英译汉层次(段落篇章翻译)
现代散文翻译(汉译英)
I am on my own. strolling. hands behind my back. This bit of the universe seems in my possession now; and I myself seem to have been uplifted from my ordinary self into another world, I like a serene and peaceful life, as much as a busy and active one; I like being in solitude, as much as in company. As it is tonight, basking in a misty moonshine all by myself. I feel I am a free man, free to think of anything, or of nothing. All that one is obliged to do. or to say, in the daytime, can be very well cast a side now. That is the beauty of being alone. For the moment, just let me indulge in this profusion of moonlight and lotus frafragrance.
现代散文翻译
汉译英
荷塘月色
朱自清
荷塘月色
这几天心里颇不宁静。今晚在院子里坐着 这几天心里颇不宁静。 乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘， 乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满 月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。 月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。月亮渐 渐地升高了，墙外马路上孩子们的欢笑， 渐地升高了，墙外马路上孩子们的欢笑， 已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿， 已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷 糊糊地哼着眠歌。我悄悄地披了大衫， 糊糊地哼着眠歌。我悄悄地披了大衫，带 上门出去。 上门出去。
篇章翻译英译汉
英译汉San Francisco“San Francisco， open your Golden Gate，” sang the girl in the theatre. She never1 finished her song. That date was 18th April，1906. The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided，buildings crashed2 to the ground and people rushed out into the streets. The dreadful earthquake destroyed the city that had grown up when men discovered gold in the deserts of California.3 But today the streets of San Francisco stretch over more than forty steep hills，rising like huge cliffs above the blue waters of the Pacific Ocean.The best way to see this splendid city，where Spanish people were the first to make their homes，is to take one of the old cable cars which run along the nine main avenues. Fares are cheap； they have not risen，I‟m told，for almost a hundred years.4You leave5 the palm trees in Union Square --- the heart of San Francisco --- and from the shop signs and the faces around you，you will notice that in the city live people from many nations --- Austrians，Italians，Chinese and others6 --- giving each part a special character. More Chinese live in China Town than in any other part of the world outside China.7 Here，with Chinese restaurants， Chinese post-boxes， and even odd telephone-boxes that look like pagodas，it is easy8 to feel you are in China itself.Fisherman‟s Wharf， a place all foreigners want to see，is at the end of the ride. You get out， pause perhaps to help the other travelers to swing the cable car on its turntable （a city custom），and then set out to find a table in one of9 the gay little restaurants beside the harbor. As you enjoy the fresh Pacific seafood you can admire the bright red paint of the Golden Gate Bridge in the harbor and watch the traffic crossing beneath the tall towers on its way to the pretty village of Tiberon .漫步旧金山“旧金山，敞开你的金门吧！”剧院里女歌手唱道，可惜她再也没能唱完1。
英译汉翻译作业4(1)(1)(1)
英译汉作业41. 句子翻译：翻译下列广告句子：1) It gives my hair super shine, super body, and leaves it smelling fresh as a meadow.让秀发更光泽，更柔顺，带着青草的清香。
2) Come to where the flavor is -----Marlboro Country.光临至味之境。
3) Cleans your breath while it cleans your teeth ------- Colgate.白皙牙齿，清新口气。
4) A world of comfort------- Japan Airline温房。
5) You’re better off under the Umbrella ------Travelers.保护伞下，自在出行。
6) Quality never goes out of style---- Levi’s.质量永在。
7) You don’t close your eye when you drive a car. So why should you when you buy one? ------Toyota.开车不闭眼，买车又何必？8) Owing to their fine quality, excellent workmanship, novel designs and style, and complete size range, “Snow Mountain” Cashmere Sweaters have gained popularity from consumers at home and abroad.得益于优异的品质，精良的工艺，新颖的设计和款式，完备的尺码范围，“雪山”羊绒衫受到国内外消费者的欢迎。
9) The Kaatskill mountains(卡兹吉尔丛山) are a dismembered(断开的)branch of the great Appalachian family(阿帕拉钦山脉), and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. At the foot of these fairy mountains, the voyager may have descried(看见) the light smoke curling up from a village, whose shingle-roofs gleam among the trees. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists. (请用文言文翻译此段)河西可望卡兹吉尔丛山，阿帕拉钦山之遗支，高耸至尊。
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版_中英文对照
1
我的第一份工作
当我十二岁时我永远地离开了学校,同时得到了我的第一份全职工作,作为一个食品杂货商的男孩。我每天都在搬沉重的货物,不过干得倒也挺带劲。要不是我能干重活，我早就给辞退了，因为老板要我毕恭毕敬的给那些上等人说话，这样干，我实在受不了。
种观念与思想，而不是依随那一直以来的相反方向去解释这些观念与
思想。
3
For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbors’’ orchards
但是有一个星期二，到了我的忍耐极限----这是我歇半天的假日。那一天，在我回家的路上,我又像往常一样，替老捎了一大篮子吃的东西，给他的嫂子送去。因为顺路，我也从没说过不乐意。
然而,在这个特别的星期二，就在我们正关门的时候, 一大批的
他打开火腿包，拿出一只，熏火腿送到了商店。“等一下,”老板说,开始剔骨头，然后 Nhomakorabea绳子绑起来。
入:比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田;那里充
斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅
如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的
一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切
是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。
4
In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.
商务英语翻译复习题 汉英段落翻译
Passage 1实施本土化对跨国公司来讲是一项十分重要、并且是一箭双雕的战略决策。
它不但能有效降低向东道国派遣高级管理人员的成本，与此同时，还能充分利用东道国相对低廉的人力资源。
从长远来看，把当地优秀的经理人员提拔到决策者的位子上来是十分明智的选择，因为他们比较熟悉本国的法律法规，了解本国的市场行情，决无文化方面的障碍，并能有效地与当地各部门进行沟通。
简而言之，他们更熟悉本国政府制定的游戏规则。
但要吸引并留住这些优秀人才，跨国公司必须做一件实实在在的事情：即给他们提供自身发展和事业进步的机遇。
Implementing localization is a very important strategic decision to multinationals which can kill two birds with one stone. It can not only reduce the cost of dispatching senior managers to host country, but also take advantage of relative cheap labor power in the host country. In the long term, it’s a wise choice to promote local excellent managers to decision-makers, because they are more familiar with local laws and regulations and market situation, and they have no obstacles in terms of culture so they can efficiently communicate with local departments. In one word, they are more familiar with rules established by local government. However, in order to attract and keep excellent personnel, multinationals must do something substantial, that is, offer them some opportunities to improve themselves and make progress in their own career.Passage 2中国经济体系中，某些产业的发展非常迅速。
汉译英：段落层次的分析语翻译实践 (1)
3
•
• • •
英语语篇的衔接
• I tried to get to sleep. My neighbour owns an acoustic guitar and an electric guitar. He likes to play the electric guitar. I had to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. The other neighbour and his wife must be more tolerant than me. I don't know what his other neighbour thinks about it. I don't know what his wife thinks about it. My neighbour plays the guitar quite badly. I wish my neighbour would take up another hobby. • I'm trying to get to sleep but he's at it again, my neighbour, playing the guitar. He actually owns two guitars, a simple acoustic one and an expensive electric one. But he seems to prefer to play the electric one late at night when I'm trying to get to sleep and have to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. I don't know what his other neighbour thinks about it, or his wife for that matter. They must be more tolerant than me. The problem is, not only does he play the guitar very loudly, but he also plays it quite badly. I really wish he would take up another hobby altogether, or at least find a quieter musical instrument to play.
【精品】新视野大学英语1sectionB文章英译汉翻译
新视野大学英语1sectionB文章翻译一、While regular schools still exist, the virtual classroom plays an important role in today's learningcommunity.（虽然常规的学校依然存在，但虚拟课堂在今天的教学领域中起着重要的作用。
）Job opportunitiesfor students are expanding rapidly and more people of all ages are becoming aware of online learning that allows them to study at home. （随着学生就业机会的迅速增多，越来越多不同年龄层的人开始意识到这种在家就学的网上学习方式。
）Online students, however, require unique qualities to be successful.（然而，网络学生需要具备一些特别的素质才能取得成功。
）The following list discusses someideal qualities of successful online students. （以下是网上学生要取得成功必备的一些理想素质。
）1. Be open-minded about sharing life, work, and learning experiences as part of online learning.（与人分享生活、工作及学习经验，这些是网上学习的一部分。
）Many people find that the online method requires them to use their experiences and that onlinelearning offers them a place to communicate with each other.（许多人发现网上学习需要他们运用各自的经验，同时又为他们提供了相互交流的场所。
英译汉(Unit1、2、3、5课文翻译)
英译汉（Unit1、2、3、5课文翻译）Unit 1 A Kind of Sermon 一番说教1、第一段：①It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。
②Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.学生们自然感到惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。
2、第二段：①It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results.在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显也会灰心丧气时，学生们并不感到多少安慰。
②He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded inputting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.他发现那些学生很容易去教，因为他们能把所学的知识很快地用于实践。
英语本科翻译学——高级段落翻译(中英)
一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。
古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。
我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。
Is there a standard to evaluate the significance of one’s life? It’s certainly difficult to offer a definite standard. But generally speaking, we can tell it by judging his attitude towards life and work, making clear whether he is serious about his life.Throughout the history, the outstanding people were all very serious about their lives. They made best use of every minute of their lives to work and study as much as possible, never wasting their time. None of the working people and the great statesmen and thinkers were of exception.Pollution is a problem because man, in an increasingly populated and industrialized world, is upsetting the environment in which he lives. Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. Now “growth”industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air, water and land. This rise in popolation accompanied by the desire of more and more people for electriciy, water and goods results in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciate the damage.污染已成为问题，因为再当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。
新标准大学英语三8篇汉译英段落翻译
1、美国国家教育统计中心的数据表明，大约80%的美国大学生至少要换一次专业。
有些学生上大学时就读父母或亲戚为他们选择的专业。
在大多数情况下，这些学生难以作出决定，因为他们不知道在决定变换被规划好的职业的时候该如何面对自己的亲人。
有些学生决定转专业是因为他们无法应付所学专业的基础课，而另一些学生则是因为他们实在厌恶所学的专业，必须换一个自己真正喜欢的专业。
专家认为，意识到所学专业不适合自己的技能和天赋没什么错。
实际上，能意识到这一点是成熟的标志。
重要的是找到一个真正适合你的专业。
在转专业之前，你需要见学业导师，跟教授或专业人员谈谈，做一些调查，问几个严肃的问题，看看你的选择是否正确。
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, about 80 percent of students in the United States end up changing their major at least once.Some students start college with a major their parents or relatives picked for them. In most cases, these students struggle to make a decision, because they don’t know how to confront their loved ones about a change in their intended career.Some students decide to change majors because they are struggling in basic courses for their intended major, while some others have come to so detest their major that they find it necessary to switch to another that they really love.Experts believe that there is nothing wrong with realizing that your major doesn’t suit your skills and talents.In fact, the ability to make such a realization is a sign of maturity. The trick is to find a major that does suit you better.Before making the switch, you need to meet with an academic advisor, research your choice by talking to professors or professionals, and ask yourself serious questions about whether it is the right choice for you.2、中国有一句古话：叫“人贵有自知之明”。
段落翻译
汉译英：蚯蚓是一种有益的动物。
在地面上它是其他动物的食物。
在地下，它为田野和花园制造肥沃的土壤。
蚯蚓能挖洞，而洞穴能使土壤疏松，因而使空气和水更容易达到植物的根部。
这些洞穴还有利于土壤的排水。
蚯蚓把枯萎的树叶、草和花瓣拖进洞穴中。
当这些植物垃圾腐烂后，就使土壤肥沃。
蚯蚓对制造优良的的表层土壤所起的作用是其它任何动物都比不上的。
据估计，五万条蚯蚓一年内能在一英亩的土地上制造大约十八吨优良土壤。
The earthworm is a useful animal. On the ground it is food for other animals. Under the ground, it makes rich soil for fields and gardens.Earthworms dig tunnels that loosen the soil and make it for air and water to reach the roots of plants. These tunnels help keep the soil well drained.Earthworms drag withered leaves, grass and flowers into their burrows. When this plant litter decays, it makes the soil more fertile.No other animal is so useful in building up good topsoil. It is estimated that in one year fifty thousand earthworms carry about eighteen tons of the fine soil to the surface of an acre of land.我深深爱着的祖国――古老而又年轻。
英译汉的层次(段落篇章翻译)
REPORTING
句子的结构分析
主语、谓语、宾语
在英语句子中，主语、谓语和宾 语是句子的核心成分，需要准确 识别并翻译为对应的中文表达。
状语、定语
状语和定语是句子中修饰或限定 名词或动词的成分，需要仔细分 析并恰当地翻译。
省略与冗余
英语句子中有时会省略一些成分， 而有时则会出现冗余现象，需要包括深入理解原文含义，准确把握语言
差异，适当调整表达方式以符合汉语习惯。
02
文化背景差异问题
不同文化背景下的语言表达习惯和思维方式存在差异，可能导致翻译时
无法准确传达原文含义。解决方法包括了解相关文化背景，理解原文中
的文化内涵，适当进行解释和调整。
03
专业术语问题
不同领域和专业中存在大量专业术语，翻译时需要准确理解和表达这些
了解原文的文化背景和历史背景，以便在译文中进行适当的解释和补充。 注意文化差异，避免因文化误解而产生的歧义。
在译文中适当添加注释或说明，以帮助读者更好地理解原文的文化内涵。
2023
PART 06
英译汉的实践与技巧总结
REPORTING
翻译实践中的常见问题与解决方法
01
语言差异问题
英语和汉语在语法、词汇和表达方式上存在显著差异，导致翻译时容易
长句的翻译技巧
切分长句
01
对于长句，可以将其切分为若干个短句，按照中文的表达习惯
进行翻译。
顺序调整
02
在翻译长句时，可以根据中文的表达习惯调整句子的顺序，使
译文更加流畅。
增译与减译
03
根据原文的意思和中文的表达习惯，可以适当增译或减译一些
词语，使译文更加准确。
句子的语序调整
翻译硕士笔译技巧：翻译层次-段落与篇章
翻译硕士笔译技巧：翻译层次－段落与篇章 一、段落(paragraph) 段落是小于语篇的语义单位，是一个在概念上比句子更大的翻译分析单位。
它可能是几个句群，也可能是一个句群，还可能只是一个句子，甚至是一个词。
以段落为单位对原语进行分析，较之以句子为单位的分析更有利于译者对原文作者意向及原文逻辑关联的把握。
从翻译实践出发，这里所讲的是至少有一个句群组成的段落。
先谈英汉对比，后说英语语段的译法。
1)英汉段落比较 段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相对完整、交际功能相对独立的语篇单位。
英语段落的构成大致可分两类：一类是典型的"主题句——阐述句——总结句"结构，另一类则有点象汉语的以某一中心思想统领的形散神聚结构，但注重形合的英语常常使用许多衔接和连贯手段，以便从形式上显现各种组合关系。
前一类结构的主题句标明段落的主题思想，接下来的句子必须在语义上与这一主题关联，在逻辑上演绎严谨。
这一特征在英语的论说文中表现得尤为突出。
而汉语段落通常都围绕一个较为含蓄的中心思想，其表述方式多为迂回式和流散式的，句际之间的意义关联可以是隐约的、似断非断的。
当然，也有不少十分注重逻辑推演的段落，句际之间环环相扣，但有相当数量的汉语段落都是形分意合的，没有英语中常见的那些连接词。
这种现象的背后当然是中英思维方式上的某些差异。
另外，段落构成在不同体裁的文章中也有明显差异。
比较一下英汉语段落构成情况，我们只能说它们是同中有异、异中有同，异略大于同。
例如： Gold，a precious metal，is prized for two important characteristics. First of all，gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore， it is suitable for jewelry， coins and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example， a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years，it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronaut's suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion， gold is treasured not only for its beauty， but also for its utility. 这一例是典型的"主题句——阐述句——总结句"结构。
英语段落翻译汉译英
英语段落翻译汉译英中国翻译传统源远流长，历经四次翻译高潮。
下面是店铺带来的英语段落翻译汉译英，欢迎阅读!英语段落翻译汉译英精选没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。
人，得天天有点什么盼头，生活才不至于暗淡。
有了盼头，会觉得太阳每天都是新的。
不管是望梅止渴，还是画饼充饥，它都会激励你不停手中的桨，去追逐哪怕一星微小的火光。
土地去掉水分，就成了沙漠;人没有了盼，还剩什么? 小盼头支撑人的一天，大盼头支撑人的一生。
人，是绝不能没有盼头的。
A day without hope would be unimaginably pale. There must be something to look forward to each day to brighten one's life and keep it out of shadows. T o a person cherishing hopes every morning rises a new sun. Even if it is a fantasy or an illusion, so long as it shows a ray of hope it still urges you on in pursuit of that little sparkle without letup.Deprived of moisture content, soil turns into desert. Deprived of hope, what is there left to a person? A small hope sustains a person for a day, a great one for a lifetime.Human beings cannot do without something to look forward to.英语段落翻译汉译英大全早在公元前11世纪，我国先民已经使用铜镜了。
英汉互译
check:
. You should check your answers again and again before you hand in your paper. (核对) b. I haven't checked my luggage yet. (寄存) c. Mary checked her horse sharply. （停住） d. We have checked the advance of the enemy. (阻止) e. Mr. Porter did not check in until yesterday. (签到) f. The guest must check out of the room before midnight. (结 帐离开) g. Can you check the correct answers please? (划对号)
（2）词义范围大小和侧重不同
• • • • • • • 国家： country ; nation; land; state; power state 指国家的政治实体 表示国家的地理范畴。 country 给人以国土或家园之感。 land 表示国家的实力 power 体现在共同的地域和政府下的全民概念 nation
一词多义—歧义
• She listened with interest to the conversation going on about her. • She listened with interest to the conversation going on about her. • about =concerning关于; =around周围
• • • • • man and wife 夫妻 cause and effect 因果 black and white 黑白 thick and thin 厚薄
经典英文段落翻译 英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。
波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。
”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。
”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。
西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。
在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。
英译汉语篇翻译
一位老人是这个持枪歹徒的第一个受害者。老人先被一辆 卡车撞倒，正当他试图起身时，被击中头部。
10. Mother: Is that your coat on the floor? Son: I’ll pick it up.
妈妈:地上是你的外套吗？ 儿子：这就捡起来。
Thank you
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
经济学家认为，经济衰退比预测中更加严重。 很明显，等待已久的经济衰退已经到来。许多经济学 家认为国家经济活动的衰退比先前预测的更加严重， 持续时间更长。
5. President Jimmy Carter noted that inflation is the cruelest tax that anyone can pay. Many people agree with that statement, arguing that the persistent decline in the dollar’s purchasing power hurts people directly because products cost more, and also causes a kind of psychological damage. Recent polls have shown that the average American, far from being optimistic, expects prices to rise to ever higher rates.
7. Just as man has found great uses for the materials which he can dig up from the ground so, too, he has found important uses for the gases which he can obtain from the air.
英译汉翻译作业2(1)
英译汉翻译作业21. 句子翻译1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他把手插入口袋，耸了耸肩。
2) The decrease in his income changed his life style.收入降低改变了他的生活方式。
3) I am ill-fated. My father died when I was four years old. My mother took her solemn vow to remain in widowhood. She was stricken with poverty and had to earn a living all by herself. She nurtured me and educated me until I grew up.（请用文言文翻译）吾不幸，生孩四年，慈父见背，母严誓寡居。
母常为金银所困，然独身抚养，教我至长。
4) A poverty-stricken people would breed wickedness and all kinds of evils. But poverty rises from insufficiency, which in turn comes from the people’s being divorced from farming. Without farming, they would not be settled on the land, and this would cause them to leave their native places and make little of their homes. If people are like fowls and beasts, they are not to be contained even by high walls and severe punishments. When attacked by cold and hunger, one might be lost to all sense of shame. For it is in the human nature that one would feel hungry without eating twice a day and would freeze without renewing his clothes by the end of a year. If hunger is not stayed by food and cold not resisted with clothes, even a kind-hearted mother could not keep her children, how could a monarch keep his people? （请用文言文翻译）贫者生万恶之念。
篇章翻译复习
篇章翻译。
英译汉。
How to Reduce Stress and Be Happy on the JobBy Gary DesslerQUSTION:Have you any quick simple suggestions for how I can reduce the stress I’m under at work? I’m a manager in a large bank, and between company politics, customers who don’t pay back their loans, and my heavy workload, I find myself under what seems to be unrelenting stress and pressure at work. The stress is beginning to affect my work and family life, and any suggestions would be appreciated.ANSWER:Suggestions range from “get more sleep” to “use meditation.” But in a recent book, stress and the manager, Dr. Karl Albrecht suggests the following to reduce stress on the job:●Build rewarding, pleasant, cooperative relationships with as many of yourcolleagues and employees as you can.●Don’t bite off more than you can chew. Take on only those assignments that youknow you have time for.●Build an especially effective and supportive relationship with your boss.Understand his or her problems and help the boss understand yours.●Negotiate realistic deadlines on important projects with your boss. Be prepared topropose deadlines yourself, rather than have them imposed.●Study the future. Learn as much as you can about likely coming events, so thatyou can anticipate them well in advance.●Find time every day for detachment and relaxation.●Take a walk now and then to keep your body refreshed and alert.●Make a noise survey of your office area and find ways to reduce unnecessaryracket.●Get away from your office from time to time for a change of scene and a changeof mind.●Reduce the amount of trivia to which you give your attention. Delegate routinepaperwork to others whenever possible.●Limit interruptions. Try to schedule certain periods of “interruptability” each dayand save other periods of time for your own purposes.●Make sure you know how to delegate effectively.●Don’t put off dealing with distasteful problems such as counseling a problememployee.●Make a constructive “worry list.” Write down the problems that concern you andbeside each write down what you’re going to do about it, so that none of the problems will continue to bother your unconsciously.如何减轻压力，保持心情愉快问题：您与什么既简单又见效快的建议来减轻我在工作中遇到的压力吗？我是某家大银行的一名经理。
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Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability , is in the judgment and disposition of business.
Here are thirteen cards. Take any (card). Now give me any three (cards) .
这儿有十三张牌。随便拿一张（牌）。现在给我三张
（牌）。
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3．连接
英文句子中词组、句子之间大多使用连接词表示相互 的逻辑关系。汉语句子关系往往是平行的，在句子的 各个成分之间往往没有连词，句子成分是通过其内在 的逻辑、意义关系结合在一起。
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Content
英汉段落比较 段落的衔接 段落的连贯
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英汉段落比较
段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相 对完整、交际功能相对独立的语篇单位； 是小于语篇的语义单位，是一个在概念 上比句子更大的翻译分析单位。
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英语段落 汉语段落
“主题句--阐述句--总结 句”结构
以某一中心思想统领的 形散神聚结构 围绕一个较为含蓄的中心 思想迂回式和流散式形分 意合
If you confer a benefit, never remember it: if you receive one, remember it always.
施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。 Even if you go there, there won't be any result.
去了也白去。
But also for its utility.
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英语段落句际关系 系、比较关系、选择关系等 偏正式，包括因果、层进等关系
承接式，包括现实时空序列承 接、心理时空序列承接等
总分式，包括总说分承和分述总括
关联词和词语重复、指代替换
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汉语段落：
自1840年鸦片战争使中国蒙受历史性屈辱以来，从林则 徐、魏源、龚自珍到孙中山，历代志士仁人曾为中国的救 亡和发展，前仆后继，英勇奋斗，但由于缺少科学理论的 指导而饮恨九泉。实践告诉我们，在一个半殖民地半封建 的中国，改良封建专制制度，不是出路；实行资本主义， 亦非良策。在历史的比较中我们认识到，唯有马克思列宁 主义，才能救中国。马克思列宁主义一经传入中国，中国 人民就在精神上由被动转入主动，中国共产党才在马克思 列宁主义和中国工人运动的结合中诞生并成为中国革命的 领导力量，中国人民的民族解放和民族振兴才找到了正确 的方向。从此，开始了马克思列宁主义在中国的实践和发 展历程。
在热水中煮
A: I'll have two poached eggs.
B: I'll have the same.
A: 我要两个荷包蛋。
B: 我也要两个荷包蛋。/我也一样。
Mary ate an apple and Jane (ate) a pear.
玛丽吃了一个苹果，简吃了一个梨。
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段落的衔接
衔接是语段中不同部分之间的语法和/或词 汇关系，这种关系可能存在于句子之间，也 可能存在于一个句子中不同部分之间。英国 语言学家韩礼德把英语句子的衔接手段分成 五大类： 指代（reference），替代（substitution） 省略(ellipsis)，连接(conjunction)和词义 衔接（lexical cohesion）。
gold is in astronaut's suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated
heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.
In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty,
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有光泽的； 灿烂的
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is
resis马ta其nt顿t(o人c)的orrosion. coins and ornamental
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1．指代关系
指代关系指词与所代表的事物、行为、事件及特性之 间的关系。
Mrs Thatcher has resigned. She announced her decision this morning.
撒切尔夫人已经辞职。她是今天早上宣布她的决定的。 It had been damaged; when he lifted it , he
was minted twenty-three centuries ago.
Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness
to industry an保d护s物ci；ence. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of ind盾u牌strial applications. The most recent use of
heard something clink feebly inside. He set it back on the ground. 那东西摔坏了。他拿起来，听见里面叮当直响，就又 放回地上。
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2．替代和省略
替代是用一个语言项目去替换另一个语言项目。省略是因 前面已经提过，没有必要再出现而省去句中的词或短语。
Therefore, it没is有s失u去ita光b泽le的f；or jewelry,
purposes. Gold没n有ev瑕e疵r 的needs to be
polished and w铸ill造remain beautiful forever. For example, a
Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it