研究生学术英语读写译期末论文试卷举例
【优质】江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷
课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX
1.What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%）
A1:There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit,accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work.
“Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.”
When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened.
“Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.”
A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.
introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.
大学英语读写译（3）期末测试题及答案1
大学英语读写译（3）期末测试题及答案1大学英语读写译(3)期末测试题及答案1大学英语读写译（三）期末测试题（1）Part I Reading Comprehension （55%）Part I. Skimming and Scanning (10 Points)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on The Answer Sheet. For questions 1-7, markY ( for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG ( for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with information given in the passage.The Joy of SOHO: Making a Life While Makinga LivingA Better ChoiceThe next time you hear a friend or co-worker talking excitedly about SOHO, don’t assume that they are talking about N ew York. In today’sbusiness world, SOHO refers to “Small Office/ Home Office”, one of today’s biggest explosions in the economy. The home-based business has been born out of necessity. In an era when large corporations always think of downsizing, what are your other choices?Your choices are usually limited: to find a suitable place inthe small business world, to stand in line at Unemployment Center, or to accept a cut in pay and benefits. We are forced to give nine hours’ work for eight hours’ pay, and we are not backing away from that. Bosses don’t understand that you have many things to pay for. In this economic climate, where cost-cutting measures are the order of the day, setting up a home office on your own may just be the way to beat the odds.How to StartLet’s congratulate you on your decision to start your won business. But where do you start? Paper clips, writing pad, phone, and table? Almost, but not quite. One of the faultscommitted by many home-based business owners is that they fail to consider the possibilities of expansion.It is fine to start working from the kitchen table, but what happens when things start to take off and you still do not want to have an office space? Where do you place the home office? If you have the space, I highly suggest a room to itself. This permits you to close the door and separate your personal life from business. You are able to leave everything you are working on right where it is instead of removing it to have dinner or to go to bed. These clean-up steps can lead to problems down the road. Where you locate the home office is important for your future success. A corner in the living room, bedroom or attic (阁楼) is preferable if you do not have a room solely for your business. Reasons for the separation include fewer distractions and the ability to think more clearly and focus more easily.And you may have to have one or two clientscome to your “office” in the lifetime of your business. Even though it is for your home, you need to present the best professional environment possible, which is especially importantif you have people working with you. Their productivity is important to your business. Invest in the appropriate chairs, tables, lighting and ventilation（通风）before you invest in the paper clips and writing pads. If the working environment is not comfortable, neither you nor your employees will stay there and finish the job. It is fine to have employees in your home, but just make sure you supply them with the best working atmosphere possible.The Popularity of Being SOHOToday, researchers and marketers have identified a segment that is now labeled SOHO, which gives a strong impetus to America’s economic growth and has created most of the new jobs in the last 20 years.3%of companies provided 6 million of the 7.7million jobs that were added to the economy between 1991 and1995. Small businesses account for over 90% of all businesses in the U.S., with an economic output greater than that of Germany or France or the UK.Reportedly, home-based workers earn more money. The 46 million home-based workers in the United States, including a large number of women working at home in an attempt to better balance work and family, earn 28% more than the average office workers, and spend less time earning their pay. Of course this is due, in part, to the fact hat more and more experienced and aggressive workers tend to start their own businesses.Remember, going into business on your own, for form a home office may mean harder work. But it can also mean more independence, more challenge, and better results. In the long run, it may mean more money of you and your family. In a word, starting your own business means freedom, growth,expe rimenting and learning. If you are successful, you won’t have to go and askfor a rise or accep t what you’re given or worry about being fired when a younger colleague comes along. You will have the freedom to enjoy the profits that come form your growing business. Good luck and enjoy the journey. Questions:1.Many people have no choice but to set uphome-based businesses because large corporations are expanding.2.The term SOHO, which means “SmallOffice/Home Office”, originates in New York.3.Many home-based business owners failed totake into account the possible expansion of their businesses.4.It is highly recommended that we make aseparate room as the office so as to avoid distractions.5.It is very important to provide theemployees with the best working environment.6.America’s small businesses are veryproductive, but their economic output is smaller than that of Germany.7.The number of home-based workers in theUnited States has reached 46 million.8.Small businesses make up________________________of all business in the U.S.9.The SOHO workers earn more money thanthe average office workers partly because more and more experienced and aggressive workers tend to ___________________________.10.We can achieve________________________ and better results by starting yourwon business.Section B Careful Reading (30%)Directions: In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The best kept secret in San Diego is waiting to offer you a delightful getaway —without leaving town.Less than three years ago, the Parisi Hotel was just an office building above the shops on the corner of Prospect Street. Now, that valuable space is an intimate luxury hotel —with several rooms overlooking the ocean. You’ll be amazed when you enter from the corner and ascend the curving staircase to the second-floor lobby. It will take you into a different world.What will you find when you enter the large contemporary lobby is a handsome and peaceful space that was designed with a hint of Tuscany in its modern Mediterranean (地中海式的) style. The lobby has a large fireplace with comfortable sofas in warm neutral colors surrounding it. You’ll feel relaxed just sitting there — with its skylight overhead letting in the morning sun.All the rooms are more like suites (套房), with large comfortable beds, beautiful baths and stylish custom-designed furnishings and art throughout.The Parisi Hotel is the perfect place for seniors because it’s quiet and restful —with only 20 rooms. You won’t find many hotels like this in the center of a tourist town.The shops are all around you. Likewise for som e of the city’s best restaurants, you will never have to take your car out of the garage during your stay. And, by the way, the underground parking lot at the Parisi Hotel is free for hotel guests.Once you stay at this little gem (珍品), you’ll want to retu rn again and again. I know we do. It’s a perfect place for seniors.Rates for standard suites begin at $275. You can call the hotel for reservation at (858) 454-1513. The Parisi Hotel is located at 1111 Prospect St. right across from La Valencia.11. The Parisi Hotel is described as _________.A. a luxury hotel with comfortable facilitiesB. a large hotel famous for its rooms facing the oceanC. a good place for escaping away from the noisy cityD. a tourist attraction full of amazing corners12. When you enter the lobby, you will find that ________.A.it is decorated with Mediterranean furnitureB.the walls are painted in warm neutral bright colorsC.there is a large fireplace burning all the timeD.sunlight comes through the window in the sloping roof13. Why is the Parisi Hotel suitable for old people?A.Because all the rooms are like suites.B.Because it has fashionable furnishings.C.Because it is in the center of the town.D.Because it is peaceful to stay there.14. What special benefit can people get while staying in the Parisi Hotel?A.They don’t need to drive to eat out in a restaurant.B.They can enjoy free parking.C.They can buy things cheaper in nearby shops.D.They can make a reservation by phone.15. Which of the following statements is True?A.The Parisi Hotel is a small restful hotel.B.Most guests staying in the hotel are old people.C.The Parisi Hotel is in a secret place in San Diego.D.You must make a reservation before entering the hotel.Passage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Extremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people hot, it can cause medical problems and death.Health experts say that since the year 1900, extremely hot weather has killed more people in the United States than any other natural event. One year, the unusually hot summer of 1980-heat caused about 1,700 deaths in the United States. In 1995, more than 600 people died in a similar heat wave in one city—Chicago.To measure extreme heat, government weather experts have developed the MeanHeat Index. It measures the average of how hot it is felt all day on an extremely hot day. Experts say it is the total heat of a hot day or several hot days that can affect health. Several hot days are considered a heat wave. Experts say heat waves often become deadly when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature.The most common medical problem caused by hot weather is heat stress. Usually, it also is the least severe. For most people, the only result of heat stress is muscle pain. The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. Doctors say drinking water will help the pain disappear after the body again has the right amounts of water and salt. For some people, however, the resultis much more serious.For example, doctors say some people face a greatly increased danger from heat stress. These people have a weak or damaged heart, high blood pressure, or other problems of the blood system. Severe heat can help cause a heart attack or stroke. Health experts say this is the most common cause of death linked to hot weather.16. How many people died from heat in Chicago in 1995?A. About 1700.B. Nearly 1900.C. Around 1100.D. Over 600.17. What can people learn from the Mean Heat Index?A. The average temperature of an extremely hot day.B. The highest temperature of an extremely hot day.C. The lowest temperature of an extremely hot day.D. The nighttime temperature of an extremely hot day.18. A heat wave is a period of time during whichA. the weather is much better than usual.B. the nights are much longer than usual.C. the weather is much hotter than usual.D. the days are much longer than usual.19. Muscle pain in hot weather means that your body needsA. more exercise.B. more water.C. less oxygen.D. less sugar.20. For people who are in extremely poor health, heat can beA. deadly.B. painful.C. helpful.D. stressful.Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly （Although your eyelids are closed）. This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!21. A good title for this passage is ____.A. SleepB. Good HealthC. DreamsD. Work and Rest22. The word “drowsy” in the last paragraph means ____.A. SickB. stand upC. asleepD. a little sleepy23. This passage suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____.A. dream more oftenB. have poor healthC. nervousD. breathe quickly24. During REM, ____.A. your eyes move quicklyB. you dreamC. you are restlessD. both A and B25. The average number of hours of sleep that an adult needs is ______ .A. approximately six hoursB. around ten hoursC. about eight hoursD. not stated hereSection C Reading in Depth (15%)Directions: In this section, there is a passage withten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.(注意：以下题目按所学教材选做，并按序号对应在答题卡上填涂：学《新视野大学英语》教材的同学做A；学《全新版大学英语》的同学做B)A(《新视野大学英语》教材必做)Bartholdi’s47 celebrating US independence was a statue of a woman his mother did not 48 of. But when assembling the statue in his artist’s mind, he only had his eyes on his wife. S o, “my daughter, Liberty” has his mother’s face combined with his wife’s body. The 49 _ for Barbie comes from an exaggerated version of an older doll sold in Germany. It’s 50 seen as the Queen of dolls. The 51 faces in Grant Wood’s American Gothic of a 52 farmer and the woman standing alongside him, with their stretched necks, derive from the painter’s d entist and sister. When American coins honor 53 figures of the US government –mostly famous former presidents, the Buffalo nickel was 54 in memory of the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians. It was James Earle Fraser that went 55 tradition by using actual American Indians as models for his creation. Uncle Sam may have the name of a meat inspector with a 56 for honesty or because Sam Wil son’s stamp was “EA-US”, it happens to stand for the initials of the United States.A. improveB. ProminentC. graveD. funnyE. approveF. universallyG. monumentH. modelI. EssentialJ. famousK. designed L. Publication M. against N. reputation O. greedy B(《全新版大学英语》教材必做)I _47_ not everyone who loves the country would be happy living _48_ we do. It _49_ a couple of special qualities. One is a _50_ for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a _51_ budget, we don't entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too _52_ most of their time at home.The other is _53_ energy -- a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small _54_ is to resist the _55_ to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. _56_, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw.A. labor-saving F. takes K. farB. tight G. temptation L. requirementC. inventions H. scale M. InsteadD. suspect I. the way N. spendE. are involved in J.Certainly O. tolerancePart Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre57. American women were _____ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.A. ignoredB. neglectedC. refusedD. denied58. There's little chance that mankind would _____ a nuclear war.A. retainB. endureC. maintainD. survive59. Our company decided to _____ the contractbecause a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A. destroyB.endureC. assumeD. cancel60. The _____ of blood always makes him feel sick.A. formB. viewC. lookD. sight61. The price of beer _____ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season.A. alteredB. rangedC. separatedD. differed62. The French pianist who had been praised very highly _____ to be a great disappointment.A. turned upB. turned inC. turned outD. turned down63. When a fire _____ at the National Exhibitionin London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A. broke offB. broke downC. broke outD. broke up64. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _____.A. stand up toB. put up withC. come up withD. make up for65. He's watching TV? He's _____ to be cleaning his room.A. knownB. consideredC. regardedD. supposed66. The sports meet, originally due to be heldlast Friday, was finally _____ because of the bad weather.A. set offB. broken offC. worn offD. called off67. They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage.A. unlessB. untilC. beforeD. although68.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin.A. regardless ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. with the exception of69. _____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A. ForB. sinceC. Now.D.Despite70. The bridge was named _____ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A. afterB. withC. byD. from71. It was difficult to guess what her _____ to the news would be.A. impressionB. reactionC. commentD. opinionPart III. Cloze (20%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the20th century. 72 in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was 73 on both sides with many 74 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. 75 , some shops offered 76 .These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.77 in the 1950s, a change began to 78 .T oo many automobiles had crowded into Main Street 79 too few parking places were 80 shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces 81 the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers needed. And open space is what they got 82 the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 83 as a collection of small new stores 84 crowded city centers. 85 by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from 86 areas to outlying malls. And the growing 87 of shopping centers led 88 to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. 89 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 90 of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, 91 benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.72. A. As early as B. Early C. Early asD. Earlier73. A. built B. designed C. intentedD. lined74. A. varied B. various C. sortedD. mixed up75. A. Apart from B. However C. In addition D. As well76. A. medical care B. food C. cosmetics D. services77. A. suddenly B. Abruptly C. Contrarily D. But。
重庆大学研究生英语期末考试A卷大作文
重庆大学研究生英语期末考试A卷大作文Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be 12.5 billion. This is a lot of people to feed. We need more food.One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years farmers have made plants better. Every season they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983 scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material. Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods or GM foods.By changing the genetic material of a plant it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help with our diseases: a kind of rice is being prepared for example which stops people from becoming blind.Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food.GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against thembecause they are unnatural. They may feed people then hurt them or their children later. But both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use and they are not going to go away. In 2050 We may think differently about them.。
研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考
研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考第一篇：研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考____1.B AppreciativeAsudden5.B.intensification A love6.BresultinA vast6.D laid outA____ 6.A sequenceAlienation is6.C potentialityAllthe ourished As an7.B overlook At first 4.B switched China 7.A embark onComputer 10.A fully-fledgedDevelopment 9.B principleDue to2.D devastation During the6.C compact Duties and2.D barrierEfforts are1.A diplomaticGroups of7.C dispersed Hardworking3.A admirableHeformed10.D solitaryHeresigned5.D on the grounds of He had 5.B communionHe used8.B.mobilizeHe____8.C checked intoHiseyes1.C unalterableHis ideas 1.B in line withI am used7.A intimacyI don’t like5.A straightforwardI tried3.Dalbeit I’m not7.C definiteIfallowed1.CexacerbateIt is5.AextensiveJustbe8.D supportiveMaggie bought9.A in anticipation of Many farmers 6.D.subsistence Maryfound1.C compromiseMary received 8.C enormousMy onvertedinto No matter3.Dmake sense People6.A tend toReading this 3.Bidentify.Scientists can10.Dcommissions She has2.C inceptionSome old8.CtolerateSuch opinions 4.B.pave the way forSweet__4.B discourseTalkingto10.Dperspective The ___attention7.Dmedia The agreement 4.B result in The children9.Cturned in The chinese5.A heritageThe driver 10.D multipleThe fact that4.B distressingThe govenment2.A sensitiveThe law7.D in response toThe most 2.D incentive The news9.A infuseThe society8.Afurthering The soup was 5.Aorherwise The wonderful9.C shotsThe__ 4.B access toThe___ 9.B ethics These figures 3.A previousThis is3.A.unprecedentedThis job8.A entailThis theme9.BalternateVietnam has 3.A emergedWe need4.B cohesion We tried 10.C bribery What strikes2.A tersenessWherever there 10 Coppression第二篇：研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考cloze答案参考A :ADB is……1.finance2.reduce3.improve4.agencies5.sustainable6.regional7.integration8.instruments9.enterprises10.mobilize I:In1933when……1.dispute2.alternative3.searching for4.ethnic5.lifestyle6.on behalf of7.corruption 8.opportunity 9.vision 10.look forward toL:Love is an activity……1.sphere2.realm3.sacrifices4.manifestations5.exquisite6.involved7.exchange8.accomplished9.object10.misfortune PE:Personalhealthdepends……1.partially2.linked3.positive4.increase5.impact6.management7.tolerance8.relieve9.builds10.reaction PR:PresidentObamas……5.priority 7.crisis6.Recovery 4.spur3.Investments2.infrastructure 9.alternative 1.expand puterize10.sustainable T:Theeffect of……1.declining2.brought on3.raise4.predecessors5.to5.although7.determinant 8.flood9.overtaxed 10.moreoverW:Whensettlers……1.dominate2.symbol3.contrast4.populated5.finished6.tied7.connected8.exceeded9.along10.because第三篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love i s not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essayby telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.MichaelCraig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is s tarting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the dua lity of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greaterimpact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第四篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结 Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a s hort story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left andstill hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a prettygood antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue thatthe standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil can not exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第五篇：《研究生英语读写》试题考试时间：2014年1月7日下午2:30-4:302013-2014学年第一学期期末考试2013级《研究生英语读写》试题Section A（请将题号1— 35 题的答案用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上）Part I.Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part.Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet.Part II.Vocabulary(10%)Directions: T here’re 20 incomplete sentences, for each one there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the most appropriate to complete them.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line in pencil through the center.课后练习Part IIITranslation(20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences from Chinese to English and English to Chinese.5个英语句子，5个汉语句子，都是课文里的Part IVWriting(10%)写推荐信或者简历，注意课后应用文。
研究生英语读写译教程第二学期口语期末考试
1.Please talk about your consuming habits with concrete examples. Do you preferthe old brands or the new ones? And why? And also explain how you usually manage your money.刘:Today we’re going to talk about consuming habits.As consumers,we need to buy many brands of goods.how do you make a choice when you consuming?Do you prefer the old brands or the new ones? And why?王：Compared with the new brands, I prefer to buy some old brands. The main reason is that I have been accustomed to use the products I have been using. In addition, the quality of old brands are reliable.朱：I’m afraid I can’t agree with you. I always choose some new brands instead of old brands. I think the new brands may increase more functions than the old ones. That’s To say ,new brands are better than the old brands in the terms of quality.刘：What you said is reasonable. But I prefer the old brands than the new ones. Then, how do you usually manage your money?王：I usually make a spending plan and budget before buying anything. In addition, I also take accord of each a sum of money. Only by this way can I know all the money where are used and control the cost to achieve the management of money.2Please introduce the educational system in China briefly. Do you think academic excellence will necessarily lead to success in the real life? If not, what else do you need?刘：As we all known ,China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system ,which means all children are required to attend school for at least nine years. Higher education is only for those students who have passed the examination for admission to universities. University education is very important for a person and a country, so most of people think highly of university education.王：Really ,we have to admit, to a large extent, elite education promotes the development of country and person. However, in my perspective, some people misunderstand it , and it makes little or no difference to whether or not he or she is successful in other areas of life. What’s your opinion ,Zhujiahua ?朱：I agree with you. For example, without work-related experience, a higher degree can not realize one’s aspiration. There is no exaggeration in saying that a graduate is still a freshman in society with no-working experience and can not survive in this complicated community.刘：In my perspective, the determining factors in the final success of one’s career is his ability. Only the true ability will lead to the ultimate success and the high degree doesn’t necessarily equal to high ability.王：Yeah, I can’t agree more with you. So academic excellence isn’t equal to success in the real life. We should look at education objectively. Everyone has the power and possibility to achieve success. In a word, we should take a rational and objective attitude about the education system of our country.3What does happiness mean to you? Please explain your understanding of it, and the road to happiness.朱：Moning , teather . Today we will talk about the happiness . Everyone has their own definition of happiness. So, 王，What does happiness mean to you?王：Happiness is what everyone always pursues .A lot of people envy the happiness of others , but ignore the happiness of their own. Some believe what they can’t get or haven’t got is happiness. In my eyes, happiness is just a feeling from heart. Actually, it is always in our side, just not easy to be found. What about you ,刘？刘：You are right ! From my perspective, happiness means every time I go back home calling mom and dad, I can get response .Happiness is when I am in bad mood, my fri ends can give me a big embrace. Happiness is when I am in trouble, someone can tell me go ahead strongly, everything will be all right.朱：Certainly ，both of you are right ! Life is not what other people's thinking, but is your inside feeling. Do you know how to get happiness? Let's discuss this issue. First of all , I think health is the key to happiness. Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life王：Yes.We should try to keep health by doing some exercise every day. Besides, In my opinion , happiness consists in contentment. A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in distress. Thus ,we need to try to enjoy what you have and don’t long for what you can not obtain.刘：Additional,the hope is the way that you pursue in your life. You can not have a dream beyond your reach but you must always have hope and try to make it come true. In sum,you will feel happy if you try to keep these in your mind.朱，王：Yes, certainly!4What’s your understanding of beauty? What do you think of plastic surgery?Would you like to have one? What are the benefits and possible risks of plastic surgery?朱：Moning , teather . Beauty is God-given, but everyone wants to have a perfect face，and the development of science and technology and the change of the ideas created the conditions for plastic surgery. In recent years, more and more people, especially some young girls choose to take plastic surgeries.王，What do you think of plastic surgery?王：In my opinion , I do believe that plastic surgery bring people beauty ,confidenceand benefit for ones who need it. Here I mean the ones who need it. I t just can’t be denied .But at the same time ,there is no doubt that disadvantages can also be found in it .刘：Yes ,you are right! On one hand, plastic surgery costs people a lot. Many people can’t afford the huge charge of it , thus may causing people’s breaking up with their families . At the same time , there is a high risk in plastic surgery. The government figures shows that many people have become the victim of plastic surgery in the past 10 years. They don’t become beautiful as they once dreamed ,but unfortunately, become ugly opposite['ɑpəzət].朱：Wow ，that’s so terrible ! It is not advisable for people to take plastic surgeries. 王：Yes，we can get what we want by improving our inner qualities, such as our personality and ability, and there is no need to endure the pains and economic loss of a plastic surgery.刘：Certainly, the natural beauty plays a more and more important role in our real life. Though , plastic surgery can fix a person's body and improve a person's life, but it can't replace it just like all the other things. Your fortune is in your hand, and just do your best to seize it!5Do you like reading literature? Who is your favorite? Why do you like him/her?May you please introduce one of his/her works to us?朱：Moning , teather . Our topic is my favorite writer. So ，王，do you like reading literature in your sparetime ?王：(海伦凯勒，假如给我三天光明)Do you know the book If I had the power of sight for 3 days? It was written by an American writer. Her name is Helen Keller. Because of illness, she became blind and deaf when she was only 19 months old. Even worse, it was so difficult for her to speak because she couldn’t hear. Luckily, her parents didn’t give up. Soon Helen learnt to explore the world by using her other senses. Before her seventh birthday, a tutor called Anne Sullivan came. With the help of Anne, Helen learnt to smile to life. And then she grew up to become a world-famous writer and public speaker. Later, many books were written about her and lots of plays and films were made about her life. Her unusual story made me moved. And it taught me to be braver and more confident in the life.刘：I want to tell something about a legendary woman named Sanmao. Do you know her? She is my favorite writer. In my eyes, she was a rare extraordinary woman, who had the courage of the explorers, the romance of the travelers and the quality of the artists. Here are some of her works. <Plays hooky for Studies》, 〈Lonely Long-distance race〉, 〈Sob Camel》,《Back》, 《Straw Manpower Records》, 《Delivers You a Horse》Her works deals mainly with her own experiences studying and living abroad. And her stories are always vivid and moving. She herself was just a legend. However, she chose to kill herself with a pair of silk stockings in Taibei in 1991. She didn't give any reasons so a lot of people didn't believe that's a suicide. But for me, I think Sanmaowas a special woman, she had different attitude toward life. Her limited life was much more colorful than others who can live longer. There must be her reasons for her to choose suicide. Anyway that may be a great chance for her to meet her darling Jose again.朱：(徐志摩，再别康桥)I’ve read all kinds of books which are written by many famous writers from all over the world. But I like a Chinese writer best. His name is Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo still kept on reading in all his life, because he always believed that “Reading makes a full man, a ready man and an exact man.”In his time, not only Chinese but also people from other countries worshiped Xu Zhimo. His writing was enjoyed by all the people. Everybody thought that Xu’s works were s o nice and great. From his writing, people can understand a lot. I have learnt that if someone wants to be a great person, he must work hard!Now, let’s enjoy one of Xu’s verses:On Leaving Cambridge Again Quietly I leave, Just as I quietly come, I quietly wave, Saying goodbye to the bright clouds of the western sky.6Do you think English is a global language? Why or why not? And please state why you should study English and how to learn it well.朱: Moning , teather . Our topic is English as a global language . As we known, we have learn English for many years. So , 王, do you think English is a global language?王: I think English is a global language. People all over the world use to communicate, and that it is gradually replacing other languages. When people need a common language , they often use English .Think about it . English is often used at tourist information centers, in international hotels, at airports, and international sports events. 刘: Well ,I don’t agree with your opinion .There are about three times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language . And people all over the world may use some English for work or other situations. Nevertheless , this doesn’t mean they are fluent in English . They still use their first language for daily communication. English is not their main language. Exactly , I think it’s safe to say that English is a common language in the world ,which is the dominant language of business, travel, and science .朱: Certainly , what you have stated are indeed very reasonable. Besides, every year about 1 billon people study English , which also support that the English is a global language . Why do so many people learn English , they don’t use them all day ?王: Many people study English for all reasons. For example, someone want to be in international business , someone just think it will be helpfull in the future. In sum , people want and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.刘: Yeah ! In order to study further knowledge , we----the younger generation ,need to learn it well.And the best way to improve our English is to improve our English skills-listening,speaking, reading ,and writing. Don’t you think so ?朱，王: Yes , obsolutely.7Do you like watching TV? What programs do you like most? Please describe your favorite TV program and then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV.王: Nowadays, TV is a popular entertainment tool which is favored by all people around the world. With a television connected to some channels such as CCTV, we can easily access available programs that surely matches our own hobbies. So ,朱，what TV programs do you like most ?朱：In terms of my interests, I concern about life of wild animals, and like the beauty of nature in remote places, as well as want to improve my English skills by listening to records spoken in English; therefore, “Discovery” seems to be the most favorite TV program to me. In the first place, usually watching “Discovery” will help us to have wide knowledge about wild nature in all over the place .Besides, “Discovery” deserves to be one of the best TV program for people to improve their English skills, especially listening skills. And how about you ,liushan?Well, News Report is my favourite TV programme. From this programme I learn what is going on in the world. The programme tells me important news of the day about our city, our country and the world. With this News Report availabe at any time of the day, I can get well informed, and can have a lot to talk about with my friends. In other words, I prefer News Report to any other programme on TV, and it is part of my life, for sure.华哥，上面两个，你自己选一个哈。
研究生学术英语读写译期末论文试卷举例
西南交通大学研究生2015-2016学年 第(1)学期期末考试试卷 课程名称 研究生学术英语读写译 课程代码 51321001 考试形式 课程论文院 系 学 号 姓 名 密封装订线 密封装订线 密封装订线Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at a tunnel conference in 1970, at which tunnel was defined as ‘A underground cavity, whose cross-sectional area is larger than 2, that is(1993), the initial stress can be calculated by:where is the gravity stress; is the tectonic stress (Guo, Ma, & Xue, 1983).The tectonic stress is so complicated that…This paper ignores tectonic stress, in otherIn Figure 1, 、are both the gravity stress in the center of tunnel. They are calculated by: where is the depth of the center of tunnel…the solution of stress and relative tunnel; E is the elastic modulus;is the Poisson’s ratio…The scale of the model is . The parameters of the rock are.radial distance is smaller than 5 to 6 times of the tunnel radius… The impact of lateral pressure coefficient has not been studied. The software of ABAQUS can be used to solve thisi Several scholars have offered their explanations on…。
研究生英语期末考试大题
Unit 11. A topic is what the essay or research paper is about. Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.2. Four principles of deciding on a topicInteresting、Important、Manageable、Adequate3. A research question is a statement that identifies the focus of your topic. It is the question that your study or your paper wants to answer.4.A research question, therefore, serves two purposes:1) It identifies the specific objectives your research or your paper will address.2) It determines the size of your research or the length of your paper.5. A working title refers to the title you think of initially for the essay which you are going to write, which may be changed as you read more articles and become more involved in the research.6. A good title must briefly but accurately reflect the main ideas of the essay or indicates the topic you will be discussing in the essay.7. a typical title is composed ofsubject matter、key words of the method、key words of the contentUnit 21.Source materials are any information which you take from books, journal articles,websites, newspapers, lectures, etc.2.The reasons find source materials are:3.1) to show where your idea in your essay is originated;4.2) to show that you have done research to find "evidence" for your viewpoint, forreferencing a source will give your essay academic "weight";5.3) to show that you have a better understanding of the opinions and even controversiesin the subject you have studied;6.4) to allow your readers to find the original sources themselves if necessary.7.How to evaluate source materials1)Is the material a primary or a secondary source?2)Is the source the latest one?3)Is the author a reliable scholar or an expert in the field?4)Does the author have biases or prejudices?5)Has the author been cited frequently in the field?6)Are the author’s arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment,recent scientific findings?7)Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored?8)Are the author’s arguments and conclusions convincing?8.Remember that the sources you are going to use should be:9.1) recent source materials which give new information and results of your discipline;10.2) unbiased publications which are more trustworthy;11.3) from writers who are the authorities of a certain field and whose works are frequentlycited.12.Scanning is the strategy used to look up a specific detail in an entire essay or a book,Hence, scanning is very useful for locating specific information (such as a specificdefinition, name, date, statistic, or a fact without reading the entire essay or book.)13.How to scan1)keep in mind at all times what you are searching for (e.g., the definition of a term,the effect of a phenomenon);2)search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the informationyou want to gain;3)use the knowledge of the essay organization(such as cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for;4)pay attention to signal words such as numbers, letters, steps, the words such as first,second, and next, or words that are bold-faced, italics, or in different sizes, fonts, etc.5)14.How to skimthe title and subtitles;the abstract (if there is one);the introduction and thesis;the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;headings and subheadings;the conclusion and summaries;the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;graphs, tables or diagrams.15.A topic sentence consists of two parts: the topic and a comment which is made about thetopic.16.How to guessing word meaning from context1)Use restatement or synonym clues such as in other words, that is, also known as,sometimes called as.2)Use collocation knowledge to guess the meaning from the neighboring words in thesentences.3)Use antonym or contrast clues such as but, however, unlike, in contrast, instead of,while.4)Use definition clues such as is defined as, or an appositive phrase.5)Use explanation clues such as because, as a result, consequently.6)Use example or anecdote clues such as for example, such as, like.Guessing word meaning through affixes and rootsMany academic words, especially words and terms in disciplines are built up from roots that have a meaning. 1. multi- 多种的2. nano- 纳米9. micro- 微小8. semi- 半；duct 引导mon text structures are:1)Problem and solution. (signal words: the problem is, the solutions are and so on.)2)Cause and effect. (signal words or phrases: because, for, due to, therefore, as a result,consequently, one important factor/cause is, etc.)3)Comparison and contrast. (signal words or phrases: in comparison, however, similarly,by contrast, and so on.)4)Advantages and disadvantages. (signal words: on the contrary, compared with, theadvantage is, etc.)5)Order and sequence. (signal words: first, second, then, additionally, etc.)6)Description and list. (signal words: for example, for instance, a good case in point is,etc.)7)Definition and classification. (signal words: the definition is, can be divided / classifiedinto, and so on.)18.Critical reading means19.recognizing an author’s purpose;20.recognizing tone and persuasive elements;21.recognizing implicit bias.22.Note-taking is of significance for recording the main ideas that will form the backboneof your research paper, gathering specific evidence to support your main ideas and recording the exact wording of the sources you may want to quote in your paper.23.Content of a good note includes:24.1) a summary of main ideas and chief findings of the source;25.2) a paraphrase of the important ideas;26.3) direct quotations of the key statements;27.4) statistics such as percentages and dates;28.5) author's name, title of the book or article, title of the journal, and page ranges.29.Writing a short summary of a paragraph/paragraphs is an important part of note-taking.It is also a good way to have a better understanding of what you have read.the summary will not only help you to understand and memorize the ideas of the essay but also facilitate the writing of your own research paper.15.Essential tips of write a summary1)Read the paragraph or the whole article until you have fully understood it.2)Highlight the topic sentences and underline the important ideas, data, the major findingsand chief conclusions.3)Use your own words to combine these important ideas in the same order as the original.4)Use the author’s key words and phrases but avoid using the same vocabulary andstructures as the original.5)Avoid adding your own interpretation or comment.6)Note down the source of the essay with correct bibliographic form, such as author, yearpublished, article title, journal title, volume number (issue number), page numbers, etc. Unit 41. A literature review i s a very important part of the research project. It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay. In either case, its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated.Namely, your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic, what different scholars have said about their own research, what major findings have been published, and what controversial areas exist.2.Before writing, to be critical, you must ask questions like these about each book orarticle you read:1)Is the problem clearly defined? Is its significance clearly established?2)Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspectiveor on another theory?3)Is the author's research orientation (e.g. descriptive, critical, empirical) appropriate?4)Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research (e.g.psychological, developmental, cognitive, feminist)?5)Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does theauthor include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?6)How reliable are the basic components of the study design (e.g. population, variables,outcome)? How accurate and valid are the methods used? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?7)Does the author avoid using one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged languageand tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?8)In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of theproblem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations?3.While writing your literature review, it is important for you to take the following tips:4.1) indicate the objective of the literature review;2)search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;3)read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literaturecontributes most to your topic;4)discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;5)describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;6)organize your review in a logical order (e.g. those in support of the topic, thoseagainst it, those offering alternatives);7)explain if possible their similarities and differences;8)identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;9)indicate the way forward for further research.5.The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings:1)write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;2)combine the summaries logically, by using connective phrases or sentences;3)write an introductory paragraph, including the definition of the topic and itsbackground information;4)make your comments, if necessary, on the past studies.6. a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere combination of summaries ofmaterial sources. The choice of previous research and even ideas and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to answer in your essay.In other words, you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas and findings in the previous articles.Most important is that such a literature review should contain your critical comments on the previous studies, especially their weaknesses or limitations so that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a repeat.The literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literaturereview, introducing the main findings of each work only.7.Citation, the way to use sources, is a major part of a literature review and is also frequentlyused in supporting your arguments.There are two methods. One is quoting (copying the exact words of the author) and the other is paraphrasing (rewriting what the writer said in your own words).8.Citation consists of two parts: i) citation of the content and ii) documentation of itssource.9.documentation which means the identification of the source of the ideas and quotationsused in the literature review or／and in your research paper. In other words you have to tell the reader that you used the source and where it came from. Failing to document your sources, whether intentionally or unintentionally, is plagiarism,Hence documentation includes the identification not only of the words and sentences you copied but also of the ideas and information you borrowed.10.In-text documentation, or rather, a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in the text,contains two parts：i)the last name of the author(s) and ii) the date of their publication in parentheses as shown in the underlined parts of the foIlowing passage.11.Plagiarism is kind of theft, referring to the use of others' ideas, findings, arguments, data,and words without appropriate citation or documentation.12.According to Gibaldi (1999), plagiarism is committed when a person fails to giveappropriate citation and documentation when13.1) he/she copies a sentence from the sources;14.2) he/she paraphrases another's argument;15.3) he/she presents another's line of thinking.16.Paraphrasing is a complete rewriting or restating. It is a condensed version of anotherauthor's work, or putting the author's words into your own words though you should avoid any interpretation of the source materials.Appropriate paraphrasing means rewriting with substantial changes in language and organization.Unit 51.There are two major kinds of academic paper: primary research paper and secondaryresearch paper.2. A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own. In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment to obtain new findings. Hence it is sometimes called "survey-or-experiment-based research".3. A secondary research paper, however, involves gathering and analyzing the researchfindings from other people's research. To illustrate your argument, you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called "library-or-lnternet-based research".4.The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to givea clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.5.An introduction usually includes the following elements:1)Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2)Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3)Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4)Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5)State the purpose/objective of the essay.6)Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7)Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8)Explain how the essay will be organized (the outline of the essay).6.Functions of introduction sectionsIntroduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsWriter’s purposeThesis statementOutline of structure7.Steps to write the body section of the secondary research essay:1)Evaluate all source materials you have gathered;2)Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect, or comparison and contrast;3)Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;4)Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentencesrespectively.mon types of organization when write the body of the secondary research essayA.Effect analysisThe structure of effect analysis may be used to analyze the effect of a certain phenomenon such as global warming ,nuclear radiation, the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.B.Cause analysis.To analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes, climate changes, sleep deprivation and breast cancer, you may use the body structure of causal analysis.C. C. Pro-and-con analysisD.The structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of atechnology such as GM food, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, synthetical biology, Web 3.0 and so on.parison analysisF.To compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains, ororganic food and traditional food, you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point- to-point body structure.9.The methods section, which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,questions an experiment or survey should answer:10.1) What are your research questions?11.2) How is your research carried out?12.3) How is your data collected?13.4) How are your results obtained?14.Points one should make clear to readers when writing the body of a primary researchessay:1）subjects of the experiment (How were they chosen?);2）the materials (What equipment or tools were used? Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?);3）the procedure (How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?);4）the criteria (What criteria are used for selecting subjects?);5）the survey (How the questionnaire is designed and administered? How are the samples or respondents chosen? And how the interview is conducted--by telephone or door to door?)6）statistical analysis (How were statistics analyzed?).15.The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research, whichdirectly answers your research questions. It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.16.Contents of results section when Writing the body of a primary research essay1）an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;2）detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic aids and their locating and/or analysis;3）detailed presentation of the findings.17.Functions that the conclusion can serve:1)to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;2)to make some comments on the findings;3)to compare your results with previous results;4)to explain unexpected results;5)to explore possible implications;6)to point out its limitations of the work covered by your essay;7)to mention further research that might be required.18.An abstract, composed after your research paper is finished and placed before the maintext, is a condensed summary of the paper's key information. The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.19.What an abstract should include:1)the statement of the problem;2)the purpose or objective of the study;3)the methods or brief description of the experiment;4)the important data or results of any statistical analysis;5)the chief findings;6)the principal conclusions or recommendations.20.Rules for writing a reference list:1）Place the reference list after the last section of the essay.2）Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.3）Start each item in the list at the left margin. If an item extends to more than one line, indent the additional lines.4）Use the last or family name and initials (not full names) for all authors.5）Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors’ family names.21.In this case you need to use cautious language to avoid the possibility of people sayingthat you are wrong. The cautious language is called hedging.mon hedging expressions:1）Certain introductory verbs and phrases such as seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, our knowledge, it is our view that, we feel that;2）Certain modal lexical verbs such as believe, assume, suggest, estimate;3）Certain modal auxiliary verbs such as will, must, would, may, might, could, can;4）Certain adverbs of frequency and degree such as often, sometimes, usually, approximately, roughly, about, occasionally, generally, somewhat, somehow, a lot of;5）Certain modal adverbs and adjectives such as probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, possible, probable, un/likely, presumably, virtually, apparently;6）Certain modal nouns such as assumption, possibility, probability, claim, estimate, suggestion；7）Certain it-clauses s uch as it could be the case that…, it might be suggested that…, it may be possible to obtain…, it is important to develop…, it is useful to study…;8）Certain if-clauses such as if true, if anything.23.Proofreading is the final step of writing an academic essay. It is about searching yourwriting for basic grammatical and mechanical errors to make sure that your paper is free from any errors before submitting your paper to your teacher or a journal.24.checking globally1) The title and abstract 2) The introduction section 3) The conclusion section4) The body section 5) Topic sentences 6) Citation 7) ReferenceChecking grammatically1) Sentence fragments 2) Dangling Modifiers 3) Ambiguous Pronoun Reference4) Problems of Agreement 5) Problems of Tense 6) Problems of Articles7) Uncountable nouns8) Misused words9) Choppy sentences10) Run-on sentences。
研究生英语期末考试-翻译及部分答案
(仅供参考)第一课I. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.1. 因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。
这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语一一爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。
s2. He also associatedsuch policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism [a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed-the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.2•同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视( 与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似) 的偏见密切相关。
江西财经大学《学术英语（人文）》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon，or____________ it is convenient to you.A．wherever B．howeverC．whichever D．whenever2、The education system in China is very different from ________ in the USA．A．one B．itC．those D．that3、As a surgeon,I cannot any mistakes;it would be dangerous for the patient.A．appreciate B．removeC．offer D．afford4、—Do you know what EU stands for, Tommy?—Sure．It stands for the European Union,______ European political and economicorganization that encourages trade and friendship between ______ countries that aremembers．A．an; the B．a; the C．the; / D．an; /5、Some people are able to multitask well—they can two or more businesses at thesame time very well.A．turn to B．relate toC．lead to D．attend to6、—Tony, do remember to send the report to the sales manager!—________.A．Made it B．Got it7、A storm buried Illinois under several inches of snow on Tuesday,______at least 100 people dead in traffic accidents.A．to leave B．leaveC．left D．leaving8、The part in the film the man broke down the door made some of the audience givea cry.A．which B．who C．where D．whom9、---I saw no more than one motorcar in the shop. Will you go and buy ?---No, I’d rather find in other shops.A．it; oneB．one; itC．it; the oneD．the one; it10、Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ________ as well as her.A．dance B．will danceC．had danced D．danced第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文
新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文精选英文新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文：Title: Navigating the Frontiers of Knowledge: The Role of Graduate Students in the New Era of Academic EnglishIn the dawn of the new era, where technology intertwines seamlessly with every facet of human endeavor, the realm of academic research has undergone a paradigm shift. As graduate students embarking on this exhilarating journey of intellectual exploration, mastering the nuances of academic English becomes paramount in navigating the frontiers of knowledge. This essay delves into the significance of academic English for contemporary graduate students, the challenges we face, and the strategies we can adopt to excel in this increasingly globalized and interconnected academic landscape.The Significance of Academic EnglishAcademic English, a precise and rigorous form of communication, serves as the lingua franca of scientific discovery and scholarly discourse. It enables researchers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds to collaborate effectively, sharing ideas, theories, and empirical findings without barriers. In the new era, where research is increasingly interdisciplinary and international, fluency in academic English is not merely a skill; it is a gateway to accessing the vast ocean of knowledge, participating in global debates, and contributing meaningfully to the advancement of human understanding.Challenges Faced by Graduate Students1. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Graduate classrooms and research teams oftencomprise individuals from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, posing challenges in terms of comprehension and expression.2. Technical Precision: The demand for accuracy and precision in academic writing, especially in fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), can be daunting for non-native speakers.3. Rapidly Evolving Fields: Keeping abreast of the latest terminology and discursive conventions in rapidly evolving disciplines can be challenging.4. Publication Pressures: The pressure to publish in high-impact journals, often in English, adds another layer of complexity to the graduate student experience.Strategies for Excellence1. Immersive Learning: Engage actively in English-speaking academic environments, such as attending international conferences, workshops, and seminars. This immersion helps develop a nuanced understanding of academic discourse and enhances linguistic proficiency.2. Targeted Language Practice: Utilize resources specifically designed for academic English, including writing centers, online courses, and style guides. Focus on mastering grammar, vocabulary, and citation styles relevant to your field.3. Collaborative Learning: Form study groups with peers from different linguistic backgrounds. This not only facilitates language exchange but also encourages cross-cultural understanding and perspective-taking.4. Mentorship and Networking: Seek out mentors and establish professional networks with senior scholars who can provide guidance on academic writing, publication strategies,and navigating the academic ecosystem.5. Critical Reading and Writing: Cultivate a habit of critically reading and analyzing academic texts. This will not only improve your comprehension skills but also inform your own writing style, ensuring clarity, coherence, and adherence to discipline-specific conventions.6. Embracing Technology: Leverage technological tools, such as grammar-checking software, citation managers, and online databases, to streamline your research and writing processes.ConclusionIn conclusion, the new era of academic research demands that graduate students not only possess deep domain knowledge but also excel in academic English. By embracing challenges head-on, adopting effective strategies, and continuously refining our linguistic skills, we can confidently navigate the frontiers of knowledge, contributing to the global conversation and advancing the boundaries of human understanding. As we embark on this journey, let us remember that academic English is not just a means to an end; it is the very language of discovery, innovation, and collaboration that unites us in our quest for truth and wisdom.中文对照翻译：标题：探索知识前沿：研究生在学术英语新时代的作用在新时代的黎明，技术与人类努力的各个方面无缝交织，学术研究领域发生了范式转变。
研究生英语考试作文议论文
研究生英语考试作文议论文In recent years, the rapid development and widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked heated debates regarding its impact on society. While some argue that AI brings about numerous benefits, others express their concerns about its potential negative effects. In my opinion, although AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries, we must approach its development and implementation with caution to ensure ethical and responsible use.One of the main advantages of AI is its ability to enhance efficiency and productivity. AI technologies, such as machine learning algorithms, can process and analyze large amounts of data in a significantly shorter time than humans. This has proven beneficial in fields like healthcare, where AI-powered diagnostic tools can accurately and swiftly identify diseases, leading to improved treatment outcomes. Moreover, in the manufacturing sector, AI-powered robots can carry out repetitive and dangerous tasks, reducing workplace accidents and increasing productivity.Furthermore, AI has the potential to improve our daily lives through the development of smart devices and systems. Virtual personal assistants, such as Siri and Alexa, have become increasingly popular, providing us with information and helping us manage our daily tasks more efficiently. Additionally, AI-powered home security systems and self-driving cars have the potential to enhance safety and convenience in our lives.However, despite these advantages, there are concerns about the ethical implications and potential negative consequences of AI.One significant concern is the impact of AI on employment. With the rise of automation, many fear that AI-powered machines will replace human workers, leading to widespread job losses. Additionally, there are concerns about data privacy and security breaches, as AI often relies on personal data for its functioning. Safeguarding privacy and ensuring the responsible use of AI technologies should be a priority to avoid these potential risks.Another concern is the potential bias and discrimination in AI algorithms. AI systems are trained on large datasets, which may contain inherent biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes. For example, facial recognition software has been found to be less accurate in identifying individuals with darker skin tones. Bias in AI algorithms can perpetuate societal inequalities and further marginalize vulnerable groups. It is crucial to develop and employ ethical guidelines for the development and use of AI to ensure fairness and equality.In conclusion, while AI offers numerous advantages and opportunities for innovation, we must approach its development and application responsibly. Strict adherence to ethical guidelines, addressing concerns about job displacement and bias, and ensuring data privacy and security are paramount. By doing so, we can fully harness the potential benefits of AI while avoiding potential negative consequences.。
江苏大学研究生期末考试硕士文献阅读与翻译整理
1.Definition of Literaturea set of works on a particular subject;printed material,esp.giving information;the body of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature)2.Classification of LiteratureHere,we just put various literatures under the following headings:1）TextbooksIn general,a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2）MonographsA monograph is“an article or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply”3）PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks,monographs,and all the other documentary works.4)EncyclopediasThe difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that“A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.”5)PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6)Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.3.Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically,literature is a kind of formal pared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language,a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.Syntactically,scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures,and in most cases is rather unitary.Morphologically,scientific literature is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs,formulas, charts,tables,photos,etc.for the sake of accuracy,brevity,and clarity.4.Search for Relevant LiteratureSearch for Relevant Literature:global search,specific search,and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval:retrieval system,microfilm, internet.database,reformat,on,e-mail,information infrastructure,information superhighwayNotes:1.journals,Acta,magazines,bulletins,rapid communications,letters,proceedings, records,abstracting services,reviews,indexes,etc.会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2.hypertext超级文本3.through the Classified and Specified Catalogues通过《分类目录或专题目录》4.through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing通过《全国报刊索引》5.through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues通过《国内资料科技目录》6.Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin《科技译文通报》7.the fool collects data and the wise man selects them愚者采集资料，智者选择资料Translation Skills(1):Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds,whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion.Take the ordinary word“menu”for example.Its original meaning is“a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals,esp.in a restaurant”,and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear:菜单.However,when it is used in computer science,its meaning shifts to“a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”1.Nature and Scope of TranslationTranslation covers a very broad range.In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa;in terms of the mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation;in terms of materials to be translated,there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,repons,speeches, etc.,and translation of practical writing(as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.);in terms of disposal,it can be either full-text translation,abridged translation or adapted translation.2.Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin.That is,on the part of the translator,he or she should follow them while translating;whereas on the part of the reader or critic,he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China,Yan Fu’s“three-character guide”--xin,da, ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),and elegance(雅)”,which was first proposed in1898,would evoke controversy.In the past decades,Mr.Yan’s principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after.However,in the application of this principle,people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions,two criteria are almost unanimously accepted byall,namely,the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确)and that of smoothness (流畅).We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation.By faithfulness/accuracy,we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents,to the original meaning and views,but also to the original form and style.By smoothness,we mean not only easy and readable rendering,but also idiomatic expression in the target language,free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3.Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe so-called literal translation,superficially speaking,means“not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking,it strives“to keep the sentiments and style of the original.”For example,crocodile’s tears(鳄鱼的眼泪),armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿),chain reaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定),and so on.Similarly,some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation.For example,纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country,two systems),and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.Adam’s Apple喉结at sixes and sevens乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。
04研究生期末统考英译汉
研究生期末统考英译汉真题举例1. The number of people vulnerable to floods around the world is expected to rise toat least two billion by 2050, particularly in Asia, due to climate change and population growth. The causes are extreme weather that develops as the climate changes, rising sea levels, continuing deforestation and a rise of the number of people working in flood-prone areas as the population increases. Most at risk is Asia, where more than 400 million people have been exposed to floods each year on average over the last two decades. Floods already kill as many as 25,000 people a year and –along with other weather-related disasters—cost the world economy up to &60 billion a year, much of it in developing nations ill-equipped to cope with such huge costs. Most urgently needed to adapt to the growing risk of flood disasters is greater global capacity to monitor and forecast extreme events.Armed with better information, superior early warning systems and infrastructure can be installed and new planning strategies devised. (168 words)2. The book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. Itis based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to specialists and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone.Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.(GET Jun 05, 122 words)3. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than that of individual choice, forsmoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with. The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases. (GET Jan 05, 122 words)4. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry andelaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification. When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes. In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children tonative speakers as early as possible. However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light. The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question. (GET Jun 04, 123 words)。
大学英语读写译(1)期末测试题及答案(1)
大学英语读写译（一）期末测试题（1）PartI. Reading prehension (50%)Section A. Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For question 8-10, plete the sentences with the information given in the passage.SpidersSpiders can be distinguished from other Arachnids because the prosoma (bined head and thorax) is only separated from the opisthosoma (abdomen) by a narrow waist, in other Arachnids the whole body appears to be much more of a single unit. All spiders produce silk, but only some construct webs to catch their homes and to protect their eggs.All spiders possess poison glands but very few of them are dangerous to humans, of the 600+species in Britain only 12 (at least one of these is a recent human assisted colonist) are strong enough to pierce the human skin, and apart from allergies, none are more dangerous than a mon wasp. Most spiders have 8 eyes (though some have 6, 4, 2 or 0), as well as 8 legs. (By the way if you cou nt the claws as separate leg section [which you shouldn’t really] then their legs have 8 parts as well [coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, tarsus, metatarus, and claws]) There are more than 32000 known species of spider in the world. No human being has ever been officially recorder as having died as the result of a ‘tarantula’ bite.All spiders are carnivorous and feed only on liquids, i.e. their preys’ natural juices and the breakdown products of external digestion (meaning they spit, exude or inject digestive juices onto/into their prey ad suck up the resulting soup). So why not invite some to your next social do? What’s In a NameThe word ‘Arachnida’ es from the Greek word ‘Arachne’ who was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer by trade. Arachne herself was a weaver, the best in all the known world. However in a foolish moment she challenged Athena, the daughter of Zeus and goddess of, among other things, waving to a weaving petition. Arachne wove so perfect a cloth that she tore it to shreds. Arachne became depressed after this and in the end she hung herself. Athena stirred to remorse at the knowledge of what her anger had wrought turned the rope Arachne had used to hang herself into a web and Arachne herself into a spider so that the beauty of her spinning shouldnot be lost to the world ever again.The Great Household Spider SafariThere are just over six hundred different sorts of spider in the British Isles. But of these only a handful are monly found in houses. At the front of the head are a pair of what appear to be small legs. These are called palps and are used to guide food to the spider’s mouth. The front of the head also has a group of six or eight eyes. On the underside of the body at the rear, are four or six small conical bumps or cylinders. There are the spinnerets from which the spider produces the silk to make its webs.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by looking at their pales. Males have swollen ends to their pales which make them look as if they are wearing boxing gloves, these are often strange shapes if looked at with a hand lens. Females have normal looking pales that are not swollen at the ends.The largest spider is the Goliath spider, the female of which grows to reach a leg span of ten inches. The largest spider in Britain is the Cardinal spider which is a close cousin of Tim Tegenaria. Females can achieve a leg span of four and a half inches. It is known as the Cardinal spider as it was mon in Hampton Court when Cardinal Wolsey lived there. The sight of these long legged spiders wandering around the palace at night used to frighten him. So far 32000 different kinds of spider have been discovered from all over the world. Britain has 630 different kinds of spider of which 250 are tiny Money spiders. The smallest of which has a body less than one millimeter long.Questions:1. All the silk produced by spiders construct webs to catch their food.2. Not all the poison glands possessed by spiders are dangerous to human beings.3. Spiders often kill humans in Britain when they pierce human skin.4. After seeing her enemy mits suicide, Arachne turned Athena into a spider.5. TimTegenaria spiders are closely related to tarantula spiders; both are found in Britain.6. So far31000 different kinds of spiders have been discovered from all over the world.7. Money spiders are the smallest spiders found in the Arachnids family.8. There are more than_______ known species of spider in the world.9. Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by_______________.10. The largest spider is_____________.Section B prehensive Reading (30%)Directions:In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleline through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.One of the strongest reasons for the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) has been that it will bring us nearer to the idea of “equal opportunity”.Many people like to think of our present system of schooling as providing plenty of steps up the ladder of success for clever children. It would be good to think that no one who is really bright can be missed out when the state system is apparently so thorough. It is obvious, for instance, that many children from less rich homes reach university or do well in other ways.Unfortunately, we now have plenty of evidence that many children of every level of ability do much less well than they could. For instance, during the years of national military service it was possible to test the intelligence of all male 18-20 year olds. Half of those soldiers who were placed in the two highest ability groups had left schools at 15.It has also been shown that the percentage of working class children going to university is almost the same now as it was in 1939. One study of 5000 children from birth to 21 years old indicated that up to half the bright pupils from working class homes left school when they reached 16 years old. Moreover, there is no difference in intelligence between the sexes, but far more boys than girls stay in education after16.It is clear from this and much other evidence that many children are still leaving school too early to benefit the prizes—money, social respectability, and interesting jobs, which higher education gives. It is clear too that the reasons why such children leave have much to do with their social circumstances. Their parents often need the extra money another wage-earner can bring in; they do not value education for itself because their own was probably dull and unhappy. It is not so much that they force their sons and daug hters to leave school, rather that they tend to say, “It’s up to you”.11. It is hoped that ROSLA will give all children________.A. a more enjoyable time at schoolB. the same chances in societyC. the right to a better schoolD. higher scores in intelligence tests12. People would like to think that _________.A. equal numbers of poor and rich children reach universityB. those with the least money get the best educationC. intelligent children are always chosen by the systemD. only clever children do well13. Working class children are felt to be at a disadvantage because_______.A. many of the clever ones leave school earlyB. fewer go to university than ever beforeC. more than half leave school when they are 16D. fewer boys than girls stay at school after 1614. Many children leave school early because_______.A. their social circumstances make them unhappyB. they have to work to support their family’s ineC. their school is a dull and unhappy placeD. their parents don’t allow them to make their own decisions15. This article shows that equal opportunity in education______.A. is a thing of the pastB. has not yet been achievedC. is there for those who merit itD. has greatly improved our societyPassage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Life really should be one long journey of joy for children who are born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet. But experts on psychological research now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are a sign of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the rich who most often do away with themselves.Dr. Robert Coles, an internationally famous doctor, is the world’s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-received book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. “Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich,” says the 53-year-old doctor, ‘such as better health, education and future work expectation. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can’t buy love.”It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that’s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so mu ch to choose from that they often bee confused. Their parents’ over favoring can make them spoiled. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which often makes them feel restless.“But privileged children do ha ve a better sense of their positions in the world,” adds Mr. Coles, “and they are more self-assured.”Today’s rich parents perhaps have realized that their riches can be more of a burden than a favor to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money16. According to the passage, children of rich families_______A. enjoy travelingB. can buy loveC. usually mit suicideD. are not always happy17. Dr. Robert Coles believes that________A being rich has as many advantages as being poorB. rich children often get too little entertainmentC. rich children sometimes can’t enjoy the thing they are most in need ofD. rich children aren’t given enough things18. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?A. It is love that is always lacking in rich and poor families alike.B. Silver spoons can sometimes leave a bitter taste.C. Money can’t buy everything.D. Rich children are often confused because they have so much to choose from.19. The expression “silver spoons” in Paragraph 1 means______.A. very expensive spoonsB. rich peopleC. wealthD. spoons made of silver20. This article is written mainly to tell readers that _________.A. the rich are more likely to do away with themselvesB. money can bring a lot of things, including loveC. life is always happy for children of rich parentsD. rich parents should realize what is important in the family is love rather than moneyPassage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The term “flying saucer” refers to strange objects traveling through the earth’s atmosphere at very high speeds. Thousands of people all over the world claim to have seen them. Some believe them to be spaceships from other planets. Others insist that they are a secret type of aircraft being built on earth. Many people maintain that they are only natural phenomena happening under special temperature, light, or weather conditions All reports, however, agree that the strange objects move at extremely high speeds and fail to follow the laws of motion by reversing(逆转) direction instantly without slowing down.In the United States, the first flying saucers were reported on June 4, 1947, by a private plane pilot. He saw nine objects traveling in the sky. Each was disk-shaped and very bright. Because their movements were pared to those of a “saucer skimming across the water”, newspaper reporters called them “flying saucers”.Some weeks after the first reported sighting, the United States Air Force was given the job of investigating all the reports of flying saucers. Because of the confusing variety of shapes, sizes, and colors reported, the Air Force adopted the term Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) to describe them.Since the Air Force officials began their investigation of flying saucers, they have identified most of the objects as stars, planes, manmade satellites, experimental missiles(导弹),or weather phenomena. Some of the UFO reports, including photographs, were deliberate(蓄意的)tricks made to cheat people.All the research so far has failed to prove that UFOs are spaceships ing from outside the earth. Most investigators agree, however, that more study is needed before the question of whether or not flying saucers really exist can be answered.21. The term “flying saucer” is generally used to refer to______.A. spaceships from other planetsB. a secret type of aircraft being builtC. some natural phenomenaD. strange objects flying very fast in the sky22. The first flying saucers got their name______.A. from a private plane pilot who saw themB. for their brightness in colorC. because they looked like disks moving in the airD. because they skimmed across the water23. The Air Force preferred the term UFO because______.A. newspaper reporters used itB. the term “flying saucer” was very confusingC. UFO is a general term that can refer to a larger variety of objectsD. the Air Force didn’t find any objects that looked like flying saucers24. All the research has failed to identify any UFOs as_____.A. man made satellitesB. aircraftC. experimental missilesD. spaceships sent from other planets25. From this passage we know that______.A. the US Air Force was the first reporter of flying saucersB. the term UFO was first used by the US Air Force investigatorsC. UFOs are not worth further investigationD. the question of whether there exist flying saucers has already been answeredSection C Reading in Depth (10%)Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Here are a few tips for reading college textbooks.Read the chapters before the lecture. Reading the chapters of the text before the lecture will help you build background knowledge on the topic, learn the basic organizational structure of the material, and 47 better lecture notes.Pace your reading. Spread chunks（大块）of the text out over one or two days. Take breaks between sections or read one chunk in the morning,48 in the evening, and the third chunk the next day.Preview the chapter before you read. Read the title, introduction, and headings, glance 49 charts and pictures, and read the summary. A two-to-five-minute preview 50 the total time you spend reading and increases your prehension.Mark the text or take notes as you read. Highlight, 51 , or take notes at the end of each section. Wait 52 you fini sh the paragraph of a “headed” section before you begin to mark your text.Monitor your prehension. Stop to check your understanding of the material at regular 53 . If the material is easy to understand, you may be able to wait until the end of each main division of the chapter to do a mental or verbal (reciting) check of your understanding. If the text is difficult, you may need to 54 at the end of each paragraph.Review what you read. After you plete your reading 55 , take five to ten minutes to review what you have just read. Think about the main points that the author made in the chapter. Develop a recall column in your notebook or summarize the 56 information.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Section ADirections: There are 10 inplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer26. With longer working hours, David decided to ___his resignation even though the pay wasgood.A) hand out B) hand in C) hand over D) hand on27. As Kate’s close friend, I introduce an interesting book to her in order to ___her from whatshe is worrying about.A) attract B) distract C) direct D) prevent28. It was very ____of you to turn off the TV when I was working on my report.A) friendly B) considerate C) helpful D) generous29. These figures are a______. The real situation is much more plicated than this.A) plication B) simplification C) Diversification D) certification30. Besides ability, the other essential______ in political success is luck.A) element B) portion C) role D) percentage31. He is the______ owner of the enterprise. He doesn’t like to deal with business partners.A) one B) sole C) Single D) special32. They had_____ someone to watch me twenty-four hours a day.A) put B) given C) Assign D) contributed33. I will____ if he is the right person for the postA) check out B) check in C) Check up D) check through34. The mother was angry to see her favorite glass broken into pieces, and what made her muchangrier was that none of her three kids was willing to take the____A) error B) mistake C) responsibility D) result35. We will meet at nine tomorrow morning at the school gate. Be____, or the school bus willleave without those who are late.A) quick B) sure C) Punctual D) carefulSection B Directions: Try to find the meaning of the underlined parts in the following sentences. Then choose the one with the closest meaning from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).57. Although there are almost 3,000 languages in the world, English is the most universal.A) understandable B) acceptable C) widespread D) general58.For example, a French worker looks forward to le weekend.A) sees clearly B) expects excitedlyC) understands pletely D) waits patiently for59.No other language is borrowed from more often than English.A) born B) developed C) taken D) copied60.Some people think that the use of English words is threatening the purity of their nativelanguage.A) limiting B) harming C) influencing D) protecting61.Some countries have tried to eliminate English as their official language in order to save theirnative tongue.A) remove B) defeat C) promote D) maintain62.What is certain, however, is that English words will continue to pop up everywhere.A) develop quickly B) appear unexpectedly C) spread widely D) changesuddenly63.The boats in the MaricabanStrait of the Philippinesdim their lights and bring in their nets.A) make their lights fade B) turn off their lightsC) switch on their lights D) make their lights brighter64.There, you can buy fresh tuna, along with many other kinds of fish.A) instead of B) in addition to C) except for D) in spite of65.Even though rich countries have enough money to help solve the problem, the fish aredisappearing from these areas as well.A) work out B) work on C) work at D) work off66.Canadian scientists estimate that 53% of the world’s boats are not needed.A) believe it true B) consider it impossible C) hold it firm D) think it probable.Part III Error Recognition (10%)Directions:For each of the following sentences, there are four underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. You should find out ONE error from the four and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.67. Many different types of self-help books advise the reader to develop the skills, goals, andA Battitudes that will both promote success and provide to a healthy lifestyle.C D68. Some examples of the changes it has madeis giving more group homework and schedulingA B C Dclasses later in the day.69. The study showed that most of the students who asked for help improved their grades, whileA B Cthose who didn’t get a bad grade or failed.D70. Those in the Harvard studywho did well at school spent more time study than those who didA B C Dnot.71. And, if you make a schedule and keep on it, you can have fun and enjoy yourselfwith theA B Cstudents in your classes.D72. If we don’t know what the proper words are, then we must use sensitivities, respect, andA B Ceven a little imagination.D73. Women have fought long and hardto treat equally in language as well as in society,A B Cbecause they know that changes in language can cause changes in attitudes.D74. Of course, most of us want all of these things, but often we think that achieving these goals,A B Cwe need to drink a magical potion!D75. If you don’t have that much time all at once, then break down your exercise into ten-minuteA B Croutines spread out over the day.D76. Their search led them to wastewater reclamation ---- using purified water from sewersA B Cinstead of treat water for certain purposes.DPart IV. Cloze (20%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.The task of being accepted and enrolled (招收) in a university begins early for some students. Long 77 they graduate from high school. These Students take special 78 to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how 79 prepared they are for the university. In the final year of high school, they 80 applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to 81 .Some high school students may be 82 to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly, 83, and usually very frightened, they are 84 to show that they have agood attitude and the 85 to succeed. When the new students are finally 86 ，there may be one more step they have to 87 before registering for classes and 88 to work.Many colleges and universities 89 an orientation (情况介绍) program for new students.90 these programs, the young people get to know the 91 for registration and student advising, university rules, the 92 of the library and all the other 93 services of the college or university. Beginning a new life in a new place can be very 94. The more knowledge students have 95 the school, the easier it will be for them to 96 to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.77. A) as B) after C) since D) before78. A) courses B) disciplines C) majors D) subjects79. A) deeply B) widely C) well D) much80. A) fulfill B) finish C) plete D) acplish81. A) attend B) participate C) study D) belong82. A) acquired B) considered C) ordered D) required83. A) decorated B) dressed C) coated D) worn84. A) decided B) intended C) settled D) determined85. A) power B) ability C) possibility D) quality86. A) adopted B) accepted C) received D) permitted87. A) make B) undergo C) take D) pass88. A) getting B) putting C) falling D) sitting89. A) offer B) afford C) grant D) supply90. A) For B) Among C) In D) On91. A) processes B) procedures C) projects D) provisions92. A) application B) usage C) use D) utility93. A) major B) prominent C) key D) great94. A) amusing B) misleading C) alarming D) confusing95. A) before B) about C) on D) at96. A) fit B) suit C) yield D) adaptPart V. Translation (10%)Directions:There are 5 inplete sentences in this part. plete them by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English.97. The old lady has been in bad health these years，_________________________________(她对天气变化很敏感).98. The girl told her mother that she did not get along well with her roommates，____________________( 所以总是躲着她们).99. The local government is worried that _______________________(这个地区每年的干旱会导致许多人背井离乡).100. Small, independent bookstores simply _____________________(不能与大型的全国连锁店竞争).101. Traditional festivals, the cultural legacy of a nation, should be celebrated _____________(而不应被忽略).答案：PartI. Reading prehension (50%)Section A Skimming and Scanning (10%, 每题1分)1. N2.Y3. N4. N5. NG6. N7. NG8. 320009. looking at their pales10. the Goliath spiderSection B prehensive Reading (30%, 每题2分)11-15 BCABB 16-20 DCACD 21-25 DCCDBSection C Reading in Depth (10%, 每题1分)47-51 DEOBH 52-56 LJAMIPart II. Vocabulary (10%, 每题0.5分)26-31 ABCBC 32-37 BCACC57-61 CBCBA 62-66 BABADPart III. Error Recognition (10%, 每题1分)67-71 DCDDA 72-76 CBCCDPart IV. Cloze (20%, 每题1分)77-81 DACCA 82-86 DBDBB 87-91CAACB 92-96 CADBDPart V. Translation (10%, 每题2分，2个单词以上拼写错误扣1分)97. She is sensitive to the weather change.98. so she stayed away from them.99. the drought in this region every year may lead to many people being forced to leave theirhometown.100. can’t pete with the big national chains.101. rather than be neglected..。
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文《研究生英语读写译教程》是一本专门为研究生编写的学习教材，旨在提高学生的英语读写译能力。
本教程包括多个单元，每个单元都有不同的主题和内容。
以下是其中几个单元的练习参考答案及参考译文，供大家参考。
单元一：练习一：原文：The new student is from Russia. She is a very intelligent girl. She likes math and science. 问题：What nationality is the new student? 答案：The new student is from Russia.练习二：原文：My name is John. I am a student at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I am majoring in Business Administration. 问题：What is the name of the university where John is studying? 答案：The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).练习三：原文：He usually gets up at 7 o'clock in the morning. He takes a shower and eats breakfast at 7:30. He leaves for work at 8:00. 问题：When does he usually leave for work? 答案：He leaves for work at 8:00.单元二：练习一：原文：He is a talented artist. He can paint and draw very well. 问题：What can he do well? 答案：He can paint and draw very well.练习二：原文：I love to play tennis. It is my favorite sport.I play it every weekend. 问题：What is the author's favorite sport? 答案：Tennis.练习三：原文：My favorite food is pizza. I like to eat it with salad and French fries. 问题：What is the author's favorite food? 答案：Pizza.单元三：练习一：原文：She is a successful businesswoman. She has her own company. She is very hardworking and determined. 问题：What are the two key qualities that made her a successful businesswoman? 答案：Hardworking and determined.研究生英语读写教程课后答案《研究生英语读写教程》课后答案解析《研究生英语读写教程》是一本为研究生编写的英语读写课程教材，旨在提高学生的英语阅读和写作能力。
江南大学研究生英语期末考试写作试题库
江南大学研究生英语期末考试写作试题库Sample 1 (156)No Alcoholic Beverages on CampusAlcoholic Beverages should be banned from campuses for two reasons. The first reason is that drinking can cause academic failure. If students drink before class or have hangover from drinking too much the night before, they will be unable to concentrate on their school work. They may miss classes, fail exams and miss term-paper deadlines. This behavior could force them to drop out of school. For example, last semester, my friend Dan, who liked to party every night, dropped out of school. He failed organic chemistry twice and barely passed other classes. Therefore, his parents refuse to pay for his education any longer. Out of 90 cases reported, 65 percent dropped out because they had failing grades due to excessive drinking. Therefore, it is true that drinking can interfere with college success.这篇文章通过举例和数字统计，较充分地说明了校园内应禁酒的原因。
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西南交通大学研究生2015-2016学年 第(1)学期期末考试试卷 课程名称 研究生学术英语读写译 课程代码 51321001 考试形式 课程论文
院 系 学 号 姓 名 密封装订线 密封装订线 密封装订线
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at a tunnel conference in 1970, at which tunnel was defined as ‘A underground cavity, whose cross-sectional area is larger than 2, that is
(1993), the initial stress can be calculated by:
where is the gravity stress; is the tectonic stress (Guo, Ma, & Xue, 1983).
The tectonic stress is so complicated that…This paper ignores tectonic stress, in other
In Figure 1, 、are both the gravity stress in the center of tunnel. They are calculated by: where is the depth of the center of tunnel…the solution of stress and relative tunnel; E is the elastic modulus;is the Poisson’s ratio…
The scale of the model is . The parameters of the rock are
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radial distance is smaller than 5 to 6 times of the tunnel radius… The impact of lateral pressure coefficient has not been studied. The software of ABAQUS can be used to solve this
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