托福阅读TPO1题目解析
TPO1阅读讲解
GROUNDWATER1.以ground作为关键词定位至全段最后一句，说At first sight土地是不可能有那么大的空间去容纳这些水的，at first sight第一眼看上去的意思是这个不是事实，而且事实刚好与这个相反，也就是说土地是有空间的，所以C正确2. incredible令人难以置信的，想到credit card信用卡，credit指的是信用或者学分ible或者able表示可以……的，credible可信的，incredible难以置信的，不知道的话看上题也知道是不可能3. out of sight表面意思就是在视野之外，也就是看不见， C和D都说看见，所以错。
而且far away离得很远也不一定就看不见，所以也不对。
不知道的话说beneath the soil在土下面，当然也是看不见之意，所以B正确4.问的是地下水在哪儿最经常在哪儿发现，找到第二句中的thecommonest spaces are……最常见的地方是blablabla，这个blablabla就是我们要的答案。
在那些颗粒之间的空隙里，所以首先正确的答案应该是space，答案D是正确的5. glacial是冰川的，与冰川有关的，outwash是个合成词，表面意思就是冲出来的，不知道的读原文，原文说pebble, gravel and sand,known as glacial outwash，也就是说前面的三个都叫做glacialoutwash，其中sand是一定知道的，不是水，所以AC错，更不是冰，B错，应该是包括沙子在内的一堆小颗粒6.排除题，可在第一句找到flat land，在第二句的前半句Sedimentsare also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or thesea找到C和D，A虽然有说到，但不是沉积物沉积的地点，所以要选的答案是A7. over表在……上，lie表躺，所以overlie的意思是躺在……上，也就是cover，原文说低地国家地上的任何一点都可能覆盖原来的河床，B改变C分开D围绕全都不对8. so much for表面意思就是已经很多了，也就是足够的意思，代入原文，说unconsolidated未固结的沉积物已经说了很多了，下面就说说固结的沉积物了，所以A正确，B和C都说我们马上要讨论的是未固结的沉积物，所以说反了；D表示与……相关，完全不沾边，错9. plug的意思是插入，填满。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析（原TPO）
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO)现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。
托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. T o keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But forthe black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Question 2 of 14It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditionsA. cause some deer to hibernateB. make food unavailable in the highlands for deerC. make it easier for deer to locate understory plantsD. prevent deer from migrating during the winterQuestion 3 of 14The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consists ofB. combinesC. restrictsD. establishesQuestion 4 of 14The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. impatientlyB. humorouslyC. continuouslyD. immediatelyQuestion 5 of 14The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the UnitedStates than in the West.D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Question 7 of 14Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population declineB. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environmentC. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected statusQuestion 8 of 14The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to periodA. whose end has not been determinedB. that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD. whose importance remains unknownQuestion 9 of 14Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Question 10 of 14The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD. movementQuestion 11 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacif ic Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to findadditional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.Question 12 of 14Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A. A reduction in the number of predatorsB. Restrictions on huntingC. The effects of logging and fireD. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerQuestion 13 of 14Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析Question 1 of 14正确答案：D题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。
托福TPO1阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO1阅读Passage3原文文本： Groundwater Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater. So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone,for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed. Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous. The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them. Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. ▉托福TPO1阅读Passage3题目： Question 1 of 14 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? A. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. B. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. Question 2 of 14 The word “incredible ” in the passage is closest in meaning to。
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析托福TPO真题阅读答案解析只有愚者才等待机会，而智者则造就机会。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福TPO真题阅读答案解析，希望大家能有所收获，l 答案及题目解析Key:1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C 11.D 12.B 13-14.125题目解析：1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?(Factual Information Question)A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.相关原句：Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence ofa fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.(Paragraph 1)本题解析：cannot disguise…意为“不能掩盖…”，因此“the presence of blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实：鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;B选项中cannot concea(不能隐藏)l恰好与 cannot disguise相吻合，并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，因此选择B。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文1-3Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO1(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Timberline Vegetation on Mountains托福阅读原文The transition from forest to treeless tundraon a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most importantenvironmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.托福阅读试题1.The word “dramatic” in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.gradualplexC.visibleD.striking2.Where is the lower timberline mentionedin paragraph 1 likely to be found?A.In an area that has little waterB.In an area that has little sunlightC.Above a transition areaD.On a mountain that has on uppertimberline.3.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?A.Both are treeless zones.B.Both mark forest boundaries.C.Both are surrounded by desert areas.D.Both suffer from a lack of moisture.4.Paragraph 2 supports which of thefollowing statements about deciduous trees?A.They cannot grow in cold climates.B.They cannot grow in cold climates.C.They are less likely than evergreens tosurvive at the upper timberline.D.They do not require as much moisture asevergreens do.5.The word “attain” in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA. requireB.resistC.achieveD.endure6.The word “they” in the passage (paragraph3) refers toA.valleysB.treesC.heightsD.ridges7.The word “prone” in the passage (paragraph3) is closest in meaning toA.adaptedB.likelyC.difficultD.resistant8.According to paragraph 3, which of thefollowing is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?A.Tree growth is negatively affected by thesnow cover in valleysB.Tree growth is greater in valleys than onridges.C.Tree growth on ridges is not affected byhigh-velocity winds.D.Tree growth lasts longer in thoselatitudes than it does in the tropics.9.Which of the sentences below best expressthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph4) ? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.A.Because of their deformed shapes at highaltitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmedby the strong winds typical of thosealtitudes.B.As altitude increases, the velocity ofwinds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found athigh altitudes.C.The deformed shapes of trees at highaltitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can causeserious hardship for trees.D.Increased wind velocity at high altitudesdeforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.10.In para graph 4, what is the author’smain purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at theupper timberline?A.To argue that none of several environmentfactors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play arole in causing itB.To argue in support of one particularexplanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanationsC.To explain why the primary environmentalfactor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identifiedD.To present several environmental factorsthat may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon11.The word “prevalent” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.predictableB.widespreadC.successfulD.developed12.According to paragraph 6, all of thefollowing statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:A.Because they are low, they are lessexposed to strong winds.B.Because they are low, the winter snowcover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.C.In the equatorial mountains, they tend tobe lower than in mountains elsewhere.D.Their low growth form keeps them closerto the ground, where there is more heat than further up.13.Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushionplants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Above the tree line there is a zone that isgenerally called alpine tundra.█【A】Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists ofa fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higherup the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare groundwith occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █【B】Some plantscan even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highestplants in the world occur at around 6,100meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █【C】At thisgreat height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█【D】Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.At the timberline, whether upper or lower,there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.A.Birch is one of the few species of treethat can survive in the extremeenvironments of the upper timberline.B.There is no agreement among scientists asto exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the uppertimberline.C.The temperature at the upper timberlineis probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as theamount of snowfall or the force of winds.D.The geographical location of an uppertimberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and theirphysical characteristics.E.High levels of ultraviolet light mostlikely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberlinethan do grazing animals such as the ibex.F.Despite being adjacent to the timberline,the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure highwinds and very low temperatures.托福阅读答案1.dramatic剧烈的，戏剧化的，就单词本身能够想到drama戏剧，所以这个应该是戏剧的形容词，原文后句说在几十米的垂直距离内，树木完全被低矮的灌木和草取代了，所以变化非常剧烈，A渐渐B复杂C可见的都不靠谱2.以lower timberline做关键词定位至本段最后一句，说有lower timberline 是因为a lack of moisture，缺乏湿度，等于A选项中的没有水3.分别以upper timberline和lower timberline为关键词定位至本段倒数两句，不管是upper timberline还是lower timberline都是快速的过渡带，树还是有的，只是在向草原等等过渡，所以A错，既然是过渡，也就是边界了，B对，C没说，只有lower timberline缺水，所以D说both错4.以deciduous trees做关键词定位至原文的第三句和第四句，根据第四句说有的地方的timberline是由落叶树构成的，所以timberline上还是有落叶树的，所以选项A和B说反，D项moisture原文没说，第三句说timberline通常是常绿树构成的，第四句说有的时候也出现落叶树，所以常绿树比落叶树出现的概率大，所以C正确5.attain获得，想到相似的obtain和retain，原文说中高纬度的树木会变形，在山脊处怎么样更高，后半句的whereas所在句与之并列，其中reach greater heights应该和考的那部分是并列的，所以attain也是reach之意，答案是achieve，A要求B反对抵抗D忍耐都不对6.并列句，往前找，找主语，trees是正确答案，此外，被暴露在大风之下的应该是树，山谷山脊和高度都不靠谱7.prone可能，倾向于。
托福阅读tpo 1 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains原题解析
阅读原文：The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。
在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。
这种快速过渡的区域被称为上行树带界线或林木线。
在许多干旱的地区存在着下行树带界线，在这里由于缺乏水分森林变成干草原，甚至在最下端会出现沙漠。
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.上行树带界线，和雪线一样，在热带最高，在极地最低。
托福真题TPO1-30阅读答案 from 胡凯
题目套数文章题目答案1-5答案6-10答案11-13答案14 OG0Aggression CCACB BCBCB B（2;16;35）OG0Artisans and Industrialization CBDAD DACBA D（26;357）OG0Swimming Machines BBDAD ADCBC B（145;27）OG1Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States BCBAC BCDDB DA（156）OG1The Expression of Emotions BCBCC CAAAD DC（246）OG1Geology and Landscape DBBCC ABBBD A（156；37）OG2Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores CBDDC CBAAD BCD245 OG2Loie Fuller CDAAC DDCCB AAD345 OG2Green Icebergs CBDBA DAAAD BCB346 TPO0Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction DCCBA CCBBB A DD246 TPO0Opportunists and Competitors DCBBC AADBD C3469 TPO0Lascaux Cave Paintings C ADBC C CCDA CA135 TPO0Electricity from Wind D CBBD B CCDD ABD123 TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains DABCC BBACD BCD 246 TPO1The Origins of Theater DAADC CBDAB CDD256 TPO1Ground Water CCBDD AAACB DAD123 TPO2Desert Formation BBAAD CDDCA CB(134)TPO2The Origins of Cetaceans BACCA BDDBC DB(125)TPO2Early Cinema CBCBC DADBA AD(356)TPO3Architecture DCBDB ABCDA CBD 126 TPO3Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer DBADC CDACC BBC126 TPO3The long-Term Stability of Ecosystems CCABC BCBAC DDB235 TPO4Deer Population of the Puget Sound DCCDA CAABB BDB235TPO4Cave Art in Europe ABADD CDBCA CBC156 TPO4Petroleum Resources BDACA DABBD CAD123 TPO5Minerals and Plants BBBBC ADDAC DBA123 TPO5The Origin of the Pacific Island People DAABC DADDC BCD123 TPO5The Cambrian Explosion BCABA BCCBD CBB126 TPO6Powering the Industrial Revolution DBACB AACDC BB246 TPO6William Smith CCBCA BDADD(BC)BC236 TPO6Infantile Amnesia CBCDB DADAD ACD246 TPO7The Geologic History of the Mediterranean CBAA(BD)AABDB CC145 TPO7Ancient Rome and Greece CCBAA DCBDC BAB145 TPO7Agriculture, Iron and the Bantu Peoples CBDDA BBCAB CBB356 TPO8The Rise of Teotihuacan CBADC CDCAD(AD)CD145 TPO8Extinction of the Dinosaurs DCBAA DAABD BCC135 TPO8Running Water on Mars DBABA CCBBB AA125 TPO9Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast BCDAA CADCB BDD235 TPO9Reflection in Teaching ABCDB ACABB CC245 TPO9The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii DACBA AD(BC)DB BCB236 TPO10Chinese Pottery BDCBA DCABA BBB135 TPO10Variations in the Climate BCDBA CCBAB BBD123 TPO10Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth BCDAA BBCCC ABC124 TPO11Ancient Egyptian Sculpture BDCBC BAACD DBD235 TPO11Orientation and Navigation CCDAB CBAAC ABA126 TPO11Begging by Nestlings CABBC DABCA CDB124 TPO12Which Hand Did They Use? CBCCB BCDDA DDB234TPO12Transition to Sound in Film BADCA AABAD BBB123 TPO12Water in the Desert BDDCD ABBCC AC15;347 TPO13Types of Social Groups BDCAC DBCCD AB167;45 TPO13Biological Clocks ABDCB CACAA ABB246 TPO13Methods of Studying Infant Perception CCACB ABDDA CDB126 TPO14Children and Advertising BADAC BACDA BDA235 TPO14Maya Water Problems DDBBC BCAAC AD57;134 TPO14Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia BBDAD DBABC DA134 TPO15Glacial Formation BADCD BDBCA BAC124 TPO15A Warm-blooded Turtle BBACD BBABC CD125 TPO15Mass Extinction CADCD ABCBA DBD125 TPO16Trade and the Ancient Middle East CBDCB DCBAD ABA356 TPO16Development of the Periodic Table DCABA DCCBC DAC236 TPO16Planets in Our Solar System DDBBB CBBCA AD14;367 TPO17Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia CDBAB BADCB DBB236 TPO17Animal Signals in the Rain Forest BACAC DDBCD ABB246 TPO17Symbiotic Relationships CBBDA CCDAC BAA135 TPO18Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia BDDDA ABCBB ACC345 TPO18The Mystery of Yawning BAACD BCDCD ACC246 TPO18Lightning BCACB DDACB CAC246 TPO19The Roman Army's Impact on Britain ACBDB BADCD DCD146 TPO19Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems CADBC AADCB DDC456 TPO19Discovering the Ice Ages DBBAB BACDB ABD135 TPO20Westward Migration DCADB BADAB BCC123TPO20Early Settlements in Southwest Asia CBDBA DDCDB CAC346 TPO20Fossil Preservation CAADC DBCBC DBA126 TPO21Geothermal Energy CACBD CDACA CAB146 TPO21The Origins of Agriculture ABDAC DCBBC CBA234 TPO21Autobiographical Memory CDBAB ACCDD BAA146 TPO22Spartina ACDBD BAABC CDC136 TPO22The Birth of Photography CABCC BDBBB DAA246 TPO22The Allende Meteorite DCBDB BDAAB CAD346 TPO23Urban Climates CBBCD ADCDD ADC234 TPO23Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture CBADD B(AC)ABC ABD456 TPO23Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines BDBCD BCAAA DCA235 TPO24Lake Water DBCDA BCCAB CDD134 TPO24Breathing During Sleep BADBC CBDAD AC246;17 TPO24Moving into Pueblo BACDA BABDD CBB246 TPO25The Surface of Mars BCCDD ACBDC BCB236 TPO25The Decline of Venetian Shipping BCABD CDBDA BCD256 TPO25The Evolutionary Origin of Plants BDCAC ADBBD DBD245 TPO26Energy and the Industrial Revolution CBDAB ADCDD CBB245 TPO26Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions ABBDC ACCAA DB BF;ADG TPO26Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East CDCBB ADCBA ADA356 TPO27Crafts in the Ancient Near East DBCCD BADBC BAB156 TPO27The Formation of Volcanic Islands CDCCA ADBAC DCD134 TPO27Predator-Prey Cycles BBADC ABABB ADC345 TPO28Groundwater DCCBB BABDC DAC236TPO28Early Saharan Pastoralists ACCAB BDBBD DCA236 TPO28Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes AADCC AADDC CAB236 TPO29Characteristics of Roman Pottery BCDAC CBDCB DAB123 TPO29Competition DDABD ADCAC BAD145 TPO29The History of Waterpower DCDAB ACCCC BA156 TPO30Role of Play in Development BADBB ACACC BDD156 TPO30The Pace of Evolutionary Change ACDCC BDCAC AC247;15 TPO30The Invention of the Mechanical Clock BADCB DCDAB ADC156關注人人網公共主頁或新浪微博 胡凯Hugh凯哥每日推送最權威托福資料。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3
托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译part3相信备考托福的同学都知道托福TPO的重要性，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理出托福TPO1阅读真题原文及答案翻译，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO1阅读真题原文Part3Timberline Vegetation on MountainsThe transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reducesthe effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.托福TPO1阅读真题题目Part31. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to○gradual○complex○visible○striking2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?○In an area that has little water○In an area that has little sunlight○Above a transition area○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?○Both are treeless zones.○Both mark forest boundaries.○Both are surrounded by desert areas.○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?○They cannot grow in cold climates.○They do not exist at the upper timberline.○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.○They do no t require as much moisture as evergreens do.Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thinsoils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to○require○resist○achieve○endure6. The word "they" in the passage refers to○valleys○trees○heights○ridges7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to○adapted○likely○difficult○resistant8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factoris temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenonParagraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to○predictable○widespread○successful○developed12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountai ns elsewhere.○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants ca n even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.●●●Answer choices○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.○The temp erature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tu ndra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures托福TPO1阅读真题答案Part3答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○24. ○35. ○36. ○27. ○28. ○19. ○310. ○411. ○212. ○313. ○414. There is no agreement among…Despite being adjacent …The geographical location of…托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译山上树带界线的植被通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。
托福阅读tpo 1-Groundwater地下水原题解析
阅读原文：Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the "solid" ground underfoot to hold all this water.地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。
到现在为止，大气水是最丰富的地下水资源，是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。
普通的大气水会从地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。
在再次冒出地表之前，这些地下水有时会长时间留在地下。
最初让人觉得难以置信的是，在我们脚下“坚实的”土地中竟然有足够的空间能储存这么些水。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.然而，地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福阅读TPO1答案解析
托福阅读答案1.dramatic剧烈的，戏剧化的，就单词本身能够想到drama戏剧，所以这个应该是戏剧的形容词，原文后句说在几十米的垂直距离内，树木完全被低矮的灌木和草取代了，所以变化非常剧烈，A渐渐B复杂C可见的都不靠谱2.以lower timberline做关键词定位至本段最后一句，说有lower timberline是因为a lack of moisture，缺乏湿度，等于A选项中的没有水3.分别以upper timberline和lower timberline为关键词定位至本段倒数两句，不管是upper timberline还是lower timberline都是快速的过渡带，树还是有的，只是在向草原等等过渡，所以A错，既然是过渡，也就是边界了，B对，C没说，只有lower timberline缺水，所以D说both错4.以deciduous trees做关键词定位至原文的第三句和第四句，根据第四句说有的地方的timberline是由落叶树构成的，所以timberline上还是有落叶树的，所以选项A和B说反，D项moisture原文没说，第三句说timberline 通常是常绿树构成的，第四句说有的时候也出现落叶树，所以常绿树比落叶树出现的概率大，所以C正确5.attain获得，想到相似的obtain和retain，原文说中高纬度的树木会变形，在山脊处怎么样更高，后半句的whereas所在句与之并列，其中reach greater heights应该和考的那部分是并列的，所以attain也是reach 之意，答案是achieve，A要求B反对抵抗D忍耐都不对6.并列句，往前找，找主语，trees是正确答案，此外，被暴露在大风之下的应该是树，山谷山脊和高度都不靠谱7.prone可能，倾向于。
原文说热带地区山谷是更有利于生长的地方因为那里怎么样干涸，比较有利生长当然不容易干涸，C和D的意思都是能干涸，所以都不对，A适应不靠谱，所以B正确8..以middle and upper latitudes做关键词定位至原文第三四两句，说中高纬度地区树木在很大程度上受到积雪覆盖的时长和深度的影响，山谷地区积雪深，时间长，所以树长得不好，所以是negatively affected，选项B 和C与原文相反，D违反常识9.原句说风速增加而且会给树木很大压力，已经被blablabla证实。
托福TPO1阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO1阅读Passage2原文文本： The Origins of Theater In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns. Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person. A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances. In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B. C. , sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. ▉托福TPO1阅读Passage2题目： Question 1 of 14 The word “championed ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. changed. B. debated. C. created. D. supported. Question 2 of 14 The word “attributes ” in the passage is closest in meaning to。
托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本： Timberline Vegetation on Mountains The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannotmature sufficiently to survive the winter months. Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent. ▉托福TPO1阅读Passage1题目： 第1题：The word"dramatic"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Gradual plex C.Visible D.Striking Paragraph 1 is marked with 第2题：Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found? A. In an area that has little water B. In an area that has little sunlight C. Above a transition area D. On a mountain that has on upper timberline. Paragraph 1 is marked with。
【VIP专享】TPO1阅读详细答案
TIMBERLINE VEGETATION ON MOUNTAINS1. dramatic剧烈的，戏剧化的，就单词本身能够想到drama戏剧，所以这个应该是戏剧的形容词，原文后句说在几十米的垂直距离内，树木完全被低矮的灌木和草取代了，所以变化非常剧烈，A渐渐B复杂C可见的都不靠谱2. 以lower timberline做关键词定位至本段最后一句，说有lower timberline是因为a lack of moisture，缺乏湿度，等于A选项中的没有水3. 分别以upper timberline和lower timberline为关键词定位至本段倒数两句，不管是upper timberline还是lower timberline都是快速的过渡带，树还是有的，只是在向草原等等过渡，所以A错，既然是过渡，也就是边界了，B对，C没说，只有lower timberline缺水，所以D说both错4. 以deciduous trees做关键词定位至原文的第三句和第四句，根据第四句说有的地方的timberline是由落叶树构成的，所以timberline上还是有落叶树的，所以选项A和B说反，D项moisture原文没说，第三句说timberline通常是常绿树构成的，第四句说有的时候也出现落叶树，所以常绿树比落叶树出现的概率大，所以C正确5. attain获得，想到相似的obtain和retain，原文说中高纬度的树木会变形，在山脊处怎么样更高，后半句的whereas所在句与之并列，其中reach greater heights应该和考的那部分是并列的，所以attain也是reach之意，答案是achieve，A要求B反对抵抗D忍耐都不对6. 并列句，往前找，找主语，trees是正确答案，此外，被暴露在大风之下的应该是树，山谷山脊和高度都不靠谱7. prone可能，倾向于。
原文说热带地区山谷是更有利于生长的地方因为那里怎么样干涸，比较有利生长当然不容易干涸，C和D的意思都是能干涸，所以都不对，A适应不靠谱，所以B正确8. 以middle and upper latitudes做关键词定位至原文第三四两句，说中高纬度地区树木在很大程度上受到积雪覆盖的时长和深度的影响，山谷地区积雪深，时间长，所以树长得不好，所以是negatively affected，选项B和C与原文相反，D违反常识9. 原句说风速增加而且会给树木很大压力，已经被blablabla证实。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析托福阅读真题：The Long-Term Stability of EcosystemsPlant communities assemble themselves fle某ibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession〞 to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a clima某community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mi某 of species—are cumulative. Clima某 communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the ne某t. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting clima某 communities usually have more comple某 food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of clima某 ecosystems depended on their comple某ity. To take an e某treme e某ample, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstablethat one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a comple某 clima某 community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability〞means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the clima某 community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, clima 某 communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the clima某 state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with ma某imum diversity. At least in temperate zones, ma某imum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the clima某 community. Once a redwood forest matures, for e某ample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged ordestroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of clima某 communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness〞 of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes e某tinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can appro某imately fill the niche vacated by the e某tinct population and keep the food web intact.Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves fle某ibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession〞 to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a clima某community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mi某 of species—are cumulative. Clima某 communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.TPO托福阅读题目1. The word “particular〞 in the passage is closest in meaningto○Natural○Final○Specific○Comple某2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of clima某 communities?○They occur at the end of a succession.○They last longer than any other type of community.○The numbers of plants in them and the mi某 of species do not change.○They re main stable for at least 500 years at a time.Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the ne某t. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ec osystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the ne某t.○A change in the members of an orga nism does not affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that speciesdiversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting clima某 communities usually have more comple某 food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of clima某 ecosystems depended on their comple某ity. To take an e某treme e某ample, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a comple某 clima某 community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Clima某 communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability〞 means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the clima某 community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, clima某 communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the clima某 state.5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability〞 with the word “resilience.〞○The e某act meaning of the word “stability〞 is debated by ecologists.○There are m any different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of clima某 communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with ma某imum diversity. At least in temperate zones, ma某imum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the clima某 community. Once a redwood forest matures, for e某ample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break downthan a child’s tricycle.)7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○Th ey become less stable as they mature.○They support many species when they reach clima某.○They are found in temperate zones.○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee〞 in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○Complicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the informationthat “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)〞?○To illustrate a g eneral principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday e某ample○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an e某ample that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged ordestroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States,for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.10. The word “pales〞 in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increases proportional ly○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of clima某 communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness〞 of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes e某tinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can appro某imately fill the niche vacated by the e某tinct population and keep the food web intact.11.Which of the sentences below best e某presses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.○Uniform environments cannot be clima某 communities becausethey do not support as many types of organisms as patchyenvironments.○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability becauseit is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12.The word “adjacent〞 in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that e某press the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they e某press ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stability of a clima某community can change over time.Answer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem fro m the pioneer to the clima某 community can be seen in one human generation.○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.○Ecologists agree that clima某 communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability〞 make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.○The resilience of clima某 communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读真题参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○14. ○25. ○36. ○27.○38. ○29. ○110. ○311. ○412. ○413. ○2 14. ○2 3 5托福阅读真题译文：生态系统的长期稳定植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。
TPO1阅读讲解
GROUNDWATER1.以ground作为关键词定位至全段最后一句，说At firstsight土地是不可能有那么大的空间去容纳这些水的，at first sight第一眼看上去的意思是这个不是事实，而且事实刚好与这个相反，也就是说土地是有空间的，所以C正确2. incredible令人难以置信的，想到credit card信用卡，credit指的是信用或者学分ible或者able表示可以……的，credible可信的，incredible难以置信的，不知道的话看上题也知道是不可能3. out of sight表面意思就是在视野之外，也就是看不见， C和D都说看见，所以错。
而且far away离得很远也不一定就看不见，所以也不对。
不知道的话说beneath the soil在土下面，当然也是看不见之意，所以B正确4.问的是地下水在哪儿最经常在哪儿发现，找到第二句中的the commonest spaces are……最常见的地方是blablabla，这个blablabla就是我们要的答案。
在那些颗粒之间的空隙里，所以首先正确的答案应该是space，答案D是正确的5. glacial是冰川的，与冰川有关的，outwash是个合成词，表面意思就是冲出来的，不知道的读原文，原文说pebble, gravel andsand, known as glacial outwash，也就是说前面的三个都叫做glacialoutwash，其中sand是一定知道的，不是水，所以AC错，更不是冰，B错，应该是包括沙子在内的一堆小颗粒6.排除题，可在第一句找到flat land，在第二句的前半句Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lakeor the sea找到C和D，A虽然有说到，但不是沉积物沉积的地点，所以要选的答案是A7. over表在……上，lie表躺，所以overlie的意思是躺在……上，也就是cover，原文说低地国家地上的任何一点都可能覆盖原来的河床，B改变C分开D围绕全都不对8. so much for表面意思就是已经很多了，也就是足够的意思，代入原文，说unconsolidated未固结的沉积物已经说了很多了，下面就说说固结的沉积物了，所以A正确，B和C都说我们马上要讨论的是未固结的沉积物，所以说反了；D表示与……相关，完全不沾边，错9. plug的意思是插入，填满。
【备考词汇】托福阅读TPO真题词汇整理――TPO1讲解
【备考词汇】托福阅读TPO真题词汇整理本文是托福阅读真题TPO1的托福词汇题,托福阅读词汇题是托福阅读重点题型,熟悉TPO真题将有效帮助大家提升托福考试效率。
希望能给正在备考的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1champion---support 支持;保卫ascribe---attribute 归因于autonomous---independent 自治的;独立的penchant---inclination 倾向;嗜好;爱好dramatic---striking 戏剧性的;激烈的attain---achieve 获得;达到prone---likely 倾向于prevalent---widespread 普遍的;广泛的incredible---unbelievable 难以置信的;不可思议的out of sight---hidden 看不见的;隐藏的overlay---cover 覆盖;重叠so much for---that is enough about 表示大量的plug---fill up 塞满;使充满TPO2devoid of---lacking in 缺乏的progressively---increasingly 前进地delicate---fragile 脆弱的threatened---endangered 受到威胁的precious---valuable 宝贵的exposed---visible 暴露的;可见的propulsion---moving forward 推进readily---easily 轻易地assistance---help 援助expanded---was enlarged 扩大的TPO3feasible---achievable 可行的enhance---improve 提高;加强devised---created 设计;发明integral---essential 不可或缺的arduous---difficult 费力的;辛勤的ensuing---subsequent 接踵而至的;随后的unprecedented---unlike anything in the past 空前的virtually---almost 实际上地inevitable---unavoidable 不可避免的particular---specific 特别的;特殊的guarantee---ensure 担保pales---loses significance 苍白的;无力的adjacent---neighboring 毗连的;邻近的TPO4inhibits---restricts 阻止;抑制Revised by AMELIAin the same breath---immediately 同时indefinite period---whose end has not been determined 无限期地rebound---recovery 回升;反弹marked—considerable 明显的;显著的principal---major 主要的trapping---decorations 装饰accumulate---build up 堆积;积累adjacent---nearby 邻近的;近旁的sloping---inclining 倾斜的foul---pollute 使污秽;弄脏TPO5exhibit---show展览;展示facilitates---makeeasier使便利suspended---hung挂起afford---offer提供;给予overwhelming---powerful势不可挡的implements---tools工具;用具undisputed---acknowledge无可置疑的,确认significant---important重要的relatively---comparatively相对地diversification---emergenceofmanyvarieties多样化;多元化promote---encourage提升;增进TPO6exploited---utilized 开采;开发;利用vastly---greatly 广大地;许多地grow accustomed to---become used to 习惯于retain---maintain 保持;保留rudimentary---basic 根本的;未发展的meticulously---carefully 精心地;细致地endure---survive 耐久;忍耐virtually---nearly/ almost 差不多,几乎虚拟;其实plausible---believable (借口或解释有道理的phenomenon---occurrence 现象;事件critically---fundamentally 危急地;重要地perspective---viewpoint 远景;前途TPO7objective---purpose 目标;目的scores---large numbers 大量;众多turbulent---violent 狂暴的;吵闹的obsession with---fixation on 固定foster---encourage 鼓励sphere---area 范围;领域 diffused---spread 传播;扩散 Revised by AMELIA profound---far-reaching 深刻的;意义深远的 ritual---ceremonial 典礼;仪式 fleeing---running away from 逃避;逃跑 TPO8 massive---very large 可观的;大量的 pinpoint---identify precisely 准确找出;非常精确 ingenuity---cleverness 独创力;聪明才智predominant---principal 最重要的 cope---adapt 成功的应付;适应 fluctuation---variation 变化;波动 bombard---strike 炮击;攻击 disruption---disturbance 瓦解;崩溃;失调 merge---combine 混合;联合 relics---remains 遗迹miniature---small 小型的;微型的 hint---clue 暗示，线索 TPO9 persuasively---convincingly---compelling 令人信服地 prior to---before 在…之前;较早的 vast---huge 巨大的;广阔的 inhospitable---not suitable 不好客的;不适宜居住的 impetus---incentive 激励;刺激 justified---supported 有正当理由的 flourish---succeed 茂盛;繁荣 objective---unbiased 客观的;公正的 at random---without a definite pattern 任意地;随便地abundantly---plentifully 丰富的;大量的 propagate---multiply 繁衍;增殖 dormant---inactive 潜伏的;不活跃的 TPO10 status---importance 重要身份evolve---develop 使发展;使进化 instigate---cause 鼓励;怂恿;造成 whereas---while 然而;反之 striking---noticeable 显著的 erratic---unpredictable 不确定路线 deliberation---discussion 商议 invoke---call upon 调用;号召 key---important 重要的 meager---very low 不足的;缺乏的。
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托福阅读TPO1题目解析TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。
还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。
针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。
直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。
而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！所以关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。
在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。
今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的题目分析。
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains山上树带界线的植被1.The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.2.The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas, however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.3.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influencedby the duration and depth of the snow cover.As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys,trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges,even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor,thin soils there.In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out,they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.4.There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline.Various environmental factors may play a role.Too much snow,for example,can smother trees,and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy te-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role,while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature,for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.5.Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.Immediately adjacent to the timberline,the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs,herbs,and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line.The highest plants in the world occur at around6,100meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.At this great height,rocks,warmed by the sun,melt small snowdrifts.6.The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life,the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial.The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.阅读题目在这里Paragraph1:The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.1.The word“dramatic”in the passage is closest in meaning to○gradual○complex○visible○striking解析：答案是(4)。