第三节 草田轮作及牧草混播应用

第三节草田轮作及牧草混播应用一草田轮作随着我国经济的迅速发展和人民生活水平的提高，人们对肉、奶、蛋、鱼（畜）产品的需求量越来越大，使得畜禽饲养业和水产养殖业的规模不断扩大，对饲料的需求也日益增加。

同时在肉类结构中，草食性家畜的比例越来越大，形成对青饲料（牧草）的极大需求。

尽管我国有大面积的天然草场，但仍不能满足需求。

因此，在农区发展牧草（含饲料作物）进行草田轮作已势在必行。

The third section field rotation and forage grass in application （a）grass field rotationWith the rapid development of our economy and the improvement of people's living standards, person in meat, milk, eggs, fish (livestock) demand become more and more , animal husbandry and aquaculture scale constantly expanding, increasing demand for feed. At the same time in the meat structure, herbivorous livestock proportion is more and more big, the formation of forage (grass) great demand. Despite a large area natural grassland in our country, we can still not meet the demand of. Therefore, in the rural development of forage (feed containing crops) of grass and crop rotation has been imperative.（一）草田轮作的概念草田轮作，简单说就是引草入田，就是将牧草与作物在一定的地块、一定的年限内，按照一定的顺序进行轮换种植的一种合理利用土地的耕作制度。

人们通常所说的“倒茬”是作物间的一种轮作形式，而草田轮作是牧草与作物间的“倒茬”。

(1)the concept of field rotationGrass crop rotation, say simply is grass in fields, is a reasonable use of land cropping system to pasture and crop in some plots and certain years, according to a order to rotation planting . People often say "down stubble" is a form of crop rotation , and the grass crop rotation is "inverted crop" between forage and crops.（二）草田轮作的优点1. 能够不断提高土壤肥力和农作物产量；2. 能够为牲畜提供大量的优质饲草、饲料，促进农牧结合，增产增收；3. 能够减少化肥投入，减轻杂草和病虫害，节省劳力，提高土地产出率和劳动生产率；4. 能够充分利用土壤地力、地上空间和水热条件。

(2) the advantages of the grass field rotation1. To improve soil fertility and crop yield;2. Able to provide a large number of high quality forage grass, livestock feed, and to promote agriculture and animal husbandry, increase production;3. Can reduce the fertilizer input, reduce weeds , plant diseases and insect pests, labor saving, improve land productivity and labor productivity;4. To be able to make full use of the soil fertility, the floor space and hydrothermal conditions.（三）草田轮作的几种形式1. 传统的草田轮作这是一种通过耕地的休闭、轮歇、压青等，恢复地力后再种植庄稼的轮换形式，该轮作方式由来已久，至今延用，是现代草田轮作的雏形。

它的好处是普及面广、年限短、周期快。

缺点是不够科学，收益很低。

2. 密集农业的草田轮作这是一种通过对牧草间、混、套、复、单等填闲耕作，在小范围内充分利用时间和水热条件，达到既增加土壤肥力，又增加收入的先进而科学轮作形式。

这种轮作方式集中在灌溉地区，如河套地区和西辽河平原灌区等。

具体的轮作形式有：（1）间种轮作：就是两种不同的作物或牧草隔行种植，定期轮换。

（2）混种轮作：就是将两种以上的牧草或作物的种子按比例均匀地掺合在一起，同时播种。

有一、二年生牧草与作物的混种，也有多年生豆科牧草与作物的混种。

（3）套种轮作：即在作物没有收获之前就播种牧草。

如玉米间种小麦，小麦套种草木樨。

一般玉米两行或四行，小麦六行或两行（4）复种轮作：就是在作物收获后进行翻耕、平整土地（也有不翻地的）再种植牧草或作物。

（5）单种轮作：就是在小块土地上种植高产优质牧草，几年后再轮种作物。

如小麦套种紫花苜蓿，紫花苜蓿5年后再轮种大田作物。

(3) the grass field rotation of several forms1. The traditional grass field rotationThis is a kind of the cultivated land by relaxation ,rotation ,green manuring ang so on, soil recovery after planting crop rotation, the rotation has a long way, still continue, is theprototype of the modern grass field rotation. It has the advantage of wide popularization rate, duration of short cycle, fast. The disadvantage is that not enough science, income is very low.2. Intensive farming grass field rotationThis is a kind of scientific crop rotation forms through the grass, mix, catch cultivatio n, such as complex, single and so on, on a small scale, make full use of time and hydrothermalconditions to increase the soil fertility, and the income . This way of rotation isconcentrated in the irrigation area, such as “HETAO”region and “THE WESTLIAOHE ”plain irrigation area.The specific form of rotation are:(1) Interplanting rotation is two kinds of different crops or pasture interlaced, regular rotation.(2)Hybrid rotation: is two or more of the pasture or crop seeds evenly blended together inproportion, at the same time to sow. On the one hand, having the biennial hybrid of grass and crops, on the other hand ,having perennial leguminous forage and crop hybrid.(3) the intercropped crop rotation : planting grass before the crops no gains. Such as corninterplanting wheat, wheat interplanting sweet clover. 拉丁文Generally two or four lines of corn, six or two lines of wheat.(4)Cropping rotation: is in ploughing after harvesting the crops, flat land, also have notclicking) and grass or crops.(5) a single rotation: the high-yield, high-quality forage planting on small plots of land,rotation crops a few years later . Such as wheat interplanting alfalfa, alfalfa rotation ofsome field crops five years later.（三）粗放农业的草田轮作就是在大面积的坡地或平地种植一、二年或多年生牧草，在小块分散的土地上进行农作物倒茬，即所谓的大块轮换小块倒茬。

目前也有小块的轮换倒茬，这种轮作比较集中在对自然条件依赖较多的农区、半农半牧区。

它的优点是适合干土质差及干旱的地区，草片集中，便于管理利用，缺点是周期长，一般为3～7年。