Civil Disobedience中文翻译教学教材
Civil Disobedience中文翻译
Civil Disobedience论公民的不服从美国梭罗我由衷地同意这个警句——“最好的政府是管得最少的政府”。
我希望看到这个警句迅速而且系统地得到实施。
我相信，实施后，其最终结果将是——“最好的政府是根本不进行治理的政府”。
当人们做好准备之后，这样的政府就是他们愿意接受的政府，政府充其量不过是一种权宜之计，而大部分政府，有时所有的政府却都是不得计的。
对设置常备军的反对意见很多、很强烈，而且理应占主导地位，它们最终可能转变成反对常设政府。
常备军队不过是常设政府的一支胳臂。
政府本身也只不过是人民选择来行使他们意志的形式，在人民还来不及通过它来运作之前，它同样也很容易被滥用或误用，看看当前的墨西哥战争，它是少数几个人将常设政府当作工具的结果，因为，从一开始，人民本来就不同意采取这种作法。
目前这个美国政府——它不过是一种传统，尽管其历史还不久，但却竭力使自己原封不动地届届相传，可是每届却都丧失掉一些自身的诚实和正直。
它的活力和气力还顶不上一个活人，因为一个人就能随心所欲地摆布它。
对于人民来说，政府是支木头枪。
倘若人们真要使用它互相厮杀，它就注定要开裂。
不过，尽管如此，它却仍然是必不可少的，因为人们需要某种复杂机器之类的玩意儿，需要听它发出的噪音，藉此满足他们对于政府之理念的要求。
于是，政府的存在表明了，为了人民的利益，可以如何成功地利用、欺骗人民，甚至可以使人民利用、欺骗自己。
我们大家都必须承认，这真了不起。
不过，这种政府从未主动地促进过任何事业，它只是欣然地超脱其外。
它未捍卫国家的自由。
它未解决西部问题。
它未从事教育。
迄今，所有的成就全都是由美国人民的传统性格完成的，而且，假如政府不曾从中作梗的话，本来还会取得更大的成就。
因为政府是一种权宜之计，通过它人们可以欣然彼此不来往；而且，如上所述，最便利的政府也就是最不搭理被治理的人民的政府，商业贸易假如不是用印度橡胶制成的话，绝无可能跃过议员们没完没了地设置下的路障；倘若完全以议员们行动的效果，而不是以他们行动的意图来评价的话，那麽他们就理所当然地应当被视作如同在铁路上设路障捣蛋的人，并受到相应的惩罚。
一、部分词汇中英对照-人民版必修一教案
一、部分词汇中英对照-人民版必修一教案一、生词以下是人民版必修一教材中出现的生词汇总及中英对照：中文英文贫困poverty经济economy发展development资源resources治理governance革命revolution科技science and technology意识形态ideology社会主义socialism民族ethnic伦理道德ethics and morality道德标准moral standards多元文化multiculturalism多元化diversification主权sovereignty土地制度land system农业agriculture工业industry开发exploitation跨越式发展leapfrog development良性发展sound and sustainable development创新innovation高效能high efficiency转变transformation环保主义者environmentalists角色role知识分子intellectuals民主democracy二、单词搭配以下是人民版必修一教材中出现的一些单词搭配及中英对照：中文英文无私奉献selfless dedication和平发展peaceful development稳中求进pursuing progress while maintaining stability协调发展coordinated development全面建设小康社会comprehensively building a moderately prosperoussocietyrealize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实现中华民族伟大复兴社会主义核心价值观core socialist values理想信念ideals and beliefs道德教育moral education法治国家country under the rule of law崇尚英雄honoring heroes全球化时代the age of globalization大国关系major-country relations和谐世界harmonious world军民融合military-civilian integration一带一路Belt and Road绿色发展green development打好污染防治攻坚战win the battle against pollution机遇与挑战并存opportunities and challenges coexist三、片段翻译以下是人民版必修一教材中的几个片段翻译：1. 《建国以来我国经济的发展成就》自1949年中华人民共和国成立以来，伴随着一系列重大改革，中国经济在近七十年中快速发展。
《瓦尔登湖》(通用7篇)
《瓦尔登湖》（通用7篇）《瓦尔登湖》（通用7篇）《瓦尔登湖》篇1《瓦尔登湖》教学设计学习目标1、对《瓦尔登湖》主题思想的掌握了解。
2、学习作者细腻的描写自然景物的手法。
3、学习作者热爱大自然的情感和淳朴的生活情趣，引导学生产生热爱自然的情感，保护自然，关心自然。
教学时数：2课时。
一、导入语二、简介作者美国著名作家、哲学家，著名散文集《瓦尔登湖》和论文《论公民的不服从权利》（又译为《消极抵抗》、《论公民的不服从》），他反对美国的奴隶制度，反对美国对墨西哥的侵略，他对人类社会中他认为是恶的东西的憎恨程度不下于他对大自然的热爱。
他曾因拒绝交税而坐过监狱，一八四九年他发表的一篇著名论文《公民的不服从》（作为单行本出版只是一本薄薄的小书）被人认为是历史上改变世界的十六本书之一，他倡导的"公民的不服从"（civildisobedience）的思想对托尔斯泰、罗曼amp;#8226;罗兰、印度圣雄甘地和马丁amp;#8226;路德amp;#8226;金都曾产生过不小的影响。
在他那里，有着某种隐士和斗士的奇妙结合。
梭罗的思想、行为对美国社会影响很大，但他的生平简单却耐人寻味。
三、关于《瓦尔登湖》《瓦尔登湖》出版于1854年，是19世纪美国文学非小说著作中最受读者欢迎的书籍。
女作家乔治amp;#8226;艾略特称“《瓦尔登湖》是一本超凡入圣的好书，严重的污染使人们丧失了田园的宁静，所以梭罗的著作便被整个世界阅读和怀念。
”在中国有好几种版本，已经流传50年了。
《瓦尔登湖》至少影响了中国两代人。
一本100多年前出版的书，在另一个国度里仍然让许多人痴迷。
据说，诗人海子去山海关自杀时带着4本书，其中有一本是梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》，这和当年唐太宗李世民到死不放王羲之的《兰亭序》颇为相似。
对这部书的读法，从梭罗的研究专家哈丁的论述中或许可以获得一些信息，哈丁说：《瓦尔登湖》至少有五种读法：1.作为一部自然的书籍；2.作为一部自力更生、简单生活的指南；3.作为批评现代生活的一部讽刺作品；4.作为一部文学名著；5.作为一本神圣的书。
Unit 2 Civil-Rights Heroes
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Tom’s daughter Little Eva also dies, and another well-known character in the novel is the slave child Topsy. The name Uncle tom is sometimes used as an insult to describe an African-American who has too much respect for white people.
Background Information A map of America
Knowledge of American geography
• T h e Sou ther n Sta te s (marked with blue and green): Al: Alabama, Ar: Arkansas; F: Florida; G: Georgia; L: Louisiana; M: Mississippi ; N: North Carolina; S: South Carolina; Ten: Tennessee; Tex: Texas and V: Virginia • The Deep South states are marked with green.
Unit 2 Civil-Rights Heroes
Text A The Freedom Givers
Teaching Plan
• Objectives :
1. understand the main idea (the heroes and the place of Underground Railroad in early civil-rights struggles in the US); 2. use library resources and other sources of information ; 3.master the key language points and learn how to use them in context; 4. understand the cultural background related to the content; 5. express themselves more freely on the theme of civil-rights Heroes after doing a series of theme-related reading, listening, speaking and writing activities; 6. write a speech on the civil-rights movement in the US using library of Internet resources.
人教新课标高中语文必修二《瓦尔登湖》教学设计
课文研讨一、整体把握本文描写了瓦尔登湖美丽的湖光水色，抒发了作者观景时的丰富感受，表达了皈依大自然的心愿和人类文明发展对大自然破坏的痛心。
解读本文可以从三个方面来考查，一是写景方面，一是抒情、议论方面，一是叙事方面(讲述与瓦尔登有关的传说故事和眼前发生的事)。
1.写景方面，主要描写湖光水色、游鱼嬉戏。
依次写了“一个平静的九月下午”的湖景，“十一月中的一个下午”的湖景。
“一个平静的九月下午”的湖景，有远景全景和近景小景两种景致。
远观全景，用了一个精彩的比喻──“它像一条最精细的薄纱张挂在山谷之上”；近观小景，也用了一个精彩的比喻──“这像是玻璃的溶液，已经冷却，但是还没有凝结，而其中连少数尘垢也还是纯洁而美丽的，像玻璃中的细眼”。
两个比喻都生动而贴切，尤其是后一个，感觉很新鲜，这是静心观察、细心揣摩的结果。
其间还穿插着描写了一些小生命的自由欢快的活动，有燕子低空汆水、掠水虫带水生光、鸭子整理羽毛、鱼儿在空中画出圆弧线、鱼儿捉虫子、水蝎在水面上滑行……还有水的波纹、水的漩涡等。
这些都是湖上最有特征的景物。
“十一月中的一个下午”的湖景，主要写小鲈鱼的嬉戏场面。
嬉戏的环境：湖面“出奇地平静”，“反映出了四周小山的十一月的阴暗颜色”，湖水“这样透明、似乎无底”。
用“阴暗”一词，说明作者对景物色彩非常敏感。
嬉戏的鲈鱼“成亿万”，身长五英寸或三英寸，身色是“华丽的铜色”，动作是“盘旋、飞翔”，有时“跳跃得比以前更高，半条鱼身已跳出水面”。
这段的几个比喻非常精彩：“我好像坐了轻气球而飘浮在空中，鲈鱼的游泳又是多么像在盘旋、飞翔，仿佛它们成了一群飞鸟，就在我所处的高度下，或左或右地飞绕；它们的鳍，像帆一样，饱满地张挂着”，“有时候那被它们激荡的水波，好像有一阵微风吹过，或者像有一阵温和的小雨点落下”，“它们惊慌起来，突然尾巴横扫，激起水花，好像有人用一根毛刷般的树枝鞭挞了水波，立刻它们都躲到深水底下去了”，每个比喻都是一种情景，一幅动态的画面，这些画面有声有色，形象感非常强。
On 新the Duty of Civil Disobedience(论公民的不服从)
On the Duty of Civil Disobedienceby Henry David ThoreauI heartily accept the motto, "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe--"That government is best which governs not at all"; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which the will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure.This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves. But it is not the less necessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed upon, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage. It is excellent, we must all allow. Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. For government is an expedient, by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it. Trade and commerce, ifthey were not made of india-rubber, would never manage to bounce over obstacles which legislators are continually putting in their way; and if one were to judge these men wholly by the effects of their actions and not partly by their intentions, they would deserve to be classed and punished with those mischievious persons who put obstructions on the railroads.But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at one no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it.After all, the practical reason why, when the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. But a government in which the majority rule in all cases can not be based on justice, even as far as men understand it. Can there not be a government in which the majorities do not virtually decide right and wrong, but conscience?--in which majorities decide only those questions to which the rule of expediency is applicable? Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? WHy has every man a conscience then? I think that we should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right. It is truly enough said that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation on conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience. Law never made men a whit more just; and, by means of their respect for it, even the well-disposed are daily made the agents on injustice. A common and natural result of an undue respect for the law is, that you may see a file of soldiers, colonel, captain, corporal, privates, powder-monkeys, and all, marching in admirable order over hill and dale to the wars, against their wills, ay, against their common sense and consciences, which makes it very steep marching indeed, and produces a palpitation of the heart. They have no doubt that it is a damnable business in which they areconcerned; they are all peaceably inclined. Now, what are they? Men at all? or small movable forts and magazines, at the service of some unscrupulous man in power? Visit the Navy Yard, and behold a marine, such a man as an American government can make, or such as it can make a man with its black arts--a mere shadow and reminiscence of humanity, a man laid out alive and standing, and already, as one may say, buried under arms with funeral accompaniment, though it may be,"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corse to the rampart we hurried; Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot O'er the grave where out hero was buried."The mass of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as machines, with their bodies. They are the standing army, and the militia, jailers, constables, posse comitatus, etc. In most cases there is no free exercise whatever of the judgement or of the moral sense; but they put themselves on a level with wood and earth and stones; and wooden men can perhaps be manufactured that will serve the purpose as well. Such command no more respect than men of straw or a lump of dirt. They have the same sort of worth only as horses and dogs. Yet such as these even are commonly esteemed good citizens. Others--as most legislators, politicians, lawyers, ministers, and office-holders--serve the state chiefly with their heads; and, as the rarely make any moral distinctions, they are as likely to serve the devil, without intending it, as God. A very few--as heroes, patriots, martyrs, reformers in the great sense, and men--serve the state with their consciences also, and so necessarily resist it for the most part; and they are commonly treated as enemies by it. A wise man will only be useful as a man, and will not submit to be "clay," and "stop a hole to keep the wind away," but leave that office to his dust at least:"I am too high born to be propertied, To be a second at control, Or useful serving-man and instrument To any sovereign state throughout the world."He who gives himself entirely to his fellow men appears to them useless and selfish; but he who gives himself partially to them in pronounced a benefactor and philanthropist.How does it become a man to behave toward the Americangovernment today? I answer, that he cannot without disgrace be associated with it. I cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slave's government also.All men recognize the right of revolution; that is, the right to refuse allegiance to, and to resist, the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. But almost all say that such is not the case now. But such was the case, they think, in the Revolution of '75. If one were to tell me that this was a bad government because it taxed certain foreign commodities brought to its ports, it is most probable that I should not make an ado about it, for I can do without them. All machines have their friction; and possibly this does enough good to counter-balance the evil. At any rate, it is a great evil to make a stir about it. But when the friction comes to have its machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I say, let us not have such a machine any longer. In other words, when a sixth of the population of a nation which has undertaken to be the refuge of liberty are slaves, and a whole country is unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army, and subjected to military law, I think that it is not too soon for honest men to rebel and revolutionize. What makes this duty the more urgent is that fact that the country so overrun is not our own, but ours is the invading army.Paley, a common authority with many on moral questions, in his chapter on the "Duty of Submission to Civil Government," resolves all civil obligation into expediency; and he proceeds to say that "so long as the interest of the whole society requires it, that it, so long as the established government cannot be resisted or changed without public inconveniencey, it is the will of God. . .that the established government be obeyed--and no longer. This principle being admitted, the justice of every particular case of resistance is reduced to a computation of the quantity of the danger and grievance on the one side, and of the probability and expense of redressing it on the other." Of this, he says, every man shall judge for himself. But Paley appears never to have contemplated those cases to which the rule of expediency does not apply, in which a people, as well and an individual, must do justice, cost what it may. If I have unjustly wrested a plank from a drowning man, I mustrestore it to him though I drown myself. This, according to Paley, would be inconvenient. But he that would save his life, in such a case, shall lose it. This people must cease to hold slaves, and to make war on Mexico, though it cost them their existence as a people.In their practice, nations agree with Paley; but does anyone think that Massachusetts does exactly what is right at the present crisis?"A drab of stat, a cloth-o'-silver slut, To have her train borne up, and her soul trail in the dirt."Practically speaking, the opponents to a reform in Massachusetts are not a hundred thousand politicians at the South, but a hundred thousand merchants and farmers here, who are more interested in commerce and agriculture than they are in humanity, and are not prepared to do justice to the slave and to Mexico, cost what it may. I quarrel not with far-off foes, but with those who, neat at home, co-operate with, and do the bidding of, those far away, and without whom the latter would be harmless. We are accustomed to say, that the mass of men are unprepared; but improvement is slow, because the few are not as materially wiser or better than the many. It is not so important that many should be good as you, as that there be some absolute goodness somewhere; for that will leaven the whole lump. There are thousands who are in opinion opposed to slavery and to the war, who yet in effect do nothing to put an end to them; who, esteeming themselves children of Washington and Franklin, sit down with their hands in their pockets, and say that they know not what to do, and do nothing; who even postpone the question of freedom to the question of free trade, and quietly read the prices-current along with the latest advices from Mexico, after dinner, and, it may be, fall asleep over them both. What is the price-current of an honest man and patriot today? They hesitate, and they regret, and sometimes they petition; but they do nothing in earnest and with effect. They will wait, well disposed, for other to remedy the evil, that they may no longer have it to regret. At most, they give up only a cheap vote, and a feeble countenance and Godspeed, to the right, as it goes by them. There are nine hundred and ninety-nine patrons of virtue to one virtuous man. But it is easier to deal with the real possessor of a thing than with the temporary guardian of it.All voting is a sort of gaming, like checkers or backgammon, with a slight moral tinge to it, a playing with right and wrong, with moral questions; and betting naturally accompanies it. The character of the voters is not staked. I cast my vote, perchance, as I think right; but I am not vitally concerned that that right should prevail. I am willing to leave it to the majority. Its obligation, therefore, never exceeds that of expediency. Even voting for the right is doing nothing for it. It is only expressing to men feebly your desire that it should prevail. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men. When the majority shall at length vote for the abolition of slavery, it will be because they are indifferent to slavery, or because there is but little slavery left to be abolished by their vote. They will then be the only slaves. Only his vote can hasten the abolition of slavery who asserts his own freedom by his vote.I hear of a convention to be held at Baltimore, or elsewhere, for the selection of a candidate for the Presidency, made up chiefly of editors, and men who are politicians by profession; but I think, what is it to any independent, intelligent, and respectable man what decision they may come to? Shall we not have the advantage of this wisdom and honesty, nevertheless? Can we not count upon some independent votes? Are there not many individuals in the country who do not attend conventions? But no: I find that the respectable man, so called, has immediately drifted from his position, and despairs of his country, when his country has more reasons to despair of him. He forthwith adopts one of the candidates thus selected as the only available one, thus proving that he is himself available for any purposes of the demagogue. His vote is of no more worth than that of any unprincipled foreigner or hireling native, who may have been bought. O for a man who is a man, and, and my neighbor says, has a bone is his back which you cannot pass your hand through! Our statistics are at fault: the population has been returned too large. How many men are there to a square thousand miles in the country? Hardly one. Does not America offer any inducement for men to settle here? The American has dwindled into an Odd Fellow--one who may be。
新时代交互英语第四册课文翻译1--4,6单元unit 4翻译 (4)
未雨绸缪，天灾可防----- 天气预报新时代1 1999年年底，委内瑞拉北部阿维拉山区连续下了两周的滂沱大雨。
山上的土壤被雨水浸透，导致山体滑坡和泥石流，冲毁了城镇、大坝和桥梁，数千人遇难。
虽然这是近几十年来最严重的自然灾害之一，但从全世界范围看，此类天灾并不鲜见。
2003年，全球共发生700起洪水、暴雨和其他气象灾难，导致75000人死亡，经济损失达650亿美元。
绝大多数受害者（约98%）生活在最贫穷的几个国家。
2 世界气象组织官员指出，未来有望使死亡人数减半。
该组织是联合国机构之一，拥有187个成员国，却鲜为人知。
2004年3月，世界气象组织发起了一项活动，旨在帮助发展中国家改进早期气象预警系统，提高防灾能力，并加强气象部门建设。
该组织负责人表示，全面提高天气预报能力，可以使人们尽早得知灾害的临近，及时组织人员转移或做好充分防灾准备。
中国气象局气象学家高兰英说：“如今我们可以预测未来五天的天气，准确度不亚于20年前对于两天后的预报，而且几乎可以做到在全球范围内随时、随地播报。
”例如，1997年台风维尼袭击中国沿海时，中国就做到了早期预报。
准确的预报使政府能够每小时发布一次台风消息，组织渔船回港，从危险地区和地势低洼地区撤出了140万群众，并转移了粮食和其他物资。
高兰英在最近撰写的一份分析中国气象灾害的论文中指出：这次台风造成的死亡人数仅为239人，而不是数千人。
3 令人担忧的是，虽然天气预报技术已有较大提高，发展中国家和发达国家之间仍存在不小的差距。
2004年东南亚发生的海啸使人们认识到，贫穷国家通常没有能力收集数据和使用数据，因此无力减少自然灾害损失，灾害一发生，食品和水的供应就要受到影响。
自然灾害所带来的损失，以及其对社会发展的负面影响，已经引起了世界银行的关注。
自然灾害可以使一个国家的经济遭受灭顶之灾。
1999年发生在委内瑞拉的泥石流造成的经济损失高达32亿美元。
1998年10月，飓风米奇横扫洪都拉斯，据世界银行统计，该国41%的国内生产总值化为乌有。
新视野大学英语2课文翻译
新视野大学英语2课文翻译第一单元A美国人认为没有人能停止不前。
如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。
这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。
时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一要素是劳力。
人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。
〞人们似乎把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待。
我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。
时间是一种珍贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。
时光一去不复返。
我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。
外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙──常常处于压力之下。
城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们效劳，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。
白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这局部地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。
人们认为工作时间是珍贵的。
在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人尽快吃完，以便他们也能及时用餐，你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。
你会思念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。
不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们都非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费〞时间到不恰当的地步。
许多刚到美国的人会思念诸如商务拜访等场合开场时的应酬。
他们也会思念那种一边喝茶或喝咖啡一边进展的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。
他们也许还会思念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。
一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。
既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。
因此，时间老是在我们心中滴滴答答地响着。
因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。
我们创造了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发、打或发电子与他人迅速地进展交流，而不是通过直接接触。
civil disobedience
Civil Disobedience
with the popularity of this idea as one of the methods against the unjust laws all over the world, it has been used in many nonviolent protest movement, including in India (Mahatma Gandhi's social welfare movement and the movement of independence from the British empire), the struggle against apartheid(种族隔离) in South Africa, African American people's rights movement, as well as peace movement within the world.
Civil Disobedience
Definition:
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always,defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance.
Civil Disobedience
Review 8. Civil Disobedience - 课后书评简单版
Review of Civil DisobedienceHenry David Thoreau, distinguished American author and philosopher, wrote an essay called Resistance to Civil Government. The essay is arguing against an unjust state then. The passage reviewed today is adapted from the essay.The paper tries to study the relation between government power and individual rights. In the beginning, David claims that he accept the motto “That government is best which governs least”and then explains why he believe so. After that, the author talks about American government, pointing out that the government is doing more evil than good at that time. In order to support that people can refuse to comply with some vicious law, he says that “we should be men first, and subjects afterward”, advocating a flexible governing method instead of the notorious legislation method. In front of the fact that there were many slaves then, David warns that “when a sixth of the population of a nation whi ch has undertaken to be the refuge of liberty are slaves, and a whole country is unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army, and subjected to military law, I think that it is not too soon for honest men to rebel and revolutionize”. In the end, Thoreau emphasizes that government should cherish the rights of individuals, and grant them power and freedom. Only in this way, he believes, can a government make the most possible progress.To be frank, the paper is difficult to thoroughly understand. However, I am fascinated by the idea –“There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all its own power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly”. The idea attaches much importance to the recognition and realization of humanity and individual rights, and the sensible constraint to the government power. In China, an iconic developing country where democracy and freedom are relatively less concerned by the policy makers, the idea is widely discussed and even arousing disputes in public sometimes.The whole passage read, I am convinced that David Thoreau is indeed a master in literature and philosophy. Not only his wording and structuring of sentences is elegant and fluent, but also his logic coherence is nearly flawless. However, Thoreau is a man living 100 years earlier than us, so that some of his language inevitably imposes obstacle for us in understanding.In conclusion, I like the idea put forward by David Thoreau. His thoughts are worth learning, and will always inspire me, and many youth I suppose, to rethink the relation between government and individuals.October 27, 2013。
Unit3课文翻译素材-高中英语牛津译林版(2020)选修第二册
高中英语译林版选修二课文翻译（原文+中文翻译）Unit 3 Helping people帮助他人ReadingThe United Nations--bringing people together联合国-把人们团结在一起In 1945, the world was on its knees. Cities lay in ruins, economies were destroyed, tens of millions of people were killed, and families across the globe were homeless and mourning the loss of loved ones. World War II, the deadliest human conflict of all time, had shattered people's lives everywhere. From the ashes of this utter destruction rose the organization that we now know as the United Nations (UN), offering hope to a world desperate for lasting peace and security. It is my privilege and pleasure to stand before you today and share with you a little bit about this wonderful organization.1945年，世界陷入了困境。
城市成为废墟，经济被摧毁，数千万人丧生，全球各地的家庭无家可归，哀悼失去的亲人。
第二次世界大战是有史以来最致命的人类冲突，它摧毁了世界各地人民的生活。
从这场彻底毁灭的灰烬中诞生了我们现在所知的联合国，它为渴望持久和平与安全的世界带来了希望。
托福（TOEFL）阅读理解历年考题分类
TOEFL阅读理解历年考题分类：1. 树叶为何变颜⾊2. 瑞典诺贝尔⽂学评委会3. 民众抗命 Civil Disobedience4. 陨⽯坑 Craters5. 英法战争6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形7. 地⾐ LICHEN8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的⽪⽑买卖9. 同步通讯卫星10. 聊天对于南⽅⼥作家的社会影响11. 睡眠12. ⼈物（⼥）Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长13. 塑料14. 芝加哥15. ⼈物（男）雕塑家Frederic Remington16. 动物⾝上为何不⽣出轮⼦17. 树的⽣存⽅式18. 摩天⼤楼—美国的特征19. 加洲北⽔南调⼯程20. 蜜蜂意识测试21. Navajo⼈的起源22. 为美国护⼠教育的抗争23. ⼈物（⼥）建筑师Julia Morgan24. 沼泽中的动物25. 供求与市场价格26. 增重的可能因素27. 单间教室的好处28. ⼩麦与⼈类⽂明29. 铁路电报的发展30. 美国殖民期间的建筑风格与材料31. 卫星的内外结构和动⼒32. 玩耍的起源和意义33. 1800’s 毯⼦的风格34. Anasazi印第安⼈35. ⼤⽓中的⽔36. ⼀战对美国的影响37. 蜂的社会结构38. 第五⼤街291号画廊和画家（⼥）Georgia O’Keeffe的抽象风格39. 美洲鳄鱼交配后40. ⼈物（⼥）摄影家Barbara Kasten 的技法41. 国家冰河公园周围的⼟地保护42. 乳化过程 EMUSIFY43. 美国独⽴史44. ⼈物（⼥）作家Carson Mccullers45. 作物⽔喷洒计46. 价格体系的解释47. ⼲酪阻碍⽛齿损坏48. 偏见49. 星的亮度50. 回声51. 华盛顿DC的建⽴52. 莺科鸣禽对树上⾷物的划分53. 婴⼉的⼤脑成熟和感情发育54. ⼈物（⼥）作家Ellen Glasgow笔下的南⽅复兴55. ⽜仔的服装和⽤具56. ⾷物57. 社会功能良性运转中的⼀个时间量度58. 地球板块59. 神迹剧Oratorio60. 购买Louisiana61. 听⼒测试法62. 动物: 濑鱼Wrasse63. 纽约作为商业中⼼的兴起64. 民谣的形式65. 铝66. 植树节Arbor Day67. ⽜胃68. 作家Sinclair Lewis的作品main Street69. 植物的根70. 科学家对⾃然现象解释的不同⽅法（病理学Pathological，⽣理学Physiology）71. Joh Astor和旅馆72. Arizona 洲的城市灯光⼲扰天⽂观测73. 第⼀夫⼈（Eleanor Roosevelt）74. 综合剧团的发展75. 蜜蜂适应社会化76. ⽓候决定动物植物分布77. 北美⽊雕⼯具78. 动物：旋⽊雀Treecreeper79. 洛克菲勒中⼼80. ⼈物 Marx 兄弟的职业81. 镁的制取和⽤途82. ⼈物（男）画家Max Weber83. 美国法院体系84. ⼈物（⼥）作家Constance Fenimore85. ⼤脑与神经系统的起源86. 蜜蜂87. ⼈物：马丁.路德.⾦88. 对流89. 密西西⽐部落⽂化90. 语⾔对数学的影响91. 单字排铸92. 蒸汽船对美国贸易的贡献93. 动物：Koala94. 弗罗伊得的“否”理论95. 有脊椎和⽆脊椎动物的Allelomimetic ⾏为96. 西进过程中⼥性发明医疗物质97. 美国现代艺术88/598. 动物：北极熊 88/599. 树⽪结构受形成层的影响 88/5100. 喇叭 88/5101. 美国硬币上的总统像87/8102. 都市化经济发展依赖于现代化的农业87/8103. 美洲野⽜ 87/8104. ⼤峡⾕的形成 87/8105. ⼈物（⼥）雕塑家Marisol Escobar的独特艺术风格87/8106. 杰弗逊总统⼊住华盛顿Dc107. ⼟壤的类型108. ⼈物（⼥）诗⼈Gwendolyn Brooks的艺术成就109. 灵长类动物的社会⾏为110. Miami海滩装饰建筑111. ⽊匠对新英格兰建筑风格的影响112. 动物：猿113. 现⾦交易历史114. ⼈物（⼥）艾⽶丽.狄⾦森115. 波动消除噪⾳116. ⿊⼈Harlem117. ⼈物（⼥）诗⼈Mariana Moore （样题1）118. 美国空间协会的报道119. ⾸例⼼脏⼿术120. 全球环境问题有待⾼层关注121. 候鸟迁徙之迷（样题2）122. 通讯卫星前景123. 地⾐124. ⼈物（⼥）新闻摄影Margaret Bourke 125. 冰河期126. ⼈物：马丁.路德.⾦的童年127. 竞⾛128. 美国Mba⽣员变化129. 雷达130. ⼈物：⼩说家Langston Huges ⽣平作品131. 电视88/10132. Sioux语⾔命名88/10133. 动物；鲸 88/10134. 未知的将来 88/10135. 1784法案 88/10136. 两类睡眠 86/10137. 美国监狱体系138. 不同类型的Speech89/1：1. ⼈物：⼩说家Robert Herrick 的童年2. 树懒的习性3. 教育：Montessori ⼉童教学法4. ⼼理；多数观点对于个体判断的影响5. 物理：⽥野⽯头因冰冻的竖直向上运动6. ⼤草原印第安⼈的乐器 89/57. 美国⾰命的缓进性8. 太阳发光热9. 美国蝗⾍灾害10. ⼈⼯花11. ⼈物（⼥）歌唱家Ella Fitzgerald 89/812. 透镜的早期应⽤13. 卫星城的概念14. 废煤矿的开发15. 西部铁路建设16. 博物馆的扩建 89/1017. ⽯油精炼18. 动物：河狸Beaver19. 热量单位：卡20. ⼈物（⼥）芭蕾舞演员Agnes De Mille21. 炼铁成钢90/122. 动物：马的进化23. 宇宙是简单的现象24. 娱乐车辆对⼟壤的问题25. ⼈物（⼥）闹剧作家Merry Otis Warren26. 养牡蛎 90/527. 引起争论的公⽤⼟地政策28. 荷尔蒙29. ⼈物（⼥）Gertrude Stein对现代⽂学的贡献30. 林肯再选受益于Nast的漫画31. 空间垃圾问题 90/832. 浮游⽣物33. 70年代旧建筑复⽤34. 尼安德塔⼈的特征（考古）35. 电视发明的第⼀步36. 加拿⼤⼩麦委员会的起源９０／１０37. 美国⾰命中印第安⼈丧失⼟地38. 摩天⼤楼与环境39. 彗星40. ⼈物：农业化学家G。
美国文学—作家作品
美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传2、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall ofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代3、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者6、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878 The Poems1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响; The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days 日子-首开自由诗之先河9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像10、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza 广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗14、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们16、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell al l the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的18、Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902 The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家20、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读21、Henry Adams享利·亚当斯1838-1918 History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson andMadison(历史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育22、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910(首提“意识流”理论) Principles of Psychology心理学原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义23、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；TheBostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art ofFiction and Other Essays小说艺术24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914? 小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life 在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请者)25、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉米1850-1898 Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄人27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932 The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940 Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子29、O·Henry欧·享利（William SidneyPorter）1862-1910The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937 The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;TheAge of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;ABackward Glance回首往事32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952 Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity ofKnowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems(A Minuet:OnReaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963 Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950 A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(TheOctopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories ofthe Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906 We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The IronHeel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933 （新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性43、Villa Sibert Cather维拉·凯塞1873-1947 O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House 教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死44、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德·斯坦因1874-1946 The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣45、Robert Frest罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树46、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森1876-1941 Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么47、Carl Sandburg卡尔·桑德堡1878-1967 Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢48、Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集49、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956 Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代50、William Carlos Williams威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）; The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传51、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦52、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh SwlwynMauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;PoliteEssays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）53、Hilda Doolittle希尔达·杜丽特尔1886-1961 Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems(Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard);The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）54、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land 荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言); 名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会55、Eugene Oneil尤金·奥尼尔1888-1953 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’sChildren Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉56、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳·安·波特1890-1980 Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and OtherStories------TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong 千古奇冤（回忆录）57、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德·麦克利什1892-1982 Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭58、Michael Gold迈克尔·戈尔德1894-1967 120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）戏剧：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）59、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLIPoems诗41首;Viva万岁;No，Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）60、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙·威尔逊1895-1972 Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel’s Castle阿克塞尔的城堡(象征主义批判的圭阜);The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创伤与箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA现代语言协会的成果61、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-secondParallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(TheAdventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险;Number One第一号;TheGrand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）62、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代) The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted 重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）63、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962 The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）64、Malcolm Cowley马尔科姆·考利1898- 译作：法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile’s Return流亡者的回归（研究“迷惘的一代”的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣(The Other War另一种战争)65、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥66、Hart Crane哈特·克兰1899-1932 My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For theMarriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的楼房（首部诗集）67、Thomas Wolfe托马斯·沃尔夫1900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨68、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-1969 Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选69、John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1966 Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)70、Nathanael West韦斯特1903-1940 The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day ofLocust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说71、James Farrel 法雷尔1904-1979 Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The YoungManhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判);Danny O’Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯纳德·卡尔（三部曲）短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature andMorality文学与道德72、Lillian Hellman丽莲·海尔曼1905-1983 The Children’s Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on theRhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come未来的日子;AnotherPart of the Forest森林的另一处回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代73、Clifford Odets克利福德·奥德茨1906-1963 Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach开花的桃树74、Richard Wright理查德·赖特1908-1960 Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行75、Eudora Welty尤多拉·韦尔蒂1906- 短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain ofGreen and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The Golden Apples金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法伦的新娘长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;TheOptismist’s Daughter乐观者的女儿76、Valdimir Nabokov弗·纳博科夫1899-1977Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖77、Anais Nin安娜伊思·宁1903-1977 The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼贴78、Issac Bashevis Singer艾萨克·辛格1904-1991 Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业;Enenemies,A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇：Neighbours邻居79、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特·沃伦1905-1989 Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven’s Gate在天堂门口;All King’s Men国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place to Come to归宿诗集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother toDragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the SameThemet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978此时与彼时1976-1978诗选剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学；Birth of Love爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的UnderstandingPoetry/Understanding Fiction)逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立场80、Tennessee William田纳西·威廉斯1911-1983 American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout 可爱的青春鸟81、John Cheever约翰·契弗1912-1982 短篇小说：The Expelled开除短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;TheEnormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreakerof Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Placesand Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、地点、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界→The Stories of JohnCheever契弗短篇小说选长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者82、Irwin Shaw欧文·肖1913-1984 Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;LucyCrown露茜·克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town；Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork认夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters83、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃利林1914- 长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界84、Bernard Malamud伯纳德·马拉默德1914-1986 长篇小说：The Natural天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Life新生活;God’s Grace上帝的恩赐短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶85、Landall Jarrel兰达尔·贾维尔1914-1965 诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend 小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 旋转炮塔炮手之死86、John Berryman约翰·贝里曼1914-1972 诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者(The Ball Poem小球诗);77Dream Songs;Berryman’s Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;HisRest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc错觉及其他小说：Recovery复原传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩87、Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄1915- 长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;TheAdventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝88、Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒1915- Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;TheCrucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;AMemory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the Worldand Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟89、Robert Lowell罗伯特·洛厄尔1917-1977 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动90、J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919- 短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the RoofBeam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者91、Betty Frieden贝蒂·弗里丹1921- The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage第二阶段(How to get the Women’s MovementMoving Again)92、Alex Haley亚历克斯·哈利1921-1992 The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）93、Jack Kerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克1922-1966(“垮掉的一代”奠基者) The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy麦琪·卡西迪;Mexico City Blues 墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels 凄凉天使;Satori in Paris巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz杜卢奥斯的偏见94、Kurt Vonnegut库特·冯尼格特长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat’sCraddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast ofChampions顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神枪手迪克短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来(Report on theBarnhouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告)95、Norman Mailer诺曼·米勒1923- (垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself 为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道96、James Dichey詹姆斯·迪基1923- 诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死(TheLifeguard救生员);Helmets头盔;Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道长诗：Deliverance解脱诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭97、Joseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒1923- 长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;AsGood as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本：We Bombed inNew Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）98、James Baldwin詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-1987 散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后100、Flannery O’Connor弗兰纳里·奥康纳1925-1964 长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻;Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一切必然汇合e名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人;The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去;Greenleaf格林利夫;Revelation;Parker’s Back派克的背101、William Styron威廉·斯泰伦1925- Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中;The Long March长途行军;Set ThisHouse on Fire放火烧屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特·特纳的自白;Sophie’s Choice索菲的选择102、Allen Ginsburg艾伦·金斯堡1926- 诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作);Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美国的衰弱103、James Wright詹姆斯·赖特1927-1980 诗集：The Green Wall绿墙;Saint Judas圣徒犹大;The Tail and Eyes of aLion狮子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断;Shall WeGather at the River我们在河边聚会;Collected Poems;Two Citizens两位公民;Moments of the Italian Summer意大利之夏;To a Blossoming Pear Tree致盛开鲜花的梨树;This Journey;A Blessing祝福104、Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比1928- The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;Who’s Afraid ofVirginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A DelicateBalance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人105、Martin Luther King Jr马丁·路德·金1929-1968 I Have a Dream;Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由;Strength to Love爱的力量;Why We Can’t Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团结？106、Gary Snyder加里·斯奈德1930- (ecology poet) Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河);Myths & Texts神话与现实;The Back Country偏僻的山村;Regarding Wave观浪(Meeting the Mountain进山);Turtle Island龟岛;Left Out in the Rain：New Poems 1974-1985留在雨中:1974-1985新诗集文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章;The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿107、John Barth约翰·巴思1930- 长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉；Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and OtherNonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说108、Tony Morrison托尼·莫里森1931- The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛;Sula苏拉;Song of Solomon所罗门之歌;TarBaby柏油娃娃;Beloved;Jazz爵士乐109、John Updike厄普代克1932- 长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会;Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧;Rabbit Relax兔子回家;Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财;Centaur马人;Of theFarm农场;Couples夫妇;The Witches of Eastwick伊斯特威克的巫婆们;Tust Me信赖我短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事;The MusicSchool 音乐学校;Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事评论集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism拥抱海洋：论文与批评诗集：Midpoint and Other Poems中点及其他诗篇小说：V；The Crying of Lot 49 49号遗物的拍卖;Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹。
Civil Disobedience《不服从论》英文版
government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does
decide only those questions to which the rule of expediency is applicable? Must the citizen ever for a moment, or
in the least degree, resign his consci has every man a conscience then? I think that we
damnable business in which they are concerned; they are all peaceably inclined. Now, what are they? Men at all?
or small movable forts and magazines, at the service of some unscrupulous man in power? Visit the Navy Yard,
government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure.
This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself
Civil Liberties的课文及翻译
Civil Liberties的课文及翻译在1788年批准的宪法中包含了一些保障个人权利和自由的规定。
例如，第一条，第九章，除了在叛乱或受到侵犯的案件中，禁止人身保护令暂停;第一条第九和第十款，禁止州或联邦政府通过剥夺公民权或实际上事后通过的法律草案。
第三条第二款，保证由陪审团判刑事案件，除了弹劾案；第三条第三款，特别列举了叛国罪定罪的要求；第六条第二款，禁止宗教考试作为公职资格使用。
The Constitution, as ratified in 1788, contains a few provisions guaranteeing individual rights and liberties. For example, Article I, Section 9 prohibits the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in cases of rebellion or invasion; Article I, Sections 9 and 10 prohibit either the state or federal government from passing bills of attainder or ex post facto laws. Article III, Section 2 guarantees trial by jury in criminal cases except in cases of impeachment; Article III, Section 3 specifically enumerates the requirements for a conviction of treason, and Article VI, Section 2 prohibits the use of religious test as a qualification for public office.联邦权力结构可以作为额外保障个人权利和自由的力量。
美国文学大纲
苏州科技学院外国语学院___美国文学史___(课程名称)课程考试大纲一、课程性质与特点美国文学史为“英语”和“英语（师范）”专业任意选修课，属于考查课，共24学时，1.5学分。
本课程涵盖美国文学史上从殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品。
本课程所讲授的知识是英语专业本科生知识结构不可或缺的一部分，是英语专业学生人文素养必要的组成成分，也是英语专业八级考试“人文知识”部分考核的内容之一。
鉴于本课程学时短，内容多，本课程的特点是以史为经，以作家作品为纬，详讲浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义部分，略讲其它部分。
二、课程目标与基本要求学生在学习本课程后应该对美国文学史上殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品有个宏观的了解，能解释相关的名词，熟悉各个时期的主要特点和重要作家及其重要作品，并能结合文学外在与内在因素对文学作品做出初步评论。
三、教材及主要参考书教材：童明：《美国文学史》[增订版] ( A History of American Literature, Revised and expanded edition).北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2010.主要参考书：常耀信：《美国文学简史》[第二版](A Survey of American Literature,2nd edition).天津：南开大学出版社，2003.四、考核内容与考核目标Part 1Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The literature of the New World1. “discoverer” of America: Christopher Columbus, 1492; Amerigo Vespucci ( Hence“America”,1507 world map) （识记，次重点）2.Native (Indian) American Oral literature: origin stories, trickster tales , historical narratives (理解，次重点)Chapter 2The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17633. Jamestown: first English settlement in North America（识记，重点）5. Captain John Smith: First author in the history of American literature (about Jamestown) （识记，一般）6.William Bradford: Father of American history, author of Of Plymouth Plantation（识记，一般）7. In 1620, the Bradford party sailed on the Mayflower and came to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.（识记，次重点）8. Anne Bradstreet: the first poetess in the colonial period: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up inAmerica（识记，一般）9.Jonathan Edwards: the great thinker of the “Great Awakening” （识记，一般）Chapter 3 Literature and American Revolution:1764—181510. American Puritanism (重点，理解)11. The 18th century, in America, as in Europe, is known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.（识记，次重点）12. Enlightenment in America （理解，次重点）13. Deism and Unitarianism（理解，一般）14. Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanacs; Autobiography（理解，重点）15.Thomas Paine: Common Sense; The American Crisis; The Rights of Man（识记，重点）16. Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence（理解，重点）17. Alexander Hamilton: The Federalist Papers (co-author) （识记，一般）18. Philip Freneau: the poet of “American Revolution”: The Wild Honey Suckle, The IndianBurying Ground（识记，重点）Part 2American Romanticism 1815—1865Chapter 4The Age of American Romanticism1.definition and characteristics of American Romanticism （应用，重点）2.First flowering of American literature（识记，次重点）Chapter 5Early Romanticism1.The three early romanticists: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William CullenBryant （识记，重点）3.Washington Irving: The Sketch Book, in which two of Irving’s best known stories“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are included（理解，重点）; A History of New York（识记，一般）; A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（识记，一般）4.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leather-stocking Tales ( The Pioneers, The Last ofthe Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer), the mythic hero of this series is Natty Bumppo (理解，重点)5.William Cullen Bryant: Poems : Thanatopsis (meaning meditation on death); Toa Waterfowl (about Nature’s power) (识记，次重点)Chapter 6Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The Transcendental Club: 1) published 16 issues of The Dial; 2) establishedBrook Farm, a utopian community （识记，一般）2.Transcendentalism as a philosophy （应用，重点）3.Ralph Waldo Emerson:1)the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism(识记，重点).2)Nature: “the manifesto of American transcendentalism” (理解，重点).;3)Essays (First serirs,1941, Second series,1844): “The Over-soul”,“Compensation”, Self- Reliance ( from which comes the idea “Trust thyself’);“The Poet”.（识记，一般）4)Representative Men（识记，一般）5)Address: “The American Scholar”( called America’s “ intellectualDeclaration of Independence”); “Divinity School Address”. (识记，次重点)6)His poetry（识记，一般）7)His style（识记，一般）4.Margret Fuller: first editor of The Dial, author of Woman in the NineteenthCentury (advocating for women’s rights) （识记，一般）5.Henry David Thoreau:1)today primary remembered for two of his works: Walden and the essay “CivilDisobedience”. (识记，重点)2)Nature and Implications of Thoreau’s revolt as revealed in Walden and“Civil Disobedience”（理解，重点）3)Thoreau’s style: thinking in imagery （理解，一般）Chapter 7Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne, Melville and Poe are masters of “negative capability”. （理解，重点）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne1)Hawthorne’s moral vision（理解，次重点）2)Hawthorne’s themes: sin and evil, internal contradiction, male withdrawalfrom marriage（识记，重点）3)Hawthorne’s style: 1) elevated in diction and restrained in rhetoric, thusgraceful and polished; 2) allegory and symbol; 3) irony and ambiguity（识记，重点）4)Novels: Scarlet Letter （应用，重点）; The House of Seven Gables（识记，一般）; The Blithedale Romance（识记，一般）; The Marble Faun（识记，一般）5)Short stories: Young Goodman Brown; The Minister’s Black Veil; MajorMolineux; Rappcinni’s Daughter; The Birthmark（识记，一般）3.Herman Melville1)His major works: Moby Dick（应用，重点）2)Other works: Typee; Omoo; Mardi; Redburn（识记，一般）; Billy Budd（理解，次重点）4.Edgar Allen Poe1)Father of American detective stories（识记，重点）;2)His only novel: Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym（识记，一般）3)Gothic fiction: E.g. The Fall of the House of Usher（识记，一般）;4)Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（识记，一般）5)Theme of his poems: Beauty associated with sadness (melancholy)（应用，重点）. E.g. The Raven; To Helen; Ulalume; Annabel Lee（识记，一般）Chapter 8Whitman and Dickinson1.Walt Whitman1) free verse （理解，重点）2) Collected poems: Leaves of Grass（识记，重点）E.g.Song of Myself (celebrating the Self and Individualism) （理解，重点）O Captain! My Captain! (in mourning of Lincoln) （识记，次重点）2. Emily Dickinson; wrote nearly 2000poems,but fewer than 20 were published1) Recluse of Amherst（识记，重点）2) Themes of her poems: individualism and spirituality; suffering, dying and death（识记，次重点）3) style: short words and phrases separated and joined by dashes. （识记，一般）Chapter 9A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Lincoln called her “the little lady who made this big war), author ofUncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-1852) （理解，重点）2. Frederick Douglass: Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) （识记，次重点）3. Harriet Ann Jacobs : Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) （识记，一般）Part 3American Realism 1865—1914Chapter10The Age of Realism1. subdivided into two periods: the period of an expanding continental nation from 1865 till the1890s and the “progressive period” from the 1890s to 1914. （识记，一般）2. Realism as a broader term is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.（识记，一般）3. Parameters (characteristics ) ofRealism （运用，重点）Chapter 11 Regional and Local color Writing1. Mark Twain1) Four Types of his writing:A) personalized fiction ( The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn; The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day; The Tragedy of Puddd’nhead Wilson) （理解，重点）B) Travel fiction (The Innocents Abroad; Roughing It; A Tramp Abroad; Life on theMississippi; Following the Equator) （识记，一般）C) Historical romance ( T he Prince and The Pauper; A Connecticut Yankee in KingArthur’s Court; Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis Conte) （识记，一般）D) Tall tales (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Man that CorruptedHadleyburg) （识记，次重点）2）“All Modern literature come from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.”(Ernest Hemingway) （识记，重点）Chapter 12Henry James and William Dean Howells1.William Dean Howells1)held a central position in the development of American realism,representative of Mid-western realism. （识记，重点）2)His long essay of criticism: Criticism and Fiction（识记，一般）3)Novels: The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) （识记，重点）; A Hazard of New Fortune(1890) （识记，一般）2.Henry James1) Themes of his novels: （识记，重点）A. The international theme;B. the emotion-of-life theme;C. The artist theme;D. psychological realism2) Novels: Three of the best: The Wings of Dove; The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl（识记，次重点）3) The two best-known novellas: Daisy Miller; The Turn of the Screw（识记，一般）4) Other works: The American; The Portrait of a Lady（识记，次重点）Chapter 13Literary Naturalism1. Philosophical elements and literary characteristics of Naturalism（应用，重点）2. Hamlin Garland’s “veritism” （理解，次重点）3. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1) Two of his well-known novels: Maggie of the Streets（理解，次重点）; The Red Badge ofCourage（理解，重点）2) Three well-known short stories: The Open Boat; The Monster; The Bride Comes to YellowSky. （识记，一般）4. Frank Norris(1870-19020: American Zola1) The naturalist characteristics of Frank Norris’s “Romance “（理解，次重点）2) Novels: McTeague（理解，重点）; Octopus（识记，一般）; The Pit（识记，一般）5. Jack London(1876-1916)1) London’s naturalist view of life and Man（应用，重点）2) Works：The Call of the Wild（应用，重点）; White Fang（识记，一般）; The Sea Wolf（识记，一般）; Martin Eden（识记，一般）; Iron Heel（识记，一般）6. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1) Major theme of Dreiser’s fiction（应用，重点）2) Works: Sister Carrie（应用，重点）; Jennie Gerhart;The Genius（识记，一般）; An American Tragedy（理解，次重点）;Trilogy of Desire: a. The Financier; b. The Titan; c. The Stoic（识记，次重点）Chapter 14Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1. “Woman question” in the late 19th century and early 20th century（理解，一般）2. Kate Chopin (1851-1904)1) Her theme （理解，一般）2) Her work: The Awakening（理解，重点）3. Edith Wharton (1862-1937)1) Her theme（理解，一般）2) Works: The Age of Innocence（应用，重点）; The House of Mirth（理解，次重点）; T he GreatInclination（识记，一般）; Ethan Frome（识记，一般）Part 4American ModernismChapter 15Modernism in American Grain1.American modernism: Second flowering of American Literature（识记，次重点）2.General observation （理解，一般）3.The formal dimensions（理解，一般）4. Philosophical paradigms for modernism（理解，次重点）5.Two short-hand definitions（理解，一般）Chapter 16The Evolution of Modernism1.Robert Frost (1874-1963)1)His vision and Style（理解，一般）2)Poems: The Road Not Taken (depicting a choice made that makes all thedifference)（理解，重点）; Mending Wall ( criticizing the famous line: Good fencesmake good neighbors) （理解，重点）; “ Stopping by the woods on a Snowy Evening（理解，重点）; A Boy’s Will（识记，一般）;After Apple-picking（识记，一般）; The Overn Bird（识记，一般）; Ice and Fire（识记，一般）2.Willa Cather (1873-1947): Author of My Ántonia（识记，重点）3.Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941): “The grotesques”in Winesburg, Ohio（理解，重点）.Chapter 17American Modernism in Europe1.Gertrude Stein (1874-1946): the coiner of “The lost Genration”.2.Ezra Pound (1885-1972)1)Imagist movement (eg. “In a Station of the Metro”) （运用，重点）2)The Cantos （some themes）（理解，次重点）Chapter 18Modern Fiction Between the Wars1.William Faulker (1897-1962)1）Style and Themes ( perspectivism / polyphonic novel; psychoanalysis/ “stream of consciouness”; types of families and characters in the South) （理解，次重点）2）Novels: The Sound and Fury（应用，重点）; As I Lay Dying（理解，次重点）; Light in August（理解，次重点）; Absalom, Absalom!（理解，次重点）3）Short story: “A Rose for Emily”（应用，重点）2.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)1）recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954,one of the finest literary stylist of the 20th century.（识记，一般）2）Spokesman for “The Lost Generation”（应用，重点）3）His style (diction and syntax; the Iceberg Principle) （理解，重点）4）Hemingway Code Hero （应用，重点）5）Works: The Sun Also Rise（a fine example for “The Lost Generation”，理解，重点）s;A Farewell to Arms（理解，重点）;For Whom the Bell Tolls（理解，重点）; The Old Man and the Sea（理解，重点）; In Our Time（识记，一般）; Deathin the Afternoon（识记，一般）;The Green Hills of Africa（识记，一般）;A Clean,Well-lighted Place（识记，一般）;The Snow of Kilimanjaro（理解，一般）;To haveand Have not（识记，一般）;Indian Camp（识记，一般）3. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1）spokesman for “The Jazz Age” and “The Roaring Twenties”.（识记，重点）2）Works: The Great Gatsby（应用，重点）; Tender is the Night（识记，重点）4.John Dos Passos (1896-1970): author of USA, a trilogy consisting of TheForty-second Parallel; 1919, and The Big Money (理解，次重点)5.John Steinbeck (1902-1968): recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,primarily remembered for three of his many novels: In dubious Battle; （识记，一般）Of Mice and Men; （识记，一般）The Grapes of Wrath(理解，重点)Chapter 19Modern American Poetry1.T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)1）His visionary of The Waste Land （理解，重点）2）His poems: The Waste Land（应用，重点）; The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（应用，重点）; Ash Wednesday（识记，一般）; The Hollow Men（识记，一般）; FourQuartets（识记，一般）2.Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1)“ Of Modern Poetry” is Stevens’s carefully considered statement ofmodernism. （识记，一般）2)“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poem by Stevens (depicting awoman not going to church but enjoy the sunshine and contemplating whatdivinity is.) （识记，一般）3.William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)1)His themes（理解，一般）2)The Red Wheelbarrow（应用，重点）4. e.e.cummings (1894-1962): His themes and style（eg. “ Buffalo Bill’s）(识记，一般）Chapter 20African American Literature and Modernism1.Harlem Renaissance (理解，重点)ngston Hughes ( 1902-1967): leading writer of the Harlem Renaissance, andone of the most original and versatile black writers in the 20th century;remembered for his poetry. (识记，一般）3.Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)1) a major figure in the Harlem/New Negro Renaissance; (识记，一般）2)Her most important novel: Their Eyes were Watching God (1937) (识记，一般）5.Richard Wright (1908-1960): Author of Native Son(理解，重点); Black Boy(识记，一般）; The Man Who Lived Underground(识记，一般）.Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Existentialism （理解，一般）2.Postmodernism（理解，一般）Chapter 22American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller are unanimously the bestspecimens of American theater in the 20th century.（识记，重点）2.Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953): Winner of 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature（识记，一般）1）Expressionism（理解，一般）2）His plays: The Hairy Ape (理解，重点); The Emperor Jones(理解，次重点);Desire Under the Elms(理解，次重点);Beyond the Horizon（识记，一般）; The Iceman Cometh （识记，一般）;Long Day’s Journey into Night（识记，一般）3.Tennessee Williams （1911-1983）: the most important dramatist that emerged after WWII.1）The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play. （识记，重点）2）A Streetcar Named Desire（识记，重点）4.Arthur Miller (1915-2005): Author of All My Sons（识记，一般）; Death of a Salesman（理解，重点）;The Crucible（识记，一般）Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till 1960s1.Ralph Ellison(1914-1994): Black novelist, author of Invisible Man（识记，重点）2.James Baldwin (1924-1987): black writer, author of Go Tell it on the Mountain（识记，一般）3.Flannery O’Conner (1925-1964): a southern writer, author of Wise Blood. （识记，一般）4.Saul Bellow (1915-2005): Jewish writer1)winner of 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature.2)Works: Dangling Man（识记，重点）; The Victim（识记，一般）; The Adventures ofAugie March（识记，重点）; Henderson Rain King（识记，重点）;Seize the Day（识记，一般）;Herzog（识记，重点）;Humbolt’s Gift（识记，重点）;Mr. Sammler’s Planet （识记，重点）;The Dean’s December（识记，一般）; More Die of Heartbreak.（识记，一般）5.Bernard Malamud (1914-1986): Jewish writer, author of The Natural; TheAssistant; The Tenants; The Fixer; Dubin’s Lives（识记，一般）6.J.D. Salinger (1919-2010): author of The Catcher in the Rye（理解，重点）.7.Joseph Heller (1923-1999)1)Black Humor（理解，重点）2)Catch-22（理解，重点）Chapter 24Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Sylvia Plath (1932-1963): a confessional poet（识记，一般）2.Allan Ginsberg (1926-1997)1)Beat Generation （应用，重点）2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”（理解，重点）Chapter 25Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.John Barth (1930-): postmodern writer, related with the term “metafiction”（识记，一般）2.Thomas Pynchon (1938-): postmodern writer, author of V（识记，重点）;Gravity’sRainbow (识记，重点）;The Crying of Lot 49（识记，一般）3.John Updike（1932-2009）: author of the Rabbit series: Rabbit, Run (1960) （识记，重点）;Rabbit Redux (1971) （识记，重点）; Rabbit is Rich (1981) （识记，重点）;Rabbit at Rest (1990) （识记，重点）Chapter 26Contemporary Multi-ethic literature and Fiction1.Toni Morrison (1931-)1)African American novelist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature.（识记，一般）2)Novels: The Bluest Eyes（识记，重点）; Sula（识记，一般）; Song of Solomon（识记，一般）;Tar Baby（识记，一般）;Beloved（识记，重点）.2.Alice Walker (1944-): African American novelist, author of The Color Purple（识记，次重点）.3.Maxine Hong Kingston (1940-): Chinese American writer, author of The WomanWarrior（识记，重点）;China Men（识记，重点）;Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book （识记，一般）4.Amy Tan (1952-): Chinese American writer, author of The Joy Luck Club（识记，重点）Chapter 27Globalization of American Literature: Diasporic Writers1.Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977): author of Lolita（识记，重点）2.Issa Bashevis Singer (1904-1991): 1978 winner of The Nobel Prize for Litearture,author of The Magician of Lublin; Gimpel the Fool（识记，重点）五，考试方式及试卷结构1．考试类型：闭卷、笔试2．记分方式：五级等级制（五等）3．考试时长：考查课、100分钟4．试题类型及比例：填空：20%；选择：30%；名词解释：20%；问答题：30%5．难度等级及比例：易：50%，中等难度：30%，难：20%；识记：50%，理解：30%，应用：20%6．课程总评成绩构成：平时成绩占60%，期末考试占40%。
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C i v i lD i s o b e d i e n c e中文翻译Civil Disobedience论公民的不服从美国梭罗我由衷地同意这个警句——“最好的政府是管得最少的政府”。
我希望看到这个警句迅速而且系统地得到实施。
我相信，实施后，其最终结果将是——“最好的政府是根本不进行治理的政府”。
当人们做好准备之后，这样的政府就是他们愿意接受的政府，政府充其量不过是一种权宜之计，而大部分政府，有时所有的政府却都是不得计的。
对设置常备军的反对意见很多、很强烈，而且理应占主导地位，它们最终可能转变成反对常设政府。
常备军队不过是常设政府的一支胳臂。
政府本身也只不过是人民选择来行使他们意志的形式，在人民还来不及通过它来运作之前，它同样也很容易被滥用或误用，看看当前的墨西哥战争，它是少数几个人将常设政府当作工具的结果，因为，从一开始，人民本来就不同意采取这种作法。
目前这个美国政府——它不过是一种传统，尽管其历史还不久，但却竭力使自己原封不动地届届相传，可是每届却都丧失掉一些自身的诚实和正直。
它的活力和气力还顶不上一个活人，因为一个人就能随心所欲地摆布它。
对于人民来说，政府是支木头枪。
倘若人们真要使用它互相厮杀，它就注定要开裂。
不过，尽管如此，它却仍然是必不可少的，因为人们需要某种复杂机器之类的玩意儿，需要听它发出的噪音，藉此满足他们对于政府之理念的要求。
于是，政府的存在表明了，为了人民的利益，可以如何成功地利用、欺骗人民，甚至可以使人民利用、欺骗自己。
我们大家都必须承认，这真了不起。
不过，这种政府从未主动地促进过任何事业，它只是欣然地超脱其外。
它未捍卫国家的自由。
它未解决西部问题。
它未从事教育。
迄今，所有的成就全都是由美国人民的传统性格完成的，而且，假如政府不曾从中作梗的话，本来还会取得更大的成就。
因为政府是一种权宜之计，通过它人们可以欣然彼此不来往；而且，如上所述，最便利的政府也就是最不搭理被治理的人民的政府，商业贸易假如不是用印度橡胶制成的话，绝无可能跃过议员们没完没了地设置下的路障；倘若完全以议员们行动的效果，而不是以他们行动的意图来评价的话，那麽他们就理所当然地应当被视作如同在铁路上设路障捣蛋的人，并受到相应的惩罚。
但是，现实地以一个公民的身份来说，我不像那些自称是无政府主义的人，我要求的不是立即取消政府，而是立即要有个好一些的政府。
让每一个人都表明能赢得他尊敬的是什麽样的政府，这样，也就为赢得这种政府迈出了一步。
到头来，当权力掌握在人民手中的时候，多数派将有权统治，而且继续长期统治，其实际原因不是因为他们极可能是正义的，也不是因为这在少数派看来是最公正的，而是因为他们在物质上是最强大的。
但是，一个由多数派作出所有决定的政府，是不可能建立在正义之上的，即使在人们对其所了解的意义上都办不到。
在一个政府中，如果对公正与谬误真正作出决定的不是多数派而是良知，如果多数派仅仅针对那些可以运用便利法则解决的问题做出决定，难道是不可能的吗?公民必须，哪怕是暂时地或最低限度地把自己的良知托付给议员吗？那麽，为什麽每个人还都有良知呢?我认为，我们首先必须做人，其后才是臣民。
培养人们像尊重正义一样尊重法律是不可取的。
我有权承担的唯一义务是不论何时都从事我认为是正义的事。
……那麽一个人应当怎样对待当今的美国政府呢?我的回答是，与其交往有辱人格。
我绝对不能承认作为奴隶制政府的一个政治机构是我的政府。
人人都承认革命的权利，即当政府是暴政或政府过于无能令人无法忍受的时候，有权拒绝为其效忠，并抵制它的权利。
但是，几乎所有人都说，现在的情况并非如此。
他们认为，1775年的情况才是如此。
如果有人对我说，这个政府很糟糕，它对运抵口岸的某些外国货课税。
我极有可能会无动于衷，因为没有这些外国货，我照样能过日子。
所有的机器都免不了产生摩擦，但是这也许却具有抵消弊端的好处。
不管怎麽说，为此兴师动众是大错特错的。
可是，如果摩擦控制了整个机器，并进行有组织的欺压与掠夺，那麽，就让我们扔掉这部机器吧。
换句话说，如果在一个被认为是自由的庇护所的国家里，人口的六分之一是奴隶，如果整个国家任由一个外国军队蹂躏、征服，并被置于军管之下，那麽，我认为，诚实的人都应立刻奋起反抗、革命。
使这个责任变得更加迫切的是，这个被如此蹂躏的国家不是我国，恰恰相反，我们的军队却正是入侵的军队……事实上，反对马萨诸塞州改革的人不是南方的万把政客，而是这儿的千千万万商人和农场主，他们更感兴趣的是他们的商业和农业，而不是他们属于人类这个事实。
不论花费什麽代价，他们都不打算公平对待奴隶和墨西哥。
我要与之争论的敌人，不是远在天涯，而是那些就在我们周围的敌人。
他们与远方的敌人合作，按照他们的旨意办事。
要不是这些人的话，远方的敌人不会为害。
我们习惯于说，群众还未做好准备。
可是情况的改善是缓慢的，因为这些少数人实质上并不比多数人高明多少或好多少。
在某处树立某种绝对的善，比起让许多人都像你这麽好更重要。
因为绝对的善将像酵母一样影响整体。
在成千上万人具有反对奴隶制、反对战争的观点，但实际上却未做任何事情来结束奴隶制和战争。
他们自以为是华盛顿和富兰克林的子孙，却是两手插在裤兜里，坐在那儿，借口不知道该做些什麽，而无所事事，他们甚至优先考虑自由贸易问题，而不是事关自由的问题。
饭后，他们安然地同时间读时价表和来自墨西哥的消息，也许，读者读着便睡着了……美国人已经蜕变成奇怪的家伙——以爱交际的器官发达而着称，同时又显示出智力低下的沾沾自喜。
在世界上，他最最关心的是确保救济院情况良好；他还未披上合法的外衣，便四下募捐以扶助孤寡，尽管这些孤寡眼下还不是孤寡。
总之，他冒险光靠互助保险公司的资助过日子，而该公司已经答应为他体面地安葬……不公正的法律仍然存在：我们必须心甘情愿地服从这些法律，还是努力去修正它们、服从它们直至我们取得成功，或是立刻粉碎它们呢？在当前这种政府统治下，人们普遍认为应等待，直到说服大多数人去改变它们。
人们认为，如果他们抵制的话，这样修正的结果将比原来的谬误更糟。
不过，如果修正的结果真比原来的谬误更糟的话；那是政府的过错，是政府使其变得更糟的。
为什麽政府不善于预见改革并为其提供机会呢？为什麽政府不珍惜少数派的智慧呢?为什麽政府不见棺材不落泪呢?为什麽政府不鼓励老百姓提高警惕，为政府指出错误而避免犯错误呢?为什麽政府总是把基督钉在十字架上，把哥白尼和路德逐出教会，并指责华盛顿和富兰克林是叛乱分子呢?”…如果不公正是政府机器必然产生的磨擦的一部分，那麽就让它去吧，让它去吧：也许它会磨合好的。
——不过，毫无疑义，机器终将被彻底磨损掉的。
如果不公正的那部分有其独自的弹簧滑轮、绳索，或者曲柄，那麽你可能会考虑修正的结果会不会比原来的谬误更糟；但是，如果不公正的那部分的本质要求你以其人之道还治其人时，那我说就别管这法规了。
以你的生命作为反磨擦的机制来制止这部机器吧。
我不得不做的是，无论如何都要确保我不为我所唾弃的谬误效劳。
至于采纳州政府业已提出的修正谬误的方法，我听都没听过。
那些方法太费时日，不等它们奏效，已经命赴黄泉了。
我还有别的事要干。
我到这世上来主要不是为了把这世界变成个过日子的好地方。
而是到这世上来过日子，不管它是好日子还是坏日子。
一个人办不了每一件事，但是可以做些事。
正因为他不必样样事情都要做，所以他也不一定非做出什麽错事来。
州长和议员们用不着向我请愿，我也犯不着向他们请愿。
如果他们不听从我的请愿，那麽我该怎麽办呢？如果事到如此，州政府也就自绝其路了：其宪法本身也就是谬误的了。
这似乎显得粗暴、顽固和毫无调和之意。
但是，最温和、最体贴的作法，只适用于能够欣赏它，并能够配得上它的人；一切能使情况好转的变迁都是如此，正如振撼整个人体的生与死一样。
我毫无反顾地认为，凡是自称废奴主义者的人都必须立刻撤回对马萨诸塞州政府的人力和财力的支持，不必等到废奴主义者在政府中形成多数，不必等到他们让正义通过他们占了上风才动手。
我认为，如果有上帝站在他们一边的话，就足够了，不必再等另一个了。
况且，任何人只要比周围的人更正义一些，也就构成了一人的多数……在一个监禁正义之士的政府统治之下，正义之士的真正栖身之地也就是监狱。
当今马萨诸塞州为自由和奋发图强之士提供的唯一妥当的处所，是监狱。
在狱中，他们为州政府的行径而烦恼，被禁钢在政治生活之外，因为他们的原则已经给他们带来麻烦了。
逃亡的奴隶，被假释的墨西哥囚犯和申诉白人犯下的罪孽的印第安人可以在监狱里找到他们，在那个与世隔绝，但却更自由、更尊严的地方找到他们。
那是州政府安置不顺其道的叛逆者的地方，是蓄奴制州里一个自由人唯一能够骄傲地居住的地方。
如果有人以为他们的影响会消失在监狱里，他们的呼声不再能传到政府的耳朵里，他们无法在囹圄四壁之内与政府为敌，那麽他们就弄错了。
真理比谬误强大得多，一位对非正义有了一点亲身体验的人在与非正义斗争时会雄辩有力得多。
投下你的一票，那不仅仅是一张纸条，而是你的全部影响。
当少数与多数保持一致时，少数是无足轻重的，它甚至算不上是少数；但是当少数以自身的重量凝聚在一起时，便不可抗拒。
要麽把所有正直的人都投入监狱，要麽放弃战争与奴隶制，如果要在这二者之间做出选择的话，州政府会毫不犹豫地做出选择。
如果今年有一千人不交税，那不是暴烈、血腥的举动，但是若交税则不然。
那是使政府得以施展暴行，让无辜的人流血。
事实上，这正是和平革命的定义，如果和平革命是可能的话。
如果税务官或其它政府官员问我，正如有位官员问我的那样，“那麽，我怎麽办呢?”我的回答是，“如果你真希望做什麽的话，那你就辞职。
”如果臣民拒绝效忠，官员辞职，那麽革命就成功了。
即使假定这会导致流血的话，难道当良心受伤害的时候就不流血吗，从良心的创伤里流出的是人的气概和永生，将使他永世沈沦于死亡之中。
此时此刻，我就看到这种流血……我已经六年未交投票税了。
我还一度为此进过监狱，关了一夜。
当我站在牢房里，打量着牢固的石壁，那石壁足有二、三尺厚，铁木结构的门有一尺厚，还有那滤光的铁栅欗。
我不由地对当局的愚昧颇有感独。
他们对待我，就好像我不过是可以禁锢起来的血肉之躯。
我想，当局最终应当得出这麽个结论：监禁是它处置我的最好办法，而且我还从未想到我还能对它有什麽用处。
我知道，如果说我与乡亲之间挡着堵石墙的话，那麽他们若想要获得我这种自由的话，他们还得爬过或打破一堵比这石墙更难对付的墙才行。
我一刻也不觉得自己是被囚禁着。
这墙看来是浪费了太多的石头和灰泥了。
我觉得，似乎所有公民中，只有我付清了税款。
他们显然不知道该怎样对付我，他们的举止就像些没教养的人。
他们的威胁恭维，样样都显得荒唐可笑。
他们以为我惦记的是挪到这堵墙的另一边。
我不禁觉得好笑，我在沈思时，他们却煞有介事地锁起牢门，全然不知我的思绪就跟在他们身后出了牢房，丝毫不受任何阻碍，而他们自己才真正是危险的。