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老托福阅读训练答案汇总

【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总小马过河为大家准备了“【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267PASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2 AACCD CABDPASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACAPASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBADPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABDPASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABBPASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADAPASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBAPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCBPASSAGE 13 AACAC CADPASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBAPASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD ABPASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDAPASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CAPASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDAPASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA CPASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABDPASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC D PASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DDPASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACAD PASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA DPASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAADPASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACCPASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDCPASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBACPASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC DPASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福阅读常出现的9个深度句托福阅读利剑之语法托福阅读解题方法之《主旨题》。

(word完整版)历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety ofsolid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of thesebodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析(总4页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

8月日托福阅读真题解析

2013年8月25日托福阅读真题解析第一套题：第一篇TOPIC 某古代王国扩张及衰退古代地中海附近的一个国家，不断军事扩张，变得很繁荣。

但随着版图的扩大，周围国家的威胁（如俄国），并且后面几代君主个人能力不行，这个国家渐渐衰弱。

还介绍了他的政治制度，虽然君主一个人掌权，但后来产生了两种职位分权，一种是有一个人会对君主进行授权，另一种是很有权利的女人。

但随着这个国家经济和社会的衰退，最后一段提到了一个解决的办法，但已无法扭转。

解析：本文属历史类话题，介绍了某国家的兴亡过程。

从机经回忆来看，该古代王国应指曾盛极一时的土耳其奥斯曼帝国。

奥斯曼帝国在欧洲历史长河中扮演了非常重要的角色，很多重要的如新航路开辟等历史事件都和奥斯曼帝国的崛起有直接联系，所以也常常在托福的历史类文章中出现，大家应对其有一定了解。

Ottoman EmpireOriginsThe Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local Turkish dynasties. The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan, Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Bursa fell in 1326 and Adrianople (the modern Edirne) in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the empire. The greatOttoman victories of Kosovo Field (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large parts of the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger. The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and captured Beyazid in 1402. The Ottomans, however, soon rallied. The Period of Great ExpansionThe empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad's successors Murad II and Muhammad II. The victory (1444) at Varna over a crusading army led by Ladislaus III of Poland was followed in 1453 by the capture of Constantinople. Within a century the Ottomans had changed from a nomadic horde to the heirs of the most ancient surviving empire of Europe. Their success was due partly to the weakness and disunity of their adversaries, partly to their excellent and far superior military organization. Their army comprised numerous Christians—not only conscripts, who were organized as the corps of Janissaries, but also volunteers. Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent. under Selim I and Sulayman I (Sulayman the Magnificent).The Hungarian defeat (1526) at Mohács prepared the way for the capture (1541) of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire; Transylvania became a tributary principality, as did Walachia and Moldavia. The Asian borders of the empire were pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Selim I defeated the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, took Cairo in 1517, and assumed the succession to the caliphate. Algiers was taken in 1518, and Mediterranean commerce was threatened by corsairs, such as Barbarossa, who sailed under Turkishauspices. Most of the Venetian and other Latin possessions in Greece also fell to the sultans.During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art, and architecture. In practice the prerogatives of the sultan were limited by the spirit of Muslim canonical law (sharia), and he usually shared his authority with the chief preserver ( sheyhülislam ) of the sharia and with the grand vizier (chief executive officer).In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman's death, the clergy ( ulema ) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence. The first serious blow by Europe to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; see Lepanto, battle of), inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria. However, Murad IV in the 17th cent. temporarily restored Turkish military prestige by his victory (1638) over Persia. Crete was conquered from Venice, and in 1683 a huge Turkish army under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa surrounded Vienna. The relief of Vienna by John III of Poland and the subsequent campaigns of Charles V of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and Eugene of Savoy ended in negotiations in 1699 (see Karlowitz, Treaty of), which cost Turkey Hungary and other territories.DeclineThe breakup of the state gained impetus with the Russo-Turkish Wars in the 18thcent. Egypt was only temporarily lost to Napoleon's army, but the Greek War of Independence and its sequels, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 (see Adrianople, Treaty of), and the war with Muhammad Ali of Egypt resulted in the loss of Greece and Egypt, the protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Walachia, and the semi-independence of Serbia. Drastic reforms were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th cent. by Selim III and Mahmud II, but they came too late. By the 19th cent. Turkey was known as the Sick Man of Europe.Through a series of treaties of capitulation from the 16th to the 18th cent. the Ottoman Empire gradually lost its economic independence. Although Turkey was theoretically among the victors in the Crimean War, it emerged from the war economically exhausted. The Congress of Paris (1856) recognized the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire, but this event marked the confirmation of the empire's dependency rather than of its rights as a European power.The rebellion (1875) of Bosnia and Herzegovina precipitated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, in which Turkey was defeated despite its surprisingly vigorous stand. Romania (i.e., Walachia and Moldavia), Serbia, and Montenegro were declared fully independent, and Bosnia and Herzegovina passed under Austrian administration. Bulgaria, made a virtually independent principality, annexed (1885) Eastern Rumelia with impunity.Sultan Abd al-Majid, who in 1839 issued a decree containing an important body of civil reforms, was followed (1861) by Abd al-Aziz, whose reign witnessed the rise ofthe liberal party. Its leader, Midhat Pasha, succeeded in deposing (1876) Abd al-Aziz. Abd al-Hamid II acceded (1876) after the brief reign of Murad V. A liberal constitution was framed by Midhat, and the first Turkish parliament opened in 1877, but the sultan soon dismissed it and began a rule of personal despotism. The Armenian massacres (see Armenia) of the late 19th cent. turned world public opinion against Turkey. Abd al-Hamid was victorious in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, but Crete, which had been the issue, was ultimately gained by Greece. CollapseIn 1908 the Young Turk movement, a reformist and strongly nationalist group, with many adherents in the army, forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne. In the two successive Balkan Wars (1912–13), Turkey lost nearly its entire territory in Europe to Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and newly independent Albania. The nationalism of the Young Turks, whose leader Enver Pasha gained virtual dictatorial power by a coup in 1913, antagonized the remaining minorities in the empire. The outbreak of World War I found Turkey lined up with the Central Powers. Although Turkish troops succeeded against the Allies in the Gallipoli campaign (1915), Arabia rose against Turkish rule, and British forces occupied (1917) Baghdad and Jerusalem. Armenians, accused of aiding the Russians, were massacred and deported from Anatolia beginning in 1915; an Armenian uprising in Van (1915) survived until relieved by Russian forces. In 1918, Turkish resistance collapsed in Asia and Europe. An armistice was concluded in October, and the Ottoman Empirecame to an end. The Trea ty of Sèvres (see Sèvres, Treaty of) confirmed its dissolution. With the victory of the Turkish nationalists, who had refused to accept the peace terms and overthrew the sultan in 1922, modern Turkey's history began. 第二篇TOPIC 基因的意外发现科学家做实验室为某种目的，但往往会有意外地发现。

托福阅读真题第8套

第8套Attempts at Determining Earth's AgeSince the dawn of civilization,people have been curious about the age of Earth.In addition,we have not been satisfied in being able to state merely the relative geologic age of a rock or fossil.Human curiosity demands that we know actual age in years. Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.1.The word tangible in the passage is closest in meaning toA.physicalB.relatedC.significantD.helpful2..It can be inferred from paragraph2that Charles Lyell based his study of the marine mollusk fossils on which of the following assumptionsA.The Tertiary Period was separated into divisions of time that were equal in length.B.Mollusks lived under rocks in the sea during the Tertiary period.C.Evolution of mollusks proceeded at a uniform rate over time.D.Mollusks have evolved less rapidly with the passing of time.3..The word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning toA.observationsB.sensesC.seriesD.categories4..According to paragraph2,Lyell's strategy for estimating geologic dates was not very accurate for periods before the Tertiary Period partly becauseA.marine mollusks did not evolve until the Tertiary PeriodB.fossil records of the very distant past are incompleteC.there was not much agreement about how to identify or categorize earlier erasD.the duration of previous geologic periods was difficult to determineIn another【attempt】,geologists reasoned that if rates of deposition could be determined for sedimentary rocks,they might be able to estimate the time required for deposition of a given thickness of strata,or rock layers.Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.Unfortunately,such estimates did not adequately account for past differences in rates of sedimentation or losses to the total section of strata during episodes of erosion.Also,some very ancient sediments were no longer recognizable,having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the course of mountain building.Estimates of Earth's total age based on sedimentation rates ranged from as little as a million to over a billion years.5..The phrase another attempt in the passage refers toA.trying to understand the fossil recordB.trying to determine the evolutionary rate of marine mollusksC.trying to understand natural processesD.trying to determine Earth's actual age6..The word converted in the passage is closest in meaning toA.addedB.changedC.restoredD.reduced7..According to paragraph3,all of the following were problems with the calculation of Earth's age using the study of sedimentary rocks EXCEPTA.the inconsistency of sedimentation rates over timeB.the effect of geologic processes on sedimentary rockC.the expansion of some sedimentary rocks due to Earth's internal heatD.the loss of an unknown number of sedimentary layers due to erosionYet another scheme for approximating Earth's age had been proposed in1715by Sir Edmund Halley(1656-1742),whose name we associate with the famous comet. Halley surmised that the ocean formed soon after the origin of the planet and therefore would be only slightly younger than the age of the solid Earth.He reasoned that the original ocean was not salty and that subsequently salt derived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the sea by streams.Thus,if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in the ocean and the amount added each year,it might be possible to calculate the ocean's age.In1899,Irish geologist John Joly(1857-1933)attempted the calculation.From information provided by gauges placed at the mouths of streams, Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then,knowingthe salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume of water,he calculated the amount of salt already held in solution in the oceans.An estimate of the age of the ocean was obtained by dividing the total salt in the ocean by the rate of salt added each year.Beginning with essentially nonsaline oceans,it would have taken about90 million years for the oceans to reach their present salinity,according to Joly.The figure,however,was off the currently accepted mark of4.54billion by a factor of50, largely because there was no way to account accurately for recycled salt and salt incorporated into clay minerals deposited on the sea floors.Even though in error, Joly's calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.The belief in Earth's immense antiquity was also supported by Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists,who saw the need for time in the hundreds of millions of years to accomplish the organic evolution apparent in the fossil record.8..The word approximating in the passage is closest in meaning toA.thinking aboutB.researchingC.estimatingD.demonstrating9..The word subsequently in the passage is closest in meaning toterB.furthermoreC.evidentlyD.accidentally10..According to paragraph4,John Joly's calculations were founded on all of the following EXCEPTA.knowing how salty the ocean water isB.estimating how much salt enters the ocean each yearC.accounting for the amount of salt that is recycledD.figuring the volume of water contained in the ocean11..According to paragraph4,in which of the following ways could Joly's estimate of Earth's age be considered significantA.It proved that Halley's idea about the age of the ocean was fairly accurate.B.It indicated that Earth was much older than some scientists had claimed.C.It was favored by the majority of scientists at the end of the nineteenth century.D.It was the basis for much modern research into the salinity of the ocean.12..The author mentions Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists in order toA.provide evidence that Joly's calculations inspired scientists working on other lines of scientific inquiryB.support the claim that all of the leading scientists of the time believed that Earthwas just over90million years oldC.argue that Joly's calculations would have been more exact if he had collaborated with experts in other fieldsD.provide examples of scientists who believed the age of Earth to be greater than justa few million years,like Joly,in order to account for their findings13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.More fundamentally,Lyell's evolutionary approach is intrinsically limited because Earth existed long before life and evolution began.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.【】By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.【】However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.【】Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.【】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.It was not until the nineteenth century that attempts were made to determine the relative geologic age of rocks and fossils.B.In the nineteenth century,scientists made a number of important,but unsuccessful, attempts to calculate Earth's age from the record of various natural processes.C.Charles Lyell made a good estimate of the age of the Tertiary Period from the fossil record,but his method could not be extended to earlier geological periods.D.Darwin and Huxley supported the accuracy of John Joly's calculation of Earth's age because it agreed with their view of how long evolution had been in progress.E.Attempts were made to calculate Earth's age from the thickness of surviving sedimentary rock and from the current level of the oceans'salinity.F.Earth's true age,4.54billion years,was determined by combining data from the geological and fossil records.The Upper Paleolithic RevolutionThe transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.The apparent lack of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around40kya in Europe.The recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads,dated to around77kya,opened up the debate.This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is being seen as simply the most visible example of the evolving process of modern human behavior that had been developing over a much longer timescale.1..Why does the author mention a a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beadsA.To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievementB.To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likelyC.To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists'thinking about human intellectual developmentTo help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them2..How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa goA.To around40kyaB.To around77kyaC.To the time of the Upper Paleolithic RevolutionD.To a time before modern human behavior had begun to evolveThis raises two further questions.First,what was happening to the human cognitive process during the40,000years or so between the creations in the Blombos Cave and the flourishing of human creativity in Europe around35kya,and second,was climate change a component Climate change is associated with the sudden occurrence of creative activity in Europe at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.3..The word equivalent in the passage is closest in meaning toprehensibleB.concreteparableD.widely debated4..According to paragraph3,what do archaeologists want to know about the climate during the40,000years between around75kya and35kyaA.Whether it was a reason that humans lived in cavesB.Whether it was stable throughout that periodC.Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and in EuropeD.Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developedThe question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks.They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.In fact,many of the components of this revolution are found earlier in the African Middle Paleolithic tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe.These features include blade and microlithic technology,bone tools,increased geographic range,specialized hunting,exploitation of aquatic resources,long-distance exchange networks, systematic processing and use of pigment,and art and decoration.These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the revolutionary model,but at sites that are widely separated in space and time.This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa and its later export to other regions of the Old World.5..According to paragraph4,anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists'traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed becauseA.they underestimated available African archaeological evidenceB.the archaeological evidence available to them contained errorsC.they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical useD.they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time6..Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to haveA.first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period,in Africa rather than in EuropeB.emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different timesC.first emerged in Europe,then to have been further developed in AfricaD.been part of a similarly sudden,but earlier,cultural revolution in AfricaThe extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea thatartistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya.【The fact that these people almost certainly arrived in Australia before60kya and were,in any case,completely isolated from any evolutionary events that may have occurred in Europe around40kya makes this argument compelling.】7.The word exploitation in the passage is closest in meaning toA.maintenanceB.discoveryC.transferencee8..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The idea that in modern humans creativity and intellect developed together is supported by ancient rock art ranging from Australia to Africa.B.Australian rock art strongly suggests that modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya already possessed artistic creativity.C.Since Australian rock art dated to around70kya shows that Australians possessed artistic creativity,Africans of that period probably possessed it,too.D.The wide range of Australian rock art strongly suggests that intellectual capacity and artistic creativity were connected as early as70kya.9..What role does paragraph5play in relation to paragraph4A.It accepts the arguments made in paragraph4but asserts that the supporting examples given are not the best ones available.B.It shows that the conclusion reached in paragraph4is almost certainly false.C.It presents additional reasons for accepting the position argued for in paragraph4.D.It describes a possible alternative to the position developed in paragraph4.The consequence of this analysis is that the question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground.The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record.This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time.Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from43kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time.The creative flowering may also be a result of the climatic conditions at the time that governed the movement of modern humans into Europe.Following a period of extreme cold around39kya,a period of warming around35kya rendered the region more hospitable.As the ancestors oftoday's Europeans moved into a largely depopulated region,their presence in the archaeological record appeared revolutionary.10..The word altogether in the passage is closest in meaning toA.evenB.necessarilyC.merelyD.fully11..The fact that decorative pierced shells were recently found in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe suggests thatA.there may be evidence of earlier creative activity in Europe that has not yet been discoveredB.the creative flowering may have originated in Asia,not in AfricaC.there was really an Upper Paleolithic Revolution but it did not happen in EuropeD.the people who used the decorative shells were unrelated to the people who inhabited Europe during the Upper Paleolithic12..According to paragraph6,the apparent sudden flowering of creativity in Europe might be related to a change of climate in which of the following waysA.People became very creative in order to survive climatic extremes.B.As the climate became warmer,ancient European populations moved around much less.C.Improving climatic conditions drew substantial human migration into Europe.D.Climatic conditions became more favorable to preserving the archaeological record.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The adoption of these new materials and practices moved early human culture forward at a rapid pace.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.....14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Recent evidence that in Africa the transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic was also marked by enormous progress strengthens the European evidence.B.The idea that events in Europe around40kya mark an advance in basic human capabilities has been discredited by African and Australian evidence that points to a much earlier date.C.Evidence suggests that the striking set of human accomplishments that emerged in Europe around40kya was built on earlier development in Africa.D.Europe was the center of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution not so much because individual innovations originated there,but because these innovations were creatively fitted together there.E.The people who settled Australia were,without a doubt,modern humans whose origins were in Africa,but whether they reached Australia before60kya has not been definitively established.F.It is still unclear why the entire package of modern human behaviors seems to show up in the European archaeological record so suddenly,although various answers have been proposed.Two Kinds of LizardsLizards can be divided into two types according to the way they look for food: sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers.Sit-and-wait lizards normally remain in one spot from which they can survey a broad area.These motionless lizards detect the movement of an insect visually and capture it with a quick run from their observation site.Sit-and-wait lizards may be most successful in detecting and capturing relatively large insects like beetles and grasshoppers.Active foragers,on the other hand,spend most of their time on the ground surface,moving steadily and poking their heads under fallen leaves and into crevices in the ground.These lizards apparently rely largely on chemical cues to detect insects,and they probably seek out local concentrations of prey such as termites.Active foragers appear to eat more insects than do lizards that are sit-and-wait predators.Thus,the different foraging behaviors of lizards lead to differences in their diets,even when the two kinds of lizards occur in the same habitat.1..The word steadily in the passage is closest in meaning toA.slowlyB.at an unvarying rateC.cautiouslyD.without making noise2..The word concentrations in the passage is closest in meaning toA.varietiesB.dense groupingsC.hidden tracesD.shelters3..According to paragraph1,sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers are different in all of the following EXCEPTA.the methods that they primarily use to detect insectsB.the number of insects they typically eatC.the habitats in which they can be foundD.the amount of time they spend moving4..According to paragraph1,compared to the insects typically consumed by sit-and-wait lizards,insects typically consumed by active lizardsA.move more quicklyB.are generally found in smaller groupsC.are often hidden from viewD.spend more time on the surface of the groundThe different foraging modes also have different consequences for lizards regarding their exposure to predators.A lizard that spends99percent of its time resting motionless is relatively inconspicuous,whereas a lizard that spends most of its time moving is easily seen.Sit-and-wait lizards are probably most likely to be discovered and captured by predators that are active searchers,whereas widely foraging lizards are likely to be caught by sit-and-wait predators.Because of this difference,foraging modes may alternate at successive levels in the food chain:insects that move about may be captured by lizards that are sit-and-wait foragers,and those lizards may be eaten by active predators,whereas insects that are sedentary are more likely to be discovered by lizards that are active foragers,and those lizards may be caught by sit-and-wait predators.5..In paragraph2,why does the author contrast the visibility of lizards that remain motionless most of the time with the visibility of lizards that move most of the timeA.To show that it is possible for lizards to alternate their foraging modes at successive levels in the food chainB.To suggest that sit-and-wait lizards are more likely than active lizards to be attacked by predatorsC.To explain why sit-and-wait lizards are more successful than active lizards at preying on insectsD.To explain how a lizard's foraging strategy affects the type of predator likely to attack itThe body forms of sit-and-wait foragers may reflect selective pressures different from those that act on active foragers.【A】Sit-and-wait lizards are often stout bodied,short tailed,and colored to match their background.【B】Many of these species have patterns of different-colored blotches that probably obscure the outlines of the lizard's body as it rests motionless on a rock or a tree trunk.【C】Active foragers are usually slim and elongated with long tails,and they often have patterns of stripes that may produce optical illusions as they move.【D】However,one predator-avoidance mechanism,the ability to break off their tails when they are seized by predators,does not differ among lizards with different foraging modes.6..The word reflect in the passage is closest in meaning toA.indicateB.createC.resistD.require7..The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning toA.changeB.hideC.fillD.expand8..Paragraph3supports which of the following ideas about active-forager lizardsA.They are less likely to break off their tails when seized by predators than sit-and-wait lizards are.B.They tend to vary widely in their individual colors.C.They lack well-developed mechanisms for avoiding predators.D.They may be easier to identify when they are not moving than when they are moving.What physiological characteristics are necessary to support different foraging modes The energy requirements of a quick motion that lasts for only a second or two are quite different from those of locomotion that is sustained nearly continuously for several hours.Sit-and-wait lizards and active foragers differ in their relative emphasis on the two ways that most animals use adenosine triphosphate(ATP)a molecule that transports energy within cellsfor activity and in how long that activity can be sustained.Sit-and-wait lizards move in brief spurts,and they rely largely on anaerobic metabolism to sustain their movements,namely the kind of metabolism that does not use oxygen.Anaerobic metabolism uses glycogen stored in the muscles and produces lactic acid as its end product.It is a way to synthesize ATP quickly(because the glycogen is already in the muscles),but it is not good for sustained activity because the glycogen is quickly exhausted and lactic acid inhibits cellular metabolism.Lizards that rely on anaerobic metabolism can make brief sprints but become exhausted whenthey are forced to run continuously.In contrast,aerobic metabolism uses glucose that is carried to the muscles by the circulatory system,and it produces carbon dioxide and water as end products.Aerobic exercise can continue for long periods because the circulatory system brings more glucose and carries carbon dioxide away.As a result, active foragers can sustain activity for long periods without exhaustion.Active species of lizards have larger hearts and more red blood cells in their blood than do sit-and-wait species.As a result,each beat of the heart pumps more blood,and that blood carries more oxygen to the tissues of an active species than a sit-and-wait species.9..According to paragraph4,compared with active lizards,the movements of sit-and-wait lizards areA.more suddenB.more sustainedC.more predictableD.more frequent10..According to paragraph4,all of the following are true about anaerobic metabolism in lizards EXCEPT:A.It uses the glycogen in the muscles of lizards.B.It produces lactic acid that interferes with metabolism within the cells of lizards.C.It allows lizards to maintain their foraging activity over a long period of time.D.It allows lizards to run fast for short periods of time.11..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about sit-and-wait lizardsA.They have less glycogen than active-forager lizards.B.They have highly variable heart rates.C.They have metabolic systems that do not depend on the efficient removal of carbon dioxide.D.They synthesize adenosine triphosphate continuously.12..According to paragraph4,how are active-foraging lizards and sit-and-wait lizards different from each otherA.Sit-and-wait lizards tend to have more red blood cells in their blood than active-foraging lizards do.B.Active-foraging lizards'blood carries less oxygen to the tissues than sit-and-wait foraging lizards'blood does.C.Sit-and-wait lizards carry out cellular metabolism more efficiently than active-foraging lizards do.D.Active-foraging lizards tend to have larger hearts than sit-and-wait lizards do.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题整合

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题整合托福阅读真题1A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of surveys in North America(B) The principles of conducting surveys(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys(D) The importance of polls in American political life2. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) North Americans(B) news shows(C) interviews(D) opinions3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is thatthey(A) are not based on a representative sampling(B) are used only on television(C) are not carefully worded(D) reflect political opinions4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) planned(B) rational(C) required(D) accurate5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?(A) A high number of respondents(B) Carefully worded questions(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) utilize(B) consider(C) design(D) defend7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) compose(B) rule out(C) predict(D) bring out8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustratedwith questionnaires is that(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that liveinterviews(A) cost less(B) can produce more information(C) are easier to interpret(D) minimize the influence of the researcher10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) explore(B) influence(C) analyze(D) apply11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) Survey (line 1)(B) Public opinion (line 8)(C) Representative sampling (line 13)(D) Response rate (line 24)PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A托福阅读真题2The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with theproperties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance — from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.1. The word attained in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) attempted(B) changed(C) lost(D) reached2. The word flamed in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) burned(B) divided(C) fallen(D) grown3. The word they in line 7 refers to(A) nuclear reactions(B) giant planets(C) terrestrial(D) substances4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is(A) extremely hot(B) combined with helium(C) similar to atmospheres(D) under great pressures5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that theyboth have(A) solid surfaces(B) similar masses(C) similar atmospheres(D) metallic cores6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of(A) ammonia(B) helium(C) hydrogen(D) methane7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter iscaused by(A) the Great Red Spot(B) heat from the Sun(C) the planet's fast rotation(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere8. The author uses the word puzzling in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is(A) the only spot of its kind(B) not well understood(C) among the largest of such spots(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun(B) T o provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is(A) the least dense(B) the largest(C) warm on the surface(D) very rocky on the surface12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heatPASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB.托福阅读真题3Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) small(B) varied(C) wild(D) particular3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) guarantees(B) proves(C) teaches(D) assumes4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period whenimprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.5. The word it in line 12 refers to(A) development(B) goose(C) time(D) object6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) willingly(B) moderately(C) appropriately(D) emotionally7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT(A) grasping(B) crying(C) eating(D) smiling8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) cognitive development(B) emotional attachment(C) psychological need(D) behavioral change10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D) there are similarities between animal and human behaviorPASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总（附答案）

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总（附答案）0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy.Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital pa rt of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the 1970’s, certain irrigation me thods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central United States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater (15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the middle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but the enormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless, (20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the natural vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) S oil types and vegetation patterns(C) I mproved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) e liminate(C) p rotect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) m odification(C) o pening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) a n increase in farming(C) l arge amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) i ncreased(C) i ndicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) I t added salt to the soil(C) I t made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) p atterns of natural vegetation(C) h uman modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) c hange(C) a dvantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B) M ost of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) T he accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed if an object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】

PASSAGE 32:西方艺术发展史
PASSAGE 33:关于做决定的研究
PASSAGE 34:城市的发展以及移民
PASSAGE 35:一种岩洞对观察天象的影响
PASSAGE 36:美国水彩画协会的发展
PASSAGE 37:人的声音对个性的影响
PASSAGE 38 :有关冰河时代的
PASSAGE 39:印第安人捕鱼的生活方式
PASSAGE 78:远古的文字
PASSAGE 79:动物行为的研究
PASSAGE 80:美国调查方式的实施
PASSAGE 81:木星的简介
PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响
PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作家介绍
PASSAGE 84:美国早期印刷业的内容
PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展
PASSAGE 70:鸟搭窝的方式
PASSAGE 71:地理位置对城市发展的影响
PASSAGE 72:哈莱姆文艺复兴
PASSAGE 73:科技与工业化联系
PASSAGE 74:冰川的形成及融化
PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响
PASSAGE 76:泥土的形成及其用途
PSSAGE 77:生物灭绝的原因
PASSAGE 16:鸟的祖先
PASSAGE 17:鹦鹉产卵的方式
PASSAGE 18:女性对美国建立初期的贡献
PASSAGE 19:北美城市的发展
PASSAGE 20:壁炉的构造
PASSAGE 21:美国早期雕塑的发展
PASSAGE 22:北美城市的发展改革
PASSAGE 23:美国早期城市功能的发展
PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变

2024托福考试必备阅读理解历年真题练习

2024托福考试必备阅读理解历年真题练习托福考试作为国际英语能力认证考试之一，阅读理解部分一直是考生备考的重点。

为了帮助准备2024托福考试的考生们更好地应对阅读理解题型，本文将提供一些历年的真题练习，供考生们进行针对性的练习和复习。

1. Passage 1Archaeology is a fascinating field that allows us to explore the past. By studying artifacts and remains, archaeologists can reconstruct ancient lifestyles and gain insights into human history. However, the process of conducting archaeological research can be challenging.Archaeologists often face difficulties in locating and accessing archaeological sites. Many sites are buried under layers of soil and vegetation, making them hard to find. Moreover, obtaining permission to excavate these sites can be a lengthy and bureaucratic process, requiring cooperation from various governmental agencies.Despite these challenges, archaeological research has yielded important discoveries. For example, the excavation of a burial site in Egypt led to the discovery of an intact pharaoh's tomb, providing valuable information about ancient Egyptian practices and customs.In addition to unearthing artifacts, archaeologists also analyze the data collected to draw conclusions about the past. This process involves careful examination of the artifacts, as well as collaboration with experts in related fields such as anthropology and history.2. Passage 2Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires urgent action. The rise in global temperatures is causing melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events. These changes have far-reaching consequences for both the environment and human societies.One of the main contributors to climate change is the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released during the combustion process trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. This effect is causing the Earth's temperature to increase at an alarming rate.To combat climate change, countries around the world are adopting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. These sources are sustainable and do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by adopting energy-saving habits, such as using energy-efficient appliances and reducing water waste.It is crucial for governments and individuals to work together to mitigate the effects of climate change. By implementing policies that promote sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can protect our planet for future generations.3. Passage 3The advent of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the rise of smartphones and social media platforms, people can connect with others and share information instantly. However, this digital age has also raised concerns about privacy and security.Online privacy has become a major issue, as personal data can be easily accessed and exploited by malicious individuals. Social media platforms often collect and store users' personal information, which can be sold to third parties for advertising purposes. Additionally, cybercriminals can use sophisticated techniques to hack into individuals' accounts and steal their sensitive information.To protect one's privacy online, it is important to take precautionssuch as regularly updating passwords and enabling two-factor authentication. Furthermore, individuals should be cautious about the information theyshare online and avoid posting sensitive personal details.Governments and tech companies also play a crucial role in safeguarding online privacy. Stricter regulations and stronger cybersecurity measures should be implemented to protect users' personal data. Additionally, educating the public about online security best practices can help raise awareness and prevent cybercrime.通过以上三个例子，考生们可以了解到真实的托福阅读理解题目的样式和内容。

2002年8月TOEFL(托福)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2002年8月TOEFL（托福）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 2. Structure & Written Expression 3. Reading ComprehensionSection One：Listening Comprehension1．A．He’ll eat his sandwich after class.B．He can only stay a short while.C．He isn’t hungry right now.D．He need to shop before eating.正确答案：B解析：We’ve got an hour before our next class, would you like to get something to eat here?I can join you for a quick sandwich, but I need to run some errands afterward.2．A．Leave her garbage cans at his house.B．Find out when the truck comes by.C．Prepare for a Tuesday pickup.D．Put the garbage out the night before pickup.正确答案：D解析：W:When is the garbage picked up here?M:On Wednesdays, but I always put the cans out on Tuesday night, so I don’t miss the trucks in the morning.3．A．She must take one more math class in order to graduate.B．She took a lot of math classes in high school.C．She didn’t have to take the introductory math class at the material.D．She did well in the math class because she was familiar with the material.正确答案：C解析：Hey, how come you never took that introductory math class? You know, the one everyone else had to take,I thought it was a university wide requirement for graduation.Oh, I took a similar class in high school. They said that’s all I needed.4．A．Help him complete a for.B．Advise him about his classes.C．lend him some money.D．Visit the man’s apartment.正确答案：A解析：Why are you going home to see your parents this weekend?I need my dad’s help to fill up this loan application.5．A．The man should hurry to the library before it closes.B．The man should use the phone in the student center.C．The student center will close in an hour.D．There’s no pay phone in the library.正确答案：B解析：Excuse me, could you tell me where the nearest pay phone is?Well, the nearest one is in the library. But that closed an hour ago. I think the next closest one is probably in the student center.6．A．He isn’t sure how many people will be at the picnic.B．He’s worried that here won’t be enough food at the picnic.C．The woman doesn’t need to bring food to the picnic.D．The woman should count the guests carefully.正确答案：C解析：I heard you needed people to bring stuff for a picnic, I was thinking of making a salad or something. But I’m not sure how much we’ll need any idea how many people are coming?Don’t worry about it. Everything’s already been taken care of.7．A．She agrees with the man’s choice.B．She doesn’t recommend the red tie.C．She doesn’t think the man needs to wear a tieD．She has no opinion about men’s clothing.正确答案：B解析：I’m not sure which tie to wear in my interview, what do you think of this red one?Maybe you should consider wearing a different one.8．A．He’ll be able to feed the cat next week.B．His sister might agree to take care of the cat.C．The woman should take the cat out of town with her.D．His sister will be out of town next week正确答案：B解析：I’m going to be out of town all next week, and I’m looking for someone to feed my cat while I’m gone, you don’t suppose I could talk to you into it, do you?You know, I’d be glad to, but I’ll be away next week too, but you know what, let me give my sister a call, she loves animals, and she lives only a couple of blocks from your apartment.9．A．It has been in the cafeteria for several weeks.B．Its colors aren’t very bright.C．Both speakers thing it looks bad in the cafeteria.D．The speakers selected it for the cafeteria.正确答案：C解析：Did you see that new artwork? You know that poster they just put up in the cafeteria; I wonder whose bright idea that was?You know there’s nothing wrong with the poster itself, it just doesn’t go with the colors in the cafeteria.10．A．He needs the woman’s help.B．He’ll complete me report when me computer’s fixed.C．The report was much longer than he thought it would be.D．The report was finished a couple of day ago.正确答案：B解析：You know that report was due in my office a couple of days ago, Where is it?I’m sorry, it’s coming along, but as long as the computer’s down, I can’t finish it.11．A．Class has already started.B．They should stop the car right now.C．She doesn’t have enough money to buy gas.D．This isn’t a good time to go to a gas station.正确答案：D解析：A. Look we’re almost out of gas, we’d better stop at the next gas station, we have enough to make to the campus.B. If we stop now, we’ll be late for classQ. What do the woman imply?12．A．Start her papers before she talks to her professors.B．Try to finish one of the papers this weekC．Talk to her professors soon to ask for more time.D．Ask her professors to help ‘her choose topics for her papers.正确答案：C解析：I don’t know what to do, I have two papers due next week, and there’s no way I’m going to get both done have you ask your professors to extend the deadlines? They are usually pretty good about that sort of thing, but if you’re going to ask them, don’t wait till the last minute.13．A．She need to go shopping for a new pair of jeans.B．She and her sister look different because of their clothing.C．She and her sister aren’t twins.D．She and her sister don’t wear the same size dress.正确答案：B解析：You know, Mary, I met your twin sister the other day, and you two look so much alike, and I don’t how people ever tell you apart.Actually it’s not that difficult, because she always wears dresses, and I’m usually in a T-shirt and a pair of old jeans.What does Mary mean?14．A．He expects to sell all of the calculators soon.B．the woman should look in a different section of the store.C．The store doesn’t have any calculators to sell now.D．Calculators are on sale this week.正确答案：C解析：Excuse me, do you sell calculators looked over in the office supply section, but I couldn’t find anyThat is where you’d find them, but we’re all sold out, we probably won’t have any in for a few more weeks.What does the man mean?15．A．The task will take more time than the man thinks.B．She doesn’t want to talk with the man while he’s angry.C．She can’t help the man until later.D．she want to know why the man didn’t come earlier正确答案：C解析：Do you have a few minutes to look over this outline for next week’s debate with me ,I need to know if I have enough support for my arguments.I’m tied up in the moment, why don’t come back during my office hours.What does the woman mean?16．A．He’s teaching a computer class.B．He never earned a college degree.C．He has decided to change his field of study.D．He’s taking a class to update his skill.正确答案：D解析：You’re taking another computer class? I thought you’ve already had a degree in computer science.I do, but the technology keeps changing all the time, this is the best way to keep up with it.17．A．He has agreed to take care of her plants.B．He’s bringing some plants back from his tripC．He’s not very responsible.D．He’ll be away for a while.正确答案：A解析：Would you like me to water your plants while you are away?Thanks for the offer, but Mark already said he’d keep an eye on them.18．A．She’s son’y she can’t help the man.B．She didn’t earn a good grade in the biology course.C．The man will begin to appreciate the biology course.D．The man should find a tutor.正确答案：C解析：I never should have taken that biology course, I mean I barely finish with reading for one experiment and professor Jordan slaps on another reading assignment.I just can’t keep up you know.Yeah, I know, that’s what everybody said at first, but bear with her, the reading load’s getting lighter, you see, and you won’t be sorry.What does the woman mean?19．A．She needs to improve her study skills.B．She’ll feel better if she get some rest.C．She should make a doctor’s appointment.D．Her medication isn’t working well.正确答案：B解析：I feel awful, I’m thinking maybe if I’m going to the clinic they who give me something to make me feel better.I’m no expert, but I know your how hectic schedule are these days between your studying for finals and your part time job, you never back to the dorm before midnight, Maybe you should try slowing down a little.20．A．She forgot to bring her skates.B．She’s staying home from work today.C．She made other plans.D．She has to work late tonight.正确答案：A解析：Are we still going ice-skating after work today?Ice-skates, oh, shoot; I knew I left something at home when I got here this morning.21．A．Throw the clothes away.B．Make a donation of his old clothes.C．Try to sell his old clothes.D．Save the clothes to give to his friend.正确答案：B解析：I’m waiting else some of my old clothes for my closet.Why don’t you put them in the bed for charity?22．A．He’ll look for the woman’s wallet.B．He’ll help the woman with her physics project.C．He doesn’t have much money.D．He’d like to pay for the woman’s lunch.正确答案：D解析：Do you think you could lend me a few dollars until tomorrow, I left my wallet at home and I don’t have enough money for lunch?Why don’t just let me treat you, I just got paid, besides I owe you for helping me with that physics project last month23．A．She wants to work at the same laboratory next semester.B．She’s tries of working as a laboratory assistant.C．She’s tried of working as a laboratory next semester.D．She needs to find a new job quickly.正确答案：B解析：Are you going to keep your part-time job next semester at the biology laboratory or you are going try for a different laboratory this timeActually neither one semester as a lab assistant is enough, washing test tubes can get old pretty fast.A．His father doesn’t have time to listen to a book on tape.B．His father might find a book on tape convenient.C．Books on tape aren’t as popular as paperback books.D．His father likes mysteries better than historical novels.正确答案：B解析：How about getting you father a book on tape for a present, this bookstore has ones covering everything from mystery to historical novels, and they’re really popular.Well, he does spend a lot time driving; he could listen to them on the way to work.25．A．She is neater than the woman’s previous roommate.B．She doesn’t like the woman’s last roommate.C．She doesn’t like to clean.D．She’ll probably move soon.正确答案：A解析：Hey, So how are things going with you and your new roommate, is she still really neat and organized about everything,Yeah, she is, I mean she’s nothing like my last roommate, I guess it’s just going to get a little while for me to get used to it.26．A．She’ll accompany the man tomorrow.B．She’s going to see the exhibit later.C．She isn’t interested in the exliibit.D．Susan’s work will be exhibited tomorrow.正确答案：B解析：I was just about to go to the art exhibit, would you like to go over there with me?I made plans with Susan to go tomorrow afternoon27．A．He remembers seeing the notes.B．He needs the notes for his biology class.C．The woman can borrow his notes.D．The notes may be in the woman’s bookbag正确答案：D解析：You haven’t seen my biology notes, have you, I’m almost positive I left them on my desk, now I can’t find them.Mum, I don’t think I have, did you try checking your book bag?A．The woman has never been skiing.B．The woman hasn’t been able to ski much this winterC．The warm weather will probably not last much longerD．The woman doesn’t believe the man.正确答案：B解析：This weather is unbelievable. I can’t remember the last time we had such a warm winter, isn’t it great?Not if you like to ski, it isn’t.29．A．She forgot to give the man directions.B．She’ll give the man new directions.C．She doesn’t know where the man is.D．She’ll repeat what she told the man earlier.正确答案：B解析：Joan, I’m glad I reach Jew, I’m at a pay phone somewhere between Madison and Libratory Street, and can you give me those directions again?Now Madison, just forget the way I told you before, do you have a pencil and paper?30．A．He hasn’t received the memo.B．He doesn’t understand the memo.C．He doesn’t approve of the dean’s plan.D．He doesn’t need to read the memo.正确答案：B解析：What do you make with the memo the dean sent out about later registrations.You know I couldn’t make heads or tails of it myself.听力原文：M: Is that a map? Are you going sailing or something?W: I wish. It’s a hurricane-tracking chart. It’s a map of tropical ocean areas southeast of us. It follows the development of tropical storms, even hurricanes. They develop and move around the Atlantic in Caribbean and here on Florida coast. We got hit a lot by those in July or August, at least winds or rain. M: Do you think that the tropical storm is on the way?W: Too early to tell, but we need to be prepared. The radio mentioned possible evacuation routes.M: Really? It’s that serious?W: You better believe it. Late summer is hurricane season. The television updates locations and speeds every hour.M: What did they say is out there now?W: A couple of tropical depressions, two storms and two hurricanes.M: What’s the difference?W: Wind velocity. A depression is least serious actually, and a hurricane is the most serious.M: How serious are the winds in hurricanes?W: They have sustained winds of 74 mph and up.M: What are the nameson the map? David, Arlene, Francisco, and Gina.W: You know weather forecasters give the hurricanes the names of people to make storms easy to identify.M: I wonder what the status of the storm is now.W: You shall turn on the television, and it has the best coverage. There is an up-date coming up in five minutes.31．A．Memories of a recent storm.B．How strong winds develop into a hurricane.C．Weather patterns that can affect Florida.D．Planning a summer vacation.正确答案：C解析：What?is?the?conversation?mainly?about?32．A．Wind speed.B．RainfallC．Water temperature.D．Direction of approach.正确答案：A解析：How?is?one?tropical?weather?system?distinguished?from?the?other?33．A．By name.B．By number.C．By location.D．By month.正确答案：A解析：How?do?weather?forecasters?identify?hurricanes?34．A．Study a weather map.B．Visit a weather station.C．Listen to a weather report.D．Go to a storm shelter.正确答案：C解析：What?are?the?man?and?woman?going?to?do?next?听力原文：M: So, what is your biology project about?W: It is about microorganisms that…en, microorganisms that live by Chemosynthesis.M: Ehm…what’s Chemosynthesis?W: Well, it’s pretty complicated. You know how most life on Earth depends either directly or indirectly on sunlight?M: You mean like plants getenergy directly from sunlight, and animals eat plants, so they depend indirectly on sunlight?W: Right. But down on the ocean floor, there is no sunlight. In some places though, there are hydrothermal vents, which are small cracks on the sea floor. And these vents release heat and minerals from the inside of the Earth into the seawater. And all along the vents there are these unusual microorganisms. They are called archaean. And these archaean use chemical reactions to get their energy from the minerals, the minerals that are released by the vents. So their energy comes from chemical reactions, not sunlight. M: So chemosynthesis is getting their energy from chemicals?W: That is right.M: That makes archaean very different from other forms of life.W: And their genetic makeup is very different too. They are one sort of organisms just like bacteria are, but genetically they are as different from bacteria as we humans are.M: Waa, that’s a really interesting project.35．A．How hydrothermal vents are formed.B．How living things get energy from sunlightC．The harmful effects of certain chemicals in the ocean.D．Microorganisms that get energy from chemical reactions.正确答案：A解析：What?is?the?woman’s?project?mainly?about?36．A．In caves.B．On the ocean floor.C．Far below the Earth’s crustD．Inside archaean.正确答案：B解析：According?to?the?woman,?where?are?the?hydrothermal?vents?found?37．A．They need very little energy.B．They’re found at all depths of the ocean.C．They live where there is no sunlight.D．They’re similar to many other kinds of microorganisms.正确答案：C解析：What?does?the?woman?imply?about?archaean?38．A．Their genetics.B．Their size.C．What they look like.D．The amount of energy they need.正确答案：A解析：Besides?their?source?of?energy,?what?is?major?difference?between?archaean?and?b acteria?听力原文：It is common knowledge that music can have a powerful effect on our emotions. In fact, since 1930s, music therapists have relied on music to soothe patients and help control pain. Now psychologists are confirming that music can also help relieve depression and improve concentration. For instance, in a recent study, 15 surgeons were given some highly stressed math problems to solve. They were divided into three groups: one worked in silence, and in another, the surgeons listened to music of their choice on headphones; the third listened to classic music chosen by the researchers. The results of the study may surprise you. The doctors who got to choose their music experienced less stress and scored better than the others. One possible explanation is that listening to music you like stimulates the Alfa-wave in the brain, increases the heart rate and expands the breathing. That helps to reduce stress and sharpen concentration. Other research suggests a second relation between the music and the brain: by examining the students’blood after they listening to a variety of classic music collections, the researchers found that some students showed a large increase in endorphin, a natural pain reliever, this supports what music therapists have known for years: Music can help rejuvenate or soothe the patient.39．A．Training given to music therapists.B．How music prevents disease.C．studies on the benefits of music.D．How musicians create music.正确答案：C解析：What?is?the?talk?mainly?about?40．A．In place of physical therapy.B．To control brain seizures.C．To prevent heat disease.D．To relieve tension.正确答案：D解析：According?to?the?speaker?how?is?the?music?therapy?currently?used?in?medicine?41．A．They like to have music in the operating room.B．They solved problems better while listening to music they liked.C．They preferred classical music.D．They performed better when they used headphones.正确答案：B解析：What?did?the?study?done?with?surgeons?show?42．A．It increased the students’ while blood cell count.B．It increased some students’ energy level.C．It improved the students’ ability to play musical instruments.D．It released a natural painkiller in some students’ bodies.正确答案：D解析：In?the?study?of?students?exposed?to?classic?music,?what?effect?did?the?music?hav e?听力原文：One important thing about art movements is that their popularity can be affected by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the great depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why? Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to eject city life in so called “sophisticated society”. These artists or specifically certain painters really built regionalist movement. They created things in every day life in small towns or farming areas. And their style was not all-neutral, really big glorified or romanticized country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people’s faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again.43．A．How historical events affected an art movement.B．How artists can influence economic conditions.C．Why a certain art movement failed to become popular.D．How valuable paintings were lost during wartime.正确答案：A解析：What?is?the?lecture?mainly?about?44．A．Many artists lost faith in the value of art.B．Many artists moved away from large cities.C．Many artists were forced to take jobs in other fields.D．Many artists in the United States moved to other countries.正确答案：B解析：What?does?the?professors?say?about?the?artists?in?the?United?States?during?the?G reat?Depression?45．A．People wording in a large factory.B．People walking on crowded city streets.C．An everyday activity in a small town.D．A well-known historical event.正确答案：C解析：What?kind?of?scene?might?be?shown?in?a?typical?regionalist?painting?46．A．The populations of small towns increased rapidly.B．Art critics in cites began to take notice of regionalism.C．Some regionalist painters began a new art movement.D．Society became more internationally focused.正确答案：D解析：According?to?the?professor,?what?happened?in?the?USA?in?the?1940s?around?the? time?of?WWII?that?affected?the?popularity?of?the?regionalist?art?听力原文：Hello, everybody, I am here, because I visited caves all over North America. Since you are going to study cave formations, Dr. Bow asked me to come and share some of my experiences with you. In additional to describing some of the technical aspects of the caves, I would convey the sense of adventure that cavers share. Recently, I visited the La Chagire cave in New Mexico, my dream has always been to discover a new passage way. I had a chance here, because La Chagire is so large that discoveries are frequently made there. The cave itself was not even discovered until 1986. However, people in that area had figured that there must be a cave nearby, because of the strong wind that blew from behind the huge rock that covered theentrance. Enormous amounts of air enter and exit the cave in order to maintain balance of the pressure with the side air. When I climbed into the cave, I had to fight 45 mile per hour winds. After all that effort, I had to be extremely careful maintaining my energy level. People who are tired tend to be careless, and may be more concerned about getting out of the cave than taking care of it. There are formations in LaChagire that look like ocean waves, Christmas trees and other stuff no one has ever seen before. Caves are normally created by carbonic acid that trickles down from above, but this cave sculpted out by very powerful sulfuric acid that wells up from below.47．A．She was asked to lead a group of inexperienced cavers there.B．It was the first cave that she had ever visited.C．Clearly marked trails mode it easy to explore.D．She hoped to make a discovery.正确答案：D解析：Why?was?the?lecturer?especially?excited?about?visiting?La?Chagire?cave?48．A．It’s easy to locate.B．It’s in a very windy area.C．It’s exceptionally beautiful.D．It’s partially covered by water.正确答案：B解析：What?did?the?speaker?say?about?the?entrance?into?the?cave?49．A．They are more likely to damage the cave.B．It’s hard for them to stay awake.C．They tend to break their equipment.D．They may imagine seeing things that aren’t really there.正确答案：A解析：What?did?the?speaker?imply?the?cavers?who?get?tired?50．A．They are newer than the formations in most caves.B．They were formed by sulfuric acid.C．They have been artificially preserved.D．They are smaller than those in any other cave.正确答案：B解析：What?makes?the?formation?of?La?Chagire?so?unusually?Sections Two：Structure & Written Expression51．Over the centuries, ______ that try to explain the origins of the university.A．although many theoriesB．many theoriesC．have many theories beenD．there have been many theories正确答案：D52．The planet Venus is almost exactly the same size and mass ______ Earth, with a similar interior, including a nickel-iron core.A．toB．asC．isD．than正确答案：B53．George Washington Carver ______ international fame for revolutionizing agriculture research in the southern United States during the early twentieth century.A．wonB．winningC．who has wonD．the winner of正确答案：A54．Constituting one of the earliest engineering techniques, ______ in Paleolithic time was done in order to extend natural caves.A．tunnels were builtB．which built tunnelsC．the building of tunnelsD．tunnels whose building正确答案：C55．The tulip tree is native to the eastern United States, ______ the tallest and larges broadleaf tree.A．whereB．where it isC．it is whereD．is where正确答案：B56．Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education ______ arithmetic, science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing, spelling, and speaking.A．such subjects as basic inB．as basic subjects in suchC．in such basic subjects asD．as in such basic subjects正确答案：C57．______ land and money enabled construction of the Union Pacific railroad to begin from Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 186A．By the government granting ofB．Government grants ofC．For the government to grantD．Government grants so that正确答案：B58．Appointments to the United States Supreme Court and all lower federal courts ______ be the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.A．makingB．to makeC．are madeD．have made正确答案：C59．The name “squirrel”is commonly used for those forms of the family Sciuridae that live in trees, ______ it is equally accurate for ground dwelling types.A．whetherB．thatC．althoughD．in spite of正确答案：C60．Green plants combine ______ with water and carbon dioxide to make food.A．energy derived from lightB．energy, derived it from lightC．energy is derived from lightD．from light, and energy derived正确答案：A61．From the archeologist’s perspective, understanding the past is vitally important and requires ______ of earlier cultures.A．the ruins examinedB．examining the ruinsC．of the ruins to be examinedD．that the examined ruins正确答案：B62．The Texas Legislature selected Vassar Miller ______ in 1982, and again in 198A．was the state’s poet laureateB．as the state’s poet laureateC．the state’s poet laureateD．become the state’s poet laureate正确答案：C63．The distinguishing feature of a fluid, in contrast to a solid, is the ease ______A．that a deformed fluidB．to deform a fluidC．when a fluid that is deformedD．with which a fluid may be deformed正确答案：D64．Oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s tissues ______ from the blood through the capillary wall.A．passB．by passingC．to be passingD．have passed正确答案：B65．______ important development of the Neolithic age was not in the manufacture of stone tools but in the production of food.A．The most。

往年托福阅读真题及答案

往年托福阅读真题及答案托福(TOEFL)历年真题的重要性不言而喻，这是目前托福考试出题思路的唯一参考资料，因此现今每场托福考试中都会出现大量的旧题，那么能拿到最高效的真题资料就尤为关键了。

下面给大家带来托福阅读真题，希望对你们有所帮助。

往年托福阅读真题及答案In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s.While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the excepti on. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movementof the 1890s changed “urban planning.”B.For the most part, there was no “urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.C.oncerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.D.The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”首先我们先明确题目的要求，其实题目中一共应该是3个核心重点要求：(1)best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(2)Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways(3)or leave out essential information.通过对题目的分析我们不难发现，essential这个单词出现了2次，换言之，题目要求大家做的是“找出句子的核心含义”，那么什么算是“核心含义”呢?要明白这个问题就要深刻理解一个概念：英语句内逻辑结构比如although A, B 中 AB两部分为让步转折关系，核心点是转折后的B句，because A, B中AB两部分为因果关系，核心点是结论B句。

托福考试历年真题阅读理解专项2024

托福考试历年真题阅读理解专项2024第一篇阅读材料：Historical Archaeology and the Importance of Material CultureArchaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and structures. One subfield of archaeology, known as historical archaeology, focuses specifically on exploring the material culture of more recent societies. This approach combines traditional archaeological techniques with historical research to gain insight into the lives of past populations.Historical archaeology typically investigates the period from the emergence of written records up to the present day. By analyzing physical artifacts and structures, researchers can uncover valuable information about the daily lives, customs, and socioeconomic structures of these societies. For example, the discovery of household items and tools can reveal the daily routines and living conditions of the people who used them.Moreover, historical archaeology allows us to challenge and expand upon written records and historical accounts. While written sources often reflect the perspectives of the elite or powerful, archaeological evidence provides a more comprehensive understanding of all sectors of society. By analyzing the material remains of ordinary people, researchers can reconstruct a more complete narrative of the past.Furthermore, material culture can provide insight into cultural exchanges and global connections. Through the examination of trade goods, researchers can trace the movement of commodities and the interconnectedness ofdifferent regions. This perspective challenges the traditional nationalistic interpretations of history and emphasizes the interdependence of societies throughout time.In conclusion, historical archaeology is a valuable subfield that sheds light on the material culture of past societies. By combining archaeological techniques with historical research, we can gain a deeper understanding of the daily lives, socioeconomic structures, and cultural exchanges of these societies. Through the examination of artifacts and structures, historians and archaeologists can challenge written accounts and provide a more comprehensive narrative of human history.第二篇阅读材料：The Usefulness of Bees in AgricultureBees play a crucial role in agriculture as pollinators, as they transfer pollen from male to female flowers, allowing plants to reproduce. Without bees, many crops would fail to produce fruit, leading to a decline in food production and a negative impact on ecosystems. Therefore, the conservation and preservation of bee populations are of great importance to both farmers and environmentalists.Firstly, bees are responsible for pollinating a wide variety of crops, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and oilseeds. By visiting multiple flowers in a single foraging trip, bees ensure the transfer of pollen, enabling successful fertilization. This process directly contributes to the production of many essential food items consumed by humans and livestock.Secondly, the economic value of bees in agriculture should not be underestimated. The pollination services provided by bees have been estimated to contribute billions of dollars to global food production annually. In addition to the direct economic benefits, the presence of bees in agricultural landscapes can enhance biodiversity and promote the sustainability of ecosystems.Moreover, bees also have indirect benefits for agriculture. The presence of bees in a field can increase crop yields and improve the quality of harvested produce. Studies have shown that crops exposed to bee pollination often have larger and more uniformly shaped fruits, which are more marketable. Therefore, farmers who actively encourage bee populations on their farms can reap the rewards of improved agricultural productivity.In conclusion, bees are indispensable in agriculture due to their role as pollinators. They contribute to the reproduction and productivity of crops, resulting in increased food production and economic benefits. Additionally, the presence of bees in agricultural ecosystems contributes to biodiversity and promotes sustainable farming practices. It is crucial to recognize the importance of bees and take steps to protect and preserve their populations for the benefit of both agriculture and the environment.总结：托福考试历年真题阅读理解专项2024的两篇阅读材料分别介绍了历史考古学和蜜蜂在农业中的重要性。

老托福篇答案

老托福篇答案文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-老托福100篇答案ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA B PASSAGE 2 AACCD CABD PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA PASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD PASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABB PASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADA PASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBA PASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBA PASSAGE 11 CAABD CADD PASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCB PASSAGE 13 AACAC CAD PASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBA PASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD AB PASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDA PASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CA PASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDA PASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA C PASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABD PASSAGE 22 CDBBD ABDDA PASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC DPASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DD PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC PASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACADPASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBB PASSAGE 70 BCDCB ADAD PASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD APASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD PASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACC PASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDC PASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBAC PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D PASSAGE 100 B AACD DBCAA C。

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老托福阅读真题PASSAGE82托福阅读的思维方式就是托福阅读的出题方式，只有掌握了这种思维方式，才有可能在做题之前，预测到新托福阅读题的出题形式和特点，为找答案节省时间。

老托福阅读试题的核心价值，在于其最贴近真题的阅读思维方式。

此外老托福阅读真题比新托福IBT阅读文章要短，比较容易适应。

这也是大家在备考托福的时候非常重要的一点。

因为前期的入手如果能从容易的开始，就会形成一个循序渐进的过程方式，让大家的练习有一个提高的过程。

既然老托福阅读试题有这样的效果，那我们如何利用那有限的真题来达到锻炼自己的目的呢？事实上这就一个办法，就是坚持。

本期为大家推荐老托福阅读的真题PASSAGE82，附有原文及答案，希望对托福考生备考有所帮助。

Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive,or survival,value of behavior and its evolutionary history.Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the1960's but has become even more influential today.The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin.Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats,Lorenz,and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival.The most well-known of these is imprinting,the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger.Imprinting takes place during an early,restricted time period of development.If the mother goose is not present during this time,but an object resembling her in important features is,young goslings may imprint on it instead.Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development—the critical period.It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment.Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.For example,if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life,will their intelligence be permanently impaired?If language is not mastered during the preschool years,is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting,in1969the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents.He argued that attachment behaviors of babies,such as smiling,babbling, grasping,and crying,are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for,and interact with the baby.By keeping a parent near,these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed,protected from danger,and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth.The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.1.What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?(A)Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B)Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C)Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.(D)Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.2.The word diverse in line6is closest in meaning to(A)small(B)varied(C)wild(D)particular3.The word ensures in line8is closest in meaning to(A)guarantees(B)proves(C)teaches(D)assumes4.According to the passage,if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place,which of the following will most likely occur?(A)The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B)The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C)The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D)The gosling may imprint on another object.5.The word it in line12refers to(A)development(B)goose(C)time(D)object6.The word suitably in line16is closest in meaning to(A)willingly(B)moderately(C)appropriately(D)emotionally7.The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT(A)grasping(B)crying(C)eating(D)smiling8.According to the passage,attachment behaviors of infants are intended to(A)get the physical,emotional and social needs of the infant met(B)allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C)provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D)prepare the infant to cope with separation9.The phrase affectional tie in line30is closest in meaning to(A)cognitive development(B)emotional attachment(C)psychological need(D)behavioral change10.It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A)to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B)failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C)the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D)there are similarities between animal and human behavior参考答案：CBADD CCABD。