社会科学研究中几个基本问题

二、研究方式
定义：指研究采取的具体形式或研究的具体类型 研究方式包括研究法与研究设计类型
社会科学常用研究方式
调查研究 实验研究 实地研究 文献研究
Symbolic interactionism
- examines development of shared meanings and social patterns in the course of social interactions.
– Studies of visitor types, desired setting conditions, specialization, etc.
定性研究
Other Common Social Science Paradigms in Recreation
Conflict
- focuses on attempts of a person or group to dominate and avoid being dominated.
– Competition between users, conflict between management and visitors, community concerns, etc.
Structural functionalism
- focuses on the functions the elements of society perform for the whole system of society.
– What is the purpose of parks, and how do fees help or interfere with providing those goods and services
不同的学科也有不同的方法论
在社会研究中应遵循何种方法论，是一个实践的问题， 因为研究社会现象有各种可供选择的方法论、研究途 径和判断标准，这就要对具体现象作具体分析
因此，在做具体研究时，研究者一般是根 据研究课题的性质，来选择更适于这一课题 的方法论和学科理论作为指导，或者是根据 自己在理论、方法论方面的专业特长来选择 适当的研究题目。
社会科学研究中的几个基本问题
社会研究的方法体系 研究的过程 社会科学研究中的理论问题
§1 社会研究方法体系
一、方法论 methodology
方法论是指指导研究的一般思想方法或哲 学，包括研究的基本假设、逻辑、原则等 问题。
社会研究的方法论所探讨的主要问题包括：
社会现象的性质及其理解； 社会研究的哲学基础及其假定； 社会研究过程和结果的客观性问题； 社会研究者的价值与研究之间的关系； 社会研究中的不同范式及其应用； 不同研究方式的内在逻辑等等。
Consumer choice theories- using principles of
microeconomic theory, visitors and tourists will make vacationing and recreational decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers scarcity, opportunity cost, substitutability and external factors such as pressure by family members.
Ethnomethodology
- focuses on how people make sense of life while they are living it.
– Multiphasic aspects of the experience, what does it mean to be a fire-fighter?
社会科学研究的两种方法论
（一）实证主义方法论 positivist sociology
社会研究应向自然科学研究看齐，要通过具体客观的观察、通过 经验概括得出结论。 定量研究
（二）人文主义方法论
anti-positivist sociology
社会研究要考虑人的特殊性，要发挥研究者在研究中 的主动性。
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Feminist paradigms
- examines how previous images of social reality have often come from and reinforced the experiences of men.
– Are the needs, demands, and interests of women adequately responded to in recreation?
– Are there equal professional opportunities for women in natural resources management?
– How is power allocated and assigned in professional, academic and community settings?
Norms – Contend that there are fundamental agreements about
appropriate and desired settings among groups of unassociated people
– Research related to acceptability, capacity, support for management and limitations, trade-offs
Personal Motivations- based on the idea that people have
expectations for the outcomes of their choices and select activities accordingly
– Social foundation of ROS