonymyD. Relevant details17.The following groups of words symphony, piano, trio, tenor, model are loan wordsfrom_______A. GreekB. ItalianC. LatinD. French18. Which of the following is a case of suffixation?A. Hemisphere.B. Attempt.C. BEC.D. correspondent.19. Which group has not the same kind of antonyms?A. employed---unemployed, dead---aliveB. warm---cold, narrow---wideC.male---female, young---oldD. teacher---student, children---parents20. “heart and soul” is an idiom_________ in nature. That is to say it has the same function in asentence.A. norminalB. adjectivalC. adverbialD. verbal21. Even the chairman condescended to stop by andcongratuate our team for the award.A. managedB. agreedC. benefited othersD. lowered himself22. Pass this policy change on to your subordinates at the earliest date possible.A. business groupsB. membersC. clientsD. juniors23. I was wondering if you would care to elucidagte your governments’s position on this..A.rethinkB. publishC. explainD. defend24. Reece Electric’s response to the takeover bid has remained ambivalent, although unofficialreports coming out of the company show a favorable attitude..A. guardedB. unclearC. hostileD. indecisive25. Somebody made some banal suggestion, but other than that the room was so quiet you couldhear a pin drop..A. briefB. jovialC. inappropriateD. unoriginal26. Fortunately I was able to intercept the note before it reached Mr. Smith’s desk.A.deliverB.editC. stopD. include27. In return of their testimony the two men were guaranteed complete immunity.A. paymentB. cureC. exemptionD. medical care28. Chief of Police Bob Pearson commended the two officers for not giving up until they hadapprehended the kidnappers and recovered the ransom money..A.promotedB. praisedC.mentionedD. relieved29. In the end, reasonable minds prevailed and the peace accord was signed..A. made senseB. arguedC. wonD. gained strength30. His paintings reveal a narcissistic trait in his personality.A. artisticB. humaneC. paranoidD. self-centered（21-30 参考答案见最后）Ⅱ. Study the following words and expressions and identify according to 1) types of meaning changes; 2) semantic shift. ( 10% )Match 1A B1. synaesthesia（通感） A. hiss, tick, kodak, patter2. transferred epithet (移位修饰) B. fame (r umour, report → celebrity, renown)3. elevation C. The kettle is boiling4. metaphor D. campus (field → grounds of college)5. synecdoche (提喻) E. companion ( someone who shares your breadwith you → person who shares in thework, pleasures, misfortunes of another)6. degradation F. Argument is a war7. narrowing G. glad tidings, a dizzy height8. extension H. knave (boy→dishonest person)9. metonomy I. delicious perfume10. onomatopoeia （拟声）J. Two heads are better than one.according to 1) types of rhetorical features of idioms; 2) types of word formation; and 3) Sense relation. (10%)Match 2A B11. alliteration A. part and parcel12. repetition B. wear and tear13. juxtaposition C. neck and neck14. rhyme D. from start to finish15. Initialism E. hippo = hippopotamus, perm = permanent wave16. clipping F. BRIC17. Acronym G. purple:color18. Synonymy H. fact-fiction, boom-recession19. Antonymy I. con --- rip-off, shrewd---astute20. Hyponymy J.UFOIII. T rue or false （10%）1. The first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledge are the Celts.2. Old English has much less loan words compared with modern English.3. The early material of Middle English is of limited value, because it is largely written in Latinand French.4. Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms, but there are manyexceptions.５.The word “internationalists” has 4 morphemes.６.“Tycoon, tsunami, sashimi, kimono” all come from Chinese.７.Contradictory terms do not show degrees and are mutually exclusive.８.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates ambiguity．９.The words “preliminaries, a christian, a white”are converted from adjectives, so this formation is called partial conversion.１０.The language used in England between 450 and 1100 is called Middle English.１１.In the phrase “the tongue of the shoe”, the word “tongue”is semantically motivated.IV. (20%)10*2１.According to traditional classification, linguistics consists of three branches: phonetics, grammar and _________________.２.___________ is a smallest form that may appear in isolation. It is a unity of sound, form and meaning.３.______________ is the relationship between the sturcture of a word and its meaning. A word whose meaning is revealed or implied by its form or sound is called a motivated or transparent word, otherwise it is called a non-motivated or opaque word.4-6.The followings are idioms related to precise choice of words: easy come, easy _______;penny wise, pound ____________; no pains, no ___________.７.The full form of the word “A TM” is ___________________.８.Both English and Danish belong to the Germanic branch of the __________ language family. ９.“Bean, nut, dome” are _________ words that cannot be used in serious situations.１０.In words “de-frost, de-ice, de-train , de-plane” , the prefix “de-” means ___________V. T ranslation (20%)A. T erm translation1. neologism2. metaphor3. free morpheme4. Indo-Europeran5. semantic shift6. ambiguity7. native words8. denotative meaningB. Idiom translation8. a dog in the manger9. a bird of passage.10. a snake in the grass11. carry coals to Newcastle12. to fish in a troubled waters13.. a skeleton at the feastC. Others14. all-mighty15. a tall story16. negative saver17. culturally deprived environment18. promotion ambassador19. virtual bank20. forced confession（答案：21-30词汇部分：d d c b d, c c b c a）。

大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。

有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘.(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‗bull market‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c) 2(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。

词汇学期末复习题及答案

Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 1Part I Multiple choices.1.The definition of a word includes ___________.A. a minimal free form that can function aloneB. a unit of meaningC. a sound unityD. all of the above2. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning andsyntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a smallest meaningful unitC. an element which can not be further analyzedD. a grammatically minimal form3.The Indo-European language family consist of________.A. all the languages in Europe and IndiaB. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East4.The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always ______.A. logicalB. arbitraryC. inherentD. automatic5.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.A. A highly inflected language.B. A highly developed language.C. A very difficult language.D. A language of leveled endings.6.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to theposition in a word, are termed .A. phonemesB. allomorphsC. morphsD. phones7.Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships areknown as .A. morphemesB. derivational morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. suffixes8.is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming orderivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .A. derivation, affixationB. affixation, derivationC. derivative, affixationD. affixation, derivative9.Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separateelements, for example, .A. hot dogB. red meatC. flower potD. fat head10.is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and soon while belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A. meaning, conceptB. concept, meaningC. sense, referenceD. reference, sense11.When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded oftheir family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has _______.A. collocationsB. connotationsC. denotationsD. perorations12.Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13.Which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank (the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)14.The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps toexplain its meaning is called _______.A. Linguistic contextB. Grammatical contextC. Extra-linguistic contextD. Para-linguistic context15.means through all difficulties and troubles.A. through high and lowB. through thick and thinC .from head to foot D. from start to finishPart II True or false questions.1. A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.2.Word-formation rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certainextent.3.Affixes like “-th” are very productive in current English.4.The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.5.The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.7.“-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence”in “linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection,existence” can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.8.The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of stems.9.The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondarystress, if any, on the second.10.In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectionalsuffixes.11.Conversion is only a change of grammatical function of a lexical item with noloss of its different range of meaning originally conveyed.12.A fully converted noun from an adjective has all the features of nouns excepttaking an indefinite article or, -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.13.Generally, conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions can’t be converted tonouns.14.Although blends and backformed words have already achieved popularity inEnglish, they are not advisable to be used frequently in formal writing.15.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.16.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.17.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.ponential analysis has no disadvantages.19.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humor orirony, or to heighten dramatic effect.20.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.Part III Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Morphemes are a bstract______ units, which are realized in speech by discreteunits known as m orph_______. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme _____ is to a phone. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph.Such alternative morphs are known as a llomorphs___________.2. A word is a minimal f ree_______ form of a language that has a given sound andmeaning and syntactic function.3.Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called_empty_____ words.4.According to semantics, a word is a unit of m eaning.5.Bound morphemes include b ound roots and a ffixes.6.The most productive means of word formation are a ffixation,c ompounding and c onversion.7.Only when a connection has been, established between the linguistic sign and ar eferent, does the sign become meaningful.8.Most morphemes are realized by single words like "bird, tree, green", etc, Wordsof these kinds are called m onomorphemic words.9.With N orse invasion____, many Scandinavian words came into the Englishlanguage.10.Antonyms are classified on the basis of s emantic opposition.Part IV Explain the following terms with proper examples.1.Explain with examples morpheme, morph and allomorph2.Semantic fieldPart V Answer the following questions.1.What is collocative meaning? Give at least one example to illustrate your point.2.Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. Ifyou find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.3.Analyzes the morphological structures of the following words and point out thetypes of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisonerAnswers for Exercise 1Part I Multiple choices.1-5 DACBA 6-10 BCBCB 11-15 BBCABPart II True or false questions.1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. FPart III Fill in the blanks.1. abstract, morph, phoneme, allomorphs2. free3. empty4. meaning5. bound, affixes6. affixation, compounding, conversion7. referent8. monomorphemic9. Norse invasion 10. semantic oppositionPart IV Explain the following terms1. In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme.Morphs are the actual phonetic representations of the same morpheme.An allomorph is a variant form of the same morpheme, and all the morphs of the same morpheme are grouped as being the allomorphs of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changingmeaning.English example:The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s", /s/, in cats (/kæts/), but "-es", /ɨz/, in dishes (/dɪʃɨz/), and even the voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dɒgz/). "-s". These are allomorphs of the same morpheme plural -s.2. The concept is from the concept of “field” in physics, referring to the clustering of a number of semantically related words. A semantic field is a set of lexemes in a named conceptual area that interrelate and define each other in specific ways. A general description is that words in a semantic field are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon. For example, the semantic field of “bugs” may include bees, spiders, moths, wasps, flies etc. According to semantic field theory a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic fields vary from culture to culture.Part V Answer the following questions.1. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome.2. The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.（1）it is ambiguous（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（3）stop drinking can be understood as1）police stop drinking by themselves2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.3. Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The morphological analysis of the three words are as follows:1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable (un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest un-,-able, inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 2Part I Multiple choices.1.From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper”here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can defin e the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational2.The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called_____.A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor3.Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effectsA. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above4.Which of the following statements is Not correct?A. A word can be formed by two free morphemesB. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morphemeC. A word can be formed by two bound morphemesD. A word can be formed by any two affixes.5.In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds,which shows __________.A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaningC. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of conventionD. the concepts are not really the same6.The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.A. historical reason and class reasonB. historical reason an psychological reasonC. class &psychological reasonD. extra-linguistic factors &linguistic factors7.Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of wordsborrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.A. CelticB. GermanicC. RomanD. Irish8.is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without totalloss of identity.A. StemB. RootC. MorphemeD. Affix9.is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to beused in combination with other morphemes to make words.A. Free rootB. Bound rootC. MorphemeD. Bound morpheme10.The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are thefollowing except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversion11.The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of thecombined.A. morphsB. allomorphsC. rootsD. morphemes12.The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can besaid to be___.A. prescriptive, motivatedB. prescriptive, non-motivatedC. arbitrary, motivatedD. arbitrary, non-motivated13.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning14.“parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/successor” are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsD. complementary terms15.“au revoir and Bye”is a pair of synonyms resulting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative &euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions16.From the phrase “examination paper”, we know that the meaning of the word“paper” here is “a set of questions at the end of the term”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational17.means damage from continuous use.A. fair and spareB. toil and moilC. wear and tearD. kith and kin18.More often than not, functional words only have .A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning19.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______of the modern Englishvocabulary.A. 50 percentB. 50 percentC. 80 percentD. 65 percent20.Functional words do _______ work of expression in English on average thancontent words.A. far moreB. lessC. equalD. similarPart II True or false questions.1.Differences can be found between American and British English in pronunciation,spelling, grammar and vocabulary.2.When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.3. A special dictionary deals with one sector of the lexicon of the language.4.Words in the same semantic field do not have a number of collocations incommon.5. A word is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a givensyntactical function.6.Most loan words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change insound and spelling.7.An allomorph is one of the variant forms of a morpheme.8.Conversion means the transfer of a word from one class to another.9.The relation between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary andconventional.ponential analysis is to break down the conceptual sense of a word into itsminimal distinctive components.11.Psychological research found that vocabulary is stored redundantly only asindividual morphemes.12.In the following 2 sentences, “How long is he?”“How young are you?” , the twowords long and young are both marked.13.Idioms are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individualconstituents.14.“Diamond cut diamond.” is syntactically wrong, and should be revised into“Diamond cuts diamond.”15.Fortuitous formerly denoted “happening by chance”, and later took on themeaning “fortunate” by analogy, because the two words look similar in shape. Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Explain with examples root, stem and base.2. Semantic motivation3. Sense and reference4. Idiom5. MetonymyPart IV Answer the following questions.1.The ‘pen' is mightier than the ‘sword'. Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' meanrespectively using the theory of motivation.2.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation?Give examples to illustrate your point.ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of hyponymy.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.Answers for Exercise 2Part I Multiple choices.1-5 CBDCC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 DDBCA 16-20 CCDCAPart II True or false questions.1. T 2 . F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.Thus it cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content. For example, the lexical root of “chatter” is chat.A stem is that part of a word which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. For example, photographer: photographer; destabilized: destabilizeA base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. For example,The base of “undesirable” is “desirable”; and that of “desired” is “desire”.2. Semantic Motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example, when we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. There are basically 4 types of semantic motivation, and they are: oonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. The distinction was first made by Gottlob Frege between abstract ideas and concrete objects of sensation. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is objectified by not considering particular situations and the real intentions of speakers and writers. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. Reference refers to what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definitionof the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms are semantically united and structurally stable. For example, Kick the bucket is an idiom, meaning “to die”. Structurally, we can not say “The bucket is kick by John” while still keep its meaning stable.5. Metonymy refers to the rhetorical device in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. For example, the expression in the cradle means to be in one’s childhood, because cradle is used for the young babies and closely related to the young age of one.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.2. (1) Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example, movement is formed by add a suffix “-ment” to the root “move”.(2) Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. For example, “edit” is created out of “editor” on the mistaken assumption that the agentive suffix.3. Hyponymy refers to the semantic relationship of inclusion, in which the meaning of more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The more specific words tulip and rose are called hyponyms or subordinate terms of the more general word flower. And flower is named hypernym or superordinate terms of tulip and rose. In the following 2 sentences, such a relation is indicated as follows:Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week MondaySupplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 3Part I Multiple choices.1. A may consist of a single morpheme as in "iron" or of twomorphemes as in a compound like "handcuff".A. stem, root, rootB. root, stem, stemC. stem, stem, rootD. root, root, stem2.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of .A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing3.Which group of the following are acronyms?A. VOA, AIDS, BASIC, D-DayB. CORE, Laser, TEFL, NATOC. G-man, BBC, BASIC, NATOD. TV, ID, TB, UFO4.Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5.Which of the following is incorrect?A. “airmail” means “mail by air”B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading”C. “green horn” is the horn gree n in colorD. “hopeless” is “without hope”6.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning7.Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms8.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds” are two pairsof synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressionsB. figurative &euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional EnglishD. borrowing9.The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.The structure in which the word in question appears can be called ________ context.A. situationalB. morphologicalC. lexicalD. grammatical10.means something useless and unwanted but big and costly.A. white elephantB. dark elephantC. white horseD. dark horse11.Linguistic context is also known as context.A. socialB. verbalC. LexicalD. physical12.The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over theyears.A. systematicallyB. arbitrarilyC. logicallyD. rapidly13.The English alphabet was adopted from _______.A. Anglo-SaxonB. the RomansC. GreekD. Sanskrit14.The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________.A. Anglo-SaxonsB. French speaking NormansC. CeltsD. Jutes15.English is more closely related to ____________.A. German than French.B. French to GermanC. Welsh than GermanD. Irish than Dutch16.In the words "recollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner", "re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex-, and-er" are .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes Part II Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as l oan_________ words.2.One of the variants realizing a morpheme is called a llomorph.3.C ompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.The word meaning is made up of g rammatical meaning andl exical meaning, which itself has two components:c onceptual meaning and associative meaning.5.When a word was created, it was endowed with p rimary meaning. With theadvance of time and the development of language it took on more and mored erived meanings.6.A rgot__ refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.7.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learningancient Greek and roman classics, which is known in history as the R enascence_________.8.Affixes can be grouped into d erivational and i nflectional affixes.9.Words do not change in morphological structure but in function, which is knownas f unctional shift.10.Synonyms can be grouped into absolute synonyms andr elative synonyms.11.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most of the languages ofEurope, the Near East, and I ndia______.12.Old English was a highly i nflectional________ language just like modernGerman.13.The allomorphs of the plural morpheme can be realized by z ero morphas in "deer—deer", "fish—fish".14.A melioration_______ refers to the process by which words rise from humblebeginnings to position of more importance.15.Some words which are used to denote one thing but later changed to denotesomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer/transference _____.16.Opposite to d enotative____ meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtonesor associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.17.Martin Joos (1962) in his The Five ClocksI suggests five degrees of formality:f rozen___, formal, consultative, casual, and initimate.18.Homonyms are classified into perfect homonyms, homographs andh omophones______.19.“parent–child” is a pair of r elational______ opposites.20.Words like now/then, here/there, tomorrow/yesterday are used to refer directly tothe personal temporal or locational characteristics of a situation. They are called deictic ____ words.Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.ponential analysis2.Explain the term connotative meaning, with examples.3.schemataPart IV Answer the following questions.1.What are the stylistic features of idioms?2.Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling andpronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. Please design a way to distinguish the two concepts?Answers for Exercise 3Part I Multiple choices.1-5 ACBBC 6-10 BAADA 11-15 BABCA 16 DPart II Fill in the blanks.1. loan2. allomorph3. compounding4. grammatical, lexical, conceptual, associative5. primary, derived6. argot7. Renascence8. derivational, inflectional9. functional 10. absolute, relative 11. India 12. inflectional/inflected 13. zero 14. amelioration 15. transfer/transference 16. denotative 17. frozen 18. homophone 19. relational 20. deicticPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Componential analysis also called feature analysis or contrast analysis. It is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the structure of a word's meaning by breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features. Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of /binary opposition, using “+” and “-” to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties by using plus and minus signs. It can reveal the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain. Examples are:Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT]Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT]Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT]Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]2. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother, denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc.3. Schemata or schematic knowledge refers to the mental representation of the linked, structured arrangements of facts. The formation of certain type of schemata is considered to be grounded in the present and based on past experiences. Schemata are an effective tool for understanding the world, which provides us with a frame of reference. For example, self-schemata, a schemata of a deal, of a university, etc.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definition of the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms have some stylistic features as stated as follows.(1) Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.2. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. For example, the na tive English word “ball” meaning。

词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案

2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;Frenchthe early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,MiddleEnglish by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lostEnglish which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

词汇学题库

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1. Lexicology is a branch of _________.A. languageB. meaningC. linguisticsD. etymology2. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as _________, semantics, stylistics, etymology, lexicography.A. idiomsB. grammarC. morphemeD. morphology3. Semantics is the study of meanings of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic4. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and _________.A. chronicB. realisticC. specificD. diachronic5.| __________ constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.A. Functional wordsB. Content wordsC. NumeralsD. Pronouns6. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as __________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal7. Which are the features of native words?A. All national characters.B. Neutral in style.C. Frequent in use.D. All the above.8. __________ is estimated that English borrowings constitute percent of the modern English vocabulary.A. 60B. 70C. 80D. 909. Which of the following isn't the alien?A. DecorB. BazaarC. ShiftD. Emir10. The words “kow-tow” in English is called an alien word because _________.A. it is a newly-created word from another language.B. it has been assimilated into the English languageC. it has undergone a semantic changeD. it has retained its original pronunciation11. Kimono is a loan word from _________.A. GermanB. FrenchC. SpanishD. Japanese12. A word is _________ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a separate part13. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3000B. 2000C. 1000D.400014. All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has ___________ the English vocabulary.A. borrowed words fromB. enlarged words toC. decreased words toD. lent words into15. The first peoples known to inhabit England were ___________.A. CeltsB. RomansC. Anglo-SaxonsD. Jutes16. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic17. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT ___________.A. kungfuB. TV dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate18. Which language does not belong to the Italic?A. Portuguese.B. Spanish.C. Welsh.D. French.19. Typhoon is from ___________ and tatami is from ___________.A. Chinese; AfricanB. Chinese; JapaneseC. Arabic; TurkishD. Malay; Japanese20. The word "subsea" includes __________ "sub-" and __________ "sea”.A. prefix; free rootB. bound; rootC. prefix; bound rootD. derivational; affix21. Which word is not a mono-morphemic word?A. Tree.B. Desire.C. Look.D. Different.22. Free morphemes are all __________, which are capable of being used as __________.A. roots; wordsB. words; roots23. Derivational affixes can be further divided into __________ and __________.A. bound roots; suffixesB. prefixes; suffixesC. bound roots; prefixesD. inflectional affixes; prefixes24. The processes of derivation and compounding involve different word-forming elements: affixes and root or __________.A. baseB. boundC. morphemeD. affix25. A __________ is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.A. rootB. stemC. baseD. headword26. In the word internationalists, nation is __________.A. rootB. stemC. baseD. root, stem, base27. The bound morphemes include two types: __________ and __________.A. prefix, suffixB. free root bound rootC. affix, suffixD. bound root, affix28. "Ex-" in the word "ex-prisoner" is __________.A. free rootB. bound rootC. inflectional affixD. derivational affix29. Which of the following is right?A. Root and stem are identical.B. Root includes stem.C. Root and stem are completely different.D. Stem includes root.30. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on_______.A. borrowingB. word-formationC. conversionD. the number of the people speaking English31. _______ doesn't belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A. AffixationB. CompoundingC. ConversionD. Blending32. Conversion gives us _______ of the new vocabulary.A. 30%B. 28%C. 26%D. 28% to 30%33. Word formation excludes _______.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. The most productive word formation are _______.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. all the above35. Of the following word-formation processes, _______ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation36. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _______.A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening37. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes38. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or _______ to stems.A. affixesB. suffixes and prefixesC. inflectional affixesD. derivational affixes39. The words formed by affixation are called _______.A. affixesB. derivationsC. derivativesD. derivationals40. The "auto" in "autobiography" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a pejorative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. a miscellaneous prefix41. Which of the following is a case of suffixation?A. HemisphereB. AttemptC. NATOD. Respondent42. These are adjective suffixes except _______.A. -ishB. -iveC. -aiD. -ance43 There are _______ major classes of compounds.A. twoB. fourC. threeD. five44. Of the following words, _______ is an initialism.A. UNB. NA TOC. BASICD. UNESCO45. Omega, Xerox and orlon are words from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames46. The words socio-linguistic and psycho-analysis are _______ according to the bases with which they are coined.A. compoundsB. blendsC. derivativesD. acronyms47. The word medicare comes from "medical+care", so its structure is _______.A. head+wordB. word+tailC. head+headD. head+tail48. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of "word meaning"?A. Reference.B. Concept.C. Sense.D. Pronunciation.49. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting50. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is ________.A. identicalB. sameC. unrelatedD. connected51. Generally speaking, the meaning of "meaning" is perhaps what is termed"________".A. conceptB. ideaC. conventionD. sense52. Hopeless is a ________ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically53. The word "airmail" is ________.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above54. In the sentence He is fond of pen, "pen" is a ________ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoekallyC. semanticallyD. etymologicallvtylistic55. Associative meaning comprises ________ types.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. eight56. Connotative meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to ________.A. cultureB. historical periodC. the experience of the individualD. all the above57. Normally, we classify styles into ________.A. general, neutral, informalB. formal, neutrals informalC. frozen, casual, intimateD. poetic, colloquial, slang58. “Domicile” is ________.A. formalB. neutralC. informalD. colloquia59. The word meaning can be divided into two types, they are ________.A. conceptual meaning and associative meaningB. grammatical meaning and associative meaningC. grammatical meaning and lexical meaningD. connotative meaning and affective meaning60. Lexical meaning comprises ________ meaning and ________ meaning.A. conceptual; associativeB. conceptual; grammaticalC. connotative; stylisticD. affective; collocative61. ________ meaning surfaces only in use, but meaning is constant in the content words within or without context.A. Grammatical; lexicalB. Associative; conceptualC. Conceptual; associativeD. Lexical; grammatical62. Conceptual meaning, also known as ________ meaning, is the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.A. designativeB. cognitiveC denotative D. all above63. In componential analysis, the meaning of "boy" can be expressed by ________.A. [ + HUMAN, -{-ADULT, +MALE]B. [ + HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE]C. [ + HUMAN, + ADULT, -MALE]D. [ + HUMAN, -ADULT, + MALE]64. “On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.” In this sentence, ________ is created. [A. punB. personificationC. metaphorD. simile65. Among the types of word-meaning changes, ________ and narrowing are the most common by far.A. degradationB. transferC. elevationD. extension66. Extension of meaning are known as ________.A. elevationB. generalizationC. transferD. degradation67. Extension refers to the ________ of meaning which some words undergo.A. wideningB. narrowingC. degradingD. specializing68. The original meaning of barn is ________.A. a place for storing only barleyB. a storeroomC. a restroomD. a bathroom69. The four major modes of semantic change are ________.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation11. Narrowing of meaning is also called ________.A. generalizationB. specializationC. characterizationD. popularization70. From a synchronic point of view, the word "wife", experienced the semantic change of ________.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. degradation71. The original meaning of success is ________.A. resultB. progressC. eventD. incident72. Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning change include ________.A. historicalB. Psychological reasonC. class reasonD. al1 the above73. Minister originally means "servant" while in modern time it refers to "head of the governmental ministry". This mode of word meaning change is ________.A. extensionB. elevationC. degradationD. transfer74. Linguistic factors of meaning change exclude ________.A. grammarB. the influx of borrowingC. analogyD. internal factors within the language system75. In Hamlet, pregnant in "How pregnant sometimes his replies are." meansA. cleverB. with childC. meaningfulD. foolish填空题1. English lexicology is a _________ course.2. Morphology is the branch of _________ which studies the structure or forms of words.3. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _________ of words.4. From a _________ point of view, words can be studied at a point of time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.5. If we consider words historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, then we take a _________ perspective.6. A word is a _________ free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.7. The relationship between a word and the thing it stands for is _________.8. Prepositions, conjunctions, _________ and articles all belong to functional words. Mm9. According to the degree of _________ and _________ of borrowings, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.10. The expression of "Long time no see" is _________ among the four classes of borrowings.11. Slang is often used in _________ situations.12. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and __________function.13. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and __________.14. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.15. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ___________.16. The surviving languages show various degrees of ___________ to one another.17. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.18. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.19. There're three modes of vocabulary development; creation, ___________ and borrowing.20. World languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.21. The surviving languages accordingly fall into ___________ principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.22. "Man, car, anger" are independent of other morphemes, which are known as __________.23. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: __________ and derivational affixes.24. Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be __________.25. Affixes and compounding processes may become _______ on one time.26. Not all the words that are produced by applying the word-forming rule are _______ .27. Words produced through compounding yields _______ of all the new word.28. Derivational affixes can be further divided into _______ and suffixes.29. Prefixes are those affixes that added to the head of words, which primarily change the _______ of the stem.30. The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called _______.31. The open _______ are the same in form as free phrases.32. The stress patterns of compounds are not _______.33. Compounds are different from free phrases in _______ unit.34. Modern English expands its vocabulary chiefly through _______.35. The three main means of creating new words in modern English are _______, compounding and conversion.36. A word is the ________ of form and meaning.37. By the form of the word we mean both its ________ and spelling.38. Reference is ________ between language and the world.39. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is ________ and conventional.40. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ________, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds and noises.41. Lexical meaning and ________ make up the word meaning.42. Lexical meaning has conceptual meaning and ________.43. Associative meaning comprises four types: ________, stylistic, affective and ________.44. Reference is ________ between language and the world.45. Concept is the ________ of human cognition, and it reflects the objective world in the human mind.问答题1.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.2.What are the main sources of new words?3.What are the differences between root, base and stem?4.What is backformation?5.What is the relationship between reference, concept and sense?6.。

英语词汇学2 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary[精]

verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description);
verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization);
Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. e.g. im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile; ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular; il- before l, illegal, illogical; in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-.
2. Allomorph (形位变体，词[语]素变体）
Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphological forms or phonetic forms, depending on the context in which it occurs.
2.1 Morpheme
1.What is a morpheme(词素)? The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

2024年4月广州自考英语词汇学试题

2024年4月广州自考英语词汇学试题一、以下哪个词汇与“lexicology”意义相近？A. lexicographyB. phoneticsC. semanticsD. pragmatics（答案）A二、在英语词汇学中，“morpheme”指的是什么？A. 词素B. 词根C. 词缀D. 词义（答案）A三、下列哪个术语用来描述词汇的变化和发展？A. etymologyB. semanticsC. lexicographyD. lexicostatistics（答案）A四、“Synonymy”是指什么关系？A. 同音关系B. 同义关系C. 反义关系D. 上下义关系（答案）B五、以下哪个词汇描述的是“语言使用者对词汇使用的偏好和选择”？A. lexical fieldB. lexical frequencyC. lexical choiceD. lexical variation（答案）C六、在英语词汇学中，“collocation”指的是什么？A. 词汇的搭配关系B. 词汇的语音特征C. 词汇的语法功能D. 词汇的文化内涵（答案）A七、“Polysemy”是指什么现象？A. 一词多义B. 一义多词C. 同音异义D. 同形异义（答案）A八、以下哪个术语用于描述词汇在特定语境中的具体意义？A. connotationB. denotationC. contextual meaningD. associative meaning（答案）C。

Lexicology (词汇学练习)

Lexicology1.eut / ens = ingereareire end for verbsiriariile = easy / have a tendency totio = subco videre = seecum vemire = comecom = with ire = gocon edere = eat (eg. edible)col obire = pass awaycor arare = till (eg. arable)co vincere = wincome from2. ag / act (Latin) = act: do / performeg: agent, agency, agile, agenda, agitate, agitation, coagent, subagent, reagent3. am / amat (Latin) amare = loveeg: amiable, amiableness, amateur, amateurish, amicable, amour, enamour, amatory 4. anim (Latin) anima = spirit / soul / mind / lifeeg: animal, animate, animosity, magnanimity, equanimity, longanimity, unanimous 5. ann / enn Latin) annus = yeareg: anniversary, annual, perennial, annuity, superannuate, semiannual, biannual, biennial, biennium6. anthrop (Greek) anthropos = maneg: anthropology, philanthropist, misanthropist, anthropoid, anthropography, anthropogenesis, anthropogeny, anthropotomy7. arch / archy (Greek) arkhos = ruleeg: anarchy, anarchism, monarch, matriarch, patriarch, archives, archenemy, architect8. audi / audit (Latin) audire = heareg: audience, auditorium, audible, audit, auditor, audition, audile, auditory, audiology, audio9. bi / bio (Greek) bios = lifeeg: biology, antibiotic, biography, microbial, biochemistry, biophysics, biocide 10. cad / cas / cid (Latin) cadere = fall / happeneg: decadent, case, casual, casualty, occasion, incident, decay, coincide, deciduous, occident11. cand (Latin) candere = glow / be whiteeg: candle, candid, candidate, candour, candescent, incandescentcf: cense, incense12. led / ceed / cess (Latin) cedere = goeg: antecedent, antecessor, proceed, procedure, process, succeed, accede, access, exceed, procede, recede, secede, concede13. centr (Greek) kentron = middle pointeg: centre, central, centric, concemtrate, concentric, eccentric, centrifugal, centripetal, decentralize14. cern / cert (Latin) cernere = separateeg: concern, discern, secret, discreet, secretary, discrete, secrete15. cert (Latin) certus = settledeg: certain, certainty, ascertain, certify, certification, certificate, certitude, uncertain, incertitude16. cid / cis (Latin) caedere = cut / killeg: decide, decision, concise, precide, excide, incide, incisive, suicide, bactericide, persticide17. circ (Latin) circus = ringeg: circle, circus, circulate, encircle, circuit, microcircuit, circular, circlet, semicircle 18. claim / clam (Latin) clamare = call outeg: declaim, declamation, declamatory, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim, claim, acclaim, disclaim, clamour19. clin (Latin) clinare = bend / leaneg: inclind, disincline, decline, recline, isoclinal, antecline, declension, syncline 20. clud / clus (Latin) claudere = shut / closeeg: conclude, conclusion, conclusive, include, exclude, preclude, seclude, occlude, recluse21. cord (Latin) cor / cordis = hearteg: accord, concord(e), discord, record, obcordate, core, courage, discourage22. corp / corpor (Latin) corp = bodyeg: corpse, corps, corporation, incorporate, corpuscle, corpulent, corporal, corporeal, incorporeal23. cosm (Greek) kosmos = order / worldeg: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmopolis, cosmology, macrocosm, microcosm, pancosmism24. cred / credit (Latin) credere = believe / trusteg: credit, discredit, credible, credibility, credulous, accredit, credence, credential(s) credo, incredible25. cresc / cret / cre (Latin) crescere = groweg: crescent, increase, increment, concrete, decrease, increscent, excrescence, accretion,26. cub / cumb (Latin) cubare / cumbere = lieeg: incumbent, succumb, concubine, incubate, incubus, cubicle, recum, procumbent 27. cult (Latin) colere = till / plougheg: culturus, culture, cultivate, cult, agriculture, aquaculture, floriculture, epiculture, pisciculture28. cur / curs / cours (Latin) currere = runeg: occur, current, recur, concur, cursory, excursion, precursor, course, discourse, recourse29. cur (Latin) cura / care = attentioneg: cure, curious, accurate, secure, security, procure, incurious, curate, curator30. cycl (Greek) kvklos = circleeg: cycle, bicycle, encyclopaedia, autocycle, unicycle, cyclone, hemicycle, tetracycline31. dem (Greek) demos = peopleeg: democracy, democrat, demos, demography, demagogue, epidemic, endemic, pandemic32. dic / dict (Latin) dicere = sayeg: indicate, dictate, indict, dictator, diction, dictionary, contradict, dictum, edict, predict, benediction, malediction33. divid / divis (Latin) dividere = see separatelyeg: divide, division, divisible, individual, individualize, dividend, divisor, subdivide 34. doc / doct (Latin) docere = teacheg: doctor, document, doctrine, doctrinaire, doctrinairism, docile, indoctrinate, indoctrination35. due / duct (Latin) ducere = .leadeg: conduct, educate, introduce, produce, deduce, reduce, seduce, abduct, induct36. dyn / dynam (Greek) dunamikos = power / forceeg: dynast, dynasty, dynamic, dynamics, dyne, isodynamic, dynamite, adynamia, aerodynamics, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics37. eqn (Latin) aequus = eveneg: equal, equate, adequate, equivalent, equable, equator [Eqnator], equilibrium, equivocal, equivocality38. erg (Greek) ergon = workeg: energy, energetic, allergy, allergic, allergist, synergy, synergist, ergograph, ergometer, ergonomics39. fac / fact (Latin) facere = make / doeg: facile, faculty, facilitate, fact, factor, factory, benefactor, affect, effect, defect, infeet, perfect, feasible, feasibility40. fer (Latin) ferre = carry / boateg: confer, differ, offer, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer, auriferous, fructiferous, somniferous, Cuminiferous41. fig / fict (Latin) fingere = make…with fingerseg: figure, figment, fiction, fictitious, fictile, disfigure, prefigure, transfigure, effigy 42. fid (Latin) fidere = to trusteg: fidelity, confide, confidence, diffident, fideism, infided, perfidious, perfidy43. fin (Latin) finis = end / limiteg: final, finish, fine, finance, finite, confine, define44. flat (Latin) flare = bloweg: inflate, inflation, deflate, reflate, flatulent, conflation, insufflate, exsufflate45. flect / flex (Latin) flectere / flextere = bendeg: reflect, inflect, flexible, inflexible, deffect, flex, reflex, reflexive46. flu / flux (Latin) fluere = floweg: fluid, fluent, influence, influenza, affluent, confluence, influent, effluent, refluent, superfluous47. fort / forc (Latin) fortis / forctis = strongeg: effort, comfort, force, enforce, fort, fortify, fortitude, reinforce, fortissimo48. frag / fract (Latin) frangere = breakeg: fragile, fragment, fraction, fracture, infraction, refract, refractory, anfractuous, frail 49. fund / found / fus (Latin) fundere = pour // melt poureg: confuse, refuse, profuse, effuse, fuse, refund, fund, corofound, funnel, futile50. gen / gener (Latin) gnasci = be borneg: genius, genuine, generate, general, genesis, genetic(s), eugenic(s), congenial51. ger / gest (Latin) gerere = carryeg: belligerent, digest, suggest, gesture, gestation, ingest, congest52. grad / gress (Latin) gradi = to stepeg: grade, gradual, graduate, aggress, progress, congress, degrade, digress, regress, regressive, digression53. gram (Latin) gramme / graphein = to writeeg: grammar, gramophone, phonogram, program(me), telegram, diagram, cryptogram, dactylogram, seismogram54. grat (Latin) gratus = pleasingeg: congratulate, grateful, gratitude, gratify, gratis, ingratiate, gratuity, ingrate55. her / hes (Latin) haerere = stick toeg: adhere, cohere, hesitate, adhesion, coherence, inherit, inheritage56. jac / ject (Latin) jacere = throweg: adjacent, inject, project, eject, deject57. junct (=join) (Latin) jungere = join / connecteg: conjunction, juncture, disjuntive, injunction, adjunct, junction, subjunctive, adjoin, rejoin, subjoin58. lat (Latin) latus = carryeg: translate, relate, superlative, legislate, ablation, ablate, ablative, collate, illation, delate59. leg / lig / lect (Latin) legere = choose / pickeg: collect, elect, select, neglect, intellectual, elegant, eligible, religent, intelligent, intelligence60. lig (Latin) ligance = bindeg: oblige, obligation, religion, ligature, ligament, disoblige, colligate, colleague, ligate61. liter (Latin) litera = lettereg: literal, literate, literature, literary, literati, illiterate, transliterate, obliterate, alliterate62. log / logue (Latin) logos = speecheg: logic, dialogue, apologize, eulogy, prologue, epilegue, philology, tautology, eulogize, eulogist, eulogy63. loqu / locut (Latin) loqui = speakeg: eloquent, elocution, colloquail, interlocutor, loquacious, locution, circumlocution 64. man / manu (Latin) manus = handeg: manual, manage, manner, manuscript, manufacture, manipulate, manacle, quadrumane, maintain65. medi (Latin) medium = middleeg: immediate, medium, mediate, mediterranean, medieval, intermediate, mediocre 66. memor (Latin) memor = mindeg: memory, memorize, memorandum, immemorial, commemorate, memoir, remember, remembrance67. min (Latin) minor = small / lesseg: minister, administer (=administrate), diminish, diminutive, minify68. mit / miss (Latin) mittere = sendeg: admit, commit, dismiss, missile, emit, omit, permit, submit, transmit, transister (transmitter+resister)69. mov (Latin) movere = moveeg: remove, remote, remotion, promote, demote, motive, commotion, mobile, snobilize, demobilize70. nasc / nat (Latin) nasci = be borneg: nation, native, nature, nascent, renascence, cognate, natal, irrate, prenatal, neonate 71. not (Latin) noscere = (get to) knoweg: note, notice, notion, denote, notify, notoriety, annotation, connote, notorious, connotation72. nov (Latin) novus = neweg: novel, novelty, renovate, novelette, novice73. patr / pater (Latin) pater = fathereg: patriarch, patriot, patrimony, patron, paternal, compatriot, expatriate, repatriate, patrilineal74. pel / pul (Latin) pellere = drive / pusheg: compel, compulsion, compulsive, impel, impulse, repel, expel, propel, dispel, propeller75. pend / pens (Latin) pendere = hang / weigheg: depend, independent, suspend, append, pendulum, expend, spend, dispense, indispensible, compensate76. pet / petit (Latin) petere = seek / strive (for)eg: compete, competent, appetite, appetent, repetition, repeats, petition, impetus, impetuous, centripetal (∽centrifugal)77. pon / pos (Latin) ponere = place / puteg:compose, expose, oppose, postpone, propose, suppose, depose, deposit, dispose(of), impose, interpose78. post / postat (Latin) portare = carryeg: portable, export, import, important, report, support, transport, disport, deport79. put/ putat (Latin) putare = think / reckoneg: compute, computer, depute, dispute, repute, reputation, impute, disrepute80. reg / rect (Latin) regere = rule / make straighteg: region, regular, correct, direct, erect, rectify, rectangle, rectilineal, regent, regicide, regime, rectitude81. rupt (Latin) rumpere = breakeg: corrupt, interrupt, disrupt, erupt, rupture, bankrupt, abrupt, irrupt82. sci (Latin) scire = knoweg: conscience, conscious, science, scientist, omniscient, nescience, prescient, subconcious83. scrib / script (Latin) scribere = writeeg: describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe, proscribe, transcribe, ascribe, postscript, scripture, manuscript84. sent / sens (Latin) sentire = feel / senseeg: sentence, sentiment, sense, nonsense, consent, dissent, assent, resent, sensitive, sensuous85. sid / sess (Latin) sidere / sedere = siteg: preside, president, reside, session, possess, subside, dissident, assiduous, insiduous, assess86. sist (Latin) sistere = standeg: assist, consist, insist, resist, exist, persist, desist, subsist, transistor (transfer+resister)87. spec / spect / spic (Latin) specere = look at / seeeg: expect, inspect, respect, prospect, suspect, spectator, spectacle, species, specious, conspicuous, auspice, despise, introspect, retrospect88. spir / spirat (Latin) spirare = breatheeg: spirit, inspire, conspire, respire, aspire, expire, perspire, transpire89. st / sta (Latin) st = standeg: state, station, stay, distance, constant, contrast, circumstance, ecstacy, obstacle, rest90. tang / tact (Latin) tangere = toucheg: contract, tact, tangible, contagious, tactile, tangent, tacit91. ten / tin / tent / tain (Latin) tenere = holdeg: contain, detain, obtain, retain, sustain, abstain, tenant, tenacious, continent, continue92. tend / tens / tent (Latin) tendere = stretcheg: attend, extend, intend, pretend, intense, contend, distend, tense, tend, ostentation 93.tract (Latin) trahere = draweg: attract, contract, extract, retract, detract, distract, protract, subtract94. un (Latin) unus = oneeg: unify, unite, union, unity, unit, unigue, uniform, unilateral, unicorn, unison, unisonant95. ven / vent (Latin) venire = comeeg: convence, convenient, event, invnt, prevent, avenue, intervene, revenue, adventure, circumvent, ventilate, vent96. vert / vers (Latin) vertere = tumeg: convert, converse, reverse, universe, avert, divert, diverse, pervert, subvert97. vid/ vis (Latin) videre = seeeg: evident, provide, provident, prudence, television, visit, advise, revise, supervise(F) vivre98. viv / vit = live(L) vivereeg: vivid (=alive), revive, survive, vitamin, revivify, vivacious, viviparous99. voc / vok (Latin) vocare = calleg: advocate, provoke, vocal, vocation, avocation, invoke, evoke, revoke, recabulary 100. volv / volut (Latin) volvere = roll / turneg: involve, revolve, revolution, volume, evolive, devolve, revolt, voluble。

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Test of Lexicology 2
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. Which words belong to the functional words? ( A )
A. prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctions
B. articles, adjectives, pronouns
C. adverbs, conjunctions, nouns
D. prepositions, auxiliaries, verbs
2. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.（C ）
A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Affixes
D. Compounds
3. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be( C).
A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound
4. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ( C ) morpheme.
A. formal
B. concrete
C. free
D. bound
5. Which of the following is NOT true? ( B)
A. A word is a sound unity
B. A word has a given meaning
C. A word is the smallest form of a language
D. A word can be used freely in a sentence
6. The following words have derivational affixes Except________. ( D )
A. subsea
B. prewar
C. postwar
D. desks
7. Which of the following is not a compound? ( B)
A. swimming pool
B. king-hearted
C. greenhouse
D. International
8. The suffix “-tion” is a ____ suffix. ( D )
A. adjective
B. verb
C. adverb
D. noun
9. From the sent ences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as________. ( C )
A. affixation
B. compounding
C. conversion
D. acronymy
10. “mis-“ in “misunderstand” is a ____________ prefix. ( C )
A．negative B. pejorative C. reversative D. locative
11. Which of the following is not a major word-formation process? ( D)
A. Compounding
B. Derivation
C. Conversion
D. Coinage
12. “Anti-” in “antihero” means______. ( A )
A. “against”
B. “unconventional”
C. “of or belonging to the hypothetical world of antimatter”
D. “not”
13. “-able” in “fashionable” is a(an) _____ suffix. ( D )
A. denominal
B. deadjectival
C. deverbal
D. noun-forming
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.
1. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and ____derivational______affixes.
2. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ___affixes______.
3. Words may fall into ___content _____words and functional words by notion.
4. Generally, prefixes only modify the ___lexical meaning_____of the stem.
5. Sometimes a word may undergo ____multiple______ conversion, which enables it to function as a member of several word-classes.
6. Affixation can be subdivided into ____prefixation_________ and ____suffixation________. III. Term explanation
pounding Compounding is a word-formation progress consisting of
joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.
2.Derivation Derivation is generally defined as word-formation process by
which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. Derivation may be defined as process of forming new words by the
additional of word element, such as prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.
3.Conversion Conversion is a word formation process whereby a word of a
certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
4.Word-formation rules The rules of word-formation define the scope and
method whereby speakers of a language may create new word.。

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