外文资料翻译
外文资料翻译3000
无锡职业技术学院外文翻译The energy-conservation of freezer, with automaticallyingcontrol1 A present freezer of automatic control current situationsThough the cold storage self-control having been popularized all round, but great majority cold storages putting particular emphasis on is only a safeguard face to face , the energy conservation having increased Wenku picking up the self-adjustment and cold storage measuring and controlling, to entire system relates that under the control of seldom or. Even if another aspect, already getting the all-round universal safeguard, before actual condition in working can't admit of no sanguine, } pins up the cold storage self-control facilities having become "ear of the deaf person" even having become furnishing and decorating decorating front appearance only. The Shanghai cold storage association has done investigation in recent years to Shanghai area ammonia refrigerating system cold storage safeguard and autocontrol condition , concrete conditions has seen that are what form l shows. A spot of should inquire into a data as the leopard has reflected current cold storage self-control general situation Form what 1 shows a self-control interposes and runs status though the very good cold storage only having 5 tidal current and direction accounting for 9% of the number counting, but it is these cold storages to have represented a nowadays. With the development of electron technology, the self-control component is more and more advanced , changeable procedure controller (PLC) and the PC function are more and more strong , self-control procedure is more and more perfect, system optimization and the energy conservation consciousness are also more and more strong. The cold storage energy conservation and the autocontrol relation are more and more rapid and intense , need the cold storage energy conservation to be ready for and composing much better, do well in and be engaged in better the autocontrol vitally needing right away. Above-mentioned example adopted by five cold storages representing tidal current in the nowadays and advanced level has all got the pretty important effect to realizing cold storage energy conservation.2 How be ready for cold storage energy conservation autocontrolFundamental above-mentioned content starting point is the cold storage taking ammonia as all together style refrigeration working medium refrigerating system , is that refrigeration working medium decentralization, allows all together style , all together style refrigerating system cold storage to have got very big development , whose self-control degree overtops also sometimes the all together style refrigerating system cold storage taking ammonia as refrigeration working medium on behalf of a hydrocarbon with the thick gravy nowadays. Many working mediums are unlike cold storage of system of all kinds extensive use, content having enriched cold storage autocontrol tremendously, application in energy conservation at the same time also has provided the vast scope for one's ability to autocontrol in the cold storage.2.1 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrolCold storage energy conservation autocontrol is energy conservation under the control of procedure establishment and self-control component selecting and using from the content coming to study the autocontrol developing cold storage energy conservation's relates that mainly whom.The firm, special field designing institute or capable unit as self-control component may assume cold storage energy conservation autocontrol research and develop equally. The firm and the designing institute make a contribution to some extent without exception already by now within that field. Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol can be developed exploitation commonly by firm and designing institute best (not bad firm give first place to, the designing institute coordinates) , perfects in the process of putting into effect using an unit the new product getting into form and grinding unceasingly to get rich.2.2 Energy conservation autocontrol specific items design prepares a cold storage putting composition into practice.That a specific items energy conservation autocontrol's puts process into practice sometimes is that the purpose checking K amendment , reaching energy conservation until according with design demand by designing , assembling debugging , pilot run , effect is extremely. While the project requires that content is changed into a ratio to some extent, may revise K at any time satisfying a request.The cold storage energy conservation sometimes requires that the advanced refrigeration switches over to prepare , right system mates , effective the words emergency measure and strict operation manage to manage to be put into effect, be requiring that the refrigeration technician goes ahead in the basis optimizing refrigeration process design right now, know well that energy conservation needs , be tied in wedlock this project characteristic , the flow chart designing out entire cold storage energy conservation autocontrol. Ability accomplishes whose electricity self-control design according to the self-control flow chart , the electricity self-control technician , being able to wield whose professional knowledge at the same time, makes self-control technological process be simplification and an optimization more. Cold storage energy conservation is a cold storage autocontrol important component , all cold storage autocontrol is composed of refrigeration and electricity two parts content without exception , K makes cold storage energy conservation be carried out to the letter only when ability makes cold storage autocontrol come into effect in the field of two under technician's making joint efforts.3 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol pilot run is also one very important ring , echoes the usage unit and the special field firm in the pilot run keeping close connection , uses an unit to discuss working effect , deliberates amendment measure with special field firm and.Energy conservation is one of cold storage autocontrol purpose.3.1 Adjusts storehouse temperature adjustment in the past about that the storehouse temperature and the evaporation temperature adjust the parametric storehouse of3.1.1 Storehouse temperature controlMultiple spots temperature temperature giving first place to dyadic adjustment of place, correct evaporate the temperature not sometimes doing adjustment , very difficult to reach good energy conservation effect.The ideal storehouse temperature control mode is that wind and their air-out temperature is entering parameter with the storehouse mean temperature , the air cooler moving forward , works out appropriate under the control of procedure , measures by the fact that PLC is in progress. So-called Wenku adjusts the request being able to reach energy conservation , also can satisfy the need that some storehouse high-accuracy temperature adjusts, self own but the accuracy reaching 0.250 C requires that energy conservation makes an appointment with 10% at present.3.1.2 Regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation statePs stop being unlike the diversity evaporates because K couplet operation can only work under evaporating the temperature with a with a systematic refrigeration compression engine evaporating the cold room of temperature temperature cold if K couplet work, with regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation state, should cold hot load increasingly be promoted to a higher post increasingly no energy conservation. Ought to try one's best to avoid this condition appearing. One machine reviews the cold storage method of work pair in freon refrigerating system , add the back pressure valve on time of high temperature warehouse air tube , add single check valve on time of low temperature warehouse air tube, be representative block of wood energy conservation methodof work, do not respond to encourage but suitable abolish.3.1.3 Unexpected turn of events evaporates temperature adjustmentSome one work state lower if evaporate temperature can use storehouse hot load and refrigerating system refrigerating output be parameter be in progress adjustment, then now that can reach energy conservation purpose can make energy adjustment be more rational. The sort Er Yan , refrigerating system evaporation implement and refrigeration compression engine equipment can satisfy maximal load need basically all. Load falls off but the refrigerating output can not make corresponding adjustment in time if the cold room is hot, the refrigerating output and hot load being that the refrigerating system evaporation temperature will may act in responses reduces , uses a compression engine reach a new balance burning. The lessening evaporating the temperature has increased but the refrigerating output evaporating an implement conversely but , has faced the hot load that self own cuts down taking form surely frequently opening the consequence staying. Evaporate temperature 10 C per change, electric energy about 3 ~ 5% acting in responses adding or subtracting. Be energy conservation on making system burn in another ideal balance of } if raising the evaporation temperature in time,have avoided freely not having achieved not only, having decreased by the refrigeration compression engine's frequently starts , is the energy conservation measure achieving two things at one stroke. Not changeable fundamental refrigerant rate of flow rate of flow evaporating an implement adjusts.3.1.4 Changeable rateChangeable rate of flow adjustment ammonia in the past refrigerating system; Freon system evaporates the implement refrigerant rate of flow , great majority achieve simple proportion measures. The air cooler air mass flow great majority do not measure or speed and the electric fan platform number measure only when two. This two kinds parametric rate of flow adjustment all are cold the adjustment assigning the equipment refrigerating output and storehouse temperature direct relevance , one of the content being also that the cold storage energy conservation self-control responds to in taking seriously with the storehouse.3.1.5 Fetch the warehouse taken heightSets up right under the control of accuracy and adds the storehouse temperature setting up the commodity and different storage period controlling the different storehouse , different stock out of gauge having no equal to and their under the control of accuracy request. Set off from the energy conservation angle, the storehouse temperature ought to take height not choosing low , the mild high-accuracy controlling accuracy ought to fetch the warehouse taken height , insisted to run after face to face unnecessarily low low controls as long as not affecting the commodity quality.To the cold room of many } storehouse temperature under the control of, except original storehouse temperature setting value, suitable add set up Kuwen transfinite controlling value. This pair of factors storehouse temperature adjusts deflect but premature bringing into service being able to achieve when refrigerating system needs bringing into service , incapable because of } pins up the storehouse temperature; Can not make cold according to reality that time at intervals, refrigerating system stops working untimely Ding , fully utilizes now having energy K avoid equipment or systematic frequently open Ding.3.1.6 Set up avoiding meeting high o perationInterpose avoid meeting high o operation under the control of electric power short-supplied be the universal phenomenon that current all parts of the country there exists in everywhere, huge bad especially heavy electric power of power consumption o grain is short-supplied , the electric charge o grain price differences puts into effect in a lot of city and price differences play big as early as successive steps for this purpose. Under the premise not affecting commodity mass, the cold storage is set up avoiding meeting high o peration , beneficial to the electrified wire netting cuts o repair a valley , help overall situation energyconservation on macroscopic view; Microcosmic Er Yan operation also beneficial toreducing a cold storage cost.3.2 Cold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustmentCold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment and the temperatureadjusts the method similarity repeating description unnecessarily. But in general cold room relative humidity is in 85 ~ the relative humidity that the also a little bit cold room demands is lower than or the relative humidity higher than the be 98%, but some crops of relative humidity kind of quality warehouse being range , for instance some gases turn to obj1 = " 位" exchange the warehouse request demands 45% to be 40 ~ between 95%. During the period of high relative humidity adjustment and low relative humidity adjustment, Youyin attaches importance to energy conservation measure.3.2.1 High relative humidities adjust the adjustmentHigh relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to high relative humidity , are going try one's best to reduce the logarithm averages difference in temperature (2 advisable K) between the refrigerant temperature and the storehouse temperature, return refrigerating system back when being necessary but adopt to be loaded with the cold agent first; May adopt air defrosting K besides with defrosting water restoring to the storehouse. That this two measure is given by autocontrol being put into effect, is effective energy conservation method , the domestic trade headquarter has not been 20,000 tons of Long Kou City gas that the research institute designs obj1 exchange a warehouse being a very good example of one 17 }.3.2.2 Low relative humidities adjust the adjustmentLow relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to low relative humidity , controlling also should be ready for two aspect mainly. One is on the basis selecting and using dehumidification method and dehumidification machine stopping bringing quantity of heat into cold room to the full, hot few cold p rooms load controlling good dehumidification while procedure, reaching the relative humidity request. It's two is to avoid air current organizing the wet load controlling fever of taking now and then entering unnecessary outside; Once had the wet low one } low temperature crops kind of quality warehouse, wet load roughly accounts for about35% of plain meter { load from invading the heat within being put in storage outside.3.3 Measures about providing liquid wayDirect swelling is for liquid's expanding directly to be for liquid's being that great majority thick gravies pin up the confession liquid method that ammonia system adopts on behalf of hydrocarbon (include freon) system and }. This provides liquid method with adopt the heating power expansion valve to provide liquid in the past basically , self problem, has no way to realize the energy conservation purpose since choosing the type , adjustment and product. Electron expansion valve appearing measures combining with selecting parametric Kuwen of temperature much , can realize energy conservation operation fairly good, sort but energy conservation 10%. But the thick gravy generation hydrocarbon refrigerating system heating power expansion valve product already be commensurate to maturity and still have the special-purpose PLC Kuwen controller, for a variety of reasons, adopt extension , wait for to increase energy not yet commonly in cold storage refrigerating system. Working hot shot degree of ammonia refrigerating system evaporation implement is not big , degree of difficulty is under the control of relatively bigger , there is no at present still mature ammonia using electron to expand ? ? valve product. The system冷库节能与自动控制1 当前冷库自控现状冷库自控虽然得到了全面普及，然而大多数冷库的侧重面只是安全保护，或者还增加了温库捡测和控制，对于全系统的自动调节和冷库的节能控制还很少涉及。
外文资料及翻译
A New Contact less Fault Diagnosis Approach forPantograph-Catenary Syst emRailway transport is one of the most important mass transportation media in the worldwide.With the development of trains speed, safety and comfort levels of railways is getting more importance day by day. Besides high level of security requirement, detection of anomaly for rail and road shall be early identified for decreasing operation and maintenance expenditures. The pantograph-catenary system has an important role for collecting the current in electrical railways. The problem occurred in this system will affect the current collection performance of electrified trains. In this paper, a new image processing based technique is proposed to detect the arcing faults occurred between catenary and pantograph contact. The proposed method takes one frame from the digital camera and then the edge detection algorithm extracts the edges of pantograph. The arcing between contact wire and pantograph is detected by examining the position of contact wire of pantograph’s edge. INTRODUCTIONWith the development of the high-speed electrified trains, the demands for safety of railway transport come into more important. A pantograph is the most utilized component for transmission electric power from overhead wire to locomotive. To ensure the power without any problem, pantographs should maintain good contact under different train speeds. In recent times, the speeds of electrified trains have reached rather high levels. Under these speeds, maintain good contact is challenging problem. Via railroad maintenance planning based on early rail and road anomaly detection technologies, derailment accidents are prevented. Pantograph and overhead line are two fundamental components for the collection of current signals in electrified trains. The wear between pantograph and overhead wire will result with catastrophic faults. The pantograph arcing faults occurs because of below reasons.In railway systems, the pantograph is manually inspected to detect damages. In this inspection, locomotive should be taken to a service. This method is undesirable because of loss of service time and cost . Pantograph arcing is one of the most seen fault in electrified railway systems. This arcing generally occurs at higher speed, increasing load, and in cold weather condition. In most case, there is a sliding contact between pantograph and catenary system. A pantograph laterally draws a zigzag on overhead line. However, overhead line applies more contact to some location of pantograph because of a faulty condition. In normal condition, there is a moisture layer between the contact surface and pantograph. In winter season, this moisture layer is frozen and it is more difficult the sliding between two components.Mechanical sensor based contact type rail and road measurement and inspection techniques has been used in the railway industry. The contact force between pantograph and catenary system was monitored by using a fiber strain sensors . Static and dynamic strains were detected by developed system. With the latest technological developments, contact less measurement techniques are now being used in railway measurement systems. Pantograph and overhead wire system was analyzed by using infrared camera. This analysis was used to detect overheating pantograph strip, bursts of arcing, and irregular positioning of contact line. For an efficient wear measurement of contact wire, a new multi-camera based optical inspection system was proposed. Different cameras were mounted at different positions of the roof of the vehicle and overhead contact was visually inspected from different angles. Abrasion on pantograph slide was detected by using edge detection algorithm. Discrete wavelet and Hough transform based method was applied to image of pantograp h slide and abrasion related features were extracted. The five kinds of edge detection algorithms were evaluated for the examination of the pantograph slipper images. The results show that Canny edge detection algorithm gives better results than other algorithms. The contact performance between pantograph and overhead line affects the current collecting performance. An image processing based method was proposed to monitor the contact performance. In recent years, there is more relevance about using contact less condition monitoring of railway systems. However, the developed system is suitable for laboratory applications.In this paper, a new method is proposed to monitor the contact between pantograph and catenary system. The proposed method takes one frame from a video in each step and then the Canny edge detection algorithm extracts edges from image frame. The position of overhead wire is determined in the edge image. This position is used to detect the contact force between pantograph and overhead wire. The obtained signal from position of contact wire is analyzed by two statistical parameters and anomaly in the position is detected.SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN PANTOGRAPH AND OVERHEAD WIREThe contact between pantograph and overhead wire, which is found on the roof of an electrified train, allows the collecting current from overhead feeding conductor. Contact wire takes the electric from feeder station that connected at regular space.The contact wire is connected to the messenger wire using dropper wires. The continuity of contact wire is important to ensure better electrical performance. One way to maintain contact is to increase the up-lifting force. However, it increases the resonance of overhead wire and this causes the loss of the contact and wear of contact wire. When the contact has been lost or a gap has been occurred, the power of train will be interrupted. The loss of the contact alsocauses the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. For high speed train, current collection is based on good contact performance. On a straight way, the contact wire moves slightly to the left and right corner of pantograph.The contact wire applies an impression to different points of the pantograph. Such a system extends the life time of a pantograph. The sliding contact between pantograph and overhead wire consists of three layers. These layers are copper wire, layer of oxide and carbon, and thin film of water.The conduction mechanism is realized by using thin film of water. The gap between two electrodes should be maintained. However, the thin film of water can get frozen in winter and the sliding contact may extend.The sliding contact is affected from weather condition. The harsh winter condition affects lifting force of pantograph and this leads to appearance of arcing. Thereafter, the contact wire and pantograph can cause damage.CONTACTLESS FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR PANTOGRAPH -CATENARY SYSTEMTo measure automatically the contact strip, the images taken from a camera are used. The main task is to monitor the sequential video frames and detect the anomaly conditions. The obtained images will be analyzed by using canny edge detection algorithm. Edges of pantograph system are extracted for all frames. Contact wire position of each frame is determined from the extracted edge images. The y-axis of this wire continuously changes. This change is saved for each frame. All positions of the contact wire in the video are saved as a signal and then the anomaly of this signal is detected by using statistical parameters. Therefore, the monitoring process will be automated.The first step is to extract the edge of each frame from video. Afterwards, the y-position of the contact wire is detected and added to the YS array. When all of frame is read, the algorithm will produce the position array of y-axis. The features extracted from contact wire signal (YS) are skewness and kurtosis. They can be computed as represent the mean and standard deviation of each window.The edges in an images are the pixels that their brightness’s change suddenly. Edges characterize the boundaries and therefore they have an important topic in image processing . An edge detection algorithm generally consists of three steps: filtering, derivation, and edge detection. In the filtering stage, the image is filtered in order to remove the noise. In the derivation stage, edge areas in the image are brightening up via density change in the edge area. In the last stage, edges of the image are determined.Canny algorithm is known as an optimal edge detection algorithm . Canny algorithm usesGaussian filter to smooth the image and eliminate the noise in the first step. In the next step, these regions are tracked and the algorithm suppresses any pixel that is not at the maximum. In the hysteresis step, the remaining pixels that have not been suppressed are tracked. In this step, two thresholds are used. If the magnitude is smaller than first threshold, it is taken as non-edge. If the second threshold is smaller than magnitude, this magnitude is taken as an edge.X and y shows the coordinates of the images and σis the standard deviation. G n and n show the first derivative of G and direction, respectively. The image is depicted as g. The first step of the algorithm is to apply the canny algorithm to each frame of pantograph’s video. After the edge image is obtained, the position of contact wire will be detected. For each frame, the obtained positions are added to an array. This array will be used to detect the disorder between contact wire and pantograph.The algorithm takes the edge image of the current frame and finds the y-axis position of contact wire. The algorithm starts the searching of contact wire from the first pixel of the current frame. If the algorithm detects a candidate pixel, contact wire method inspect whether the detected pixel is contact wire or not. When the position of contact wire is found, the algorithm will be terminated. For each frame in video, the positions of contact wire is detected and saved to an array.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe proposed algorithm is applied to a real pantograph’s video. All images of the pantograph are taken from the roof of the locomotive. The video of pantograph system is saved for a determined time. While the camera takes a frame, the algorithm will scan the current frame in order to find the position of contact wire.For our experiment, the size of the video is selected as 240x320 for healthy condition. The pantograph video, which has not any arcing and is taken as a healthy condition, is saved for duration of 23 seconds. The original frames of their edges are given in Fig. for a healthy condition.The pixel view of the edge images are given for three frames of the pantograph video. The contact wire zigzags over the pantograph system with an order for a healthy condition. The obtained signal is normalized with z-score normalization. This technique centers the original signal at zero mean and scales it to unit standard deviation.As shown in Fig, the contact wire zigzags a balanced motion over the pantograph. The camera's point of view, the image resolution or the contact wire position in frame are not affect the performance of the algorithm. This feature is provided by used the normalizationtechnique. The video size of faulty condition is selected as 270x480. The original frames and their edges are given in Fig for a faulty condition.In faulty condition, contact wire draws more zigzags in some parts of pantograph than others. The more contact occurred on some part of pantograph causes the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. The y-axis position of contact wire is given in Fig for a faulty condition.As shown in Fig, the motion of contact wire has a disorder. The contact wire draws more zigzags on the bottom of image than other pixels. This disorder is analyzed by using two statistical parameters. These parameters are given in TABLE for each motor condition. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a new approach for monitoring catenary-pantograph system. A simple image acquisition system is used and an image processing based technique is proposed to detect arcing faults. The canny edge detection is selected for image edge detection to deal with image edge of pantograph slipper. The experimental results of the proposed method showed that the position detection of the contact wire was efficient method to detect arcing faults and disorder in contact between pantograph and contact wire. In literature, image processing based condition monitoring of pantograph systems was only performed in laboratory environment. However, the proposed method can be applied in real-time. The realization of the proposed method is not only low cost but also it can be setup to a real system.The monitoring of contact wire and active pantograph control system brings following contributions:•Development of a railway measurement and inspection train for both conventional and high speed railway lines,•Real time fault diagnosis that has high accuracy and has immunity to environment condition,•Low cost measurement system,•Increasing safety and comfort levels of railways.接触网受电弓系统的一个新的非接触式故障诊断方法在全世界，铁路运输是最重要的公共交通运输工具之一。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
如何翻译外文文献
如何翻译外文文献在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google 翻译google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
外文资料翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：管理系专业：班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：<<ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PROFESSION>>工程管理专业附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
指导教师评语：签字：年月日1、外文原文；Scheduling systems and their selectionScheduling systemsNow we are ready to discuss the various methods for scheduling capital construction projects that are available. The two basic methods that will be discussed are bar charts and logic-diagram-based schedules. Both methods are used extensively, and sometimes interchangeably, in project and construction work. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Knowing when to select the correct method is half the battle in successfully making and controlling your project schedule.Bat chartsThe forerunner to the bar chart was developed by two industrial engineers, Frederick W. Taylor and Henry L. Gantt, for scheduling production operations during World War I. the name “Gantt chart” is still in use today to designate certain types of bar charts. It was sometime after World War I that bar-charting was adapted to the scheduling of construction projects.Bar charts are the simplest from of scheduling and have been in use the longest of any of the systems we have available. They offer the advantage of being cheap and simple to prepare; they are easy to read and update, and they are readily understood by anyone with a basic knowledge of the capital projects business. They are still in wide use today, even as a final product of the computerized CPM scheduling system. The main disadvantage of the bar chart is its inability to show enough detail to cover all the activities on larger, complex projects. On large projects, the number of pages required to bar- chart the project becomes cumbersome, and interrelation of work activities becomes difficult to follow from page to page.As the size and complexity of projects grew in the late fifties and sixties in the 20th century, finishing projects late became the rule rather than the exception. Late finishes, along with their associated cost overruns, caused increased pressure on owners and contractors to develop improved scheduling techniques. Now when we try to schedule a larger project in that sort of detail with bar charts, we quickly lose most of the advantages that we listed earlier. The schedule becomes unwieldy and difficult to interpret, and we run the risk of losing control of the project time plan.Logic- based schedulesFortunately, on the same time, the network schedule and the computer came on thecapital projects scene. We now had a tool available to make the many repetitive calculations for the earl and late start dates, and a place to store and sort the data needed to control a large number of work activities.In the late 1950s the U.S. Navy and the Du Pont Company concurrently developed two different logic-diagram-based scheduling systems at about the same time. The Naty’s system was called PERT, for Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Its first successful application was on the Polaris Missile Program. At about the same time, Du Pont first successfully used their critical path method (CPM) of logic diagram scheduling on several new petrochemical plants.Other owners and contractors lost no time in adapting the new scheduling methods to their projects in order to improve their timely completion performance. The CPM system was somewhat simpler than the PERT method, so it soon became the system favored for use on commercial and industrial capital projects. The KISS principle triumphed again! The basic logic-diagraming principles developed in the 1960s are still and graphical output. In the 1980s, the development of the relatively low-cost PC made the use of the CPM system possible for even the smallest companies.Shortly after the introduction of the PERT/CPM systems in the early sixties, the pendulum swung from simple bar charting to the side of overly detailed, computerized schedules. That didn’t work out as well as the early success with the systems had seemed to indicate it would. If a little bit of CPM was good, more had to be better! Everyone promptly defied the kiss principle and started to schedule in too much detail on each activity. The result was reams and reams of computer output that virtually inundated many untrained people.Most of the construction managers and field schedulers of that period were entrepreneurial craft people who had worked themselves up through the ranks. In many cases they were literally untrainable in the new technology of computerized CPM scheduling. Fortunately, some of the users of the newly developed techniques remembered the KISS principle and developed some easy-to-use systems. Several good mainframe programs came onto the market, including McDonnell Automation’s MSCS system, Metier’s Artemis system, and IBM’s PCS system. As computer capacity and new software bloomed , the programs developed and improved rapidly over the next 20 years.The rapid development of low-cost PC hardware and software has now virtually taken over the CPM capital projects scheduling market. Mainframe computers are now required only on the very largest and most complex projects, those whose logistics demands are too great for memory capabilities of the PC.Comparison and selection of scheduling systemsEvaluating the advantages and disadvantages of bar charts versus CPM allows us to select the most effective system for a given project. It also leads us to some simple rules that are applicable to the selection.Advantages of CPMA. Handling complex projectsThe number-one advantage of the CPM system is its ability to handle many work activities on complex projects with ease. Let me introduce a word of caution on that point: don’t fall into the trap of using more activities than necessary, just because it is easy to do so. You risk getting your schedule bogged down in too much detail, which Makes it harder to use and costs more money to operate. Remember , that's the same trap that almost killed the CPM system in its early days ! One way to avoid the problem is to break out some of the less complicated scheduling areas and use bar charts for them .They could be offsite areas such as small office buildings ,warehouses ,tank farms, and roads . A blend of the two systems often results in a simpler and more effective overall project schedule.B .Dry Run of the projectsAnother outstanding advantage of CPM is the intangible benefit of forcing the project team to dissect the project into all of its working parts. This forces the early analysis of each work activity. The CPM schedule an in checking the resulting logic diagram.The actual scheduling phase, such as calculating the early an late start dates and the associated float, is best left to the scheduling technicians and the computer. It is usually necessary to run the fist pas of the schedule several times, to test and debug the logic diagram before the final version is ready for review and approval.C. Beneficial Output SortsThe large menu of output sorts is another big advantage of a computerized CPM schedule. It allows the various interest members of the construction team to order the output sort best suited to their work. Most CPM programs will yield a sort menu as follows:(1)Total float per activity(2)Limited look-ahead sorts(3)Critical-path sort(4)Critical-equipment sort(5)Project-milestone sort(6)Bar-chat printout(7)Human resource levelingMost CMs, for example, will find the sorts by total float and by milestone most valuable for their needs. The total -float sort starts with the low-float(most critical)work activities listed first for immediate attention. The less critical high-float items show up later on the list. By using the period look- ahead sorts, one can also home in on specific time period, A 30-,60-,90-day look ahead sort will list only those critical items that will occur in the next 30,60,90 days. Material control people find the critical-item sort more convenient in tracking their required delivery dates and actual progress are fed in to the computer,, revised printouts quickly reflect the delivery changes and their effect on the field schedule. Field people usually find that the key-milestone-date sort better suits their needs.Most CPM scheduling software even delivers a bar-chart printout, which is most convenient for upper management and reporting purposes in reviewing project progress. Simplified bar charts are usually included in the progress reports to give a graphic view of actual progress against the schedule.The human resource leveling can level peak personnel requirements, which occur during the project's design and construction phases. By taking advantage of the available during the project's design and construction phases. By taking advantage of the available flat and rescheduling the start of noncritical activities, it's possible to shave personnel peaks. Leveling the personnel requirements leads to more effective use of the project's human resources. This option is invaluable for smoothing out craft manpower peaks in key areas of the work. Judicious use of the early and late start dates can also keep subcontractors from getting in each other's way.D. Convenient Schedule ControllingOn smaller projects, a simple time -scaled bar chart might be used in the progress report. The rapid turnaround of data by the computer also allows the project team to perform what-if exercises with the logic diagram. When scheduling problems arise, the project team can try alternative solutions by reworking elapsed times for problem activities. This generates new early and late start dates that can be shifted to improve the critical path. The computer calculates a new critical path in a matter of seconds, with immediate access to the new output data right there on the computer screen.A CPM/computer system also simplifies recycling the schedule. Recycling becomes necessary whenever schedule deviations grow to a point at which some of the intermediate goals are in jeopardy. Recycling involves revising any target dates that may have slipped beyond repair, perhaps because a significant change in scope has occurred. Exercising some what-if options should allow you to obtain the scheduling-revision option best suited to keeping the project on schedule.Disadvantages of CPMThere are only a few disadvantages to using the CPM method for project scheduling, and even these can be avoided with proper attention from the CM. However, overlooking any of the disadvantages can scuttle your effects to control the project schedule!It's extremely important that your key field people be trained in CPM techniques. That includes all levels from the design group to procurement, and through the construction management team. Remember the story about construction managers trashing the CPM/computer printouts in earlier days!I don't recommend controlling a large project with only a newly trained crew, or usinga new software system without running your old scheduling system in parallel, at least until the new system has been prove to work. If the new system breaks down for any reason, you will be without any means of controlling the end date on the project.The cost of running a CPM schedule is likely to be higher than that of using bar charts, particularly on smaller projects. That was especially true of running the CPM schedule on a mainframe computer. In recent years the relatively modest cost of PC hardware, software, and training has enabled us to expense off that cost for computerized CPM scheduling on a medium-to-large project. It might take several small-sized projects to cover the cost of a PC scheduling system.The cost of the training could be the sleeper in the scheduling cost budget, depending on the experience and computer literacy of your project people. But regardless of the cost, training is the linchpin of the whole system, so don’t ignore it.The real savings in using a PC-computerized schedule is that it will generate a good deal more data than is possible with bar charts. That means the unit cost of the data is low. However if the data is not being used (or worse, is being improperly used!), you will not be getting your money’s worth. It is up to the CM to see that the computerized schedule output is used in a cost-effective manner.The cost effectiveness of using CPMIt is difficult to accurately quantify the cost effectiveness of using CPM scheduling systems on capital projects. First, there is no absolute measure of the time saved by using CPM versus bar charts. Second, the value of the time saved must be balanced against the value to the owner of having earlier access to the facility. Any comparisons of that nature have proved to be highly speculative and difficult to verify.Most owners and contractors accept any additional cost of using CPM scheduling systems as a way to improve the odds of completing their projects on time. Those who do not believe that CPM saves money and ensures a project’s earlier completion date cancontinue to use manual bar-charting with reasonable hope of success.O’Brien’s book, CPM in Construction Management, contains a chapter on costs and some expected saving from using CPM. On average , the cost of applying a CPM system to a project is about 0.5 percent of the total facility cost. The major cost areas for using the system are schedules’ time , software cost ,and computer time.CMs must be aware of the type of scheduling system that is being proposed for their projects, so they can budget funds to cover the cost. Small projects can be done with a part-time scheduler; medium-size projects need at least one person full-time; and larger project require two or more schedulers to handle the workload. Include all computer costs (including necessary training)in the project budget. Be especially carefully if a mainframe computer is used.Advantages of bar-chart schedulesAs I said earlier, bar charts are inexpensive to produce and are easily understood by people with a minimum of scheduling training. I heartily recommend them for small, less complex projects, as being suitable and cost-effective. The more comprehensive CPM system is often too complicated, and represents unnecessary overkill when used on small projects. There are some good PC-based CPM programs available for scheduling a series of small projects, which draw from the same resource pool.The only thing that threatens the economic advantages of using bar charts on small projects has been the advent of PCs, Along with less complicated scheduling software. It is easy to temped into the use of a PC, with the construction manager or engineer acting as the project scheduler. That can be all right if the designated scheduler does the scheduling work in his or her free time. IF ,however, the project leader gets so involved in running the CPM schedule that he or she lets he rest of the rest of the project direction go its own way, the project is doomed to failure.Disadvantages of bar-chart schedulesBar charts have only a limited ability to show many detailed work activities and their associated interactions, They become bulky and unwieldy on larger project with as few as 100 activities.Bar charts cannot show clearly the interaction between early start and late finish dates of activities and the resulting float of noncritical activities. There is no clear identification of the critical path through the project that appears with the CPM system. Also, it’s impossible to develop the wealth of scheduling detail with a bar chart like that developed and manipulated with the CPM system. With bar charts there are no concise information sorts as with the CPM.Computer versus manual scheduling methodsThe major factors in selecting computer over manual scheduling methods are project size and complexity. Small projects are best done manually, since good time control is possible at low cost. However ,a complex plant turnaround project, with a relatively low budget but working three shifts on a tight schedule, definitely warrants a computerized CP approach.On larger projects using CPM, computer operation is a must if the many repetitive critical path calculations are to be performed in short time. Manipulating and sorting the expanded database of project information is well worth the additional expense if the system is properly applied. The arrival of PCs and minicomputers, with their associated scheduling software, has brought the cost well within acceptable limits. The simpler operations of the PC-based systems have also reduced the cost of the necessary CPM training.Scheduling system selectionOur discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the available scheduling systems should allow us to develop guidelines for selecting an effective scheduling system. The selection involves such factors as:1.Size and complexity of project2.Scope of services required3.Sophistication of user organizations(i.e., client, field organization, subcontractors,and so on )4.Available scheduling systems5.Scheduling budget6.Client preference7.Mixing schedule and costSize of projectWe have already discussed this point earlier. The rule of thumb is bar charts and manual systems for small projects, and computerized CPM for medium-size and lager projects. The level of sophistication of the system tends to become greater as the projects become larger.Complexity of projectEven small complex projects can make good use of computerized CPM schedules, if the fewer activities take place in a very short time span. An example is a plant turnaround worth﹩1 million or less, with only 10 days to do it. On the other hand, a﹩1 million project with a 12-month schedule might not warrant a computerized CPM schedule.Scope of servicesFull-scope design, procurement and construction projects lend themselves to more complex scheduling methods, because of the extra interfaces among the many design, procurement, and construction activities. A project involving just one of these macroactivities could effectively controlled with a less sophisticated and less costly system.Sophistication of user organizationsThe sophistication of user organizations is probably the most overlooked factor in selecting a scheduling system. Often, the need to produce a full-blown CPM schedule exists. However, one key project group may not be experienced enough in CPM to properly interpret their part in it. Assure yourself that the failure of that group to perform properly will not defeat the propose scheduling method.An example would be working with a client in a developing country. If the client’s people lacked system, they might not feel comfortable using it to track job progress. Also, they might not keep their contributions to the project on schedule/. Another example would be an inexperienced construction force not being able to sue the output of the CPM scheduling system, such as we discussed earlier.The worst possible case would occur if the CM were not versed in the selected scheduling system! That underscores the need for present-day CMs to stay current on the latest CPM scheduling methods available in their companies and the marketplace. I definitely recommend that you success-oriented CMs do further, more in- depth study of logic-based scheduling than I have presented here.If there is a shortage of CPM know-how in your organization, it is possible to hire a CPM consultant to handle your project scheduling. At least one member of your team, however, should have enough knowledge of the work. That is the best way to ensure that the resulting schedule will be effective for your project.Existing company systems availableThe availability of company systems is important, because we want to use a system that has been in use within the organization, and that has been thoroughly tested on prior similar projects. Introducing a new system on a project often causes more problems than it solves. As an owner’s project manager, you would do well to assure yourself that the contractor is proficient in the system before allowing its use on your project. It is also not a good idea to force the use of your corporate standard system on the contractor just because your organization is familiar with it. A much wiser curse is to train your people in the use of the contractor’s scheduling system.Scheduling budgetIf the field indirect cost budget dose not allow sophisticated scheduling method, you are going to come up short of money. Most computerized CPM scheduling costs have a tendency to grow and overrun their budgets. A common problem is job stretch-out, which increase the schedule cycles, which in return runs up the scheduling personnel hours and computer time. A factual estimate of the total cost of the proposed scheduling system is needed if an effective system for the project to be selected.Client preferenceOwners who want computerized CPM schedules, and who are willing to pay for them, are entitled to have them. If the owner does not specify a preference for a scheduling system, some common ground for developing a cost-effective system will have to be found.In recent years most federal government contracts have required adherence to a strict contractual standard, calling for use of CPM schedule-control and reporting,. Careful attention must be given to investigating the latest scheduling requirements for any federal work on which you may be proposing.2、外文资料翻译译文。
毕业论文外文资料翻译【范本模板】
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中）学院（全称，宋体三号，居中)专业(全称，宋体三号，居中）班级（宋体三号,居中）学生（宋体三号，居中）学号（宋体三号,居中)指导教师(宋体三号，居中)二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致）（英文原文装订在前)Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7）: 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处:即文章是何期刊上发表的,X年X卷X 期,格式如上例所示,四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。
)［点击输入译文题目—标题1,黑体小二][点击输入作者，宋体小四］[点击输入作者单位，宋体五号］摘要［点击输入，宋体五号]关键词［点击输入,宋体五号]1［点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号］［点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1。
25倍行距］1。
1［点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距]1.1。
1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距］说明：1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。
2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。
3.必须要有外文翻译的封面,使用学校统一的封面；封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目；封面上时间与开题时间一致。
4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后；5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献,翻译要条理清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应.6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体,标准字符间距。
7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。
8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。
例如:图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16—卟啉识别排列分析（b).为了得到 b的数据矩阵，样品用16—卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从b 中萃取的.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
外文资料及翻译
外文资料原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer LoaderCutting SequencesK. Nienhaus, A. K. Bayer & H. Haut, Aachen University ofTechnology, GERR ecent l y, t he focus in underground longwal l coal mi ni ng has been on i ncreasi ng t he inst al l ed m ot or power of s hearer loaders and armoured face conve yors (AFC), m ore sophi st i cat ed support cont rol s yst em s and l onger face l engt h, in or der to reduce cos ts and achi eve hi gher producti vi t y. These efforts have res ul t ed i n hi ghe r out put and previ ousl y uns een face advance rat es. The t rend t owards“bi gger and bet t er” equi pm ent and l a yout schem es, however, i s rapi dl y neari ng the li mi t at i ons of t echni cal and economi cal feasi bi li t y.To reali se furt her producti vi t y i ncre as es, organi sat ional changes of l ongwall m i ni ng procedures l ooks l ike the onl y r easonabl e ans wer. The benefit s of opt i-m is ed s hearer loader cutt i ng sequences, l eadi ng t o bett er perform ance, are di s cus sed i n t hi s paper.IntroductionsTradi ti onal l y, i n underground l ongwal l m i ni ng operati ons, s hearerloaders produce coal usi ng ei ther one of t he fol lowi ng cutt ings equences: uni-di recti onal or bi-di recti onal c ycl es. Besi des t hesepre-domi nant m ethods, al t ernat i ve mi ni ng c ycl es have al so beendevel oped and s uccessfull y appli ed in underground hard coal mi nes al l over t he worl d. The hal f-web cut ti ng c ycl e as e.g. uti liz ed i n R AG Coal Int ernati onal’s Twent ym i l e Mine in Colorado, US A, and t he“Opt i-C ycl e” of M atl a’s S out h Afri can short wal l operati on m ust bem enti oned i n t hi s cont ext. Ot her mi nes have al so t est ed s i mi l ar but modi fi ed cut ti ng c ycl es res ul ti ng i n i m proved out put, e.g.im provem ent s i n t erms of product iv-it y i ncreas es of up to 40 % are thought possi bl e。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
外文资料翻译
System Design an Compensation TechniquesControl systems are designed to perform specific tasks.The requirements imposed on the control system are usually referred as performance imposed on the control system are usually referred as performance specifications.They generally relate to accuracy,relative stability and speed of response.Generally,the performance specifications should not be more stringent than necessary to perform the given task.If the accurary at steady-state operation is of prime importance in a given control system,then we should not require unnecessarily rigid performance specifications on the transient response since such specifications will require expensive components.We should remember that the most important part of control system design is to state the performance specifications precisely so that they will yield an optimal control system for a given purpose.In this lesson,we are going to briefly introduce the design and compensation procedure of single-input-single-output-(SISO),linear time-invariant (LTI) control systems by the frequency response and root-locus approaches,Compensation is the modification of the modification of the system dynamics to satisfy the given specifications.Setting the gain is the first step in adjusting the system for satisfactory performance.In many cases,increasing the gain value will improve the steady-state behavior but will result in poor stability or even instability,Then it is necessary to redesign the system (by modifying the structure or by incorporating additional devices or components) to alter the overall behavior so that the system will behave as desired.Fig.8.1 shows the configuration where the compensator G(s) is placed in series with the plant.This scheme is called series compensation. Another kind or compensation is feedback compensation.Generally,series compensation may be simpler than feedback compensation,In discussing compensators,we frequently use terminology as lead network,and lag-lead network.If a sinusoidal input ei is applied to the input of a network and the steady-state output e0 (which is also sinusoidal) has a phase lead,then the network is called a lead network.Similarly, if the steady-state output e0 has a phase lag,then the network is called a lag network.In a lag-lead network,phase lag and phase lead both occur in the output but in different frequency regions;phase lag occurs in the low-frequency region and phase lead occurs in the high-frequency region.The root-locus method is a graphical method for determining the locations of all closed-loop poles from knowledge of the locations of the locations of the open-loop poles and zeros as some parameter(usually the gain) is varied from zero to infinity.The method yields a clear indication of effects of parameter adjustment.In practice,the root-locus plot of a system may indicate that the desired performance cannot be achieved just by the adjustment of gain.Then it is necessary to reshape the root loci to meet the performance specifications.In designing a control system,we may modify the original root loci by inserting a suitable compensator Gc(s) (as shown in Fig.8.1).Once the effects on the root locus of the addition of the poles and/or zeros are fully understood,we can readily determine the locations of the pole(s) and zero(s) of the compensator that will reshape the root locus as desired.In the design by the root-locus method,the root-loci of the system are reshaped through the use of a compensator so that a pair of dominant closed-loop poles can be placed at the desired locations.(Usually,the damping ratio and undamped natural frequency may be specified by the location of a pair of dominant closed-loop poles.)The addition of a pole to the open-loop transfer function has the effect of pulling the root locus to the right,tending to lower the system's relative stability and to slow down the settling of the response.The addition of a zero has the effect of pulling the root locus to the left,tending to make the system more stable and to speed up the settling of the response.The root-locus approach to design is very powerful when the specifications are given in termof time domain quantities,such as the damping ratio and undamped natural frequency,maximum overshoot,rise time and setting time.Let us consider a design problem.The original system either is unstable for all values of gain or is stable but has undesirable transient response characteristics.In this case,the reshaping of the root locus is necessary in order that the dominant closed-loop poles be at desired locations in the complex plane.Inserting an appropriate lead compensator in cascade with the feed-forward transfer function may solve this problem.It is important to note that in a control system design,transient-reponse performance is usually most important.In the frequency-response approach,we specify the transient-response in term of the phase and gain margin,resonant peak magnitude,the gain crossover frequency,resonant frequency response is indirect,the frequency domain specification can be met conveniently by means of Bode diagram.Design in the frequency domain is simple and straightforward.After the open loop has been designed by frequency response method,the closed loop poles and zeros can be determined.The transient response characters must be checked to see whether the designed system meets the requirements in the time domain.If it does not,the compensator has to be modified and the analysis must be repeated until a satisfactory result is obtained.Basically,there are two approaches in the frequency-domain design.One is the polar plot approach and the other is the Bode diagram approach.It is more convenient to work with Bode diagram.A Bode diagram of the compensator can be simply added to the original Bode diagram,and thus plotting the complete Bode diagram is a simple matter.Also,if the open loop gain is varied,the magnitude curve is shifted up or down without changing the slope of the curve,and the phase curve remains the same.A common approach to the Bode diagram is that we first adjust the open loop gain so that the requirement on the steady state accuracy is met.Then we plot the magnitude and phase curves of the uncompensated open loop.If the specification on the phase margin and gain margin are not satisfied,then a suitable compensator that will reshape the open loop transfer function is determined.In many practical cases,compensation is essentially a compromise between steady-state accuracy and relative stability.In order to have a high value of the velocity error constant and yet satisfactory relative stability,we find it necessary to reshape the open loop frequency response curve.The gain in the low-frequency region should be large enough to satisfy the steady-state accuracy requirements.For the medium-frequency region (near the gain crossover frequency wc from both directions),the slope of the log-magnitude curve in the Bode diagram should be -20dB per decade. This slope should extend over a sufficient wide frequency band to assure a proper phase margin.For the high-frequency region,the gain should be attenuated as rapidly as possible to minimize the effects of noise.The basic characteristics of lead,lag,and lag-lead compensation are as following.lead compensation essentially yields an appreciable improvement in transient response and a small change in steady-state accuracy.It may accentuate high-frequency noise effects.On the other hand ,lag compensation yields an appreciable improvement in steady-state accuracy at the expense of increasing the transient-response g compensation will suppress the effects of high-frequency noise g-lead compensation combines the characteristics of both lead compensation and lag compensation.Discrete-time Systems and the z-Transform Method Discrete-time systems,or sampled-data system,are dynamic systems in which one or more variables can change only at discrete instants of time.These intstants,which we shall denote by kt or tk(k=0,1,2,........),may specify the time at which some physical measurement is performed or the time at which the memory of a digital computer is read out,etc.The time interval between these discrete instants can be approximated by simple interpolation.Discrete-time systems differ from continuous-time ones in that the signals for a discrete-time system are in sample-data form.Discrete-time systems arise in practice whenever the measurements neccessary for control are obtained in an intermittent fashion,or a large scale controller or computer is time-shared by several plants so that a control signal is sent out to each plant only periodically or whenever a digital computer is used to perform computations necessary for control.Many modern industrial control systems are in time.Sometimes,however,sampling operation,or discretization may be entirely fictitious and introduced only to simplify the analysis of control system which actually contains only continuous elements.whose inputs and/or outputs are in time.Sometimes,however,sampling operation,or discretization,may be entirely fictitious and introduced only to simplify the analysis of control system which actually contain only continuous elements.In this lesson,we shall be concerned with discrete-time systems which the signal representing the control efforts is piecewise constant and changes only st discrete points in time.Since there are several different types of sampling operation of practical importance,we shall list them as follows:(1)Periodic(conventional) sampling:In this case,the sampling instants are equally spaced,or tk=kt(k=1,2,3....)Multiple-order sampling:The pattern of the tk is repeated periodically,or tk+r - tk=constant for all k.Multiple-order-rate sampling:In this case,two concurrent sampling operations occur at tk=pT1 and qT2,where T1,T2 are contants and p ,q are integers.Random sampling:In this case,the sampling instants are random,or tk is a random variable. Here we shall treat only the case which the samplng is periodic.Quantization.The inclusion of digital computer in an otherwise analog system produces in digital form(usually as binary numbers) in part of the system.The system then takes the form of a mixed digital-analog combination.The introduction of a digital computer in a control system requires the use of digital-to-digital converters.The conversion of an analog signal to the corresponding digital signal(binary number)is an approximation because the analog signal can take an infinite number of values,whereas the variety of different numbers which can be formed by a finite number of values,whereas the variety of different numbers which can be formed by a finite set of digits is limited.This approximation process is called quantization. The process of quantizing (converting a signal in analog form to digital form)may be fulfilled by means of some specific circuits.The range of input magnitudes is divided into a finite number of disjoint intervals hi which are not necessarily equal.All magnitudes fallinjg within each interval are equated to a single value within the interval.This single value is the digital approximation to the magnitudes of the analog input signal.Thus,if x si the analog input,the digital output is given by y=Q(x )Where Q is the quantizing function.The function x(t) is a discrete-time function.The operation of digital control systems involves quantization both in amplitude and in time.We s hall next present the definitions of several terms.Transducer.A transducer is a device which converts an input signal into an output signal of another form.(The output signal.in general,depends on the past history of the input).Analog transducer.An analog transducer is a device which converts an input signal into an ouput signals occur only at discrete instants of time (usually periodic),but the magnitudes of these signals may be any value within the physical limitations of the system.Sampled-data transducer.This is a transducer in which the input and output signals occur only at discrete instants of time(usually periodic),but the magnitudes of the signal,as in the case of the analog transducer,are unquantized.Digital transducer.A digital transducer is one in which the input signal is a continuous function of time and the output signal is a quantized signal which can assume only certain discrete levels.Analog-to-digital transducer.A digital-to-analog transducer is one in which the input signal is a quantized signal and the output signal is a smoothed continuous function of time.Analog controllers and digital controllers.In considering the types of controllers which are used in industrial control system,we may divide them into the following three categories: Analog controllers or computers:Analog controllers or computer represent the variables in the equations by continuous physical quantities.Analog controllers can be designed which will satisfactorily serve as nondecision making controllers.Digital controllers or computers:These operate only on numbers.Decision-making is an important function in digital controllers,and they are currently being used for the solution of problemsInvolving the optimal overall operation of industrial plants.Analog-digital controllers or computers:These are often called hybrid controllers.They are combinations of amalog controllers and digital controllers.Some of high performance controllers are of this type.Advantages of digital controllers over analog controller.Some of the advantages of digital controllers over amalog controllers may be summarized as follows:(1)Digital controllers are capable of performing complex computations with constant accuracy at high speed.Digital computers can have almost any desired accuracy in computations at relatively little increase in cost.On the other hand,the cost of analog computers increases rapidly as the complexity of the computations increase if constant accuracy is to be maintained.(2)Digital controllers are extremely versatile. By merely issuing a new program,one can completely change the operations being performed.This feature is particularly important if the control system is to receive operating information or instructions from some computing center,where economic analysis and optimization studies are being made.Because of the inability of conventional techniques to adequately handle complex control problems,it has been customary to subdivide a process into smaller units and handle each of these as a separate control problem. Human operators are normally used to coordinate the operation of units.Recent advances in computer control systems have caused changes in this use of industrial process controls.Recent developments in large-scale computers and mathematical methods provide a basis for use of all available information in the control system.In conventional control,this part of the control loop is being done directly by humans. Computer control of complex systems.Current trends in the control of large-scale systems are to consolidate the multiplicity of independently controlled units into single optimally controlled processes.In industrial process control system,it is,in general,not practical to operate for a very long time at steady state because certain changes in production requirements,raw materials,economic factors,and processing equipment and techniques,may occur.Thus,the transient behavior of industrial processes must be taken into consideration.Since there are interactions among process variable,using only one process variable for each control agent is not suitable for really complete control.By use of computer control,it is possible to take into account all process variables together with economic factors,production requirements,equipment performance,etc..,and to thereby accomplish optimal control of industrial processes.Note that a system capable of controlling a process as completely as possible will have to solve complex equations.The more complete the control of industrial processes.Note that a system capable capable of controlling a process as completely as possible will have to solve complex equations.The more complete the control,the more important it is thatthe correct relations between operating variables be known and be used.The system must be capable of accepting instructions from such varied sources as computer and human operators and must also be capable of changing its control subsystem completely in a short time.Introductions to PID controllersPID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called songle loop controllers), controllers in PLCs, embedded controllers, or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.PID controllers are process controllers with the following characteristics:·Continuous process control·Analog output(also known as “measurement” or “Process Variable” or “PV”)·Analop output (referred to simply as “output”)·Setpoint(SP)·Proportional(P), Integral(I), and/or Derivative(D) constantsExamples of “continuous process control” are temperature, pressure, flow, and level control. For example, controlling the heating of a tank. For simple control, you have temperature limit sensors(one low and one high) and then switch the heater on when the low temperature limit sensor turns on and then turn the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor. This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater, The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that kepps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunny days (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days.The analog input (measurement) is called the “process variable” or “PV”. You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or – one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or one-tenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our “theoretical”accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12bit) =0.09765625 degrees. We say “theoretical” because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc .. The point being-with 1/10 of a degree “theoretical” accuracy should easily be attainable.The analog output is often simply referred to as “output”. Often this is given as 0～100 percent. In this heating example, it would mean the valve is totally closed (0%) or totally open (100%).The setpoint (SP) is simply-what process value do you want. In this example-what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controller’s jod is to maintain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP)In Fif.1, the valve could be controlling the gas going to a heater, the chilling of a cooler, the pressure in a pipe, the flow through a pipe, the level in a tank, or any other process control system.What the PID controller is looking at is the difference (or “error”) between the PV and the SP. It looks at the absolute error and the rate of change of error. Absolute error means- is there a big difference in the PV and SP or a little difference? Rate of change of error means- si the difference between the PV or SP getting smaller or larger as time goes on.When there is a “process upset”, meaning, when the process variable or the setpoint quickly changes- the PID controller has to quickly change the output to get the process variable back equal to the setpoint. If you have a walk-in cooler with a PID controller and someone opens the door and walk in, the temperature (process variable) could rise very quickly. Therefore the PID controller has to increase the cooling (output) to compensate for this rise in temperature.Once the PID controller has the process variable equal to the setpoint, a good PID controller wlii not vary the output. You want the output to be very steady (not changing). If the valve (motor, or other control element) is constantly changing, instead of maintaing a constant value, this could cause more wear on the control element.So there are these two contradictory goals. Fast response (fast change in output) when there is a “process” upset, but slow response (steady output) when the PV is close to the setpoint.系统设计和补偿技术控制系统被设计用来执行特定任务。
外文翻译资料及译文
附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。
【精品】外文资料翻译(DOC)
外文资料翻译(D O C)毕业论文外文资料翻译学院：化学与制药工程学院专业：化学与工艺姓名：甄希同学号： 090101227外文出处：(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：年月日β沸石作为制取烷基糖苷表面活性剂的催化剂：晶体的大小和疏水性的作用Hβ分子筛是一个活性和选择性的葡萄糖形成烷基糖苷非离子表面活性剂的缩醛化反应催化剂。
极性的反应物的大小和特点，中间体和产品，确定的质构特性强烈影响该催化剂（晶粒尺寸和吸附性能）的活性，选择性，和失活。
两个系列不同浓度的Si–O–Si连通性缺陷的最佳活性沸石中的Si / Al比的优化，这是在较低的Si / Al 比和较低的缺陷浓度，即系列达到，在更多的疏水性序列。
因此，优化的疏水性系列催化剂比亲水性更活跃，它也显示出较好的抗失活。
引言表面活性剂主要是用在我们的社会目前通常使用的许多产品中例如，他们存在于洗涤剂组合物，纺织品洗涤，美容产品，甚至在食品生产中。
作为清洁剂他们对经济和生态环境的影响是特别重要的。
在这种情况下，一个非常重要的特性是烷基链分支水平有关的生物降解。
这个因素强烈的决定在许多情况下，控制生产过程，成为重要因子。
最近的替代表面活性剂烷基糖苷C8和C18烷基链之间的制备在这种情况下，来自天然苷产品可用于制备积的木非离子表面活性剂具有良好的生物降解性和低程度的皮肤和口服毒性。
我们最近的工作，是用Fisher方法制备丁基糖苷使用沸石作为催化剂，这些低苷较好地溶于脂肪醇可作为制备高葡糖苷中间体而大孔酸性沸石被证明是交流性的催化剂，它被观察到对反应物的吸附产品发挥重要作用的动力学的过程，因此确定的转换和产物选择性。
考虑到反应发生在一个高度亲水性的反应物（葡萄糖）和亲水性低的（脂族醇）之间导致产品含有亲水性和疏水性基团就不奇怪了。
同时，在反应过程中，不同大小的反应物和产物干预，对沸石孔隙的扩散模式控制极为重要，这当足够的孔隙组合和晶粒尺寸。
内部控制外文翻译资料
Internal management, establish a sound internal control system, enterprises and the needs for enterprises to face market risks and challenges. Only in accordance with the actual situation of their own, developed to meet the needs of internal management control system, and strictly follow the implementation can be sustained, steady and healthy development.内部管理，建立健全内部控制制度，企业和企业面临的市场风险和挑战的需要。
只有按照自己的实际情况，开发出满足内部管理控制系统的需求，并严格遵照执行能够持续，稳定和健康的发展。
The so-called internal control, the means by the enterprises board of directors, managers and other staff implementation, in order to ensure the reliability of financial reporting, operating efficiency and effectiveness of existing laws and regulations to follow, and so provide reasonable assurance that the purpose of the course. Internal controls related to enterprise production and management of the control environment, risk assessment, supervision and decision-making, information and transfer and self-examination, from a business perspective on the whole in all aspects of production. Their effective implementation will undoubtedly promote enterprise production and management to a new level, to promote the rationalization of business processes and standardization.所谓内部控制，董事会的企业董事会，经理和其他员工实施的，为保证财务报告的可靠性，现有的法律法规，经营的效率和效果跟踪，并提供合理的保证，本课程的教学目的。
外文翻译
附件一：外文资料翻译译文流体力学混合在单螺杆挤出机Ravlndran Chella 和Julio M. Ottlno*Massachusetts 州Amherst ，Massachusetts 大学，化学工程系 01003卷矩形空腔流图5为一个序列的一个接口，已进行二维矩形腔流拉伸步骤，在长度增长的界面，L(t ）伴随着条纹厚度减少而减少，它被定义为相邻的接口之间的平均垂直距离，因此L(t)•s(t)≈常数，Biggs 和Middleman(1974b)使用一个简化的标记和细胞（MAC ）技术(Harlow 和Amsden ，1970)来追踪该接口的位置。
然而，他们只考虑水平接口以及他们认为小拉伸比率的情况。
图5对两个相邻的垂直拉伸的流体层之间的接口在二维矩形腔流的步骤顺序示意图在一个典型的数值模拟中，变形及连续线拉伸（或表面）是使用有限数量的粒子模拟。
对于幅度的一个或两个数量级的相对伸展的线变形，包含所述线路分离的单个颗粒，定义并不清晰，对每一个粒子的初始浓度（每单位长度的粒子数量）会有一段时间在这几乎不可能重建。
（如果粒子流混乱，这个问题会急剧变得严重。
）当进行线路中的示踪粒子模拟时，相同的问题会出现在实验工作中，另一方面，该线路不能过于集中，因为它不是被动接口，如果线路是可溶性示踪剂模拟，问题将会扩散。
一般来说，这似乎很难遵循传统的跟踪方法或实验的210或相对较高的拉伸比拉伸，数值误差可能会使它不可能实现可逆性预期规则运动(Khakhar 等人,1984),界面的长度变化的关系可以用有限的材料进行拉伸计算1/2(0)ˆˆ(t)(:)|L L C MM dx =⎰ (11)该组包含该接口的差分线元件的初始取向的需要被指定，对于垂直界面（垂直于移动板块）ˆM =(0,l)和水平界面（平行移动板块）ˆM = (l,0)，以及所有的行元素，由于它是在初始配置，所以用公式11计算是相对简单的。
这里使用的方法可以进行计算任意大的拉伸比，为了能够运用公式11，一种光腔流场的数学描述是有必要的，在这种情况下，参与关于瞬态问题利用稳态速度分布的误差比较小，例如稳态操作条件下迅速达到正常操作条件（Bigg 和 Middleman,1974b Erwin 和 Moktharian ，1981），由公式1可以得出这一流程最简单的说明。
外文资料原文和翻译
外文资料原文Study on design and simulation analysis of the double horse-head pumping unit based on the compound balancestructure.Hailong Fu, Longqing Zou, Yue Wang, Zhipeng Feng and ZhenhuaSong.AbstractDouble horse-head pumping unit, being one of the most classical mechanical equipment, has high efficiency and good balance ability during the oil extraction owing to its horse-head structure connecting with the rod by the steel wire rope. But its characteristic of energy consumption reduction is limited because of the motor torque fluctuation and negative torque appearing while the pumping unit is working in the upstroke and downstroke. The compound balance design is applied to the double horse-head pumping unit by the crank balance and walking beam balance, which is completed by the equal energy principle during the up and down circulation of the oil suction unit. The finite element model of the whole equipment is built, and the simulation analysis is completed by the software ADAMS, under the conditions of the compound balance and that of the crank balance. The output torque of the crank, the forces from the back horse-head rope, and the connection pin are calculated. From the viewpoint of system design to compare with the traditional crank balance pumping unit, the compound balance design can reduce the torque fluctuation greatly, decrease the forces of steel wire rope connecting with the back horse-head, and get rid of the structure problems from the traditional pumping unit. The stress test of the double horse-head pumping unit designed by the compound balance method is completed in the oilfields. It has proved the correctness and reasonability of the compound balance design. The methodology of the compound balance design is helpful in improving the work efficiency and reliability and bringing about better abilities of energy consumption reduction for the pumping unit during its work circulation. KeywordsDouble horse-head pumping unit, compound balance, system simulation, finite element, energy consumption reduction.IntroductionIn recent years, it is more and more important for the pumping unit to have the characteristics of high effi- ciency, energy consumption reduction, and good reliability in the course of oil extraction. More researchers focus on the aspects about electric motor performance improvement, crank balance efficient optimization, and newpumping unit development, especially in United Staes, Russia, France, Canada, and China. By API rules, Chinese researchers have designed many kinds of new-type pumping units, such as double horse-head pumping unit, bending beam pumping unit, and long-stroke pumping unit without beam, which are adapted to Chinese oilfields situations.The double horse-head pumping unit is one kind of classical petroleum machinery used in oil extraction at the onshore oilfields. Its structure comprises a fourbar mechanism whose parameters are dynamic while it is working,which can avoid the dead angelproblem and give a long stroke during running. It can bring about better counterbalance efficiency and has better energy consumption reduction ability compared to other types of pumping units.So it is widely used in Chinese onshore oilfields nowadays.As is known, the negative torques from the motor of the pumping unit cannot be eliminated completely during the upstroke and downstroke. Its net torque of the crank has a little wave and the polished rod loads are complex, which are the key problems and have brought a more serious effect on the oil extraction. During the work circulations of the double horsehead pumping unit, the polished rod loads aredifferent in the upstroke and downstroke. The loads in upstroke are consisted of the sucker rods self-weight and oil liquid weight in the rods, but the oil liquid weight in the rods only during the downstroke. The load difference makes the torque–time curve irregular in sine diagram from the crank shaft. So it is important as to how to reduce the torque fluctuation, which can improve the technology level of energy consumption reduction for the double horse-head pumping unit.The compound balance design is an effective method to solve this problem. The energy method is used in the double horse-head pumping unit design. Finite element method is applied to build the model of the compound-balanced pumping unit. Under the same working conditions, the structure simulations of different design are done. After comparing the calculated torque–time curves, the optimized design is chosen. Then the analysis and test of stress for the compound-balanced pumping unit are completed to give an evaluation about design scientificity and rationality. Compound balance design methodology.A double horse-head pumping unit has many elements such as horse heads, beam, crank, gear reducer, etc. (shown in Figure 1).Figure 1. Double horse-head pumping unitLike all kinds of the beam pumping unit, a great deal of energy consumption occurs while working. The reason being the existence of the load difference for pumping between the upstroke and the downstroke. So the mo tor’s work and output torques are changing during the whole work circulation. However, the motor is always working with the same speed and in the same rotating direction after it is started. Under this condition, the electric current impact and fluctuation will occur because of the difference in loads, which will bring about a bad effect on the electric network, increase electric energy consumption, and shorten motor’s work life. The badeffect will be reflected in the torque curve fluctuations. The bigger the torque fluctuation, the higher the motor impact and greater the energy consumption. How to decrease the fluctuation? It depends on the counterweights, energy consumption difference from the pumping cycles, and making the motor work equally in the upstroke and downstroke as much as possible.Beam balance and crank balance are the two basic types of unit.The value of balance weight is constant and its position can be adjusted for the crank balance way. Generally, the beam pumping unit has the traditional balance way with the crank counterweight, which can reduce the peak value fluctuation of the torque from the motor in some ways. But it is limited because the crank counterweight adjustment is diffi- cult and inaccurate, also important is the fact that the crank balance weight cannot be changed after designing. The beam balance weight value can be changed and installed easily when its position is fixed for the beam balance way.So, the compound balance method has absorbed the merits of the two ways above. The compound balance pumping unit has two balance weights. The beam weight and crank weight move downwards in the upstroke. The released potential energy, including the work of electric motor, equals to the work of the polished rod loads during this course. In the downstroke, all the weights move upwards but the polished rod goes downwards. The work of motor, including that of the polished rodloads, equals to the potential energy to lift up the two weights. If the compound balance design is perfect, the superposition curve of the torques from the polished rod loads and the balance weights will be an approximate regular sine curve with less fluctuation. The peak value of the superposition curve is less than the power of prime motor, which is the ultimate aim to design the pumping unit by the compound balance method.The compound balance design is the process of the compound balance calculation, which can obtain the main parameters of the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank.Compound balance calculationIn order to obtain a good balance design on the double horse-head pumping unit, the balance calculation is a key step, depending on the design aim i.e. the two peak values of output torques from the reducer gearbox are equal as much as possible during the upstroke and downstroke.The structure and forces sketch of the pumping unit is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Structure and forces sketch of the pumping unit.It shows that point o is the beam fulcrum and point o0 is the gyration center of the crank. The beam, connecting rod, and crank constitute the link mechanism. With the start of the electric motor, the mechanism isdriven, and the rotating movement of the prime motoris transformed into the up and down reciprocating movement of the polished rod. During the work cycle, the structure must bear the forces from the self-weights, the balance weights, and the polished rod loads.The compound balance structure is designed by energy theory. The lifted vertical distances of the beam balance weight, beam self-weight, crank balance weight, and crank self-weight are defined separately as h1, h2, h3, and h4, and their stored energy are W1, W2, W3, and W4, respectivelybeam 1h δC K = （1）beam beam 1δC K Q W = （2）beam beam 2h δL = （3）beam beam beam 2q δL W = （4）()'crank 3cos -cos h δδR = （5）()'crank crank 3cos -cos δδR Q W = （6） ()'crank 4cos -cos h δδL = （7）()'crank 4cos -cos q δδL W = （8）where KC represents the distance oa, shown in Figure 2. beam represents the swing angle of beam. and 0 separately represent the crank rotating angle at the starting and stopping of upstroke. Qbeam and Qcrank separately represent the beam balance weight and the crank balance weight. Lbeam and Lcrank separately represent the distance of and o0 g, as shown in Figure 2. qbeam and qcrank are the self-weights of beam system and crank. The sum of the energy is4321W W W W W +++= (9) where it is defined as 'beam beam beam q Q K L C= （10） 'crank crankcream crank q R Q L = （11） Equations (10) and (11) can be used to calculate the Q0 beam and R0 crank, which are the part of the beam selfweight as a portion of beam balance weight, and the balance radius for part of the crank self-weight as a portion of crank balance weight. So, the beam balance weight Qbeam and the balance radius of crank Rcrank of the compound balance design are defined as follows()()'beam bean ''crank crank beam -cos -cos beam Q K R R Q W Q C δδδ+-= （12） ()()c r a n k c r a n k b e a n b e a n -c o s -c o s 'b e a n c r a n k R Q Q Q K W R C ’δδδ--=（13） The stored potential energy of all the weights raised by the static energy indicator diagram isbean oil 'rod 2δA P P W ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=’ （14） where P0 rod and P0 oil are defined respectively as the selfweight of sucker rods in oil-well liquid, and the weight of oil liquid in the oil-well pipelines and above its working fluid level.According to the geometrical relation as followsRC =beam 'cos -cos δδδ （15） The beam balance weight and the crank balance radius are calculated on the basis of the compound balance design idea.where A and C are defined separately as the front part length and the back part length of the beam. R is the turning radius of the crank expressed in meters. Virtual simulation designThe software ADAMS is used in the compound balance design of the double horse-head pumping unit. The best optimized design is got by the dynamic virtual simulation.Design schemeAccording to the methodology of compound balance design, the Qbeam and Qcrank are achieved. At the same time, the beam ratio of A to C is optimized to give a satisfied energy consumption reduction. Because the ratio is within a scope, which is greater than 3, there are three reasonable design schemes, shown in Table 1. Model buildingThe model of the double horse-head pumping unit is built and shown in Figure 3, which is designed by thecompound balance design methodology. It is helpful for the virtual simulation to simplify the model scientifically. The model is built with the parts of front and back horse heads, beam, crank and steel support, etc. Some attachments are omitted, such as the bolts and the ladder.10–12 The steel wire rope is simulated by defining various other micro elements with the Bushing set in ADAMS software.Table 1. Schemes of the compound balance design for the double horse-head pumping unit.Calculation and analysisThe calculation is carried out with the parameters of the oil well, which include the following: the depth of the hanged pump is 2000 m, the depth of the oil liquid working level in pipes is 1800 m, the diameter of the plunger is 56 mm, the density of the oil liquid is 980 kg/m3 , the density of the oil tube is 7850 kg/m3 , the diameters of the sucker rod and oil tube are 22 and 62 mm respectively, andthe length of thestroke is 5 m.The designed schemes are simulated by the software UG and ADAMS. In the course of the numerical simulation, the steel wire rope connecting the horse head, is separated into much more micro line segments by the element type of Bushing.13–15 When the dynamic simulation of the compound balance pumping unit is completed for the working cycles, the Mises stress nephogram from the computational simulation is obtained and shown in Figure 4. The output torque curve of the reduction gearbox is shown in Figure 5. The first cycle period is from 30 to 42.5 s, and the next period is from 42.5 to 55 s. It is concluded that the change period of the gearbox torque is 12.5 s, and this pumping unit has 4.8 times work cycles per minute (60 s).The simulation results are shown in Table 2. The output torque T of the reduction gearbox, the tension Frope of the steel wire rope at the back horse head, andthe force Fpin of the connection pin are listed. Comparing the results of the traditional crank balance design with the compound balance design, it can concluded that the scheme of compound balance design has a better capacity on energy consumption reduction, especially the No. 2 scheme is the best design because its peak-to-peak value of T is least among these schemes.Figure 3. Model of the double horse-head pumping unitFigure 4. Calculation nephogram of the double horse-head pumping unit with thecompound balance weights.Figure 5. Simulation curve of the output torque from the reduction gearbox.Table 2. Simulation results of the two kinds of balance designs for the doublehorse-head pumping unit.Figure 6. Stress testing system of pumping unit.Figure 7. Stress test points on the horse head and beam: (a) test points at pin A;(b) test points at pin B; (c) test points on beamFigure 8. Stress test points on the steel support: (a) test points at the bottom of steel support; (b) test points on the upper side of steel support.Stress testStress test is an efficient way to find whether the pumping unit is a reasonable design.16 The stress test is completed for the double horse-head pumping unit based on the No. 2 compound balance design in Table 2. The stress testing system of the compound balance pumping unit is built in Figure 6. The main electric apparatuses of the system include the TS3828 type of the resistance strain indicator, the BJ115-10AA type of the resistance strain gage, and the UT3232S type of the data acquisition instrument.Test points settingTwelve test points (1#–12#) are installed on the back horse head which are close to pin A andpin B, shown in Figure 7(a) and (b). Two test points, 13# and 14# are set on the beam of the double horse-head pumping unit, as shown in Figure 7(c).The steel support and base, the key parts to bear the large loads, are tested by seven test points 15–21#, which are set on the angle steel columns and elements, as shown in Figure 8.Curves of stress testAccording to the strain test principle of the resistance strain gage, the displacement deformation of the structure can be converted in to the resistance change, which can be collected as the voltage signals. The test curves of the voltage and time waveform at pin A, B, the beam, and the steel support are shown separately in Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12.Stress resultsIn the plane stress state, the value and direction of the principal stress should be known. The strain values in three directions of 90, 45, and 0 are defined as "90, "45, and "0, which can be tested by the strain rosettes, as shown in Figure 13. According to the strain Fresults, the principal stress of the test points can be got.Figure 9. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at pin A. (a) upper left pointsof pin A; (b) upper right points of pin A.where _x0005_is defined as the included angle of the principal stress direction and the resistance strain gage of 0setting (zero line). The results of stress test and strain calculation for the test points are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The equivalent stresses at pin A and pin B are calculated by the fourth strength theory based on the results of 1 and 2.Figure 10. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at pin B. (a) upper left points of pin B; (b) upper right points of pin B.where 1, 2, and 3 represent the principal stresses, they conform to 1 42 43. In the plane stress statstate, so equation (21) can be simplified as following.According to equation (22), the equivalent stresses of the test points at pin A and pin B are calculated, which are shown in Table 3. The equivalent stress, eq4, can be used in the strength checking for the structure of the pumping unit, especially the parts of the horse head near pin A and pin B. The curves of the equivalent stress are shown in Figure 14.Their variation rules are similar with time during the 360 degree work circulation.Figure 11. Test curve of time waveform of the test points on the beam.Figure 12. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at the steel support. (a) test points at the bottom of steel support; (b) test points on the upper side of steelsupport.From the data in Tables 3 and 4, it can be concluded that the strain and stress are produced by the alternating loads from the horse head circle working. When the maximum of the polished rod load is changing between 21.11 kN and 68.23 kN, the stresses of the connection pins remain stable and the stress maximum is 28.08 MPa, and the stress amplitudes of all the test points are not high. Under the alternating loads, the pumping unit structure is safe with enough strength though the stresses of the test points are different.Figure 13. Strain rosette setting.ConclusionA new design method of compound balance is found for the double horse-head pumping unit in this study. The compound balance method has absorbed the merits of the two ways, the crank balance and the beam balance. The key step is to determine the values of the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank balance weight.Table 3. Equivalent stress results of horse head at the test points of pin A and pin B.Table 4. Strain and stress results of beam and steel support.Figure 14. Curves of equivalent stresses of horse head and beam in one workcirculation.There is a general description on the compound balance design. In the initial stage of design, the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank balance weight are calculated according to equations (16) and (17), and by combining the design aim of better energy consumption reduction capacity and the ratio of A to C in the scope a few reasonable schemes are got. Using the software ADAMS, the dynamic virtual simulation for these schemes are done, and the best optimized design scheme is picked up from the balanced designs. In order to verify the correctness and reasonability of this best balance design, the stress test for the compound balance pumping unit is necessary. If the result is satisfied, the compound balance design is completed.In the paper, the design for the double horse-head pumping unit is completed by the compound balance methodology. The design course strictly complies with the general rules as mentioned above based on the design aim of better energy consumption reduction. The stress test on the key parts, horse head, beam, and steel support shows that the stress amplitudes of all the test points are much less than the safe allowable stress of the steel material, and the compoundbalance pumping unit structure has enough strength under the alternating loads during its working cycle.For the compound balance design, the negative torque from the motor of the pumping unit can be decreased in the cycle strokes, and the forces of the steel wire rope and the connection pins can be cut down. So it can be concluded that the compound balance method is scientific and effective in improving the capacity of energy consumption reduction for the beam pumping unit.References1.Wang SM, Chen WH and Zhang WE. Comparison and analysis of beam pumping unit made in China. J Electromech Eng 2001; 18: 80–84.2.Zheng GR. Current situation and development of energy-saving pumping unit. J Appl Energy Technol 2000; 3: 1–3.3.Guo D, Zhang ZZ, Bai XM, et al. Comprehensive economic analysis of energy-saving pumping unit. J Petrol Mach 2007; 35: 60–63.4.Wu YJ, Liu ZJ, Zhao GX, et al. Pumping unit. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1994, pp.8–58.5.Liu HZ and Guo D. Special beam pumping unit. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1997, pp.12–49.6.Yang DP, Gao XS and Dai Y. Dynamic simulation system of variable parameter flexible linkage mechanism of dual horse head pump unit. J Mech Eng 2010; 46: 59–65.7.Firu LS, Chelu T and Militaru-Peter C. A modern approach to the optimum design of sucker-rod pumping system. In: Proceedings-SPE annual technology conference and exhibition, Denver, Colorado, 2003, pp.825–833.8.Rowlan OL, Mccoy JN and Podio AL. Best method to balance torque loadings on pumping unit gearbox. J Petrol Technol 2005; 44: 27–32.9.Wan BL. Design and calculation of oil extraction equipment. Beijing: Press of Petroleum Industry, 1986, pp.26–37.10.Dong SM and Feng NN. Computer simulation model of the system efficiency of rod pumping wells. J Syst Simul 2007; 19: 1853–1856.11.Song J, Zhang HW and Cheng GJ. Research on energy saving of beam pumping unit by virtual prototype technology. J Inform Manuf 2007; 36: 17–18.Yao CD. Optimized design and dynamic simulation of a new pumping unit. J Mech Des 2004; 21: 49–51.12.Zhang HZ and Sheng XY. Finite element analysis on strength of lifting ropes of double horse head beam pumping unit. Petrol Eng Construct 2008; 10: 24–26.13.Chen DM, Huai CF, Zhang KT, et al. Mast ADAMS virtual prototype technology. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2010, pp.22–36.14.Tjahjowidodo T, Al-Bender F, van Brussel VH, et al. Friction characterization and compensation in electromechanical systems. J Sound Vib 2007; 308: 632–646.15.Leng JC, Zou LQ, Cui XH, et al. Failure analysis of walking beam of dual horse head pumping unit based on stress measurement. J Oil Field Equip 2007; 36: 67–69.中文译文在研究基础上，复合平衡结构双驴头抽油机的设计和仿真分析福海龙邹龙青王月冯志萍宋振华摘要双驴头抽油机，是最经典的抽油设备，由于其驴头结构由钢丝绳杆连接，使得抽油过程中的高效率和良好的平衡能力。
外文资料翻译
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目某燃煤采暖锅炉烟气除尘系统设计学院资源与环境学院专业环境工程班级0802学生孙红帅学号20080203039指导教师张玲二〇一二年四月二十日济南大学- 1 -济南大学- 2 -济南大学- 3 -济南大学- 4 -- 5 -济南大学- 6 -济南大学- 7 -济南大学- 8 -济南大学- 9 -济南大学- 10 -济南大学Chemical Engineering and Processing 40 (2001) 245–254.新的旋风式分离器的计算方法与纷飞挡板和底部清洁的天然气 - 第二部分：实验验证Tomasz Chmielniak a,*, Andrzej Bryczkowskia,b煤化工Zamkowa1，41-803 Zabrze，波兰研究所化学和工艺设备，波兰西里西亚技术Uni6ersity，M. Strzody7，44-100格利维采1999年11月23日收到，在2000年6月6日修订后的形式;2000年6月6日采纳摘要派生模型预测研究所收集的效率和压力下降，煤化工（IChPW）与一个旋转挡板的旋风式分离器的设计测试和实验验证的结果。
试点工作包含测试气体流速和分离效率和压降转子转速的影响。
密封流除尘效率的影响进行了测试。
一个旋转挡板分隔的特点是高效率和低的压降。
挡板高度的扩展可以得到较高的除尘效率和更低的压降。
计算方法与实验结果显示了良好的实验预期。
©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.版权所有。
关键词粉尘分离；气旋；旋流挡板；收集效率；压降1介绍由于旋转分离元素的粉尘分离器的优势，致使过去几年对这类设备[1-5]建设的深入研究和理论描述。
它还涉及建设一个在化工、煤炭加工（IChPW）研究所开发的新型旋风式分离器旋流挡板[6]。
在这个问题上[6]前文推导的理论模型来预测一个旋转挡板分离器的收集效率和压力下降。
在本文章中，发达国家的计算方法的实验和实证检验的结果报告。
外文资料及翻译
外文资料及译文原文：Television Video SignalsAlthough over 50 years old , the standard television signal is still one of the most common way to transmit an image. Figure 8.3 shows how the television signal appears on an oscilloscope. This is called composite video, meaning that there are vertical and horizontal synchronization (sync) pulses mixed with the actual picture information.These pulses are used in the television receiver to synchronize the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits to match the video being displayed. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images, commonly called frames , A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines, the television jargon for what programmers call rows. This number is a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contain video information; the remaining 39to 45 lines are reserved for sync pulses to keep the television’s circuits synchronized with the video signal.Standard television uses an interlaced format to reduce flicker in the displayed image. This means that all the odd lines of each frame are transmitted first, followed by the even lines. The group of odd lines is called the odd field, and the group of even lines is called the even field. Since each frame consists of two fields, the video signal transmits 60 fields per second. Each field starts with a complex series of vertical sync pulses lasting 1.3 milliseconds. This is followed by either the even or odd lines of video. Each line lasts for 63.5 microseconds, including a 10.2 microsecond horizontal sync pulse, separating one line from the next. Within each line, the analog voltage corresponds to the gray scale of the image, with brighter values being in the direction away from the sync pulses. This place the sync beyond the black range. In video jargon, the sync pulses are said to be blacker than black..The hardware used for analog-to-digital conversion of video signals is called a frame grabber. This is usually in the form of an electronics card that plugs into a computer, and connects to a camera through a coaxial cable. Upon command from software, the frame grabber waits for the beginning of the next frame, as indicated by the vertical sync pulses. During the following two fields, each line of video is sampled many times, typically 512,640 or 720 samples per line, at 8bits per sample. These samples are stored in memory as one row of the digital image.This way of acquiring a digital image results in an important difference between the vertical and horizontal directions. Each row in the digital image corresponds to one line in the video signal, and therefore to one row of wells in the CCD. Unfortunately,the columns are not so straightforward. In the CCD, each row contains between about 400 and 800 wells (columns), depending on the particular device used. When a row of wells is read from the CCD, the resulting line of video is filtered into a smooth analog signal, such as in Figure 8.3. In other words, the video signal does not depend on how many columns are present in the CCD. The resolution in the horizontal direction is limited by how rapidly the analog signal is allowed to change. This is usually set at 3.2 MHz for color television, resulting in a rise time of about 100 nanoseconds, i.e, about1/500th of the 53.2 microsecond video line.When the video signal is digitized in the frame grabber, it is converted back into conclusions. However, these columns in the digitized image have no relation to the columns in the CCD. The number of columns in the digital image depends solely on how many times the frame grabber samples each line of video. For example, a CCD might have 800 wells per row, while the digitized image might only have 512 pixels (i.e columns) perrow.The number of columns in the digitized image is also important for another reason. The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4 to 3, i.e. it is slightly wider than it is high. Motion pictures have the wider aspect ratio of 25 to 9. CCDs used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1 to 1, i.e , a perfect square. In any event, the aspect ratio of a CCD is fixed by the placement of the electrodes, and cannot be altered. However, the aspect ratio of the digitized image depends on the number of samples per line. This becomes a problem when the image is displayed, either on a video monitor or in a hardcopy. If the aspect ratio isn’t properly reproduced, the image looks squashed horizontally or vertically.The 525 line video signal described here is called NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), a standard defined way back in 1954. This is the system used in the United States and Japan. In Europe there are two similar standards called PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) and SECAM (Sequential Chrominance and Memory). The basic concepts are the same, just the numbers are different. Both PAL and SECAM operate with 25 interlaced frames per second, with 625 lines per frame. Just as with NTSC, some of these lines occur during the vertical sync, resulting in about 576 lines that carry picture information. Other more subtle differences relate to how color and sound are added to the signal.The most straightforward way of transmitting color television would be to have three separate analog signals, one for each of the three colors the human eye can detect: red, green and blue. Unfortunately, the historical development of television did not allow such a simple scheme. The color television signal was developed to allow existing blackand white television sets to remain in use without modification. This was done by retaining the same signal for brightness information , but adding a separate signal for color information. In video jargon, the brightness is called the luminance signal, while the color is the chrominance signal. The chrominance signal is contained on a 3.58 MHz carrier wave added to the black and white video signal. Sound is added in this same way, on a 4.5 MHz carrier wave. The television receiver separates these three signals, processes them individually, and recombines them in the final diplay.译文：关键词：核心，合成信号，电压耦合电视信号尽管已经拥有50年的历史了,电视信号依然是常用的传递信息的途径之一。
外文资料翻译
外文资料翻译学院：电子工程学院系（专业）：电子信息工程班级：电子061姓名：学号：指导教师评语：签名：年月日一：外文原文3G TECHNOLOGYAlthough the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine. Just imagine having a combined camera, videocamera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone. Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment. The step towards IP is vital. IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be "on line" at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data. The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacity - so operators will be able to support more users, as well as offer more sophisticated services.3G - At home3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways. The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use. Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers. Here are some examples:∙You're sitting on a train and use this "dead" time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few bills - all through your 3G device. You savetime and can be smarter about managing your finances.∙On a touring vacation, you arrive in a new city. You haven't made any reservations in advance, because you can do this when you get there, by usingyour 3G handset to obtain up-to-date information, including hotel vacancies.Having booked a room, you can use your mobile to view video clips of localtourist attractions and talk to someone from the local tourist information bureau at the same time.3G - At work3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours. Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators. Here are some examples:∙At work you receive a message from your "smart" refrigerator at home. The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that yourgroceries are ready to collect on the way home.∙You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office. Pulling into a service station, you useyour 3G device to hold a telemeeting with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.∙ A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem. Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services. Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, "infotainment", mobile commerce and unified messaging -encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas. These include amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network. Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play. This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved. Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling "always on" mobility. This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receivinginformation. When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node. The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:∙Faster data speeds and "always on" mobility∙Almost instantaneous connection set-up∙Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP∙ A step towards full 3G services.WCDMAWideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G. For example, WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth (the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) in Europe and ARIB (Association of Radio Industry Businesses) in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development. The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998. Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world. At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.EDGEEnhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies. By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.cdma2000cdma2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services. The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G. For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.cdma2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G. cdma2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.BluetoothBluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices. It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example. Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized. Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC. Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communications - one of the largest growth areas in telecommunications.Bluetooth is a key development for terminals and other devices using mobile networks. It is available now for 2G networks and as 3G systems, will play an increasingly important supporting role in the future of mobile communications. Ericsson has already announced Bluetooth devices, including the T36 Bluetooth phone and a Bluetooth headset.Bluetooth was originally developed by Ericsson, but is now under the auspices of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. It has widespread support among telecom equipment vendors, computer and chip manufacturers.SymbianSymbian is an independent joint venture supported by companies including Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and Psion. Symbian aims to promote a mass market for mobile information devices in two ways:∙First, through the development of core software, application frameworks, applications and development tools for mobile multimedia devices (such as PDAs, smartphones and communicators)∙Second, by "evangelizing" standards for the interoperation of mobile information devices. Symbian's EPOC operating system is already available and Ericssondevices such as the R380 are EPOC-enabled.WAPWireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a global, open standard that gives mobile users access to Internet services through handheld devices. It enables users to easily access awhole range of Mobile Internet and other data services from mobile devices such as smartphones and communicators, and without the need to plug into a separate laptop or data-enabled device.WAP enables this through a built-in "WAP microbrowser" that lets information be accessed direct from a phone, in the same way that web browsers provide access toon-line services via an Internet-ready PC. Typically, a WAP screen will display a number of hyperlinks to various services or information portals.As well as WAP phones, Ericsson has also announced a WAP Service Developer's Kit (WapIDE) and the WAP Gateway/Proxy, which bridges WAP applications and services in Internet and intranet environments with mobile networks. In addition, Ericsson provides application enablers, such as Ericsson Localized Internet (ELI) forlocation-based services, and WAP Application Server (WAS) providing a run-time and development environment for WAP applications.Ericsson is one of the four founding members of the WAP Forum. Since 1997, when it was established, the WAP Forum has gained widespread industry support - hundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。
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淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：自动化姓名：洪波学号：1061204214外文出处：/index/VK20202146155322.pdf(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：该生所选材料与毕业设计课题比较相近，翻译质量较好，语句较通顺，字数符合要求，如果能够加深些内容就好了，符合设计要求。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于CAN总线的分布式数据采集与分析系统摘要：关于大型核物理设置分布式远程控制系统的目的是收集、存储和分析数据以及检测设备运行，通过WEB对其进行可视化。
系统使用CAN工业数据传送网络和DeviceNet高层协议。
其硬件部分是转换成频率信号的检测设备，并通过CAN 网络传输他们的数字形式到主机电脑。
该软件实现屏蔽，以保证协议栈的数据采集、传输。
用户界面是基于动态网页。
服务器脚本执行其形成和数据的图形可视化。
该系统用于监测BOREXINO中微子探测器（意大利）的光电倍增管黑暗噪音。
一、硬件部分系统的结构体系在工业系统，需要从很多模拟传感器组织数据采集，其中模拟参数转换成频率信号最合适4 - 20 mA的电流和频率接口。
这些物理参数随温度、电压、压力转换成可以轻易在传输过程中，以方便的频率信号进行进一步的处理。
这在技术上较为简单，更便宜，以确保大型分布式系统在电偶解耦多通道数据采集的所需。
因此，通用变频器在输入的建筑设计的模块，其中有几个是具有测量频率数的投入。
这些模块共有一个统一的工业通讯网络，确保了建设一个分层分布式系统，使接近传感器传感装置的频率输出。
在大量现有工业网络中，选择控制器区域网络（CAN）总线，便于我们系统模块的链接。
鉴于自身的特色（按位仲裁，差分信号传输模式，高度可靠的错误处理和错误逮捕算法），CAN工业网络很适合创建分布式数据采集、监测和控制系统。
CAN总线为数据传输，具有高速度(1 Mbit / s)和很强的抗噪能力。
CAN的灵活性是指CAN模块可以简单连接到总线和断开；在这种情况下，组件的总数是不受限于低级协议。
CAN2.0B最新标准描述只有两个低层次的ISO / OSI网络参考模型：（i）物理层和（ii）数据自动传输装置层。
为建立数据传输系统，它需要一个或另一个高(用于应用)水平的协议。
这个协议，方便使用DeviceNet或CanOpen协议，因为他们有一个开放的规格和适当的国际标准设计并支持他们。
DeviceNet协议被使用在黑暗的环境噪声中研制BOREXINO探测器的监测系统。
建筑系统的特色是数据采集系统划分成任意数量独立子系统的可能性。
在每个子系统中，多达256个频道，可衡量几个独立控制器，频率表，以及它们之间的通信是由DeviceNet协议的支持。
在这种情况下，每个子系统的控制器可以有不同的技术特点（通道数和测量频带），这取决于特定的物理问题。
然而，他们都有一个共同的建筑和同一简报的系统。
目前，使用8 、16 、64米的通道频率。
这是假设所有的传感器位于一个地区的设置是连接到一个模块。
每个频率计有CAN控制器，并作为从器件连接到CAN网络。
主设备的数据采集子系统控制计算机。
各个子系统的控制是独立的网络。
从控制计算机数据到达服务器，并把它们储藏和发送到客户站供其查询。
在开发该系统，我们假设相对缓慢变化的数据应该是衡量，即受监视的典型参数变化时间应该是1秒或以上。
在这种情况下，测得的频率值由10赫兹到0.5兆赫。
测量的频率为1赫兹在经营范围中边界；在此范围的边界，误差≤10％。
标准模块转换器通过CAN总线连接，可添加到系统中，以测量频率和其他物理参数。
该系统是通过增加模块使用标准的高级别CAN总线网络协议。
创建的系统实现了经典的三个层次的数据控制和采集系统各：（1）对象的访问级别，（2）管制站的水平，（3）支持图形界面的服务水平。
这是大型分布式系统的最佳架构。
此外，它允许一个规模相适应的数据采集系统，对以不同类型的大型物质设置。
这个独立的控制器用于允许一个逻辑组传感器根据自己的位置和功能。
因此，该系统可以被视为一个平台开发类似系统。
二、软件部分系统的结构体系我们考虑一个一般方框图系统软件的两个子系统的控制。
本软件为系统的监测、数据采集、基于多级方案分析；在特殊情况下，它是可能在这四个层面来区分：(1)硬件，(2)数据采集，(3) 数据处理及(4)数据展现的水平。
此外，它可以区分六子系统软件的功能：(1)数据采集子系统、(2)物理数据仿真系统；(3)数据处理系统，(4)数据存储子系统，(5)状态监测(可视化)子系统，(6)离线分析子系统。
两个客户端服务器链接用于传输系统之间的水平数据。
一个是位于层次之间的数据采集，其中服务器是TCP / IP守护进程模块和数据处理水平，其中客户端是数据服务器程序模块。
在其他环节之间的数据处理，其中服务器是数据服务器模块，数据编制水平，其中客户端是可视化子系统。
交换数据的客户端和服务器端之间通过标准的inquiryanswer原则插槽机制。
在适当时由系统执行数据采集、处理和演示水平物理隔离，分离的数据采集和分析过程的时间，也为成分的负载平衡。
我们考虑一个方案的操作和相互作用的各种模块的系统。
在数据采集方式的信息的前提下，由许多不同传感器参数组合的几个测量模块统一的CAN网络。
因此，这是数据采集子系统。
这些数据通过数据采集模块(DeviceNet主站)都写进了分布式存储空间。
如果安装不在工作模式，即分布式控制系统是关闭的，数据可以到从模拟到模块的分布式的内存空间。
仿真模块用于调试系统。
它允许一个模拟频繁和设置紧急状态，也就是说，它是用于检查监测系统的行为是否足够使用。
当模拟模块开始运行，它会检查是否基本数据采集系统运行或不和，只有当它关闭时，模拟数据写入分布内存空间。
该仿真系统接口部分允许指定的网上通过舒适的图形界面进行每个通道的模拟。
数据通过数据传输模块的分布式存储空间（TCP / IP协议守护程序）收集，模块提供数据的数据处理模块（数据服务器）。
数据传输模块发出采集的数据可以从每个频率计分系统和子系统同时进行所有操作。
这个数据调查发生的计时器时间，和审讯周期（T = 0.5秒）是典型的数据到达时间（T2 = 1秒）的1/2。
数据处理模块的数据包到数据库（DB）和暂时存储数据的频率。
临时存储空间的布置，是一个环形缓冲区，允许正在运行的可视化模块中的临时窗口模式的实现。
缓冲区的大小可以调整到所需史前长度可视化模块的要求。
包装子系统的DB数据执行数据初加工，其参照绝对时间，如果有可能，他们的压缩、包装到结构形式DB。
在收到的数据格式成为一个非物质的一种物质形式（频率，温度和电压转换）再存储和传输到Web客户端。
这些数据被保存在该方案的定期运行过程中，并在必要时，数据存储可以在测试模式下被禁用。
这个数据采集和模拟子系统和Dataserver模块都在Linux的操作系统下使用ANSI C语言写。
数据可视化显示数据的频率模块的频率计通道是在线模式。
该子系统将显示所有的渠道和设备的国家，在这种情况下，要求在DB状态的监视和校验设备整合状态的频率计通道到一个真正的物理设备。
调查数据分析模块生成的数据库管理系统（DBMS），以便得到关于在指定时间监测参数信息。
数据可视化和分析模块写入通过使用Perl和PHP语言.模块是通过使用Perl和PHP语言编写的CGI脚本。
三、结论软件和硬件组件，形成一个为我们开发建设的监控系统，包括数据采集和分析等系统，并以此为基础的完整平台可以确保及时监测大型核物质设置，包括及时对故障研设备响应.这个平台结构使人们能轻松扩展、更新和扩大在此基础上创建的系统的功能。
利用黑暗中噪声BOREXINO探测器监测系统的经验，使人们将其看作一个建立在基础的大型分布式物理设置在线监测系统平台。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）A Distributed Data AcquisitionAnd Analysis System Based on a CAN BusAbstract—A distributed remote-control system for large nuclear physical setups is intended to collect, store,and analyze data arriving from detecting devices and to visualize them via the WEB. The system uses the CAN industrial data transmission network and the DeviceNet high-level protocol. The hardware part is the set of controllers,which convert signals of the detecting devices into a frequency and transmit them in the digital form via the CAN network to the host computer. The software realizes the DeviceNet protocol stack, which ensures the data acquisition and transmission. The user interface is based on dynamic WEB pages. Server scripts carry out their formation and graphical visualization of data. The system is used for monitoring dark noises of photomultiplier tubes in the BOREXINO neutrino detector (Italy).ARCHITECTURE OF THE HARDW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEMIn industrial systems, where it is necessary to organize the data acquisition from many analog sensors, the most suitable are 4- to 20-mA current and frequency interfaces in which the analog parameter is at once generated or converted into the frequency signal. Such physical parameters as temperature, voltage, and pressure can be easily converted into frequency, ensuring convenience during transmission of signals for further processing. When the signal is transmitted in frequency form, it is technically simpler and cheaper to ensure the galvanic decoupling required for the multichannel data acquisition in large distributed systems. Thus, the universal input converter in the proposed architectural design is the module, which has several inputs for measuring frequency. The modules are unified by an industrial communication network, ensuring a possibility of constructing a hierarchical distributed system and bringing the sensing devices closer to sensors with the frequency output.Of a great number of existing industrial networks,the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus was selected in order to connect the modules of our system. In view of its own special features (bitwise arbitration, differential signal transmission mode, andhighly reliable algorithm of error handling and bug arrest), the CAN industrial network is well suitable for creating distributed data acquisition, monitoring and control systems. The CAN bus is characterized by a high data transmission speed (up to 1 Mbit/s) and high noise immunity. The CAN flexibility is attained due to the simple connection of CAN modules to the bus and disconnection from it;in this case, the total number of the modules is not limited by low-level protocol.The up-to-date CAN 2.0B standard [4] describes only two lower layers of theISO/OSI reference network model [5]: (i) the physical layer and (ii) the data link layer. For building the data transmission system, it is required that one or another high (applied)-level protocol be used. As this protocol, it is convenient to use DeviceNet or CanOpen protocols, since they have an open specification and appropriate international standards have been designed and supported for them. The DeviceNet protocol is used in the developed dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector [6].The architectural special feature of the system is the possibility of dividing the data acquisition system into an arbitrary number of independent subsystems. In each subsystem, up to 256 frequency channels can be measured by several independent controllers–frequency meters, and communication between them is supported by the DeviceNet protocol. In this case, the controllers for each subsystem can have different technical characteristics (the number of channels and measured frequency band), depending on the specific physical problem. However, they have a common architecture and the same presentation in the system. At present, 8-, 16-, and 64-channel frequency meters are used. It is assumed that all sensors located in one region of the monitored setup are connected to one module. Each frequency meter has a CAN controller and is connected to the CAN network as a slave device. The master device is the control computer of the data acquisition subsystem.Each subsystem of controllers is the independent CAN network. Data from the control computer arrive at the server, where they are stored and issued in accordance with inquiries of client stations.While developing the system, we assumed that relatively slowly varying data should have been measured, i.e., that the typical variation time of the monitored parametershould be 1 s or over. In this case, the measured frequency value can vary from 10 Hz to 0.5 MHz. The frequency is measured with an accuracy of 1 Hz in the middle of the operating range; at the borders of this range, the error is ≤10%.Standard modules–converters connected via the CAN bus can be added into the system in order to measure physical parameters other than frequency. The system is expanded by adding modules using standard high-level protocols of the CAN-bus network.The created system realizes all levels of classical three-level data control and acquisition system [7]:(i) object access level, (ii) control station level, and (iii) service level for supporting the graphical interface.It is this architecture that suits distributed and large systems best. In addition, it allows one to scale and adapt the data acquisition system to large physical setups of different types. The independent groups of controllers used allow one to logically group sensors according to their location or function. Therefore, the system can be considered a platform for developing similar systems.ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOFTW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEMWe consider a general block diagram of the system software for two subsystems of controllers. The software for the system of monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis is based on a multilevel scheme; in particular, it is possible to distinguish four levels in it: (i) hardware, (ii) data acquisition, (iii) data processing, and (iv) data presentation levels.In addition, it is possible to distinguish six functional subsystems in the software: (i) data acquisition subsystem, (ii) physical data simulation subsystem; (iii) data processing subsystem, (iv) data storage subsystem,(v) status monitoring (visualization) subsystem,and (vi) off-line analysis subsystem.Two client–server links are used to transmit data between levels of the system. One is located between the data acquisition level, where the server is a TCP/IP Daemon module, and the data processing level, where the client is the Dataserver program module. The other link is located between the data processing level, where the server is the Dataserver module, and the data presentation level, where the client is the visualization subsystem.Data are exchanged between the client and server via a standard socket mechanism on the inquiryanswer principle.The data acquisition, processing, and presentation levels are physically separated and located in different computers due to the nonuniformity of problems executed by the system, the separation of data acquisition and analysis processes in time, and also for balancing the loads on components.We consider a scheme of operation and interaction of various modules of the system.In the data acquisition mode, the information on the monitored parameters arrives from many various sensors grouped by means of several measuring modules and unified by the CAN network. Hence, the data acquisition subsystem is distributed.These data are written into the distributed memory space via the data acquisition module (DeviceNet Master). If the setup is not in the working mode, i.e., the distributed controller system is off, the data can arrive into the distributed memory space from the simulation module.The simulation module is intended for debugging the system. It allows one to simulate infrequent and emergency states of the setup; i.e., it is used for checking the adequacy of the monitoring system behavior. When the simulation module starts operating, it checks whether the basic data acquisition system is operating or not and, only if it is off, simulated data are written into the distributed memory space. The interface part of the simulation system allows one to specify online the behavior of each simulated channel via the comfortable graphical interface.Data are collected by the data transmission module (TCP/IP Daemon) from the distributed memory space.In response to inquiries, the module delivers data to the data processing module (Dataserver). The data transmission module can issue data acquired both from each individual frequency meter subsystem and from all operating subsystems simultaneously. The data inquiry takes place in accordance with the timer, and the interrogation period ( T = 0.5 s) is equal to 1/2 of the typical data arrival time ( T = 1 s).The data processing module packs data into the database (DB) and temporarily stores data on frequencies. The temporary storage space is arranged as a ring buffer,permitting the realization of the running temporary window mode in the visualization module. The buffer size can be adjusted to the required prehistory length requested by the visualization module. The DB data packing subsystem executes primary processing of data; their referencing to the absolute time; if it is possible, their compression; and packing into the DB in structured form. Data received in a nonphysical format are converted into a physical form (frequency, temperature,and voltage) before storage and transmission to WEB clients. The data are saved periodically during operation of the program, and, if necessary, the data saving can be disabled in the test mode.The data acquisition and simulation subsystems and the Dataserver module are written in language ANSI C for use in the Linux operational system.The data visualization module displays data on frequencies in frequency meter channels in an online mode. This subsystem displays the states of all the channels and devices, in this case, requesting in the DB the status of the equipment and verifying the conformity of the status of the frequency meter channel to a real physical device.The data analysis module generates inquiries for the database management system (DBMS) in order to receive information on the monitored parameter over the specified time. The data visualization and analysis modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.CONCLUSIONThe software and hardware components that we developed form a complete platform for building the systems for monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis.The systems based on it are capable of ensuring prompt monitoring of the large nuclear physical setup, including timely response to malfunctions in the equipment.The platform structure allows one to easily scale,update, and expand the functional capabilities of the systems created on its basis. The experience of using the dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector allows one to consider the platform as a basis for building distributed online monitoring systems for large physical setups.。