中英文对照英语语言学重要概念解析英语专业学生教师资格证考生
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 句子sentence从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 动词短语phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun原级positive 比较级comparative最高级superlative 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形从句base form clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatoryquestion 存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence 基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence 主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement 宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction 双重限制double restriction 非限制non-restriction 数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form 格case普通格common case 所有格possessive case主格nominative case 宾格objective case性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person第三人称third person 时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时present perfect tense 过去完成时past perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation 否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调rising tone降调falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone文体style 结构structure层次rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory 幽默humorous 讽刺sarcastic。
教师资格证(英语)语言学中英对照(1)
中文英文导论1.规定性与描写性Prescriptive[prɪˈskrɪptɪv] and descriptive [dɪˈskrɪptɪv]2.共时性与历时性Synchronic[sɪŋˈkrɒnɪk] and diachronic [ˌdaɪəˈkrɒnɪk]3.语言和言语Langue 美[lɑːŋɡ]and parole [pəˈrəʊl]4.语言能力与语言运用c ompetence and performance5.任意性Arbitrariness[ˈɑːbɪtrərinəs]6.能产性Productivity[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti]7.双重性Duality[djuːˈæləti]8.移位性Displacement[dɪsˈpleɪsmənt]9.文化传承性Cultural transmission [trænzˈmɪʃn]语音学(phonetics[fəˈnetɪks])1. 发音语音学 articulatory [ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪtəri] phonetics2.听觉语音学auditory[ˈɔːdətri] phonetics3.声学语音学 acoustic [əˈkuːstɪk] phonetics4.元音 vowel [ˈvaʊəl]5.辅音 consonant [ˈkɒnsənənt]6.发音方式Manner of Articulation7.闭塞音stops8.摩擦音fricative [ˈfrɪkətɪv]9.塞擦音affricate[ˈæfrɪkət]10.鼻音nasal [ˈneɪzl]11.边音lateral [ˈlætərəl]12.流音liquids[ˈlɪkwɪdz]13.滑音glides[ɡlaɪdz]14.发音部位place of articulation15.双唇音bilabial[ˌbaɪˈleɪbiəl]16.唇齿音labiodental[ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentl]17.齿音dental18.齿龈音alveolar[ælˈviːələ]19.硬颚音palatal [ˈpælətl]20.软腭音velar [ˈviːlə(r)]21.喉音glottal[ˈɡlɒtl]22.声带振动vocal [ˈvəʊkl] cord [kɔːd] vibration23.清辅音voiceless24.浊辅音voiced [vɔɪst]音位学(phonology[fəˈnɒlədʒi])1.音素phone2.音位phoneme [ˈfəʊniːm]3.音位变体allophone[ˈæləfəʊn]4.音位对立phonemic[fəʊˈniːmɪk] contrast5.互补分布complementary[ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri] distribution6.最小对立体 minimal pair7.序列规则sequential[sɪˈkwenʃl] rule8.同化规则assimilation [əˌsɪməˈleɪʃn] rules9.省略规则deletion[dɪˈliːʃən] rule10.重音stress11.语调intonation [ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn]12.升调rising tone13.降调falling tone[təʊn]形态学(morphology[mɔːˈfɒlədʒi])1.词素morphemes[ˈmɔːfiːmz]2.同质异形体 allomorphs[ˈæləmɔːf]3.自由词素free morphemes4.粘着词素bound morphemes5.屈折词素inflectional[ɪnˈflɛkʃən(ə)l]/ grammatical morphemes6.派生词素derivational[ˌdɛrɪˈveɪʃən(ə)l]/ lexical morphemes7.词缀affix[əˈfɪks , ˈæfɪks]8.前缀prefix9.后缀suffix[ˈsʌfɪks]语义学(semantics [sɪˈmæntɪks])1.词汇意义lexical meaning2.意义sense3.概念意conceptual[kənˈseptʃuəl] meaning4.本意denotative[ˌdiː.nəʊˈteɪtiv] meaning5.字面意literal meaning6.内涵意connotative美[ˈkɑː.nə.teɪ.t̬ɪv] meaning7.指称reference [ˈrefrəns]8.同义现象synonymy [sɪˈnɒnɪmi]9.方言同义词 dialectal[ˌdaɪ.əˈlek.təl] synonyms[ˈsɪnənɪmz]10.文体同义词 stylistic [staɪˈlɪstɪk] synonyms11.搭配同义词 collocational[ˌkɒləʊˈkeɪʃən(ə)l] synonyms12.语义不同的同义词 semantically different synonyms13.多义现象polysemy [pəˈlɪsɪmi]14.同音异义homonymy15.同音异义词 homophones [ˈhɒməʊfəʊnz]16.同形异义词 homographs17.完全同音异义词 complete homonyms[ˈhɒm.ə.nɪm]18.下义关系hyponymy 美 [haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ]19.上义词superordinate [ˌsuːpər'ɔːdɪnət]20.下义词hyponyms['haɪpəʊnɪm]21.反义词antonymy[æn‘tɒnɪmɪ]22.等义反义词 gradable [ˈɡreɪdəbl] antonyms [ˈæntəʊnɪmz]23.互补反义词 complementary antonyms24.关系反义词 relational opposites25.蕴含 entailment[ɪnˈteɪl.mənt]26.预设 presuppose[ˌpriːsəˈpəʊz]27.语义反常semantically anomalous[əˈnɒmələs]语用学(pragmatics[præɡˈmætɪks])1. 言语行为理论 speech act theory2. 言内行为 locutionary[ləˈkjuː.ʃən.ər.i]3.言外行为 illocutionary [ˌɪl.əˈkjuː.ʃən.ər.i]4. 阐述类 representatives[ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪvz]5.指令类 directives [dɪˈrɛktɪvz]6.承诺类 commissives7.表达类 expressives[ɪkˈspresɪvz]8.宣告类 declarations [ˌdɛkləˈreɪʃənz]9.言后行为perlocutionary10.直接言语行为 direct speech act11.间接言语行为 inderect speech act12.会话原则principle of conversation13.合作原则cooperative principle14.数量准则the maxim [ˈmæksɪm]of quantity15.质量准则the maxim of quality16.关系准则the maxim of relation17.方式准则the maxim of manner语言与社会1.地域方言regional dialect2.社会方言sociolect [ˈsəʊsiəʊlekt]3.语域register[ˈredʒɪstə(r)]4.语场field of discourse5.语旨tenor [ˈtenə(r)]of discourse6.语式mode of discourse第二语言习得1.语言习得机制 LAD(language acquisition Device2. 对比分析 contrastive[kənˈtrɑː.stɪv] analysis3. 错误分析error analysis4.语际错误interlingual[ˌɪntəˈlɪŋɡwəl] errors5.语内错误intralingual [ˌɪntrəˈlɪŋɡwəl] errors6.过度概括overgeneralization7.互相联想cross-association8.中介语interlanguage9.石化fossilization [ˌfɒs.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən]。
(2021年整理)语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)
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第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure ofsounds and meaning)3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2.人际功能 Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能 performative:现实应用-—判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!" 等等6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic1)语音学 Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 句子sentence从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 动词短语phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun原级positive 比较级comparative最高级superlative 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形从句base form clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence 肯定句positive sentence 基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence 祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence 主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement 宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction 双重限制double restriction 非限制non-restriction 数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form普通格common case 所有格possessive case 主格nominative case 宾格objective case 性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person 时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense 现在完成时present perfect tense 过去完成时past perfect tense 将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation 否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech 自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调rising tone降调falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone 文体style 结构structure层次rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory 幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic。
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 句子sentence从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 动词短语phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun原级positive 比较级comparative最高级superlative 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形从句base form clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence 肯定句positive sentence 基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence 祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence 主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement 宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification限制restriction 双重限制double restriction 非限制non-restriction 数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form 格case普通格common case 所有格possessive case主格nominative case 宾格objective case 性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person 时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense 现在完成时present perfect tense 过去完成时past perfect tense 将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时presentcontinuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation 否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle ofproximity 强调emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调rising tone降调falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone 文体style 结构structure层次rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory 幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic。
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 句子sentence从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 动词短语phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun原级positive 比较级comparative最高级superlative 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形从句base form clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence 肯定句positive sentence 基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence 祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence 主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement 宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction 双重限制double restriction 非限制non—restriction 数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form普通格common case 所有格possessive case主格nominative case 宾格objective case 性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person 时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense 现在完成时present perfect tense 过去完成时past perfect tense 将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation 否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech 自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调rising tone降调falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone 文体style 结构structure层次rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory 幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic。
语言学重要概念梳理中英文对照版
第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds and meaning)3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number withsentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2.人际功能 Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能 performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book 可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic1)语音学 Phonetics :关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)
语⾔学重要概念梳理(中英⽂对照版)第⼀节语⾔的本质⼀、语⾔的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表⽰“树”这⼀概念;同样的声⾳,各国不同的表达⽅式2.双层结构Duality:语⾔由声⾳结构和意义结构组成(the structure ofsounds and meaning)3.多产性productive: 语⾔可以理解并创造⽆限数量的新句⼦,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number withsentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发⽣的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.⽂化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语⾔需要后天在特定⽂化环境中掌握⼆、语⾔的功能(Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2.⼈际功能 Interpersonal:⼈类在社会中建⽴并维持各⾃地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.⾏事功能 performative:现实应⽤——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function:表达强烈情感的语⾔,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion:应酬话phatic language,⽐如“吃了没?”“天⼉真好啊!”等等6.元语⾔功能 Metalingual Function:⽤语⾔来谈论、改变语⾔本⾝,如book可以指现实中的书也可以⽤“book这个词来表达作为语⾔单位的“书”三、语⾔学的分⽀1. 核⼼语⾔学 Core linguistic1)语⾳学 Phonetics:关注语⾳的产⽣、传播和接受过程,着重考察⼈类语⾔中的单⾳。
语言学重要概念梳理中英文对照版
第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure ofsounds and meaning)3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number withsentences)4.移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function2.人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4.表情功能Emotive Function:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能Phatic munion:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6.元语言功能Metalingual Function:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguistic1)语音学Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法 grammar 句法 syntax词法 morphology 句子 sentence从句 clause 词组 phrase词类 part of speech 单词 word实词 notional word 虚词 structural word单纯词 simple word 派生词 derivative复合词 compound 集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition连词 conjunction 动词 verb主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb 动词短语 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation 形容词 adjective名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concrete noun 物质名词 material noun原级 positive 比较级 comparative最高级 superlative 副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner 程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time 地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct 连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interrogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun 人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun 反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun 指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun 关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun 物主代词 possessive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun冠词 article 定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article 数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral 形式 form单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形从句 base form clause 从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause 名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause 主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence 并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence 一般疑问句 general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternativequestion附加疑问句 tag question 反义疑问句disjunctivequestion修辞疑问句 rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatoryquestion 存在句existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence 基本句型 basic sentencepattern 否定句negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句 exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence主语 subject 谓语 predicate宾语 object 双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object 间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补 subject complement 宾补 object complement表语 predicative 定语 attribute同位语 appositive 状语adverbial句法关系 syntactic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰 pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制 restriction 双重限制double restriction非限制non-restriction 数 number单数形式 singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式 regular form 不规则形式irregular form格 case普通格common case 所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case 宾格 objective case性 gender 阳性 masculine阴性 feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称 person第一人称 first person 第二人称 second person第三人称third person 时态 tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时 past simple tense 一般将来时futuresimple tense现在完成时 present perfect tense 过去完成时 past perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense 现在进行时 present continuoustense 过去进行时 past continuous tense 将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous 语态 voice主动语态 active voice 被动语态 passive voice语气 mood 陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood否定 negation 否定范围scope of negation全部否定 full negation 局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation 语序 order自然语序 natural order 倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion 部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirectspeech 一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调 emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调 rising tone降调 falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone 文体 style 结构structure层次 rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义 derogatory 幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic。
中英文对照 英语语言学重要概念解析 英语专业学生 教师资格证考生.精讲
第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)任意性Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds and meaning)多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function2. 人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3. 行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 表情功能Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 寒暄功能Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6. 元语言功能Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics :关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)
第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树"这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure ofsounds and meaning)3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number withsentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 1. 传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The mainfunction2.2。
人际功能 Interpersonal: 人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.3。
行事功能 performative:现实应用—-判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 4. 表情功能 Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.5。
寒暄功能 Phatic: 应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6. 6. 元语言功能 Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书"三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguisticl 语音学 Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
中小学教师资格考试常用英语语法专业术语英汉对照
英语语法专用术语汉英对照语法grammar 句法syntax词法morphology 句子sentence从句clause 词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition连词conjunction 动词verb主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 动词短语phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective名词noun 专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun原级positive 比较级comparative最高级superlative 副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article 定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral 形式form单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形从句base form clause 从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound sentence 陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence 基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence 祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成分members of sentence 主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object 双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement 宾补object complement表语predicative 定语attribute同位语appositive 状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordinate 修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction 双重限制double restriction 非限制non-restriction 数number单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form规则形式regular form 不规则形式irregular form 格case普通格common case 所有格possessive case 主格nominative case 宾格objective case 性gender 阳性masculine阴性feminine 通性common中性neuter 人称person第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person 时态tense过去将来时past future tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时future simple tense 现在完成时present perfect tense 过去完成时past perfect tense 将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous 语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation 否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation 局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion 部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 简介引语indirect speech 自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement 就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis重复repetition 语音pronunciation语调tone 声调rising tone降调falling tone 升降调falling-rising tone 文体style 结构structure层次rank 正式文体formal非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression 用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory 幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic。
中英文对照--英语语言学重要概念解析--英语专业学生-教师资格证考生
中英文对照--英语语言学重要概念解析--英语专业学生-教师资格证考生第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)任意性Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds and meaning)多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function2. 人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish andmaintain their identity3. 行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 表情功能Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 寒暄功能Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6. 元语言功能Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics :关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
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第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)任意性Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds and meaning)多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function2. 人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3. 行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 表情功能Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 寒暄功能Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6. 元语言功能Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics :关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
Its main focus is on the articulation,transmission and reception of human sounds,especially isolated soundsl 音位学Phonology:从功能的角度出发对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及其组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。
The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns from function perspective.l 形态学Morphology:研究单词的内部构造the internal structure of wordsl 句法学Syntax:研究组词造句的规则the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.l 语义学Semantics:对语言产生的意义的方法的系统研究,以研究词义和句义为主it’s the systemic studies on the meaning-producing mechanism in languages, including words and sentences meaningl 语用学Pragmatics:从语言同使用者之间的关系出发,研究在实际交际in real-time communication contexts中影响人们语言使用的各种因素mainly in terms of the relationship between language and language-users。
2. 边缘语言学Peripheral:·心理语言学psycho-linguistics ·社会语言学socio-linguistics ·人类语言学anthropo-linguistics ·计算机语言学computer-linguistics四、语言学中几对基本概念1. 规定性研究Prescriptive与描述性研究Descriptivel Prescriptive:着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态,如标准语法/语音等,为规定人们如何说话、写作l Descriptive:着重于语言中“事实Facts”,目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的2. 共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronicl Synchronic:以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象,如现代汉语研究、莎士比亚时代语言研究等l Diachronic:研究语言各个阶段的发展变化,研究语言的历史发展规律3.语言Langue和言语Parole(由Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔提出)l Langue:指语言系统的整体the whole linguistic system,所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的词语-形象word-image的总和,这个整体相对比较稳定l Parole:指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语actual use of language,是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的、偶然性很大的实体。
4.语言能力competence与语言运用performance(由Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基提出)l Competence:指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备l Performance:指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用注与索绪尔的区别——索绪尔着重于从社会的角度social perspective来研究语言,乔姆斯基则从语言使用者的知识构成the knowledge base of the language users来看待语言,如乔从心理学的角度来分析语言第二节语音学Phonetics一、语音学的分支1.发音语言学Articulatory phonetics:研究语音产生的方式,这是普通语言学主要研究的分支 2. 声学语言学Acoustic phonetics 3. 听觉语言学Auditory phonetics二、语音学中两个重要概念1.言语语音Speech sounds:●是语音学研究的对象,亦可叫做音段Segment或者音素Phone;●分为两种:辅音consonants 和元音vowels2.发音器官Speech organs:●声带the Vocal Cords:位于咽喉the Larynx中,咽喉突出的部分较喉结The Adam’s Apple ●三个回声腔:咽腔the Pharynx、口腔the oral cavity和鼻腔the nasal cavity三、关于辅音Consonants1.概念:发音过程中产生了气流阻塞的那些音There is an obstruction of the air at some point of the vocal tract.2.分类:三类划分——发音部位Places of articulation 、发音方式Manners of articulation和清浊特征按照发音部位places:●唇间音bilabial:/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/ ●唇齿音labio-dental:/f/ /v/ ●齿间音dental:/ 6/ /咬舌Z/●牙龈音alveolar:/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/ /r/ ●龈腭音alveo-palatal/post-alveolar:●硬腭音Palatal:/师/ /3/ /ts/ /d3/ /j/●喉音glottal:/h/按照发音方式manners●完全阻塞辅音complete obstruction/爆破音plosives/stops: /p/, /b/ /t/, /d/ /k/, /g/ ●鼻音nasals:/m/ /n/ /n长/●擦音fricatives:/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /师/ /3/ /6/ /咬舌z/ /h/ ●破擦音affricates:/ts/ /d3/ ●流音liquids : /r/ /l/●滑音/半元音glides/simivowels:/w/ /j/ ●接近辅音approximants ●中央流音central ●边流音lateral:3.特征:清浊特征Voicing●分类:浊辅音voiced consonants 清辅音voiceless consonants ●体现形式:声带是否震动in the vibration of the vocal cords ●E.g:/p/ 和/d/送气特征Aspiration●articulated with a strong air stream pushing out ●只有爆破音和破擦音有送气与否的区别●不造成词义改变,是非区别性特征●E.g:/p/ 在please中送气,在speak中不送气区别性特征Distinctive Features●可以用来区分不同音位(phonetic voicing)如清浊特征,但送气特征就不是●区别性特征一般都是双元Binary的(+voicing/ -voicing)四、关于元音V owels1.概念:发音中没有出现任何气流阻塞的音A sound pronounced with no obstruction of the air stream2.分类:舌翘位置the part of the tongue that is raised、舌高the extent to which the tongue rises 和嘴唇的形状the shape of the lips舌翘:front——/i/ /e/ /a/;back——/o/ /u/ 舌高:high——/i/ /u/;mid——/e/ /o/;low ——/a/ 唇形:unrounded——/i/ /e/ /a/;rounded——/o/ /u//a/: front, low, unrounded /e/:front, mid,un rounded /i/: front, high, unrounded /o/: back, mid, rounded /u/: back, mid, rounded3. 标准元音Cardinal vowels:由一组任意确定的元音组成,这些元音都是作为抽象的单位存在,为描述现实语音中的元音提供一个参考框架,由琼斯提出。
4. 双元音Diphthongs:有两个音组成——纯元音pure vowel+短促的滑音brief gliding sound,由前音滑向后音,又称元音过渡V owel Glides五、其他相关概念1. 语音同化Co-articulation或Assimilation:在一个语音群中,一个语音总会带上其附近语音的某种性质,这个现象就成为语音同化。