科技英语翻译-第4章详解

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科技英语阅读教材ESTreadingunit4原文及译文高教出版

科技英语阅读教材ESTreadingunit4原文及译文高教出版Unite4 Electronic Information(robots)Remote-controlled Robot Surrogate Could Attend Your Next Meeting. for You(译文见下端)1It may look like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum claener , but Anybots Inc.'s new QB is actually the latest in surrogate robotics . QB is designed to serve as your eyes ,ears and voice when you can't be there in person ,Even better , it's mobile , rolls around on two wheels like Rosie and can be navigated remotely via the Web and a Wi-Fi connection .2Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could us QB (so named because it is the next in line after the company's prototype QB bot) as a virtual extension of themselves. allowing them to attend meetings , tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties , all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3Anybots formally unveiled the remotely controlled robot on Tuesday and plans to start selling QBs by the end of the year .A five-megapixel vedio camera serves as one eye, whlie the other is a laser pointer. A speaker on the crown of QB's head gives it a mouthpiece, a touch-screen monitor on on its forehead enables software maintenance and other input , and a ring of protective rubber around its head makes it look a bit like Olivia Newton-John circa 1981.4Along with the wheels,a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per our make the robot mobile . The two-wheel-as opposed to a tricycle or quad-design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms . The area between the QB'shead and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeter.5Although it's unclear if the capacity for remote operation. willUS$15,000 Price tag .Anybots believe its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places .The QB is designed to enable this connectivity without sacrificing “presence”,says Bob Christopher,president and chief operating officer of Anybots ,based in Moutain View,Calif . Bandwidth speed and vedio qu ality continue to improve , but they can’t replace being there , he adds .A test-drive reveals valuable Wi-Fi lesson6 To see how this might work in practice , Scientific American test-drove (from our editorial offices in New York) a QB located at Anybots’s facility in California . Our mossion was to drive across the building’s lobby and ask a second QB (remotely controlled by an Anybots employee) where we could find Erin Rapacki , who does product development for the company , and then proceed to Erin’s l ocation. The session began with logging on to a website set up by Anybots and selecting the IP address of the QB we were to inhabit.7 Once our robot “woke up” and connected to Anybots’s local Wi-Fi network, we used the arrow keys on our keyboard to navigate the QB across the lobby. The controls take some getting used to. Particularly because rugs and other materials on the floor may prevent the Qb from travelling a completely straight line . We easily found the other QB but had difficulty aligning our came ra so that we were staring directly into the other QB’s camera. This wasn’t necessary , because we could hearthe person controlling the other QB loud and clear through the microphone on our robot. Using the arrow keys,we were able to swivel our QB to the left and follow the relatively basic directions we had been given to our destination.8 With a bit more practice, navigation would have been smoother, THE QB features a buit-in lidar(light detection and ranging) system that warns the robot when it is getting too close to an object and slows the robot down to avoid(or at least reduce the impact of) a collision. The QB also has a camera located on the bottom of its “”chin” that points down at its wheels so you can see whether you’re about to drive over a lowe r obstacle(such as someone’s foot).9 The QB’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people we encountered, including Anybots founder and CEO Trevor Blackwell, who accepted a laser beam in the palm of his hand in lieu of a handshake (a relief ,since the QB has no hands).10 By the time we were ready to leave , we were able to drive our QB back to the Anybots lobby and out the front door. Just past the building’s threshold, we learned a valuable lesson in surrogate navigation: never drive outside the range of your Wi-Fi network. A dropped connection means no cameras and no control over the robot’s navigation, which was especially unfortunate in our case because we were approaching the top ofa ramp down to the parking lot when we lost the signal.11 Danger,Will Robinson.Unit4译文今后远程控制的代理机器人可以为您参加的会议它可能看起来像装在一个真空吸尘器落地灯，但实际上它是Anybots公司最新的代理机器人的QB。

科技英语翻译课后答案解析

科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。

驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。

我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。

空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。

第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。

1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。

科技英语翻译4解读

转译为状语
在英语中表示时间、原因、条件含义的主语汉译时常译作汉

语的状语，见p266.(注意此时的主语具有动词意义或与动作相关,shortage, result, infected mother) Improved efficiency has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 由于效率提高，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了 The collapse of the dam caused the land being flooded. 由于大坝倒塌，土地因此被淹。 Restricted movement led to an interruption of blood flow. （由于）活动受限（导致）血液流动受阻。
转译为宾语（ex-P264)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Several concepts are introduced: decision-making, modeling ,dynamics, feedback, stability and logical design. 这里介绍几个概念：判定、模拟、动力学、反馈、稳定性和逻辑设计等。 Provision is made within the circuitry to limit the transistor voltage. 电路已采取措施来限制晶体管的电压。 See to it that all troubles should be eliminated. 务必要排除所有故障。 No direct electrical connection to the rotor（转子）is provided. 转子没有直接的连接电线。 provision must be made for dissipating the heat that results from the sliding of surfaces. 必须采取措施驱散因表明摩擦所产生的热。 From this experiment the conclusion is drawn that the theory of oppositely charged particles attracting each other is true. 由这一实验可以得出结论，带异性电荷的粒子相互吸引的这一说法是正确的。

科技英语课文翻译

科技英语课文翻译课文翻译英语Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。

假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。

但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。

（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。

在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。

他确立了形式表达式（如：应。

一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶，然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的，接着伸长这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。

研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。

“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果，”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说，他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。

x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。

按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。

1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。

型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。

就现在而言，这种类们可以用x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3例如，小于我7，来表示x={n4，5,6这样一个集合。

这种集合的书写形势就是：我们也可让：n是整数，y={x：3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。

集合中的对象并不一定是数字。

}。

求的空间。

但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。

x={a：xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。

尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论，的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译4

1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?大家好，我是斯蒂芬-霍金，是物理学家、宇宙学家及梦想家，尽管身体不能活动，只能通过电脑与大家交流，但从内心中我是自由的，自由地探索宇宙，思考以下重大问题：时间旅行是否可行？能否打开一个回到过去的通道，或找到通向未来的捷径？我们最终能否利用自然规律成为掌控时间的主人？2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.为了让这一切从虚幻变成现实，我们应以物理学家的角度来重新审视时间——即第四维。

section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译

1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。

科技英语的翻译——04 常用介词及其用法

常用介词及其用法１．介词不能单独作句子成分，可与它后面的名词、代词或作用相当于名词的其他词、词组或从句构成介词短语，表示一个完整的意义。

介词短语在句子中可以用作定语、状语、表语和宾语（主语）补足语。

从出现的频率来看，作状语的最多，作定语的次之。

[例句] We can only do this for certain kinds of systems with certain properties.[译文] 我们只能对具有某些特性的系统这样处理。

（for作补足语，with作定语）[例句] These radio waves have in common that they are generated and received by circuits composed of wires, radio tubes and various other specialized “radio components”. （做宾语补足语）[译文] 这些无线电波有一点是共同的：他们都是由导线、电子管和其他各种专门的无线电元件组成的电路产生和接收的。

[例句] The result is beyond expectation.（表语）[译文] 结果是出乎意料的。

２．介词与动词、名词、形容词搭配熟悉介词与动词或形容词的习惯搭配是正确理解词义的一种重要手段。

(1)与动词（绝大部分及物）构成短语动词，要求后接宾语。

例如：apply to, consist of, deal with,depend on/upon, relate to, result in, differ from, follow from, lead to, lie in, vary with等[例句] A complex variable s is composed of a real part alpha and an imaginary part beta.[译文] 复变量ｓ是由实部α和虚部β组成。

Lesson 4 科技翻译-汉译英

结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。译：Materials which are chosen for structural purposes should be elastically in the environmental conditions. Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.（代替定语从句、目的状语从句）

强度特征是金属被广泛用于建筑的原因之一。译： Strength is one of the reasons that metals have been widely used as materials of construction. Strength is one of the reasons for the wide use of metals as materials of construction. （代替目的状语）

2.3 英文摘要的人称
原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper⋯等开头, 现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词、介词短语、分词或分词短语开头。如: In order to , Based on , On the basis of, By using

Exercise
本文在Gile 提出的交替传译和同声传译脑力分配模式的理论基础上, 分析了口译中精力分配失衡的原因。 Based on the Effort Model put forward by Gile, this paper analyzes the underlying reasons of the breaking of effort coordination in interpreting.

【精品】科技英语4低通滤波器原文和翻译

【关键字】精品Words and Expressionsintegrator n. 积分器amplitude n. 幅值slope n 斜率denominator n. 分母impedance n 阻抗inductor n. 电感capacitor n 电容cascade n. 串联passband n 通带ringing n. 振铃damping n. 阻尼，衰减conjugate adj. 共轭的stage v. 成为low-pass filters 低通滤波器building block 模块linear ramp 线性斜坡log/log coordinates 对数/对数坐标Bode plot 伯德图transfer function 传递函数complex-frequency variable 复变量complex frequency plane 复平面real component 实部frequency response 频率响应complex function 复变函数Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换real part 实部imaginary part 虚部angular frequency 角频率frequency response 频率响应transient response 瞬态响应decaying-exponential response 衰减指数响应step function input 阶跃（函数）输入time constant 时间常数first-order filters 一阶滤波器second-order low-pass filters 二阶低通滤波器passive circuit 无源电路active circuit 有源电路characteristic frequency 特征频率quality factor n. 品质因子，品质因数circular path 圆弧路径complex conjugate pairs 共轭复数对switched-capacitor 开关电容negative-real half of the complex plane 复平面负半平面Unit 4 Low-pass FiltersFirst-Order FiltersAn integrator (Figure 2. la) is the simplest filter mathematically, and it forms the building block for most modern integrated filters. Consider what we know intuitively about an integrator. If you apply a DC signal at the input (i.e., zero frequency), the output will describe a linear ramp that grows in amplitude until limited by the power supplies. Ignoring that limitation, the response of an integrator at zero frequency is infinite, which means that it has a pole at zero frequency. (A pole exists at any frequency for which the transfer function's value becomes infinite.)（为什么为极点，为什么低通？）Figure A simple RC integratorWe also know that the integrator's gain diminishes with increasing frequency and that at high frequencies the output voltage becomes virtually zero. Gain is inversely proportional to frequency, so it has a slope of -1 when plotted on log/log coordinates (i.e., -20dB/decade on a Bode plot, Figure 2. 1b).Figure 2.1 b A Bode plot of a simple integratorYou can easily derive the transfer function asWhere s is the complex-frequency variable and is 1/RC. If we think of s as frequency, this formula confirms the intuitive feeling that gain is inversely proportional to frequency.The next most complex filter is the simple low-pass RC type (Figure 2. 2a). Its characteristic (transfer function) isWhen, the function reduces to , i.e., 1. When s tends to infinity, the function tends to zero, so this is a low-pass filter. When, the denominator is zero and the function's value is infinite, indicating a pole in the complex frequency plane. The magnitude of the transfer function is plotted against s in Figure 2. 2b, where the real component of s () is toward us and the positive imaginary part () is toward the right. The pole at - is evident. Amplitude is shown logarithmically to emphasize the function's form. For both the integrator and the RC low-pass filter, frequency response tends to zero at infinite frequency; that is, there is a zero at. This single zero surrounds the complex plane.But how does the complex function in s relate to the circuit's response to actual frequencies? When analyzing the response of a circuit to AC signals, we use the expression for impedance of an inductor and for that of a capacitor. When analyzing transient response using Laplace transforms, we use sL and 1/sC for the impedance of these elements. The similarity is apparent immediately. The in AC analysis is in fact the imaginary part of s, which, as mentioned earlier, is composed of a real part and an imaginary part.If we replace s by in any equation so far, we have the circuit's response to an angular frequency. In the complex plot in Figure 2.2b, and hence along the positive j axis. Thus, the function's value along this axis is the frequency response of the filter. We have sliced the function along the axis and emphasized the RC low-pass filter's frequency-response curve by adding a heavy line for function values along the positive j axis. The more familiar Bode plot (Figure 2.2c) looks different in form only because the frequency isexpressed logarithmically.（根据图翻译这两句话）Figure 2.2a A simple RC low-pass filterWhile the complex frequency's imaginary part () helps describe a response to AC signals, the real part() helps describe a circuit's transient response. Looking at Figure 2.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass filter's response as compared to that of the integrator. The low-pass filter's transient response is more stable, because its pole is in the negative-real half of the complex plane. That is, the low-pass filter makes a decaying-exponential response to a step-function input; the integrator makes an infinite response. For the low-pass filter, pole positions further down the axis mean a higher, a shorter time constant, and therefore a quicker transient response. Conversely, a pole closer to the j axis causes a longer transient response.So far, we have related the mathematical transfer functions of some simple circuits to their associated poles and zeroes in the complex-frequency plane . From these functions, we have derived the circuit ’s frequency response (and hence its Bode plot) and also its transient response. Because both the integrator and the RC filter have only one s in the denominator of their transfer functions, they each have only one pole. That is, they are first-order filters .Figure 2.2b The complex function of an RC low-pass filterFigure 2.2c A Bode plot of a low-pass filterHowever, as we can see from Figure 2.1b, the first-order filter does not provide a very selective frequency response. To tailor a filter more closely to our needs , we must move on to higher orders. From now on, we will describe the transfer function using f(s) rather than the cumbersome IN OUT V V . Second-Order Low-Pass FiltersA second-order filter has 2s in the denominator and two poles in the complex plane. You can obtain such a response by using inductance and capacitance in a passive circuit or by creating an active circuit of resistors, capacitors, and amplifiers. Consider the passive LC filter in Figure 2.3a, for instance. We can show that its transfer function has the formand if we defineLC /120=ωand R L Q /0ω=,then where 0ωis the filter's characteristic frequency and Q is the quality factor (lower R means higher Q).Figure 2.3a An RLC low-pass filterThe poles occur at s values for which the denominator becomes zero; that is,when 0/2002=++ωωQ s s . We can solve this equation by remembering that the roots of 02=++c bx ax are given byIn this case, a = 1, b 0ω=, and 20ω=c .The term (ac b 42-) equals ()4/1220-Q ω, so if Q isless than 0.5 then both roots are real and lie on the negative-real axis. The circuit's behavior is much like that of two first order RC filters in cascade . This case isn't very interesting, so we'll consider only the case where Q > 0.5, which means ()ac b 42-is negative and the roots are complex.Figure 2.3b A pole-zero diagram of an RLC low-pass filterThe real part is therefore a b 2/-, which is Q 2/0ω-, and common to both roots. The roots' imaginary parts will be equal and opposite in signs. Calculating the position of the roots in the complex plane, we find that they lie at a distance of0ωfrom the origin, as shown in Figure 2.3b. Varying 0ω, changes the poles' distance from the origin. Decreasing the Q moves the poles toward each other, whereas increasing the Q moves the poles in a semicircle away from each other and toward the ωj axis. When Q = 0.5, the poles meet at 0ω-on the negative-real axis. In this case, the corresponding circuit is equivalent to two cascaded first-order filters.Now let's examine the second-order function's frequency response and see how it varies with Q. As before, Figure 2.4a shows the function as a curved surface, depicted in the three-dimensional space formed by the complex plane and a vertical magnitude vector . Q =0.707, and you can see immediately that the response is a low-pass filter.The effect of increasing the Q is to move the poles in a circular path toward the ωj axis. Figure2.4b shows the case where Q = 2. Because the poles are closer to the ωj axis, they have a greater effect on the frequency response, causing a peak at the high end of the passband .Figure 2.4a The complex function of a second-order low-pass filter (Q = 0.707)Figure 2.4b The complex function of a second-order low-pass filter (Q = 2)There is also an effect on the filter's transient response. Because the poles' negative-real part is smaller, an input step function will cause ringing at the filter output. Lower values of Q result in less ringing, because the damping is greater. On the other hand, if Q becomes infinite, the poles reach the ωj axis, causing an infinite frequency response (instability and continuous oscillation) at 0ωω=. In the LCR circuit in Figure 2.3a, this condition would be impossible unless R=0. For filters that contain amplifiers, however, the condition is possible and must be considered in the design process.A second-order filter provides the variables 0ωand Q, which allow us to place poles wherever we want in the complex plane. These poles must, however, occur as complex conjugate pairs , in which the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts have opposite signs. This flexibility in pole placement is a powerful tool and one that makes the second-order stage a useful component in many switched-capacitor filters. As in the first-order case, the second-order low-pass transfer function tends to zero as frequency tends to infinity. The second-order function decreases twice as fast, however, because of the 2s factor in the denominator. The result is a double zero （零点） at infinity. 低通滤波器一阶滤波器从数学公式上讲，积分器（见图2.1a ）是最简单的滤波器；它是构成大多数现代滤波器的基本模块。

《科技英语阅读》段落翻译第四部分

The wires are anchored at the ends of the beam either by fixing to an anchor plate,or other devices such as wedging with concrete cones. • 译文：钢筋要么和一块锚板拧在一起固定在梁的末端，要么和其他装置，比如混凝土锥楔在一起。 Since the steel is stressed after the concrete is cast and hardened this method of prestressing is known as post-tensioning. • 译文：混凝土经过浇注，硬化之后，钢筋也随之被压紧的这种方法被称为后张法。 A disadvantage of this method is that the wires must be protected against corrosion by forcing cement grout into the sheath. • 译文：这种方法的一个缺点就是钢筋一定要用外壳包好，防止被进入外壳的水泥浆腐蚀。 The grout provides protection against corrosion and also provides a bond between the wires and the sheath and thus with the concrete; • 译文：水泥浆在防止腐蚀的同时，也扮演了钢筋和外壳之间的一种纽带作用，之后又扮演钢筋和混凝土之间的“中间人”的一个角色。
• 终端锚钢筋通常应用在大跨径混凝土梁中，在这个凝固的过程中，通常用外壳或其他包裹材料将周围的混凝土隔开，这样就能使钢筋在受压过程中自由移动。钢筋要么和一块锚板拧在一起固定在梁的末端，要么和其他装置，比如混凝土锥楔在一起，混凝土经过浇注，硬化之后，钢筋也随之被压紧的这种方法被称为后张法。这种方法的一个缺点就是钢筋一定要用外壳包好，防止被进入外壳的水泥浆腐蚀。水泥浆在防止腐蚀的同时，也扮演了钢筋和外壳之间的一种纽带作用，之后又扮演钢筋和混凝土之间的“中间人”的一个角色。同时，也增加了防止钢筋滑动的阻力，因为钢筋的固定不是完全依靠端锚墩。如果谨慎操作，这个缺点不会导致很大的危险。在预应力形成过程中允许钢筋自由移动的目的是让大部分混凝土硬化之后，给梁预加应力成为可能，从而在硬化过程中，由于混凝土的收缩固化，减少预应力的流失。在有些情况下，当梁本身开始能够承受自身重量的时候，增加预应力也是可行的。由于钢筋自身重量，预应力开始减轻相当一部分的压力。

科技英语翻译-第4章详解

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译
第2节人称代词的译法一、第一人称、第二人称代词的译法 1、直译英语中的第一人称和第二人称可以采用直译法，直接将含义译出。如： ◇You can use it to process wastewater effluents, waste solvent streams and waste oil products. 你们可用它处理排放废水、废溶剂以及废油产品。 2、省译在科技英语翻译中，第一人称和第二人称用来表示泛指的现象相当普遍，汉译时，通常将其省略不译。如： ◇By conductivity we mean the ability to conduct an electric current. 导电性就是指传导电流的能力。 ◇Our bodies need carbohydrates to make sugar which is used to produce energy. 人体需要碳水化合物来制造以产生能量的糖。
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions

代词的翻译代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。为了清楚地表达代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先要辨明代词所代替的先行词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中采用适当的翻译方法给予正确的表达，避免引起歧义。英语的代词久类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。其中，相互代词，反身代词和疑问代词的翻译比较容易、直观，以直译为主，本书不做专门讨论；连接代词和关系代词将在本书的第七章重点讨论。本书将重点讨论人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和不定代词。

科技翻译ESP chapt.4答案

4. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight charges are. 【改为】 The price of the coal will vary according to the distance of its transportation and the expensiveness of the freight charges. 【译文】煤的价格会随着煤的运途和运费而变化。
【译文2 】这一事实表明：摩擦力越小，球会滚得越远。由此我们可以推论出，如果一切起阻碍作用的重力和阻力能被克服，就没有理由认为球一旦处于运动状态之后会再停下来。
3. Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in farads
2. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water and displaces an additional amount of water that equals the weight of the added load. 【改为】As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water that equals the weight of the added load. 【译文】船装了货吃水更深，其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。

实用科技英语翻译 UNIT FOUR

UNIT FOUR
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Contents
➢科技翻译中的变通 ➢篇章翻译解析
科技翻译中的变通 ☞
增词词义的引申与补偿缩略语的翻译
科技翻译中的增词 ☞
语法性增词逻辑性增词修辞性增词
语法性增词
• 1）The drill-string of a rotary drill consists of four sections: a kelly, drill pipes, drill collars and the bit.
冷却。 • 引申：这些气体留住了阳光中的热量，而二氧化硫使空气冷却。
词义的引申与补偿 ☞
• 4）The pupil of the eye responds to the changes of light intensity.
• 直译：眼睛的瞳孔会对光线强度的变化做出反应。
• 引申：瞳孔可以随着光线的强弱而扩大或缩小。 • 5）The high-altitude plane was and still is a
定位与测距）雷达 • HARM=High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile（高
速反辐射导弹）哈姆Байду номын сангаас
（续）
• 意译： • DC=Direct Current 直流电 • HV=High Voltage 高压 • TB=tuberculosis 肺结核 • 零翻译： • CT=Computed Tomography 电子计算机X 射线断
层扫描技术 • UFO=Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物 • DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸 • MTV=music television 音乐电视

科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译U4

芝加哥的屋顶绿化由于当城市中宝贵的房屋建筑用地已所剩无几，城市规划者开始将目光转向空中。

寻找绿色空间也不例外。

欧洲的绿色屋顶长期以来为人们提供了环境、审美和经济方面的利益。

这种想法是否也会植根在美国植根呢？在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，当市长理查德•戴利看到了欧洲花园般的屋顶之后，便开始了绿色屋顶的创意。

在最近的一次电话采访时他说：“我认为，如果把芝加哥所有平坦的屋顶都利用起来，可以开辟数千英亩的土地用于美化环境，还有利于建筑物供暖、降温，以及进入排污系统的雨水控制。

”他继续说：“当你透过窗户眺望看这个城市时，你看到的不是钢筋混凝土，而是为对环境的美化。

所以我想，这就是我们应该做的到事情。

”绿色屋顶通常是由无需经常维护的抗旱植物组成（如景天属暑天景植物）。

这些屋顶的厚度均小于4英寸（10厘米），可直接在上面种植或制作成已有植物预先栽种在上面的种植垫。

即使斜屋顶也可以进行绿色屋顶处理。

利用率较高的绿色屋顶系统可以包括多种植物和园林要素，如树木，但只有在平坦的屋顶上才行。

这种绿色屋顶需要更深的种植材料或土壤替代物，它们更重，更昂贵，并且需要更多的维护。

绿化屋顶的最大好处之一是水资源管理。

它们能吸收落在屋顶上的大约50%%-60%%的雨水，这些雨水一部分通过植物蒸发（或“呼气”）回到大气中而消耗掉了，另一部分水保留在土壤中或其他培养媒介中，。

其余的则缓慢地、在人们的控制下缓慢地流入城市雨水排水系统，这个过程有助于抑制城市供水系统中大量雨水激增的现象，而要扩充该系统的费用是很昂贵的。

位于东兰辛伊斯兰莘市的密歇根州立大学植物和土壤学家布拉德•罗说：“在许多城市，甚至一场雷雨就可能造成（雨水的排水系统）溢流，并与污水混在一起。

谁知道它们会流到哪儿去呢？”绿色屋顶的支持者还列举出其他好处，如节省能源。

一个绿色屋顶可以降低多少能源成本，这取决于屋顶类型和使用该屋顶当地的气候。

比较温暖的气候是节省能源的最佳条件，因为与降低取暖费相比，使用绿色屋顶能够更有效地减少空调费用。

研究生科技英语阅读课文及译文第四章

In Namibia, about one-quarter of children have stunted growth related to poor nutrition; about 120,000 children have lost one or both parents, predominantly to HIV/AIDS, and 26% of all women aged 15 to 49 have had at least one child die."Living more sanitarily may have increased asthma, but in terms of scale and impact, that's tiny compared with the benefit of not dying from disease for lack of hygiene," says Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Some scientists are searching for ways to harness the immune-priming effects of microorganisms without the fatal diseases. Parasitic worms known as helminthes are leading the way.Clinical trials are under way in the U.S. and Europe testing Trichuris Suis Ova (TSO)—-a species of pig whipworm—as a treatment for peanut allergies, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and MS. A study is being designed to test it with asthma. It's also being tested with adults who have autism, which some researchers believe could be related to immunological function.Enlarge ImageCloseChina Photos/Getty ImagesA vendor's baby sits amid the chickens at a market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.Preliminary studies seem promising: In one, when 29 patients with Crohn's disease, a disorder of the digestive tract, were given TSO every three weeks for six months, symptoms improved in 21 of them with no adverse side effects.The ova are suspended in a liquid, invisible to the naked eye. "There's no taste, nothing to feel," says Dr. Weinstock, one of the early developers who could share in the proceeds if TSO proves successful. The microscopic eggs hatch into microscopic whipworms in the gastrointestinal tract, which interact with the host's immune system and can dampen an overactive immune response, he explains. To date, there have been few side effects, he says. "As far as we know, this agent doesn't cause diarrhea," he adds. "Nothing crawls out of you."For those who fear the "ick" factor, Dr. Weinstock notes that even under normal conditions, people are teeming with microorganisms, which outnumber human cells by about 10 to 1, many of which are necessary for human health. Many foods—from yogurt to cheese to bread—also contain live bacteria and fungi.Some daily products now widely advertise that they contain probiotics, or good bacteria. But most immunologists say that those in food products have not been sufficiently studied or standardized to draw scientific conclusions about what health benefits they provide.Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.The CDC's Dr. Bell says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if it gets into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says. But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands iscritical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can,' " says Dr. Weinstock. "But we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."All you need is a wormhole, the Large Hadron Collider or a rocket that goes really, really fast1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?1' Time travel was once considered scientific heresy. I used to avoid talking about it for fear of being labelled a crank. But these days I'm not so cautious. In fact, I'm more like the people who built Stonehenge. I'm obsessed by time. If I had a time machine I'd visit Marilyn Monroe in her prime or drop in on Galileo as he turned his telescope to the heavens. Perhaps I'd even travel to the end of the universe to find out how our whole cosmic story ends.2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.3 But there is another kind of length, a length in time. While a human may survive for 80 years, the stones at Stonehenge, for instance, have stood around for thousands of years. And the solar system will last for billions of years. Everything has a length in time as well as space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension.4 To see what that means, let's imagine we're doing a bit of normal, everyday car travel. Drive in a straight line and you're travelling in one dimension. Turn right or left and you add the second dimension. Drive up or down a twisty mountain road and that adds height, so that's travelling in all three dimensions. But how on Earth do we travel in time? How do we find a path through the fourth dimension?5 Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment. Time travel movies often feature a vast, energy-hungry machine. The machine creates a path through the fourth dimension, a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, perhaps foolhardy individual, prepared for who knows what, steps into the time tunnel and emerges who knows when. The concept may be far-fetched, and the reality may be very different from this, but the idea itself is not so crazy.6 Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time too, but we come at it from a different angle. We wonder if portals to the past or the future could ever be possible within the laws of nature. As it turns out, we think they are. What's more, we've even given them a name: wormholes. The truth is that wormholes are all around us, only they're too small to see. Wormholes are very tiny. They occur in nooks and crannies in space and time. You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me.6' A wormhole is a theoretical 'tunnel' or shortcut, predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity, that links two places in space-time - visualised above as the contours of a 3-D map, where negative energy pulls space and time into the mouth of a tunnel, emerging in another universe. They remain only hypothetical, as obviously nobody has ever seen one, but have been used infilms as conduits for time travel - in Stargate (1994), for example, involving gated tunnels between universes, and in Time Bandits (1981), where their locations are shown on a celestial map7 Nothing is flat or solid. If you look closely enough at anything you'll find holes and wrinkles in it. It's a basic physical principle, and it even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids. Now it's easy to show that this is true in the first three dimensions. But trust me, it's also true of the fourth dimension. There are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules, smaller than atoms, we get to a place called the quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels or shortcuts through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. And they actually link two separate places and two different times.8 Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimetre across. Way too small for a human to pass through - but here's where the notion of wormhole time machines is leading. Some scientists think it may be possible to capture a wormhole and enlarge it many trillions of times to make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.9 Given enough power and advanced technology, perhaps a giant wormhole could even be constructed in space. I'm not saying it can be done, but if it could be, it would be a truly remarkable device. One end could be here near Earth, and the other far, far away, near some distant planet.10 Theoretically, a time tunnel or wormhole could do even more than take us to other planets. If both ends were in the same place, and separated by time instead of distance, a ship could fly in and come out still near Earth, but in the distant past. Maybe dinosaurs would witness the ship coming in for a landing.11 The fastest manned vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It reached 25,000mph. But to travel in time we'll have to go more than 2,000 times faster12 Now, I realise that thinking in four dimensions is not easy, and that wormholes are a tricky concept to wrap your head around, but hang in there. I've thought up a simple experiment that could reveal if human time travel through a wormhole is possible now, or even in the future. I like simple experiments, and champagne.12' So I've combined two of my favourite things to see if time travel from the future to the past is possible.Let's imagine I'm throwing a party, a welcome reception for future time travellers. But there's a twist. I'm not letting anyone know about it until after the party has happened. I've drawn up an invitation giving the exact coordinates in time and space. I am hoping copies of it, in one form or another, will be around for many thousands of years. Maybe one day someone living in the future will find the information on the invitation and use a wormhole time machine to come back to my party, proving that time travel will, one day, be possible.In the meantime, my time traveller guests should be arriving any moment now. Five, four, three, two, one. But as I say this, no one has arrived. What a shame. I was hoping at least a future Miss Universe was going to step through the door. So why didn't the experiment work? One of the reasons might be because of a well-known problem with time travel to the past, the problem of what we call paradoxes.Paradoxes are fun to think about. The most famous one is usually called the Grandfather paradox. I have a new, simpler version I call the Mad Scientist paradox.13 I don't like the way scientists in movies are often described as mad, but in this case, it's true. This chap is determined to create a paradox, even if it costs him his life. Imagine, somehow, he's built a wormhole, a time tunnel that stretches just one minute into the past. Hawking in a scene from Star Trek with dinner guests from the past, and future: (from left) Albert Einstein, Data and Isaac Newton14 Through the wormhole, the scientist can see himself as he was one minute ago. But what if our scientist uses the wormhole to shoot his earlier self? He's now dead. So who fired the shot? It's a paradox. It just doesn't make sense. It's the sort of situation that gives cosmologists nightmares.15 This kind of time machine would violate a fundamental rule that governs the entire universe - that causes happen before effects, and never the other way around. I believe things can't make themselves impossible. If they could then there'd be nothing to stop the whole universe from descending into chaos. So I think something will always happen that prevents the paradox. Somehow there must be a reason why our scientist will never find himself in a situation where he could shoot himself. And in this case, I'm sorry to say, the wormhole itself is the problem.16 In the end, I think a wormhole like this one can't exist. And the reason for that is feedback. If you've ever been to a rock gig, you'll probably recognise this screeching noise. It's feedback. What causes it is simple. Sound enters the microphone. It's transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. But if too much of the sound from the speakers goes back into the mic it goes around and around in a loop getting louder each time. If no one stops it, feedback can destroy the sound system.17 The same thing will happen with a wormhole, only with radiation instead of sound. As soon as the wormhole expands, natural radiation will enter it, and end up in a loop. The feedback will become so strong it destroys the wormhole. So although tiny wormholes do exist, and it may be possible to inflate one some day, it won't last long enough to be of use asa time machine. That's the real reason no one could come back in time to my party.18 Any kind of time travel to the past through wormholes or any other method is probably impossible, otherwise paradoxes would occur. So sadly, it looks like time travel to the past is never going to happen. A disappointment for dinosaur hunters and a relief for historians.虫洞是根据爱因斯坦相对论预测的连接时空中两个不同地点的假想“隧道”或捷径，上面的三维图轮廓集中呈现了这一点：负能量将时间和空间拖入一条隧道入口，并在另一个宇宙出现。

科技翻译第四章分析解析

• 3、互换（将原文中的名词，即先行词，译为代词，而原文中的代词则译为名词） • e.g. Once it is combined, nitrogen is not chemically inert any longer. • 氮气一经化合，在化学上它就变得活泼了。 • Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided. • 各种元素不论分得怎样细小，它仍保持其特征。 • 4、增译（常见于被动句中，在句首或句中，增译“人们”，“有人”，“它们”，“我们”等泛指代词） • e.g. It might be thought that carbon dioxide would accumulate in the atmosphere, but this is not the case. • 人们可能会认为二氧化碳在大气中会越积越多，但事实并非如此。 • The relationship between the weight of the liquid and its concentration offers a means of quantitative analysis. • 该溶液的重量和其浓度之间的关系为我们提供了一种定量分析方法。
• 二、第三人称译法（直译、还原、互换、省略） • e.g. There are no constants(恒量) at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer--they are relative. • 不存在什么恒量，时间和空间的测量结果取决于观测值的位置--它们是相对的。 • Far from increasing the reaction rate, high temperatures decrease it. • 高温非但没有提高反应速率，反而降低速率。

new科技英语4

第四章动词非谓语形式§4 .1 动词不定式1、普通不定式：其功能有“主、宾、表、定、状、补”特点：（1）主语ⅰ、句子谓语必定为单数第三人称形式ⅱ、往往可用形式主语“it”的句型①“It + 系动词+ 表语+ 不定式”It is of great interest to study the three laws of motion.学习运动三定律是非常有趣的。

It proves convenient to describe the ability to conduct current in terms of conductance（电导）. 根据电导来描述导电的能力，证明是方便的。

It is possible to (do …)“我们能够……”It is necessary to (do …)“我们必须……”It is a simple matter to (do …)“……是容易的”②“It + 及物动词（take★, require, do, make）+ 宾语+ 不定式”It takes sunlight about 8 minutes to reach the earth.阳光到达地球需要大约8分钟的时间。

磁化（magnetize）这些物质需要一个强磁场。

It requires a strong magnetic field to magnetize these substances.磁化这些物质需要一个强磁场。

It took us two hours to solve this equation.解这个方程花了我们两个小时。

③“It + 不及物动词（suffice, work, help, occur）+ 不定式”（不常见）It suffices to give one example here.这里举一个例子就足够了。

④“It + 被动语态（desire, leave, find, propose）[ + 主补等] + 不定式”It is desired to solve the equation for the unknown（未知量）.我们要解这个方程未知量求出来。