应力和平衡方程
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Chapter 3
Page 1
Chapter 3 (第三章)
• 3.1 Body and Surface Forces (体力和面力) • 3.2 Stress Vector (应力) • 3.3 Stress Tensor(应力张量) • 3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态) • 3.5 Principal stress (主应力) • 3.6 Octahedral strains(八面体应力) • 3.7 Spherical and Deviatoric Stresses(应力球张量和
y
B
y yx
A
py
x
px
xy C
x
(2-D) Mechanics of Materials
(材料力学)
px x cos xy sin
py xy cos y sin
p1 11n1 12n2 p2 21n1 22n2
x
1
2 2
2
3 2
3
1 2
1 3
1 2 3 2 61 2 23 31
1 3
2I12 6I2
8
2 3
rd
4
其中 rd 4为第四强度理论的等效应 力
Chapter 3
Page 20
3.7 Spherical and Deviatoric Stresses (应力球张量和应力偏张量)
lim p
S0 S
ij
Stress Vector (矢量)
? Pxi Py j Pzk
Chapter 3
Page 9
stress tensor (张量)
xx xy xz yx yy yz zx zy zz
3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态)
Theory of Elasticity
Chapter 3 Stress and Equilibrium
(应力和平衡方程)
Content(内容)
1. Introduction(概述) 2. Mathematical Preliminaries (数学基础) 3. Stress and Equilibrium(应力与平衡) 4. Displacements and Strains (位移与应变) 5. Material Behavior- Linear Elastic Solids(弹性应力应变关系) 6. Formulation and Solution Strategies(弹性力学问题求解) 7. Two-Dimensional Formulation (平面问题基本理论) 8. Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的直角坐标求解) 9. Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的极坐标求解) 10. Three-Dimensional Problems(三维空间问题) 11. Bending of Thin Plates (薄板弯曲) 12. Plastic deformation – Introduction(塑性力学基础) 13. Introduction to Finite Element Mechod(有限元方法介绍)
pi ijn j
Chapter 3
Page 10
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
3D: through equation condition:
(由平衡条件得如下公式)
px l1 x l2 yx l3 zx py l1 zx l2 y l3 xy pz l1 xz l2 yz l3 z
(3) Normal and shearing stress(正应力、剪应力)
Chapter 3
Page 6
3.3 Stress Tensor(应力张量)
Stress Tensor at a point(一点的应力张量)
The stress on x
The stress on y
plane x面的应力 plane y面的应力
n l1 px l2 py l3 pz
n
px 2
py2
pz2
2 n
Chapter 3
Page 12
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
Coordinate Transformations (坐标变换)
xyz
x’ y’ z’
Three dimensional(三维):
ij l lii jj ij
l1 m1 n1
lij l2
m2
n2
l3 m3 n3
x xl12 ym12 zn12 2 xyl1m1 yzm1n1 zxn1l1 y xl22 ym22 zn22 2 xyl2m2 yzm2n2 zxn2l2 z xl32 ym32 zn32 2 xyl3m3 yzm3n3 zxn3l3
x
y x sin2 y cos2 2 xy sin cos
xy x sin cos y sin cos xy cos2 sin2
Chapter 3
Page 15
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
px nl1
py nl1
pz nl3
(ij ij n )l j 0
det ij ij 3 I1 2 I2 I3 0
Chapter 3
Page 18
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3.5 Principal stress (主应力)
The general characteristic equation for the stress tensor (应力张量特征方程)
1 0 0
ij
0
2
0
0 0 3
3.5 Principal stress (主应力)
pi ijn j
px l1 x l2 yx l3 zx py l1 zx l2 y l3 xy
pz l1 xz l2 yz l3 z
Δ
A
3.2 Stress Vector (应力矢量)
Δp n
P
(法线)
Δ
A
lim p
S0 S
(1) The intensity of internal force at point P (内力集度)
(2) Stress vector (应力矢量)
Pxi Py j Pzk
zx xl3l1 ym3m1 zn3n1 xy l3m1 m3l1 yz m3n1 n3m1 zx n3l1 l3n1
Chapter 3
Page 16
3.5 Principal stress (主应力)
Chapter 3
Page 17
cos(n, x) l1, cos(n, y) l2, cos(n, z) l
pi ijl j
Chapter 3
Page 11
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
Normal and shearing stress
(由平衡条件得如下公式)
Notation and Sign
lim F
Q
V 0 V
F Xi Yj Zk
k
X V Y
i Oj
y
x
Chapter 3
Page 3
3.1 Body and Surface Forces (体力和面力)
Surface forces(面力):
Notation and Sign
Chapter 3
Page 19
3.6 Octahedral strains(八面体应力)
Octahedral plane(八面体平面)
principal stress 1, 2, 3
8
ini2
1 3
1
2
3
1 3
x
y
z
1 3
I1
8
1 3
lim Q
F S0 S
F Xi Yj Zk
z
Q
Z
X
k i Oj
x
S Y
y
Chapter 3
Page 4
3.2 Stress Vector (应力矢量)
Stress Vector (应力矢量)
Chapter 3
Page 5
lim p
S0 S
Δp n
P
(法线)
Chapter 3
Page 14
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
y
y
In two dimensional coordinate (在二维坐标系)
B xy p y
x
y
yx
px
x
A
xy
C
x
x x cos2 y sin2 2 xy sin cos
det ij ij 3 I1 2 I2 I3 0
Invariants of the stress tensor
I1 x y z I2 1 2 2 3 31 I3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 3
ij yxx
xy y
xz yz
m
0
xy xl1l2 ym1m2 zn1n2 xy l1m2 m1l2 yz m1n2 n1m2 zx n1l2 l1n2
yz xl2l3 ym2m3 zn2n3 xy l2m3 m2l3 yz m2n3 n2m3 zx n2l3 l2n3
11 21
12 22
13
23
Positive Directions
zx zy z 31 32 33
Von Karman Notations
Chapter 3
Page 8
3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态)
Through the Indicial Notation(由指标记法):
ij l lii jj ij
Chapter 3
Page 13
•3.4 State of stress at a point (一点应力状态的描述)
ij l lii jj ij
The state of stress at point P can be successfully described by (P点的应力ij 状态可以由 完整的描述ij ) ijis a two order tensor ( 是一ij 个二阶张量)
The stress on z plane z面的应力
Chapter 3
Page 7
•3.3 Stress Tensor(应力张量)
σij : stress tensor (应 力张量)
Notation and Sign
ij yxx
xy y
xz yz
应力偏张量) • 3.8 Equilibrium Equations(平衡方程)
Chapter 3
Page 2
3.1 Body and Surface Forces(体力和面力)
External loadings(外力)
Body forces(体力) Surface forces.(面力)
z
Q
Z