英语句子成分划分详解
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英语句子成分划分详解(一)
主语:就是一个句子陈述的对象,或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如:我看书。谁看书“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。(如动词不定式,动名词,代词都可作主语,主语从句)
主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名词)
He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
What he needs is a book.(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
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谓语:说明主语是什么,干什么,怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么,是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。一个句子,一般都可分成主、谓两大部分(祈使句是省主句)。再细分又可分成谓语(动词)、宾语,表语,补语(包括宾补和主补),定语,状语,同位语等。如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语(看)和宾语(书)。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词,要么是行为动词,要么是系动词,不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。
谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
He is asleep.
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宾语:指谓语动词所涉及的对象,由名、代、数,宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当,但人称代词要用宾格。如:还说上例。谓语动词是“看”,看什么看“书”,“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象,是“看”的宾语。需要说明的是:只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。
1)动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China.(名词)
He hates you.(代词)
How many do you need We need two.(数词)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you. (动名词)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said(宾语从句)
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2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
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表语:是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语,这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词,也可以是从句。
表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. (名词)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it.(代词)
Five and five is ten.(数词)
He is asleep. (形容词)
His father is in. (副词)
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say“I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.(不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
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常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉)
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
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定语:修饰限定名词、代词的词,说明所修饰词的性质、特征等,如 a tall boy中,tall 修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。
定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
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Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend.(代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now.(过去分词)