西方文化导论论文
有关西方文化论文范文
有关西方文化论文范文随着中西方交流的加深,我们有必要了解中西方文化的价值观差异。
下面是店铺为大家整理的有关西方文化论文，供大家参考。
有关西方文化论文范文一：释义学的比较文学[摘要] 比较文学与外国文学的学科合并带来了许多问题,其中最为突出的是关于学科范围的纷争。
本文引入释义学视角试图解决这一问题,并进一步对比较文学学科方法与研究程式进行探讨。
哲学释义学认为一切阐释都是从前结构出发,是基于前结构的创造活动。
本文指出由于传统的变迁,当下中国人的思维方式发生了重大变化,中国人研究外国文学并不一定就是文化交流,这构成了比较文学与外国文学分野的基础。
在面对他者本文时,调动他者文化对他者本文进行阐释属于外国文学研究;而充分调动前结构中的传统文化阐释他者本文,从而跨入阐释学的横向地带,在问答逻辑中达到视域融合是比较文学的学科特征.[关键词] 学科界限;前结构;视域融合1998年,比较文学与世界文学作为一个新的学科在中国高等院校中文系诞生了,成为中国语言文学的二级学科。
学科合并一方面使从事比较文学研究的人成倍增长,比较文学的地位得以提高;另一方面,也给比较文学界和外国文学界带来了诸多烦恼,激发了许多学者对其深思、探讨。
2000年,《外国文学研究》杂志设置了“学科建设研讨专题”的专栏,对“‘比较文学与世界文学’学科的有关问题开展了讨论”[1];2002年,在中国外国文学学会第七届年会期间,几位学者就“学科建设与教学研究” 进行了座谈[2];2003年,第二界“北大-复旦比较文学学术论坛”对学科合并及带来的问题进行了深入的探讨[3];2004年,在首届中国比较文学高层论坛中,学者们继续就此话题进行讨论[4]。
对于学科合并,学界有不同的观点:有的学者对合并表示了认同,不过认为比较文学与外国文学是两个有各自不同特征的学科[5];有的学者认为外国文学就是比较文学[6];另外一些学者则对合并带来的问题忧心忡忡[7].学科合并带来的比较文学学科界限的模糊、教学的混乱、学术质量的低下[8]等等问题,归根结底还是由学科定位以及身份问题所决定的。
《西方文化概论》课程论文及参考书目
《你的第一本哲学书》，托马斯.内格尔（美），宝树 译，当代中国出版社。 《哲学的邀请》，费尔南多.萨瓦特尔（西班牙），林 经纬译，北京大学出版社。 《苏菲的世界》，乔斯坦·贾德 （挪威），萧宝森译， 作家出版社。 《西方哲学简史》，赵敦华，北京大学出版社。 《西方哲学史》，邓晓芒，赵林，高等教育出版社。
参考书目
年至今》 《从黎明到衰落:西方文化生活五百年 1500年至今》，雅 从黎明到衰落 西方文化生活五百年 年至今 巴尔赞（ ），林华译 世界知识出版社， 林华译， 克·巴尔赞（美），林华译，世界知识出版社，2002。 巴尔赞 。 古典主义时期的大师》 余丁著，安徽美术出版社， 《古典主义时期的大师》，余丁著，安徽美术出版社， 2004。 。 帕斯卡尔思想录》 帕斯卡尔（ 何兆武译， 《帕斯卡尔思想录》，帕斯卡尔（法）著，何兆武译，陕 西师大出版社， 西师大出版社，2003。 。 第一周波——西方自由主义的文化革命 从文艺复兴宗 西方自由主义的文化革命(从文艺复兴宗 《第一周波 西方自由主义的文化革命 教改革到对旧神学批判的经验主义和理性主义)》 教改革到对旧神学批判的经验主义和理性主义 》 ，马林 韬著，社会科学文献出版社， 韬著，社会科学文献出版社，2005。 。
参考书目
沃尔夫林（ 《文艺复兴与巴洛克》，海因里希·沃尔夫林（瑞士）著， 文艺复兴与巴洛克》 海因里希 沃尔夫林 瑞士） 沈莹译，上海人民出版社， 沈莹译，上海人民出版社，2007。 。 意大利文艺复兴的起源与模式》 朱龙华著， 《意大利文艺复兴的起源与模式》，朱龙华著，人民出 版社，2004。 版社， 。 欧洲风化史：文艺复兴时代》 爱德华·傅克斯 傅克斯（ 《欧洲风化史：文艺复兴时代》，爱德华 傅克斯（德） 侯焕闳译，辽宁教育出版社， 著，侯焕闳译，辽宁教育出版社，2006。 。 欧洲文艺复兴史》丛书（已出版宗教卷、哲学卷、 《欧洲文艺复兴史》丛书（已出版宗教卷、哲学卷、艺 术卷、教育卷、科学技术卷、城市和社会生活卷）， ），人 术卷、教育卷、科学技术卷、城市和社会生活卷），人 民出版社， 民出版社，2008。 。
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
西方文化概论小论文
中西方悲剧比较摘要：一直以来，悲剧就被喻为艺术的“最高阶段”，以其所蕴藏的深切的内涵和无尽的魅力成为艺术库的一枚瑰宝。
不论是中国的悲剧还是西方的悲剧，其内容中总是包含正义势力与邪恶势力的斗争。
但在悲剧的主体，悲剧的冲突和悲剧的过程和结局上，中西方具有着明显的差异。
关键词：中国悲剧西方悲剧差异比较引论：自古以来，因为生产生活方式和地理环境等因素的不同，从而铸就了东西方文化的差异，东方人保守，注重内敛；西方人开放，注重表达，这些差异也造就了东西方在戏剧的编剧手法和表现手法上的不同。
反观，这些在戏剧中突出的不同性，也正是深入研究东西文化不同的突破口。
正文：古希腊悲剧起源于酒神节——为纪念酒神狄奥尼索斯举行的宗教仪式，其原名为“山羊之歌”是酒神赞美歌的序曲。
在西方美学史上真正奠定悲剧理论基础的是亚里士多德。
他在《诗学》中对古希腊的悲剧艺术进行了系统的理论总结。
他认为“悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的模仿。
”并认为悲剧能够借助于引起人们的怜悯和恐惧之情来使人们的灵魂得到净化和陶冶。
在中国，戏剧的发展是迟缓而漫长的，悲剧没有具体的起源，也有学者认为最早的一部悲剧作品是屈原的《离骚》。
最富盛名的中国古典悲剧是《窦娥冤》，其作者关汉卿有着自己鲜明的写作特点，也是中国式悲剧特点的写照。
一、中西方悲剧主体的差异引用钱钟书先生的观点：悲剧有两种主要类型，一种是以人物性格为中心的悲剧，另一种是以命运本身为主的悲剧。
我认为莎士比亚悲剧属于第一种，而中国的古典悲剧则是比较倾向于第二种。
这两种类型的形成，主要是因为对悲剧的主体的刻画不同。
亚里士多德曾指出：“悲剧由上层人物组成，而喜剧由下层人物组成。
”这句话体现了西方戏剧的主体差异。
西方悲剧中的主体通常是有一定社会地位的人物，并且是多为男性，例如《哈姆雷特》中的哈姆雷特，他是一名复仇的丹麦王子，但他所处的境遇却与之身份十分不符，作者就是利用这种强烈的身份和境遇的对比，来铸造震撼。
西方文化导论论文
On the Embodiment of Humanism in William Shakespeare’s DramaA Midsummer Night’s DreamName: Zhao Yujie Student Number: 08081031Abstract: This paper gives a brief introduction of humanism, and also displays a concise content of Shakespeare’s drama A Midsummer Night’s Dream .It shows the main thesis of the comedy and at the end of the paper, a conclusion is drawn on the embodiment of humanism in A Midsummer Night’s Dream.Key Words: Humanism, Individual freedom, Compassion, LoveⅠHumanismHumanism is the core spirit during the Renaissance. It is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Affirming the dignity of each human being, it supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consonant with social and planetary responsibility. It advocates the extension of participatory democracy and the expansion of the open society, standing for human rights and social justice. Humanism maintains there is no evidence a supernatural power ever needed or wanted anything from people, ever communicated to them, or ever interfered with the laws of nature to assist or harm anyone. Humanism thus derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny.Humanism's focus, then, is on using human efforts to meet human needs and wants in this world. History shows that those efforts are most effective when they involve both compassion and the scientific method - which includes reliance on reason, evidence, and free inquiry. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities.Ⅱ Brief introduction of the playA Midsummer Night's Dream is romantic comedy written by William Shakespeare in the 1590s. It is one of Shakespeare’ most popular playand is widely performed across the world. It portrays the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of amateur actors in a moonlit forest, and their interactions with the fairies who inhabit it and Duke of the Athenians. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular and is widely performed across the world.The play features three interlocking plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazonian queen Hippolyta.In the opening scene, Hermia refuses to comply with her father Egeus's wish for her to marry his chosen man, Demetrius. In response, Egeus quotes before Theseus an ancient Athenian law whereby a daughter must marry the suitor chosen by her father, or else face death or lifelong chastity worshipping Diana as a nun. Hermia and her lover Lysander therefore decide to elope by escaping through the forest at night. Hermia informs her best friend Helena, but Helena has recently been rejected by Demetrius and decides to win back his favor by revealing the plan to him. Demetrius, followed doggedly by Helena, chases Hermia, who, in turn, chases Lysander, from whom she becomes separated.Meanwhile, Oberon, king of the fairies, and his queen, Titania, arrive in the same forest to attend Theseus and Hippolyta's wedding. Having seen Demetrius act cruelly toward Helena, Oberon orders Puck to spread some of the juice on the eyelids of the young Athenian man. Instead, Puck puts the juice on the eyes of Lysander, who then falls in love with Helena. When Oberon finds this out, he makes Puck apply the juice to Demetrius. Due to Puck's errors, Hermia's two lovers temporarily turn against her in favor of Helena.Oberon realizes Puck’s mistake and orders Puck to remove the magical enchantment from Lysander but allow it to remain on Demetrius, so that Demetrius may reciprocate Helena's love. Then Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene, during an early morning hunt. They wake the lovers and in the end, all of them find their true love and marry each other.Ⅲ Embodiment of humanism in this dramaA Midsummer Night’s Dream mocks many aspects of human behavior. In this comedy, Shakespeare explores the complex nature of human heart, uses dramatic irony to heighten the sense of comedy and humor; he portrays human relationships in several different lights in order to illustrate the changing and complex sides of human emotions, thus to demonstrate the humanism.As it is said that humanism's focus is on using human efforts to meet human needs and wants in this world .This point can be best explained in this drama. In this comedy, Hermia’s and Lysander’s needs and wants are love. They want to marry the person they love, so when Hermia’s father forces her to marry Demetrius, Lysander and she realize that they can not give up to the authority, they hold that every human being has the right to pursue his or her true love. So they decide to fly from Athens. Their behavior is the reflection of humanism. Their courage show that the humanism has taken shape in people’s minds at that time. They use their own right to fight with the feudalism, they want to control their lives and make their own choices. So will I grow, so live, so die, my soul consents not to give sovereignty,” sa ys by Hermia, Lysander says “Why should not I then prosecute my right?”These typical questions indicate that they have realized the individuality and they come to know the importance of human rights.And also Helena is another typical example who does not conform to destiny. She knows Demetrius does not love her, but she still tries her best to seek love, and never say die.Humanism is a rational philosophy motivated by compassion. We can find some proofs to prove this idea. When Oberon sees Demetrius’indifferent attitude toward Helena’s deep love for him, Oberon shows mercy to her, so he asks Puck-the so –called Robin Goodfellow to drop a kind of juice on Demetrius’ eyes, so that Demetrius can fall in love with Helena. Oberon’s act, is inspired by compassion in his mind, this is one part of the humanism. He hopes that every one can realize their own dreams, so he wants to help Helena to satisfy her needs.Realizing that every one has his or her value is one of the main characters of humanism’s belief. In the drama, Quince, Bottom, Flute and so on are planning for the performance they are going to do during the Duke’s wedding. It is not hard to find that their selection of roles in that performance depends on their personality; what’s more, it shows that no matter how low their statuses are, they are important, not only to the play, but also to the society.All in all, humanism can be seen from many aspects of this comedy, the leading roles’ behaviors in pursuit of love, freedom, peace, etc. are the reflection of humanism.。
欧洲文化导论论文
欧洲文化导论论文第一篇：欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文：文艺复兴摘要：文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果，也有其复杂的历史背景。
作为一次著名的思想解放运动，它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。
一.文艺复兴背景：1.宗教因素：中世纪的文明是基督教的文明，一教统治的文明，它对异教的文明是消极的，甚至是敌视的。
在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。
这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。
而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想，但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。
2.阶级因素：资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。
资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。
文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。
如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。
资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。
人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。
可以说，正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。
3经济因素：经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。
由于新的商人阶层的形成，这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位，促进了商业的发展。
商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。
商业和贸易依靠的是市场，而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。
因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快，加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度，城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。
二.文艺复兴成就：1.文学三杰：①但丁（1265—1321年），是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家，马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。
”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。
西方文化精要期末论文
这学期我选了西方文化精要这门课程。
我之所以选这门课程，因为我自己对西方文化很感兴趣，通过这学期的学习，我已经基本对西方文化有些认识了。
下面我就谈谈自己的理解和看法。
在课堂上我了解到了西方文化来自于两希文明，即古希腊和古希伯来文明。
因此我就重点谈谈古希腊神话古希腊神话。
作为西方文化的源头之一，正如马克思所说，希腊神话是它的土壤和武库。
古希腊的戏剧、建筑、绘画、雕塑等都从古希腊神话中汲取养料。
所以可以说，古希腊神话是西方文化的重要源头。
古希腊神话是西方文化百用而不厌其烦的素材，这已是人所共知的。
就像老师开始上课时就给我们说了不少古希腊神话。
西方文化从古希腊神话中汲取的两钟重要的精神血液即人本和理性，这两种精神恰是整个西方近代文化的两个主要精神。
关于神话与古希腊神话，马克思在《<政治经济学>导言》中说，神话是“通过人的幻想，用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式”是“用想象和借助想象以征服自然力、支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化”。
所以神话是人类对自然与自我以及自然与自我关系的探索。
神话应该是氏族的、部落的、民族的，乃至某一人群团体原初的自然观、世界观真实的理性的表现。
神话反映人的思想和理念，而且“神话作为一个民族足迹的最早记录，因为较少受到传统文化的熏染，或当代文明的压抑，它直接的表现了人性中接近底层或本质的东西。
”古希腊神话作为有丰富体系的神话，当然也表现了古希腊人性中最本质的精神。
我们现在所知的所有古希腊神话的故事都来自《荷马史诗》和赫西俄德的《神谱》和《工作与时日》。
《荷马史诗》包括《伊利亚特》和两部。
《伊利亚特》记述的是古代希腊人与特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特的经过。
《奥塞德》描写了希腊军返航途中的种种遭遇，荷马之后的赫西俄德写了《神谱》和《工作与时日》希腊诸神的渊源，历史的发端。
公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪间，希腊三为悲剧大师埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里匹得斯的经典著作也极大的丰富了希腊神话的内容。
西方文化课题研究论文(五篇)：论中美文化差异的表现、论中西方文化比较下公民意识教育路径…
西方文化课题研究论文（五篇）内容提要：1、论中美文化差异的表现2、论中西方文化比较下公民意识教育路径3、西方文化渗透对青少年的影响4、西方文化教育强化方法研究5、小议西方文化的东方转向全文总字数：21058 字篇一：论中美文化差异的表现论中美文化差异的表现文化核心维度的构成1.文化显性维度探讨文化，离不开语言，美国杰出的语言学家Sapir(1921)[3]在《Language：AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech》一书中写道：“文化可以解释为社会所做的和所想的，而语言则是思想的具体表达方式”，他认为语言是一种非本能的、后天形成的“文化”功能，是人类所特有的、非本能地使用自发创作的符号沟通思想，表达情感和愿望的交际手段。
Brown(1994)[4]认为：语言是文化的一部分，而文化又是语言的一部分，两者紧密联系，不可分离。
Nida(1998)[5]则认为语言和文化都是符号，表达着我们在语言中所说的任何事情的含义，或者外延或者内涵，语言是文化不可分割的一部分。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
从文化的角度分析语言和文化关系，可以说文化包括语言，文化的发展影响语言的发展。
由于语言是一种民族文化的表现与承载形式，不了解一个民族的文化，也就无法真正学好该民族的语言。
在Hofstede的洋葱理论中，洋葱的最外表的一层象征物(Symbols)层中，就包括服装、语言、建筑物等。
语言和文化的关系也可以借用冰山理论来解释，在文化冰山理论中，如果说冰山就是整个文化的话，那么语言就是水面之上的那一部分，它反映着水面之下那一部分的内涵，也就是说，语言是整个文化体系中最为外显的部分，但是又是整个冰山的一部分。
在GLOBE文化维度测量中，House，R.J.等人将瑞士分别以英语为母语和以法语为母语的受试者分两次测量，从而得出不同的结果，这正是因为语言是用来定义文化的一个重要组成部分所致”[6，7]。
西方文化导论论文
In my opinion, the Ancient Greek Culture is one of the most shining parts in the western culture. It can be looked on as the start of the western civilization and the end of the barbarous age.Without the Greek Culture as the foundation, the development of the western countries can’t be so outstanding in the world.When we talk about the Ancient Greece, its democracy, economy, and colorful culture always occur to our minds.DemocracyAs early as the 6th century BC, the archon solon tried to reduce the power of the old aristocrats by establishing the jury system for legal judgments in order to restrict the rights of nobility. Then Cleisthenes carried out the legislative reform, by establishing the boule which was composed of five hundred representatives selected from each of ten demes. We should feel surprised at the high standard of the democracy. Even today, the democracy system is still in use.In America, the President Selection through the Senate and House of representatives just can’t be a better e xample of the great influence of the Greek democracy. The strength of the democracy system can reflect the power of people to some degree. What’s more, it makes a great contribution to the development of western politics.EconomyAs it’s known to all, good politics may have a positive effect on the economy. In the Ancient Greece, it proved to be true The economy of increasing prosperity .In this period, the use of iron tools instead of bronze ones leaded the further economic development .So the society was restructured, along class lines，based on the property ownership . City-states come into being, in this way, the civilization of Ancient Greece continued.CultureIt’s generally acknowledged that the Greek Culture is the most precious treasure left not only for Europe but also for the whole world.It falls into four categories, namely the Greek mythology and religion, the Greek art and science, the Greek literature, and the Greek philosophy.i.Greek mythologyAre you familiar with these names, such as Zeus, Athena, Apollo. They are the names of some major gods in the Greek mythology. According to Karl Marx, the Greek mythology is not only a treasure house, but also the soil for Greek art.So it’s certain that the religious tales became fully developed myths and thus contributed a lot to the later development of Greek art.In the Greek mythology, we can find numerous characteristics in the gods and goddesses. Sometimes we may find many tales reflected the feature and life of human beings.ii.Greek art and scienceWe can’t ignore the Greek art and science achievements because they are so amazing. Towards us, they’re so important in fully understanding the Greek Culture. The Greek art is made up of three main parts, they’re architecture, sculpture, and painting.You can find noble simplicity and calm grandeur from the greatest building in Athens, the Parthenon. In addition, you can also find the kindred art of vase decoration which will make you astonished.Then what about the science? As we know, the Greeks did three biggest things: astronomy, philosophy, and democracy. We can draw a conclusion that the geography, astronomy, and mathematics achievements were all remarkable.In this period, there’re some prestigious scholars. Pytheasapplied his solid scientific training primarily to geography. Hipparchus, he perfected measuring instruments and calculated the movements of stars .Another ever greater achievements are in mathematics and physics. The best known mathematician was Euclid who established the science of plan geometry. The other familiar name is Archimedes who discovered the principle of floatation and lever. His famous words “Give me a piece to stand, I will move the earth” impressed me most.iii.Greek literature and historyThe Greek literature is well-established for its epic, lyrical poetry, and drama. The most out-standing epics are Odyssey and Iliad written by Homer. The Trojan War takes up the most part. So we can see the epics related with the history. The person who is “the father of history” na med Herodotus. With his book Histories, which deals with the Persian Wars.Thanks to their works, we can fully witness what has happened during this time.iv.Greek philosophyWhen we talk about “Platonic Love”, we can think of the famous Plato, besides his teacher Socrates.Socrates had a reputation for irony and a sense of humor. And in my view, the Republic is his representative. In this work, Plato built up an ideal kingdom for us, his thoughts made much influence on the followers.Have you heard abou t “I love my teacher, but I love science more”. This is from Aristotle, he was regarded as the greatest thinker and most learned person of ancient times. His works cover wide ranging areas including philosophy, psychology, logic, rhetoric, literary, etc. His thoughts were completely different from Plato. He was a materialist. He indeed made great contribution to the Greek philosophy.Owing to this class: “Western Culture Introduction”, it makes megain a good knowledge of Greek Culture. We marvel at so many wonderful achievements made by the people in the old times. Meanwhile, I believe we can benefit a lot from the Greek Culture, and treasure it forever.。
西方文化概论论文之希腊神话所折射的命运观
西方文化概论论文之希腊神话所折射的命运观浅析希腊神话所折射的命运观摘要希腊神话作为西方文明的源头之一，包含了较强的理性精神和非理性精神，而在其非理性精神中，希腊神话中许多神、英雄对冥冥之中命运之手的认同、反抗与超越生动的折射了古希腊人的命运观。
本论文将通过浅析希腊神话中与命运相关的故事，从多个方面讨论希腊神话所折射的命运观。
一、希腊神话中的命运观在希腊神话中，对于命运这一世间“最奇异之事物”的拷问和探究演绎出了许多荡气回肠的悲壮故事。
命运三女神（the Fates）掌管着大地上所有食用五谷之人的命运，Clotho 负责纺织生命之线，Lachesis 决定生命线的长度，Atropos 负责切断生命之线。
她们的存在反映出在古希腊人看来，每个人的命运都是预先设定的，神、半神、英雄和凡人都逃离不出命运之手。
然而，正如希腊神话中不断涌现出的反抗命运的悲剧，希腊人一方面通过特殊的方式和渠道去了解命运，另一方面，他们认为直面残酷命运的勇气和敢于抗拒的精神和努力是不可或缺的，尽管最后这样的努力往往以悲剧告终。
这一点可以在英雄们对个人命运和家族命运的抗争中体现出来。
这样的抗争和抗争的结局，揭示了人类从必然王国要走向自由王国是要付出漫长而艰辛的努力的，但是这种发展趋势是必然的。
二、希腊神话中命运观的表现形式1、个人命运希腊神话中个人命运的表现大部分是通过英雄们的悲剧展现，也有一部分是通过诸神表现出来。
英雄们的悲剧中，Achilles的故事可以为例。
Achilles是武功盖世的英雄，他有两个可供选择的命运。
一个是参加命中注定的特洛伊战争，叱咤风云而沙场捐躯，壮怀激烈而名扬千古。
另一个则是安居度日，平安无事，颐养天年却碌碌无闻。
他的母亲海洋女神Thetis为他选择了第二种，让他男扮女装，掩人耳目，避免参战。
然而，最后Odysseus使计让他暴露了身份，他毫不犹豫地参战了。
神谕兆示没有Achilles的参战，希腊人就无法获胜，所以命中注定希腊人会找到他。
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选修课“西方文化概论”课程论文论文题目：论西班牙与墨西哥万圣节姓名：李安学号：[1**********]1学院：外国语学院专业：西班牙语年级：2012级摘要之所以将论文题目定为“论西班牙与墨西哥万圣节”，有两个原因，其一是因为我的专业是西班牙语，对西班牙和拉美文化比较了解，写起来也得心应手；其二是发现这两个国家的万圣节与中国的清明节有着很多相似之处，且与其他西方国家的万圣节习俗有很大的不同，十分独特神秘，引起了我的浓厚兴趣。
在这篇论文中我将通过对西班牙和墨西哥万圣节习俗的阐述，分析对比这两个国家与其他西方国家万圣节习俗的不同之处，与中国清明节的类似之处。
从而更加了解西方万圣节文化。
关键词万圣节亡灵节文化习俗正文万圣节（all saints" day）在每年的11月1日，是西方传统节日。
10月31日被称为万圣节前夕（halloween）。
中国国内直接用“万圣节”指“万圣节前夜”，而用“万灵节”或“诸圣节”表示11月1日的万圣节。
万圣节源自古代凯尔特民族（celtic）的新年节庆，此时也是祭祀亡魂的时刻，在避免恶灵干扰的同时，也以食物祭拜祖灵及善灵以祈平安渡过严冬。
当晚小孩会穿上化妆服，戴上面具，挨家挨户收集糖果［1］。
大多数西方国家都会贮备南瓜派、苹果、糖果，有的地方还会准备上等的牛羊肉，很多小孩都会挨家挨户去“敲诈”糖果，大多数西方国家的习俗都是这样。
而对于西班牙来说，万圣节是一个悲伤的日子，因为这一天是西班牙人怀念逝去亲人的日子，在习俗上与美国等西方国家存在很大区别。
万圣节那天，西班牙人习惯去墓地祭扫已故的亲人，献上康乃馨和菊花，点上几盏灯，寄托哀思。
晚上，各村镇丧钟齐鸣。
按西班牙传统，这一天各个剧院上演何塞·索里雅的名剧《堂璜·提诺里奥》。
第二天是万灵节，教徒们当天三次去教堂望弥撒［2］。
这一天对于西班牙人来说，心情较为沉重，对逝去亲人的怀念占满了整个心灵。
但同时这一天对于西班牙人来说也是一个家人团聚的日子，扫完墓，做完弥撒，西班牙每个家庭都会聚在一起吃饭，这一天对于西班牙人的意义就像中秋节对于中国人的意义一样，所以不管工作学习有多忙，西班牙人在这一天总会设法团聚在一起。
《西方文化概论》论文
《西方文化概论》论文第一篇：《西方文化概论》论文“两希”文化对西方文化发展的影响“两希”文化是西方文化的基础，它们以独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界。
“两希”文化指的是古希腊罗马文化和希伯来基督教文化，都对西方文化产生了重要的影响。
古希腊罗马之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊罗马在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。
由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14-17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。
正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。
”古代希腊罗马在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。
那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。
下面谈一下古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响：一、古希腊罗马神话文化为后世欧洲文学艺术的发展提供了坚实的根基古希腊的宗教与神话是紧密联系在一起的，进一步说就是古希腊的各种神灵信仰是神话传说的思想基础，而神话传说反过来又进一步丰富和发展了古希腊宗教，神话是宗教的核心。
继《荷马史诗》之后的《神谱》，把古希腊诸神纳入一个单一的世系，创造了以宙斯为首的12位主神谱系。
由此可见，古希腊宗教体系的确立以及宗教教义的充实与完善，神话是其重要组成部分，而古希腊以神话为根基的宗教也表现出了与众不同的特点和影响。
首先，古希腊宗教没有经典教义，没有教会组织及神职人员,这种宗教的世俗性是希腊城邦理性主义的萌芽。
从根本上说,希腊重视现世生活，宗教活动在他们看来只是现实生活的补充，并不要求来世灵魂的解脱。
其次，“神人同形同性”的特点，拉近了神与人之间的联系，为希腊及以后的西方世界创作无数优秀的文艺作品提供了不竭的题材。
概论论文西方文化
2011--2012学年第二学期旅游学院期末考试卷《西方文化概论》学号: 201121060106 姓名: 单藉锐班级: 国际经济与贸易成绩：评语：文艺复兴的成就与作用我以前对西方文化基本上没什么了解，西方文化概论课使我对西方文化有了更加深入和全面的认识。
他让我了解了西方文化的特点，发展，希腊神话的源起、古典、文明，古罗马的历史……古代西方经过伟大的文艺复兴运动，人文主义思想在西方社会逐渐深入人心。
人文主义不仅把西方人和西方社会从中世纪的宗教神学束缚下彻底地解放出来，而且还重新激发起西方人探索自然界的热情，扫清了科学研究道路上的各种思想障碍，从而有力地促进了西方近代科学的诞生。
十四世纪初至十七世纪上半期在西欧发生文艺复兴运动，“文艺复兴”名义上是为了恢复古典的文学艺术，实际上是当时新兴资产阶级借此名义来发展科学技术，要求在思想上摆脱封建主义的束傅，要求关心人、尊重人、一切以人为中心，给人以个性自由和人身自由，强烈反对以神为中心的封建教义，反对人一出生就有罪的说法，认为人是伟大的，人应享用人生的快乐，人应该掌握自己的命运。
但这种思想就是以人为中心的“人文主义”思想，是当时的进步思想。
著名意大利诗人和学者波特拉克（1304—1374年）第一次提出了和基督教教会抗争的这种进步思想，因此他被认为是文艺复兴运动的先驱人物，被称为“人文主义之父。
”文艺复兴使西欧社会由中世纪转向了近代社会，在这个过程当中人文主义是这场运动的核心，“人文主义”来自拉丁语，是受世俗教育人的含义。
它注重人的尊严，赞扬认得价值，肯定人的作用，文艺复兴不仅是古代文本和视觉艺术品的恢复，文艺复兴在文学、艺术、语言文字、政治体制、宗教观念、战争与外交、以及法学、史学、世俗教育等各个方面都起到潜移默化的作用，两个世界的发现时这个时代的本质，意大利文艺复兴对于人性的发现主要特点和本质特征是个人主义，个人的发展和世界的发现成为可能。
哲学史家文德尔班说：“因为人文主义哲学运动内在的推动力也就是对崭新的世界知识的迫切需求，这种需求最后在自然科学的建立和自然科学按原则而扩展的过程中获得了实现。
My Understanding of Western Culture西方文化论文
My Understanding of Western CultureWhat is culture? Maybe different person have different ideas. As I check in the Oxford English Dictionary , it says : the beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a particular society. In other word,western culture means Western’ beliefs or ways of life.As far as I am concerned,culture, as a product generated by man's long-term creation, is a social phenomenon. Meanwhile, it is also a historical appearance distilled throughout social history. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the difference between Chinese culture and western culture.Western culture is divided into three periods,including: the period of a ncient Greek and Rome, the medieval Christian culture, Modern western culture. To be exact, culture refers to the history, geography, traditional convention, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking, value of one country or one ethnic group. Chinese culture differs from western culture in so many aspects as wholeness and individuality, speech, value, moral standard, social relationship, social etiquette, social custom, etc. As we know, there are many differences between western culture and Chinese culture. We can see differences when we pay attention to the way words are used.Western world’s culture during The second half of the twentieth century was marked by Diversity. Although many trends represented Acontinuation of prewar modern development, new directions have led some observers to speak of A “postmodern” cultural world.For another, they are always anxious for knowledge. Facing anything new, modesty is always their choice. In the contrary to them, our Chinese sometimes think too much of ourselves. In the 1980s, styles emerged that have been referred to as postmodern. Postmodernism tends to move away from the futurism or “cutting edge” qualities of modernism. It favors tradition, that elevating traditional craftsmanship to the level of fine art. They gained respect as artists.It has become clear to many people that, like it or not and ready or not, the conditions of the world are such that we are all increasingly coming into contact with those who are different from ourselves.(diverse workforce, mixing nationalities, ethnicities, races)—Global Village.People find that behavior and attitudes that proved necessary for obtaining goals in their own culture are no longer useful (esp.those moving across cultures)Familiar behaviors that marked well-adjusted persons in their own culture may even be seen as indicative of ill-mannered.We can learn a lot from the western culture. On a personal level, every one should have some knowledge of it. If you study the western culture, you will find that how different the way you think and do with something is from the westerners. You can not only get anotherperspective to treat different situations, but also enrich your personal knowledge. What’s more, you might even find that how many weak points in your character. Then some supplements might be added and you will have a more sound soul which will help you succeed in the future. However, it is not only necessary for individuals to do so.The richer countries are pouring large sums of money into space research programs which are of no benefit to human beings while in underdeveloped countries thousands of people are dying of hunger. Besides, many scientists time and energy are wasted,which could have been devoted to improving our living condition. Whats more, many astronauts have died complete1y uselessly in space vehicles which have been faulty. One very significant part of culture is the set of values we hold, or those things which we are taught to want and those things we are taught are right. For example, one of the primary values held by Americans is monetary or economic success. They are brought up to believe that economic success is something worth striving for.They were young people who had not enjoyed the fruit of life yet.Different form the easterners.As the westerners like to treat their parents as friends, they often show their emotion and tell their opinions quite straight-out while the Chinese prefer not to say but just hide in heart.Apart from human wastage,there is the wastage of resources whichare finite and essential if man is to survive. I think it’s high time we stopped these meaningless programs. Westerners stress rules and principles. For example, if a manage make a mistake or break the rule of company in western country, the boss will punish him or her no matter how close their relationship is, because they believe that relationship is one thing, rule is another thing, they should make decision according to the rules.As a popular saying goes, to say is one thing and to do is another. How can we learn from the western culture? At first, we should have a clear concept that culture has a broader meaning today. It covers literature, custom, knowledge, history and so on. The Western individualism has much to do with its colonial history, which dates back to the period when colonists had to fig ht for their own, and they couldn’t survive the harsh environments without extraordinary bravery, perseverance and optimism, etc. I believe it is those pioneers’ characters that form the unique individualism today. Time has also left its imprint on the individualism, as the term keeps refreshing its meaning. Nowadays, the new individualism refers to the pursuit of freedom and personal happiness, the sacredness of human life and properties as well as a lot of personal traits. Besides, Western is famous for its multicultural society where each element exists in harmony with one another whilst keeping their own traits distinct. All these contribute to the individualism.No one can predictwhat will happen in the future. Supposing that we didn’t look squarely a t other countries’ culture and get their valuable experience, China is sure to be washed by modern age. Hope all the Chinese could have clear awareness.In the process of communication, American people are more used to expressing their affirmative and confirmed opinion or thoughts. In other words, American speak more directly. For instance, in western countries, if a man loves a woman, he always say:＂I love you＂directly to his lover to express his affection for her. Another example if a westerner want to borrow money from his friend, he will get to the point directly and he is lack of money recently and would like to borrow some money.Given the final analysis conducted above,western culture does has big different from Chinese culture .So,we should have a full understand of this difference.It is high time we kept a closer eye on this issue than at any other time in the past.。
西方文学与文化传承西方文化论文
西方文学与文化传承西方文化论文传统观点认为现代西方文明是古典文明和基督教文明的传承。
古典文明是由古希腊文明以及其延续的古罗马文明组成。
罗马人在取其精华吸收古希腊文化的同时，传承并发扬其核心文明。
故而西方古典文化由希腊人开创却由罗马人实现了其辉煌的成就和深远的影响，整个文化体系最终成为了西方文化、社会发展动力和源泉。
基督教文明则包括了基督教教义、历史、书籍、建筑以及基督徒的行为。
古典文明张扬个性，重视人的本能欲望，放纵原欲。
基督教文化倡导用爱的感召来消除人性罪恶，在“原罪”与“救赎”中寻求生命的终极意义。
在西方世界的历史长河中，无论是现实生活还是文学作品都流露出西方人对精神家园的重视以及对于精神的终极追求。
意识流小说创作大师詹姆斯.乔伊斯吸取传统精华，在他的作品《尤利西斯》中我们可以看到很多西方文化传统的足迹，并深刻表达出现代人在物欲横流的社会现实中不断挣扎，努力寻找失落的自我的成长经历。
《尤利西斯》在浩瀚的文学史上正如一颗璀璨的明珠，它闪烁着经久不衰的光芒。
小说自发表以来，赞美声和抨击声此起彼伏。
反对的声音认为小说“粗俗、不堪入目”,而溢美之词则把它当成是“20世纪最伟大的英语文学著作”[1]。
在20世纪初，《尤利西斯》不仅将意识流文学推向现代文学的巅峰，而且在今天看来，它在西方古典文学与文化的传承上也有着重要的作用。
1《尤利西斯》篇章语言中的西方古典文学的印记《尤利西斯》对西方经典文学的继承主要反映在对古典著作的模仿和大量引用了《圣经》中的典故及与基督教有关的隐喻、双关。
小说善用“反讽”等手法，委婉的将现代主题与古典文化联系起来。
首先是对古典著作的模仿。
小说在结构和人物角色上模仿了荷马史诗《奥德赛》。
这种模仿看似简单、单调，却意味深长。
现代人平凡而琐碎的生活如何能与气势磅礴的史诗巨著产生呼应？而正是这种不经意的呼应成就了《尤利西斯》平凡中的不平凡。
《奥德赛》行文主要采用了平行几何结构，即分别叙述几个人的事，这些故事之间的关系，再用环形几何结构关联起来。
古希腊文化论文五篇范文
古希腊文化论文五篇范文第一篇：古希腊文化论文我对古希腊中神的看法古希腊神话故事中有很多神，就如同我们中国神话中的神一样，夜生活正在属于他们的一个天国里。
甚是什么，是客观存在的事物，还是仅仅只是人性灵的一种寄托，这个我不想去探知，信仰不同，得出的结论往往很难一至。
在中国的神话中，神往往是高高在上，不可侵犯，他是力量的象征，是善恶的评定标准，是人们心中永远不敢亵渎的对象，只是因为神可以带给他们丰收富贵，可是他们心中的神给他们带的可远不止是这些，苦难应是极大的，就这样，他们依旧信奉者神。
希腊神话中的神与中国的神有很多相似之处，他们也是力量的象征，善恶的标准掌握在他们手中，但是通向神的世界中也充斥着和人一样的贪婪，阴险，嫉妒，仇恨，他们以自己的意志掌控着人间，带给人们的只是他们自己的利益。
这样的神，与人相比较多的仅仅也只是手中的法力棒而已。
神话故事也恰恰是人们现实生活的一个缩影，是自然条件下人们生活的一种寄托。
神赋予人类一切，神主宰着人的生老病死，他们控制整个社会，无疑所有的善恶的结果都是有神来决定的，神带有人的性格特点，同时他也带有神的涂有特性，他们自由，他们美丽，他们按照自己的生活来主导人类。
他们有亲情，有爱情，也有友情，这和中国神话中的单调生活形成鲜明的对比。
神也是美与恶的集合体，人神可以自由出入人间，寻找自己的生活乐趣，这也许就是身为神的自由。
神的世界和人是息息相关的，神无时无刻不存在人类的生活中。
因此，我们不难得出古希腊神话的多神教性质的来源。
在古代的伯罗奔尼撒半岛，风景美丽，干燥少雨，气候温暖，物产丰富，在这样的环境下孕育出来的文明，有着更多的、不需要为了生存和烦恼的人来思考着各种各样的问题，因此也有了广泛遍布、无处不在、分工明确的众神。
举例说明：古希腊人对大自然力量的崇拜转化为宙斯、对光明、预言的崇拜诞生了阿波罗、对智慧的崇拜形成了雅典娜，对美丽的喜爱转化成阿芙罗忒特……在古希腊多神崇拜的影响下，古希腊人对一切可崇拜的事物进行崇拜，这和中国古代神话相似，但不同的是，中国古代神话体系更复杂，而古希腊神话则清晰地沿着十二主神的地位发展出其他副神。
西方文化导论
The relationship of art and society, can use a metaphor to illustrate -----
the society is the source of art, and art is the social source out of a living water.
The importance of art to a society
4.Art is a great tool for learning. Art can be found in almost everywhere where there is a school. Art is fun and acts as an interactive tool for reluctant learners and younger students. they can learn to appreciate art for what it can do for them. People can learn a lot because art is almost as effective as written things.
The importance of art to a society
7.Art can show the passage of time. During parts of history, writing was not used by certain civilizations because they did not know how to use it.However, people were still able to communicate through means of art. They used art to represent things in life. This is why we understand so much about the past.
本科生西方文化论文格式范文
本科生西方文化论文格式范文西方文化入门作为一门语言学科的基础,许多老师及学生已经意识到了学好它对学好英语的重要作用。
下面是店铺为大家整理的西方文化论文，供大家参考。
西方文化论文范文一：浅析中西美学中的痛苦与美:以崇高范畴为例综观西方审美观念的深层内涵，我们不难发现这样一个事实：西方的审美范畴之中深深地藏着一颗内核——痛苦。
美是由痛苦导出的，是痛苦情感的迸发。
由痛苦升华为那震撼人心的之美，升华为那数的崇高与力的崇高，升华为那光辉灿烂之最高境界!西方的宗教美学思想，也与此密切相关。
耶稣受难，正是一种由痛苦而产生的崇高之美。
痛苦产生美，崇高来源於痛苦，柏克正是这样为崇高下定义的：“任何东西只要以任何一种方式引起痛苦和危险的观念(the idea of pain and danger)，那它就是崇高的来源”。
正因为柏克首先将崇高确定为痛苦与恐惧的升华，才使得崇高与优美划清了界线，使崇高真正成为一个美学范畴从美之中分离出来，从此开创了崇高理论的新纪元。
康德从而和之，认为崇高是一种由痛苦与恐惧引起的“消极的快感”。
为什么痛苦与恐惧会变成具有美学意义的消极快感呢?康德的解释是：因为崇高的感觉与美的感觉不一样，欣赏优美的花卉图案时，它给人一种直接的愉快，具有一种促进生命力的感觉。
而产生崇高情绪时，人们首先感到的不是直接的愉快，而是恐惧、痛苦，面对危险异常、令人惊心动魄的大自然时，人们在痛苦与恐惧之中经历着一个瞬间的生命力的阻滞，而立刻继之以生命力的更加强烈的喷射!从痛苦恐惧之中发出惊叹与崇敬，心情在自然界的崇高形象中受到激动与震撼，这就是由痛苦之中迸发出来的震撼人心的崇高!叔本华认为，崇高源於那无法摆脱的痛苦，客观世界的可怕现象以战胜一切的优势威胁着意志，痛苦的意志被那无限大的对象压缩至於零。
但是，人们以强力挣脱了自己的意志与利欲的关，对那些可怕的对象作宁静地观赏之时，这痛苦就升华为一种崇高之美。
对於由痛苦产生崇高，现代美学家乔治·桑塔耶纳指出：“如果我们企图了解痛苦的表现为什么有时候能使人愉快的话，这种快感就恰好提供我们所寻找的价值的先验因素。
西方文化简史 论文
我眼中的西方文化——个人主义在我的认识里，西方文化传统价值观是以个人为本位的个人主义，即是以个人为本，注重个人的自由和权利。
个人本位的个人主义。
以个人为本位的个人主义构成了西方价值观念的思想基础和立足点。
个人主义的核心内容就是：“人们有决定自己生活和前途的自由和权利。
”换句话说：“我的一切由个人负责。
”个人主义所强调的是,在个人与整体的关系中，个人是本位，或者说个人是始点、核心和目，,国家和社会的使命就是要保护个人的权利。
在所有的权利中，自由、平等是最基本的权利，因而国家和社会的最高使命就是要保护个人的自由平等权利。
因此，自由平等既是个人主义的核心内容，也是西方社会公认的政治原则，个人主义作为西方价值观念的思想基础，贯穿于西方价值观念体系的各个方面，体现了西方价值观念的根本性质。
个人本位的个人主义的发展历程。
个人本位的个人主义价值观关可以追溯到古希腊罗马时期。
伯恩斯和拉尔夫在《世界文明史》中对古希腊人的价值观念作了精辟的概括，他们描述说自荷马时代以来，“希腊人就已经沿着其在以后几个世纪都必然遵循的社会理想之路起步了，他是一个乐观主义者,确信生命只有:：为其自己的目的而活着才有价值，他认为把追求死看成是愉快的解脱，是没有意思的，他是一个利己主义者，为自我满足而奋斗。
结果，他拒绝肉体上的苦修，反对会造成损害生命的所有形式的克己行为。
”这种价值观在城邦时期通过思想家的既使理想观念现实化又使实际观念理性化而融汇为希腊精神。
希腊精神是古代希腊人留给西方和世界的宝贵遗产，它构成整个西方文明和价值观念的灵魂。
希腊精神的实质是“建立在自由、乐观主义、世俗主义、理性主义的理想之上，尊重肉体，也尊重心灵对各个人庄严和价值给予高度重视。
”关于希腊文明对于西方的影响，黑格尔说：“一提到希腊这个名字,在有教养的欧洲人心中，尤其是在我们德国人心中，自然会引起一种家国之感。
欧洲人远在希腊之外，从东方，特别是从叙利亚获得他们的宗教，来世与超世间的生活。
《西方文化概论》论文
《西方文化概论》结课论文力学与建筑工程学院工程管理13级1班姓名:孙丽君学号：02130770我眼中的西方文化——希腊文明西方文化是一个很广义的词，它包括了古典文化、中世纪文化、文艺复兴时期文化、工业革命后的欧洲文化、新大陆和航海时代、二次大战后的欧美等等研究范围,而里面又可以细分很多的具体范畴西方文化有多种。
老师也在课上为我们介绍了许多，例如欧洲古代社会、地中海与古代希腊文明、罗马文化，我印象最深的西方文化是希腊文明，古希腊是西方文明的源头，下面我将以《特洛伊》这部影片为线索来表达我个人对希腊文明的理解.一、希腊文明简介古希腊文明首先在克里特岛获得发展.克里特文明以岛屿北部的克诺索斯为中心，在公元前2千年中期弥诺斯统治时期臻于极盛。
显然是由于某种自然原因，该文明在这之后突然湮没，古希腊文明发展移向巴尔干半岛，伯罗奔尼撒半岛西北部的迈锡尼成为新的文明发展中心.迈锡尼文明吸收了克里特文明的成就，同时在经济、文化、生产技术等方面达到新的繁荣,已见于克里特文明的线型文字得到进一步发展和更多的使用。
著名的特洛伊战争发生在这一文明阶段的后期（公元前十二世纪初)。
战争结束后，迈锡尼文明衰落.希腊社会在经历了一段时期的历史倒退后，继而进入主要以雅典为中心的新的文明发展时期，取得前所未有的辉煌成就，成为古希腊文明发展的古典时期。
公元前四世纪后期，希腊被新崛起的马其顿征服.亚历山大东征促进了东西方经济的交流和文化的融合，古希腊文明进入“希腊化”时期，在东方各国文明的影响下，在更为广泛的范围内得到新的发展。
古代希腊作为一个文明古国，曾经在科技、数学、医学、哲学、文学、戏剧、雕塑、绘画、建筑等方面做出巨大的贡献，成为后代欧洲文明发展的源头。
二、特洛伊之战影片《特洛伊》以它气势恢宏的战争场面以及丰富的故事情节再现了古希腊时期的辉煌历史,这部影片取材于人类最古老的长篇史诗《荷马史诗》，又称英雄史诗，它塑造了众多栩栩如生的英雄形象。
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Introduction to Western Class with Teacher Ron1st Term AY 2011 - 2012HUST – Rongcheng CampusChristmas DayWritten byLeah2010-1Chapter/Question:Chapter 4 –why the Christmas Day is important?As we all know that Christmas Day is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated generally on December 25th as a religious day by many people around the world. In fact, there is not record that show what is the exact date for Jesus Christ’s birth. The Ch ristmas Day is fixed on December 25th by people themselves later. The night before the Christmas Day is the Christmas Eve. And it is very popular around the world.When it comes to the customs of Christmas Day, we all know a little or more customs about it. For example, people decorate the Christmas trees and send cards to their friends, relatives and family members. With popularity of the customs in Northern Europe, the myth of Father Christmas appeared. Father Christmas is also Santa Claus. Father Christmas has become the human face of Christmas. Pictures will be seen everywhere of the old man with long white beard, red coat, and bag of toys. On Christmas Eve, Father Christmas travels through the sky on a sled pulled by reindeer. he lands on the roof of people's homes , enters through the chimney and leaves wonderful gifts for all the little children.As for the food, it served varies greatly from country to country. In England and countries influenced by its traditions, a standard Christmas meal includes turkey or goose, meat, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, sometimes bread and cider. Special desserts are also prepared, such as Christmas pudding, mince piesand fruit cake. In other countries, they have different special food foe the dinner. Besides a special Christmas family meal is traditionally an important part of the holiday's celebration. People have a Christmas dinner with all the members of the family for Christmas Eve. Wherever they are, they will try their best to get together to have a dinner which is like the Chinese New Y ear. A number of nations have issued commemorative stamps at Christmastide. Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail Christmas cards,and they are popular with philatelists.In China, people also celebrate the Christmas Day. It can be seen as a holiday in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. In addition, it can be seen as a day for lovers to have a date. Moreover Chinese people have a special way to celebrate that is sending apples to people on Christmas Eve. Christmas Eve is ‘pingan ye’in Chinese. And the apples stand for the ‘pingan’ which is safety. All in all, Christmas Day as a holiday is accepted by more and more people in the world.When people celebrate the Christmas Day, some people may think why we celebrate it. There is one reason, we all know, that to celebrate the birth of Jesus. At the beginning, Christmas Day’s main purpose is for the religion. In their mind, Jesus is very important foe them. They love him and respect him. Therefore they give much attention to Christmas Day.But now for many people, the importance of Christmas is not only to celebrate the birth of Jesus. Christmas day now bring many benefits to people now. We can from three sides to see the importance of Christmas day.Firstly Christmas give a chance for members of family to get together. At that time, they can communicate with each other. According to some surveys, communication is good for people’s hea lth. So Christmas day is good for health. Secondly Christmas is typically the largest annual economic stimulus for many nations around the world. Christmas day can promote the development of economy. To prepare Christmas day well, many people will buy a lot of things to spend holiday which make sales increase dramatically in almost all retail areas and shops introduce new products as people purchase gifts, decorations, and supplies. Then Christmas day means holiday. People can spare time from busy things staying with their family and traveling. Students can enjoy the holiday and workers can relax themselves. Even the president also can put down nation affairs. Finally Christmas day also have good effect on the arts and media. During the Christmas day, people can watch a lot of movies about Christmas day. Many stories came from the Christmas day. Besides there are many songs related to Christmas day, such us messiah and jingle bell. If we must say the importance of Christmas day, I think, we can not list all of it. In other words, Christmas day’s effect seep into many aspects of the society.In my view, Christmas day is the holiday that I am familiar with compared with Easter day and other holiday. Because of the globalization, communication about culture happens to countries frequently. The result of it is that many Chinese people in their own ways to celebrate the Christmas day. As for me, Christmas day is like the common days, because I do not do something special. But for loves in campus, this is a good chance to enhance the relationship between them. So you will see many couples girl and boy stay together. It is very interesting and admiring. Though I do not have people to stay with me, I still feel happy. The atmosphere of Christmas day makes everyone feel excited. After all it is a happy thing.As English major, every year, in our school, English major will hold a party about Christmas day. All students can take part in, appreciate the performance. Meanwhile the Christmas day just is a way to show the western culture. All the students have more chance to contact with western culture. Thus I can know the culture through celebrating holidays. In a world I think Christmas day is important not only for western people but also for me, because I enjoy the feeling and atmosphere of Christmas day.。