2010年AHA心肺复苏指南摘要

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2010美国心脏协会AHA心肺复苏CPR及心血管急救ECC指南的学习

2010美国心脏协会AHA心肺复苏CPR及心血管急救ECC指南的学习

2.伦理学问题
与复苏有关的伦理学问题非常复杂,这些问题出现的环境不同 (院内或院外)、涉及不同的操作者(非专业施救者或医务人 员)并且涉及到开始或停止基础生命支持和/或高级生命支持。 所有医务人员在为需要复苏的个人提供治疗时,都需要考虑伦 理、法律和文化因素。虽然操作者在复苏过程中会参与决策, 但他们应该综合科学、个人或其代理者的意愿以及当地的政策或法律规 定。
D:\医学资料\心肺复苏讲稿\QQ截图20110712235818.jpg
7.CA后的治疗
“心脏骤停后治疗”是《2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》中的新增部 分 为提高在恢复自主循环后收入院的心脏骤停患者的存活率,应当通过统一的方式实施综 合、结构化、完整、多学科的心脏骤停后治疗体系(方块图 3)。治疗应包括心肺复苏和 神经系统支持。应根据指征提供低温治疗和经皮冠状动脉介入术 (PCI)。由于在心脏骤 停后往往会发生癫痫症状,应进行脑电图检查以诊断癫痫并尽快给出解读,并在昏迷 患者恢复自主循环后频繁或持续地进行监测。 D:\医学资料\心肺复苏讲稿\QQ截图20110713000441.jpg
6.ACLS
2010 版心血管病高级生命支持 (ACLS) 中的主要更改如下: • 建议进行二氧化碳波形图定量分析,以确认并监测气管插管位 置和心肺复苏质量。 • 简化了传统心脏骤停流程,并提出了替代的概念性设计流程以 强调高质量心肺复苏的重要性。 • 进一步强调了生理参数监测以优化心肺复苏质量并检测是否恢 复自主循环。 • 不再建议在治疗无脉性心电活动 (PEA)/心搏停止时常规性地使 用阿托品。
o-two呼吸机使用方法的演示: F:\心肺复苏讲稿\AVSEQ01.DAT
谢谢!
8.ACS患者病情稳定化治疗

心肺复苏指南(2010年版)

心肺复苏指南(2010年版)
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AMSA 技术用于除颤治疗 有望能在 2010 年的心肺复苏指南中得
以推荐
• Weil 心脏医学研究院近年对于 VF波形的分析研 究取得突破性进展
• 组合心电波形幅度与频率数值的幅度谱面积 (AMSA) 技术 , 根据 VF 波形分 析决定优先除颤、 还是先行 CPR 后再除 颤
• 整合 AMSA 技术的新一代智能商品化自动体外除 颤器现已进入临床试验阶段
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图1 美国心脏协会 2010 年《心肺复苏指南》制定进程 (注 :ILCOR, 国际复苏联络委员会)
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(一)心肺复苏优先次序的选择
• 专家达成的共识:
• 及早除颤的重要性达成共 识 • 现有指南建议当院外心跳骤停事件 被目击或者发
生院内心跳骤停事件时 , 假如在现场可以立刻获 得 AED 或者人工除颤器 , 急救人员应当立刻进行 CPR和尽早使用 除颤器
• 有人提出在猝死二级预防中应使用胺腆酮
• 猝死高危者一级预防 ; 心梗或心衰者射血分数 (EF)<35%; 微伏 T 波电交替 ; 频发非持 续性室 速没有条件接自动除颤器 (ICD) 植入治疗的患者
• 胺腆酮和硫酸镁合用
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美托洛尔
• 交感风暴 ----反复发作性的室性心 动过 速 / 心室颤动
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2. 恶性心律失常的药物治疗
• 2005 美国心脏协会 《心肺复苏指南》建 议:
• CPR时 , 如果 24 次电击、持续的心肺复苏 和应 用血管升压药物之后室性心动过速和 心室颤动仍然存在 , 应考虑给予抗心律 失 常药物
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胺腆酮
• 近年各相关指南建议胺腆酮作为治疗恶性心律失 常的首选药物

2010心肺复苏指南解

2010心肺复苏指南解

新概念
• 按压比例:进行心肺复苏过程中实施按 压的总时间
强调
• 继续强调需要缩短从最后一次按压 到给予电击之间的时间, 以及给予 电击到电击后立即恢复按压之间的 时间。 •进一步强调通过团队形式给予心肺复 苏。
团队协作
• 在一部分复苏过程中,只有一名施救者且需要 寻求帮助, 而在其他复苏过程中,一开始就有 多名自愿的施救者。进行培训时,应致力于随 着各个施救者的到达来组成团队,或者在有多 名施救者的情况下指定团队领导者。随着更多 人员的到达, 原来由较少施救者依次完成的各 项任务职责现在可分配给施救者的团队,从而 同时执行这些职责。因此,基础生命支持的医 务人员培训不仅应教授个人技能,还应当训练 施救者作为一个高效团队的一名成员进行工作。
• • • • • • •
成人、儿童和婴儿的关键基础生 命支持步骤的总结*
建议
内容 识别
儿童 婴儿 无反应(所有年龄) 没有呼吸或不能正常呼吸 (即仅仅是喘息) 不呼吸或仅仅是喘息 对于所有年龄,在 10 秒钟内未扪及脉搏(仅限医务人员) 心肺复苏程序 C-A-B 按压速率 每分钟至少 100 次
改进
• 对根据无反应的症状立即识别并启动急救系统, 以及在患者无反应且没有呼吸或不能正常呼吸 (即仅仅是喘息)的情况下开始进行心肺复苏的 建议作出了改进。
• 医务人员在检查患者反应时应该快速检 查是否没有呼吸或不能正常呼吸(即, 无呼吸或仅仅是喘息)。然后,该人员 会启动急救系统并找到 AED(或由其他 人员寻找)。医务人员检查脉搏的时间 不应超过 10 秒,如果 10 秒内没有明 确触摸到脉搏,应开始心肺复苏并使用 AED(如果有的话)。
改进
• • 按压速率应为每分钟至少 100 次(而不是每 分钟“大约” 100 次)。 • • 继续强调高质量的心肺复苏(以足够的速率和 幅度进行按压,保证每次按压后胸廓回弹,尽可 能减少按压中断并避免过度通气)。

2010AHA心肺复苏指南解读

2010AHA心肺复苏指南解读

①按压时除掌根部贴在胸骨外,手指也压在胸壁上,这容易 引起肋骨或肋骨肋软骨交界处骨折。 ②按压定位不正确。向下错位易使剑突受压折断而致肝破裂。 向两侧错位易致肋骨或肋骨肋软骨交界处骨折,导致气胸、 血胸。 ③抢救者按压时肘部弯曲,因而用力不垂直,按压力量减弱, 按压深度达不到5cm(图)。 ④冲击式按压、猛压,其效果差,且易导致骨折。 ⑤放松时抬手离开胸骨定位点,造成下次按压部位错误,引 起骨折。 ⑥放松时未能使胸部充分松弛,胸部仍承受压力,使血液难 以回到心脏。 ⑦按压速度不自主地加快或减慢,影响了按压效果。 ⑧两手掌不是重叠放臵,而呈交叉放臵。
1、吹气应有足够的气量,以使胸廓抬起,但一般不超过 1200mL。 2、吹气时间宜短,以占1次呼吸周期的1/3为宜;吹气频 率,8-10次/分。 3、操作前先清除患者口腔及咽部的分泌物或堵塞物。 4、有义牙者应取下义牙。遇舌后坠的患者,应用舌钳将 舌拉出口腔外,或用通气管吹气。 5、对婴幼儿,则对口鼻同时吹气更易施行 6、若患者尚有微弱呼吸,人工呼吸应与患者的自主呼吸 同步进行。 7、注意防止交叉感染。 8、通气适当的指征是看到患者胸部起伏并于呼气时听到 及感到有气体逸出。
中断按压时间不超过10s 确认气管导管位臵 : 临床评价:双侧胸廓有无对称起伏 两侧腋中线听诊两肺呼吸音是否对称 上腹部听诊:不应该有呼吸音 呼吸CO2监测或者食管探测
潮气量:500~600ml,胸廓明显 起伏 送气时间大于1s 频率:8~10次/分 避免过度通气
基 础 生 命 支 持 总 结
1.能扪及大动脉搏动,收缩压>60mmHg 2.患者面色、口唇、甲床、皮肤等色泽转红 3.散大的瞳孔再度缩小 4.呼吸改善或出现自主呼吸 5.心电显示明显的RS波 6.昏迷变浅,出现各种反射,肢体出现无意识的 挣扎动作.

2010国际心肺复苏指南

2010国际心肺复苏指南

基础生命支持—BLS
• 非医务人员亦可实施,开始的时间越早越好 • 目前国际上普遍采用的BLS手法是根据1980年
日内瓦国际会议决定的,由美国心脏病学会经历数次 国际心肺复苏会议不断改进完善所颁布的标准 • 2005第二次国际心肺复苏会议仍然推荐BLS按照英 文字母A、B、C、的顺序进行:A-气道;B-呼吸 支持;C-循环支持。
心跳骤停的心电图分型
• 心室停搏(伴或不伴心房静止) 心 肌完全失去电活动能力,心电图上表 现为一条直线。常见窦性、房性、结 性冲动不能达到心室,且心室内起搏 点不能发出冲动。
气道阻塞的常见病因
呼吸道阻塞系指呼吸器官(口、鼻、 咽、喉、气管、支气管、细支气管和肺 泡)的任何部位发生阻塞或狭窄,阻碍 气体交换,或呼吸道邻近器官病变引起 的呼吸道阻塞,以至发生阻塞性呼吸困 难的总称。
无氧缺血时脑细胞损伤的进程
脑循环中断: • 10秒—— 脑氧储备耗尽 • 20-30秒—— 脑电活动消失 • 4分钟 ——脑内葡萄糖耗尽,糖无氧代谢停止 • 5分钟——脑内ATP枯竭,能量代谢完全停止 • 4-6分钟——脑神经元发生不可逆的病理改变 • 6小时—— 脑组织均匀性溶解
心跳骤停的常见病因
心肺复苏
A:即判断有无意识、畅通呼吸道。
a) 使病人去枕后仰于地面或硬板床上,解开衣领 及裤带;
b) 畅通呼吸通道,清理口腔、鼻腔异物或分泌物 、假牙等;
c) 开放气道手法:仰面抬颌法、仰面抬颈法、托 下颌法。
开放气道手法
• 仰面抬颌法 要领:用一只手
按压伤病者的前额, 使头部后仰,同时用 另一只手的食指及中 指将下颏托起。
心肺复苏
B:即人工呼吸 人工呼吸就是用人工的方法帮助病人呼吸, 是心肺复苏基本技术之一。

美国心脏学会AHA心肺复苏

美国心脏学会AHA心肺复苏
子通道阻滞剂过量、高镁血症或高钾血症 阿托品:不推荐常规使用,可用于迷走张力增加
或胆碱能药物中毒导致的心动过缓 碳酸氢钠:无明确指针不应给予
复苏时的监测
ETCO2 :ETCO2和CO之间有很强的相关性,可以反映心 脏按压的有效性。有研究显示成人高级心肺复苏1520分钟ETCO2处于低值(≤15mmHg),强烈暗示恢复自 主循环的可能性低。
谢谢
MAP≧65 mmHg、CVP 8 ~ 12 cmH2O、SVO2≧70%、 Hct>30%、尿量>1ml/(kg.h)、Lac接近正常
PCAC---体温
治疗性低温: ➢ 尽早将昏迷患者中心温度降至32 ~ 34℃持续
12 ~ 24h ➢ 早期头部冰帽降温 ➢ 快速输注冰水 30ml/kg,让中心温度降低1.5度 ➢ 防止发热
儿科BLS
简化流程,删除检查呼吸,不再强调脉搏检查 无生命迹象+10秒内不能触及脉搏即应开始CPR HR<60次/分伴低灌注征象即应开始CPR
儿科BLS
新的证据强调了通气在儿科CPR中的重要作用 传统CPR(按压+通气)更具有优势
医务人员更应该为心跳骤停小儿提供传统CPR
儿科BLS
儿科患者复苏流程为CAB 按压深度:婴幼儿4cm,儿童5cm 按压通气比:
儿科ACLS---通道
骨内通道(IO)
快速、安全、有效 血型、交叉配血、血气分析 所有经静脉给予的药物 起效时间、药物剂量与静脉相同 输血、输液
儿科ACLS---通道
经气管导管
可经气管给予脂溶性药物,如:利多卡因、肾上腺素、阿托品、 纳洛酮。禁止给予非脂溶性药物药物,如碳酸氢钠和钙剂
心尖-后部
ACLS---团队合作
小组合作与分工

2010年心肺复苏指南解读

2010年心肺复苏指南解读

二、以团队形式实施心肺复苏
2010(新):大多数急救系统和医疗服务系统都需要 施救者团队的参与,由不同的施救者同时完成多个操 作。例如 一名施救者启动急救系统,第二名施救者 开始胸外按压,第三名施救者则提供通气或找到气囊 面罩以进行人工呼吸,第四名施救者找到并准备好除 颤器。
2005(旧):基础生命支持步骤包括一系列连续的评 估和操作。流程图的作用是通过合理、准确的方式展 示各个步骤,以便每位施救者学习、记忆和执行。
2005(旧):未提供有关取消吸氧的具体信息。
SaO2 100% ?
六、特殊复苏环境
2010(新):十五种特殊心脏骤停情况给出特定的治 疗建议。包括哮喘、过敏、妊娠、肥胖症(新)、肺 栓塞 (新)、电解质失衡、中毒、外伤、冻僵、雪崩 (新)、溺水、电击/闪电打击、经皮冠状动脉介入 (PCI)(新)、心脏填塞(新)以及心脏手术(新)。
机械活塞装置 机械活塞装置的病例分析报告了不同的 成功度。在难以一直实施传统心肺复苏的情况下(例如, 做一些辅助检查用于诊断时),可以考虑使用。
五、恢复自主循环后 根据SaO2逐渐降低吸氧浓度
2010(新):恢复循环后,监测SaO2 ,逐步将FiO2 调整 到需要的最低浓度给氧,维持SaO2 ≥94%。
(五)儿童除颤
2010(已修改原建议):对于儿童患者,尚不确定最佳 除颤剂量。有关最低有效剂量或安全除颤上限的研究非 常有限。可以使用 2 —4 J/kg 的剂量作为初始除颤能 量,但为了方便进行培训,可考虑使用 2 J/kg 的首剂 量。对于后续电击,能量级别应至少为 4 J/kg 并可以 考虑使用更高能量级别,但不超过 10 J/kg 或成人最 大剂量。
2005(旧):常规性地给予钙剂并不能改善心脏骤 停的后果。

2010心肺复苏指南

2010心肺复苏指南

除颤时间与成功率


如心搏停止>4-5分钟
施救者首先进行5组CPR,然后进行电除颤, 之后继以5组CPR……
CPR增加电除颤成功率
延长电除颤的“时间窗” 即使第1次电除颤未成功,接下来的CPR也 有助于维持最低的心肌灌注
院外终止心肺复苏(非医务人员)
同时满足以下条件可在救护车转运之前终止心肺复苏:
30
压胸

给呼吸
2
心肺复苏有效的指标
1.瞳孔由大变小,对光反射出现。
2.面色、口唇、及皮肤等色泽由发绀转为红润。 3.能摸到颈动脉搏动,收缩压大于60mmHg。 4.有自主呼吸出现,或呼吸微弱。 5.有眼球活动,肌张力增加。
摘自《王一镗急诊医学》2009年12月第一版
D:除颤
一次电击
2010年指南:仅1次电击完毕后立即行CPR
注意事项
注意2:电击板要正确放置
注意3:电击除颤后,一般需经过30秒心脏才能恢复正常节律,因 此电击后,仍应继续CPR,直至能触及动脉搏动为止。
请记住: 如果您在救护现场,
伤病员的生命就掌握在 您的手中!
谢 谢 聆 听!
45
口对口人工呼吸
由于害怕传染疾病,许多现场急救者行CPR时不愿对患者 行口对口呼吸,有证据表明: 单纯胸外按压而不做口对口呼吸也有效 成人CPR初期并非一定需要正压通气 口对口呼吸和单纯胸外按压的效果无区别
新指南规定:如给成人患者复苏时不愿或不能行口对口 呼吸,则应立即行胸外按压
2010版指南强调以团队形式给予心肺复苏。
放气道,给予口对口呼吸或应用屏障器具或其他通气装备。 将程序改为C-A-B,则胸部按压可迅速开始。
从A-B-C更改为C-A-B的理由

心肺复苏2010年指南

心肺复苏2010年指南

2010年心肺复苏指南(较前改动之比较)
1.概述:2010年10月18-美国心脏协会(AHA)公布的最新心肺复苏(CPR)指南。

此指南重新安排了CPR传统的三个步骤,从原来的A-B-C改为C-B-A。

这一改变适用于成人,儿童和婴儿,但不包括新生儿。

2.原有步骤:A.保持气道通畅。

B.人工呼吸。

C.胸部挤压。

3.修改后步骤:胸部挤压
保持气道通畅
人工呼吸
4.修改理由:仅就始于胸部挤压一项就会挽救许多垂危病人的生命。

传统方法把胸部挤压滞后,而胸部挤压对全身血液循环至关重要。

改进后的指南将鼓舞更多的人来实施心肺复苏术,因为如果不加以专业培训,口对口人工呼吸动作很难完成,而任何人都可以做胸部挤压。

正确的胸外挤压的确能够挽救生命。

在许多情况下,人从前一次呼吸中储备在血液和肺部一些氧气。

而我们就是利用这个储备的氧气来做胸部挤压。

5.2010年国际心肺复苏指南:
1.发现病人倒地,确认现场是否存在危险因素,以免影响救治。

2.判断病人意识,(注意做到轻拍重唤!)如无反应,立即呼救并拨打急救电话或请求他人拨打。

3.立即将病人置于复苏体位(平卧位),触摸颈动脉,未触及立即施行胸外心脏按压!
4.按压30次后立即开放气道,进行口对口人工呼吸。

人工呼吸与胸外按压比例为2:30。

单纯进行胸外心脏按压时,每分钟频率至少为100次。

有条件要及早实施体外除颤。

2010心肺复苏指南

2010心肺复苏指南
供氧
建立静脉通道
复苏药物 心电监护 脑复苏
供氧
氧浓度(Fi02)的计算: Fi02(%)=21+4×氧流量(L/min) 供氧方法: 鼻导管;鼻咽插管;面罩;气管内直接给氧 心肺复苏早期建议给100%纯氧,以后根据患 者情况选择低浓度Fi0225~30%,中浓度 Fi0235~55%和高浓度Fi0260%以上
2010(AHA)心肺复苏标准
2010 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
内容提要
心跳骤停的表现及原因
第一部分
第二部分
2010年新指南的主要内容
内容提要
心跳骤停的表现及原因
第一部分
第二部分
2010年新指南的主要内容
心搏呼吸骤停诊断
突然意识丧失 大动脉搏动消失
注意:一旦诊断明确就应立即投入抢救,不能因听 心音、测血压、开放静脉通道等操作而耽误时间, 影响抢救效果。
心搏呼吸骤停的原因呼吸Fra bibliotek停心跳骤停、溺水、触电、室息、雷击、外伤、 烟雾吸入、药物过量、脑卒中、会厌炎、 各种原因引起的昏迷、麻醉和手术中的意外事故
心跳骤停
急性冠状脉供血不足、急性心肌梗死、 急性心肌炎、各种心律失常、触电、 各种医疗意外等
内容提要
心跳骤停的表现及原因
第一部分
第二部分
2010年新指南的主要内容
3min 5min 10min 12min 4分钟内进行CPR多能获救 超过12分钟无一存活
获救机会
75% 25% 1% 0.001%
脑复苏(H human)
低温疗法:早期开始,足够低温 脱水疗法:高渗脱水剂、利尿剂、胶体脱水剂 止痉疗法:安定、巴比妥类 血液稀释法:平衡液、低右、自体血浆 钙拮抗剂:尼莫地平、尼卡地平 清除氧自由基:SOD(超氧化歧化酶) 、VitE 抗凝疗法:肝素、华法令 高压氧疗法 促进脑代谢药物:ATP、辅酶A、胞二磷胆碱…

美国AHA 2010年心肺复苏指南 精华节选

美国AHA 2010年心肺复苏指南 精华节选

美国AHA 2010年心肺复苏指南医务人员BLS流程心脏骤停的识别(方框1)心脏骤停的治疗第一步就是要迅速识别骤停。

旁观者可能会目击患者突发意识不清或者发现某人没有生命迹象。

这时就要马上开始流程的步骤。

在去到患者身边前,施救者必须首先确定周围环境安全然后才检查反应。

施救者要拍打患者的肩部并呼叫:“你怎么样啦?”如果患者有反应,那么他/她就会回答、活动或呻吟。

如果患者仍然无反应,非专业施救者就要启动紧急反应系统,医务人员则要在检查反应性同时检查是否有呼吸或是否正常呼吸(即,仅有喘息);如果医务人员发现患者无反应并且无呼吸或无正常呼吸(即,仅有喘息),施救者就要假设患者发生了心脏骤停并且立即启动紧急反应系统(Class I,LOE C)19,24,34。

这个2010美国心脏协会CPR及ECC指南不再强调检查呼吸。

专业人员和非专业人员一样,对无反应患者都并不能准确判定呼吸的情况35,36。

由于气道没有开放57或者由于患者有偶尔喘息,这在SCA后第一分钟内会出现,并且容易与正常的呼吸混淆。

偶尔喘息并不能达到足够的通气。

施救者需要治疗那些就如不能呼吸一样的偶尔喘息患者(Class I,LOE C)。

CPR训练,包括正式的课堂训练及通过调度中心派与的那些“及时”训练,都要强调识别偶尔喘息,及当无反应患者出现偶尔喘息时指导施救者进行CPR(Class I,LOE B)。

这个2010美国心脏协会CPR及ECC指南也不再强调判定心脏骤停必须进行脉搏检查。

研究显示非专业人员及医务人员对检查脉搏都有困难35-44。

基于这个原因,在几年前开始对非专业人员的培训就已经删除了脉搏检查,并且对医务人员的培训也不再强调。

非专业人员可以对一个突发意识丧失或者无反应无呼吸或无正常呼吸(即,仅有喘息)的成年患者推定其发生心脏骤停并要开始CPR。

医务人员也可能会花费较长以检查脉搏38,41,并且仍然难以判断脉搏是否存在38,41,45。

心肺复苏2010指南

心肺复苏2010指南

碳酸氢钠
• 适应症:
• 有效通气及胸外心脏按压10分钟后,PH 值仍低于 7.2
• 心跳骤停前已存在代谢性酸中毒 • 伴有严重的高钾血症
2010心肺复苏方法
呼救
C (circulation)
心外按压的作用原理:
• 胸泵机制 胸外按压造成胸内压升高,动静脉均承受压 力,但动脉的对抗力大于静脉,在按压时保持开放, 主动脉收缩而将血液泵入大循环;而大静脉则被压陷, 回流停止;放松按压时胸内压下降,静脉回流心脏, 动脉停止泵血,回流的动脉血被主动脉瓣阻挡,血液 不能返流入心脏,部分可从冠状动脉开口流入心脏冠 状动脉 。
电除颤
2010年的指南未对除颤、电复律和起搏进行很大的修 改,强调在给与高质量的心肺复苏同时早期除颤是提 高心肺复苏存活率的关键。
电除颤
• 对一个室颤患者来说,能否成功地被给予电除颤,使 其存活,决定于从室颤发生到进行首次电除颤治疗的 时间。
• 应尽早除颤,5分钟之内开始。除颤延迟1分钟,存活 率降低7—10%,超过10分钟再除,存活率仅为2—5%。
• 心泵机制 超声技术已经证实,在按压时,心脏内的瓣 膜出现与生理情况一致的交替开放与关闭。
定位1
• 两乳头连线中点
定位2
• 定位在剑突上方2横指处
要点
★按压部位 ★姿势 ★按压与放松
间隔相等 ★幅度及频率 ★按压/通气比

胸外按压
• 双手指交叉垂直按 压胸骨。
• 心脏按压的 • 频率:至少100次/
分 • 深度:至少5cm
2010心肺复苏方法
2010心肺复苏方法
一手的鱼际处紧贴 在按压部位上,双 手重叠握紧,双臂 绷直,双肩在病人 胸骨上方正中,垂 直向下按压,按压 力量应足以使胸骨 下沉大于5 厘米, 压下后放松,但双 手不要离开胸壁。 反复操作,频率大 于100次/分钟

2010心肺复苏指南

2010心肺复苏指南

ISSN: 1524-4539Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online72514Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TXDOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.9708892010;122;S640-S656Circulation HoekCallaway, Brett Cucchiara, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Thomas D. Rea and Terry L. VandenMark S. Link, Laurie J. Morrison, Robert E. O'Connor, Michael Shuster, Clifton W. Marc D. Berg, John E. Billi, Brian Eigel, Robert W. Hickey, Monica E. Kleinman,Neumar, Mary Ann Peberdy, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Elizabeth Sinz, Andrew H. Travers, Farhan Bhanji, Diana M. Cave, Edward C. Jauch, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Robert W.Schexnayder, Robin Hemphill, Ricardo A. Samson, John Kattwinkel, Robert A. Berg, John M. Field, Mary Fran Hazinski, Michael R. Sayre, Leon Chameides, Stephen M. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for/cgi/content/full/122/18_suppl_3/S640located on the World Wide Web at:The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is/reprints Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online atjournalpermissions@ 410-528-8550. E-mail:Fax:Kluwer Health, 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-2436. Phone: 410-528-4050. Permissions: Permissions & Rights Desk, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a division of Wolters/subscriptions/Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online atPart1:Executive Summary2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care John M.Field,Co-Chair*;Mary Fran Hazinski,Co-Chair*;Michael R.Sayre;Leon Chameides; Stephen M.Schexnayder;Robin Hemphill;Ricardo A.Samson;John Kattwinkel;Robert A.Berg;Farhan Bhanji;Diana M.Cave;Edward C.Jauch;Peter J.Kudenchuk;Robert W.Neumar;Mary Ann Peberdy;Jeffrey M.Perlman;Elizabeth Sinz;Andrew H.Travers;Marc D.Berg; John E.Billi;Brian Eigel;Robert W.Hickey;Monica E.Kleinman;Mark S.Link;Laurie J.Morrison; Robert E.O’Connor;Michael Shuster;Clifton W.Callaway;Brett Cucchiara;Jeffrey D.Ferguson;Thomas D.Rea;Terry L.Vanden HoekT he publication of the2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care marks the50th anniversary of modern CPR.In1960Kouwenhoven,Knickerbocker,and Jude documented14patients who survived cardiac arrest with the application of closed chest cardiac massage.1That same year,at the meeting of the Maryland Medical Society in Ocean City,MD,the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing was introduced.2Two years later,in1962, direct-current,monophasic waveform defibrillation was de-scribed.3In1966the American Heart Association(AHA) developed the first cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) guidelines,which have been followed by periodic updates.4 During the past50years the fundamentals of early recogni-tion and activation,early CPR,early defibrillation,and early access to emergency medical care have saved hundreds of thousands of lives around the world.These lives demonstrate the importance of resuscitation research and clinical transla-tion and are cause to celebrate this50th anniversary of CPR. Challenges remain if we are to fulfill the potential offered by the pioneer resuscitation scientists.We know that there is a striking disparity in survival outcomes from cardiac arrest across systems of care,with some systems reporting5-fold higher survival rates than others.5–9Although technology, such as that incorporated in automated external defibrillators (AEDs),has contributed to increased survival from cardiac arrest,no initial intervention can be delivered to the victim of cardiac arrest unless bystanders are ready,willing,and able to act.Moreover,to be successful,the actions of bystanders and other care providers must occur within a system that coordi-nates and integrates each facet of care into a comprehensive whole,focusing on survival to discharge from the hospital.This executive summary highlights the major changes and most provocative recommendations in the2010AHA Guide-lines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care(ECC). The scientists and healthcare providers participating in a comprehensive evidence evaluation process analyzed the sequence and priorities of the steps of CPR in light of current scientific advances to identify factors with the greatest potential impact on survival.On the basis of the strength of the available evidence,they developed recommendations to support the interventions that showed the most promise. There was unanimous support for continued emphasis on high-quality CPR,with compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil,minimizing inter-ruptions in chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.High-quality CPR is the cornerstone of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).Return to a prior quality of life and functional state of health is the ultimate goal of a resuscitation system of care.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC are based on the most current and comprehensive review of resuscitation litera-ture ever published,the2010ILCOR International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations.10 The2010evidence evaluation process included356resuscita-tion experts from29countries who reviewed,analyzed,evalu-ated,debated,and discussed research and hypotheses through in-person meetings,teleconferences,and online sessions(“web-inars”)during the36-month period before the2010Consensus Conference.The experts produced411scientific evidence re-views on277topics in resuscitation and emergency cardiovas-cular care.The process included structured evidence evaluation, analysis,and cataloging of the literature.It also included rigor-The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows:Field JM,Hazinski MF,Sayre MR,Chameides L,Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R,Samson RA,Kattwinkel J,Berg RA,Bhanji F,Cave DM,Jauch EC,Kudenchuk PJ,Neumar RW,Peberdy MA,Perlman JM,Sinz E,Travers AH,Berg MD,Billi JE,Eigel B,Hickey RW,Kleinman ME,Link MS,Morrison LJ,O’Connor RE,Shuster M,Callaway CW,Cucchiara B,Ferguson JD,Rea TD,Vanden Hoek TL.Part1:executive summary:2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.Circulation.2010;122(suppl3):S640–S656.*Co-chairs and equal first co-authors.(Circulation.2010;122[suppl3]:S640–S656.)©2010American Heart Association,Inc.Circulation is available at DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970889ous disclosure and management of potential conflicts of interest, which are detailed in Part2:“Evidence Evaluation and Man-agement of Potential and Perceived Conflicts of Interest.”The recommendations in the2010Guidelines confirm the safety and effectiveness of many approaches,acknowledge ineffectiveness of others,and introduce new treatments based on intensive evidence evaluation and consensus of experts. These new recommendations do not imply that care using past guidelines is either unsafe or ineffective.In addition,it is important to note that they will not apply to all rescuers and all victims in all situations.The leader of a resuscitation attempt may need to adapt application of these recommenda-tions to unique circumstances.New Developments in Resuscitation ScienceSince2005A universal compression-ventilation ratio of30:2performed by lone rescuers for victims of all ages was one of the most controversial topics discussed during the2005International Consensus Conference,and it was a major change in the2005 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC.11In2005rates of survival to hospital discharge from witnessed out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation(VF)were low,averagingՅ6%worldwide with little improvement in the years immediately preceding the2005conference.5Two studies published just before the2005International Consen-sus Conference documented poor quality of CPR performed in both out-of-hospital and in-hospital resuscitations.12,13The changes in the compression-ventilation ratio and in the defibrillation sequence(from3stacked shocks to1shock followed by immediate CPR)were recommended to mini-mize interruptions in chest compressions.11–13There have been many developments in resuscitation science since2005,and these are highlighted below. Emergency Medical Services Systems andCPR QualityEmergency medical services(EMS)systems and healthcare providers should identify and strengthen“weak links”in the Chain of Survival.There is evidence of considerable regional variation in the reported incidence and outcome from cardiac arrest within the United States.5,14This evidence supports the importance of accurately identifying each instance of treated cardiac arrest and measuring outcomes and suggests additional opportunities for improving survival rates in many communities. Recent studies have demonstrated improved outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,particularly from shockable rhythms,and have reaffirmed the importance of a stronger emphasis on compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil after each compression,minimizing interrup-tions in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.15–22 Implementation of new resuscitation guidelines has been shown to improve outcomes.18,20–22A means of expediting guidelines implementation(a process that may take from18 months to4years23–26)is needed.Impediments to implemen-tation include delays in instruction(eg,time needed to produce new training materials and update instructors and providers),technology upgrades(eg,reprogramming AEDs), and decision making(eg,coordination with allied agencies and government regulators,medical direction,and participa-tion in research).Documenting the Effects of CPR Performance by Lay RescuersDuring the past5years there has been an effort to simplify CPR recommendations and emphasize the fundamental importance of high-quality rge observational studies from investiga-tors in member countries of the Resuscitation Council of Asia (the newest member of ILCOR)27,28–30and other studies31,32 have provided important information about the positive impact of bystander CPR on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. For most adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,bystander CPR with chest compression only(Hands-Only CPR)appears to achieve outcomes similar to those of conventional CPR(com-pressions with rescue breathing).28–32However,for children, conventional CPR is superior.27CPR QualityMinimizing the interval between stopping chest compressions and delivering a shock(ie,minimizing the preshock pause) improves the chances of shock success33,34and patient sur-vival.33–35Data downloaded from CPR-sensing and feedback-enabled defibrillators provide valuable information to resus-citation teams,which can improve CPR quality.36These data are driving major changes in the training of in-hospital resuscitation teams and out-of-hospital healthcare providers. In-Hospital CPR RegistriesThe National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR)37and other large databases are providing new infor-mation about the epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital resuscitation in adults and children.8,38–44Although observa-tional in nature,registries provide valuable descriptive informa-tion to better characterize cardiac arrest and resuscitation out-comes as well as identify areas for further research. Deemphasis on Devices and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Drugs During Cardiac ArrestAt the time of the2010International Consensus Conference there were still insufficient data to demonstrate that any drugs or mechanical CPR devices improve long-term outcome after cardiac arrest.45Clearly further studies,adequately powered to detect clinically important outcome differences with these interventions,are needed.Importance of Post–Cardiac Arrest Care Organized post–cardiac arrest care with an emphasis on multidisciplinary programs that focus on optimizing hemo-dynamic,neurologic,and metabolic function(including ther-apeutic hypothermia)may improve survival to hospital dis-charge among victims who achieve ROSC following cardiac arrest either in-or out-of-hospital.46–48Although it is not yet possible to determine the individual effect of many of these therapies,when bundled as an integrated system of care,their deployment may well improve outcomes.Therapeutic hypothermia is one intervention that has been shown to improve outcome for comatose adult victims of Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S641witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when the presenting rhythm was VF.49,50Since2005,two nonrandomized studies with concurrent controls as well as other studies using historic controls have indicated the possible benefit of hypo-thermia following in-and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from all other initial rhythms in adults.46,51–56Hypothermia has also been shown to be effective in improving intact neurologic survival in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,57–61and the results of a prospective multicenter pediatric study of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest are eagerly awaited.Many studies have attempted to identify comatose post–cardiac arrest patients who have no prospect for meaningful neurologic recovery,and decision rules for prognostication of poor outcome have been proposed.62Therapeutic hypother-mia changes the specificity of prognostication decision rules that were previously established from studies of post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with hypothermia.Recent reports have documented occasional good outcomes in post–cardiac arrest patients who were treated with therapeutic hypother-mia,despite neurologic exam or neuroelectrophysiologic studies that predicted poor outcome.63,64Education and ImplementationThe quality of rescuer education and frequency of retraining are critical factors in improving the effectiveness of resusci-tation.65–83Ideally retraining should not be limited to2-year intervals.More frequent renewal of skills is needed,with a commitment to maintenance of certification similar to that embraced by many healthcare-credentialing organizations. Resuscitation interventions are often performed simulta-neously,and rescuers must be able to work collaboratively to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.Teamwork and leadership skills continue to be important,particularly for advanced cardiovascular life support(ACLS)and pediatric advanced life support(PALS)providers.36,84–89 Community and hospital-based resuscitation programs should systematically monitor cardiac arrests,the level of resuscitation care provided,and outcome.The cycle of measurement,interpretation,feedback,and continuous qual-ity improvement provides fundamental information necessary to optimize resuscitation care and should help to narrow the knowledge and clinical gaps between ideal and actual resus-citation performance.Highlights of the2010GuidelinesThe Change From“A-B-C”to“C-A-B”The newest development in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC is a change in the basic life support(BLS)sequence of steps from“A-B-C”(Airway,Breathing,Chest compressions)to “C-A-B”(Chest compressions,Airway,Breathing)for adults and pediatric patients(children and infants,excluding newly borns).Although the experts agreed that it is important to reduce time to first chest compressions,they were aware that a change in something as established as the A-B-C sequence would require re-education of everyone who has ever learned CPR.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC recommend this change for the following reasons:●The vast majority of cardiac arrests occur in adults,and the highest survival rates from cardiac arrest are reported among patients of all ages with witnessed arrest and a rhythm of VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia(VT).In these patients the critical initial elements of CPR are chest compressions and early defibrillation.90●In the A-B-C sequence chest compressions are often delayed while the responder opens the airway to give mouth-to-mouth breaths or retrieves a barrier device or other ventilation equipment.By changing the sequence to C-A-B,chest compressions will be initiated sooner and ventilation only minimally delayed until completion of the first cycle of chest compressions(30compressions should be accomplished in approximately18seconds).●Fewer than50%of persons in cardiac arrest receive bystander CPR.There are probably many reasons for this,but one impediment may be the A-B-C sequence,which starts with the procedures that rescuers find most difficult:opening the airway and delivering rescue breaths.Starting with chest compressions might ensure that more victims receive CPR and that rescuers who are unable or unwilling to provide ventilations will at least perform chest compressions.●It is reasonable for healthcare providers to tailor the sequence of rescue actions to the most likely cause of arrest.For example,if a lone healthcare provider sees a victim suddenly collapse,the provider may assume that the victim has suffered a sudden VF cardiac arrest;once the provider has verified that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing or is only gasping,the provider should immediately activate the emergency response system,get and use an AED,and give CPR.But for a presumed victim of drowning or other likely asphyxial arrest the priority would be to provide about5cycles(about2minutes)of conventional CPR(including rescue breathing)before ac-tivating the emergency response system.Also,in newly born infants,arrest is more likely to be of a respiratory etiology,and resuscitation should be attempted with the A-B-C sequence unless there is a known cardiac etiology. Ethical IssuesThe ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings(in-or out-of-hospital),providers(basic or advanced),and whether to start or how to terminate CPR.Recent work suggests that acknowledgment of a verbal do-not-attempt-resuscitation order(DNAR)in addition to the current stan-dard—a written,signed,and dated DNAR document—may decrease the number of futile resuscitation attempts.91,92This is an important first step in expanding the clinical decision rule pertaining to when to start resuscitation in out-of-hospital car-diac arrest.However,there is insufficient evidence to support this approach without further validation.When only BLS-trained EMS personnel are available, termination of resuscitative efforts should be guided by a validated termination of resuscitation rule that reduces the transport rate of attempted resuscitations without compro-mising the care of potentially viable patients.93Advanced life support(ALS)EMS providers may use the same termination of resuscitation rule94–99or a derived nonvali-dated rule specific to ALS providers that when applied willS642Circulation November2,2010decrease the number of futile transports to the emergency department(ED).95,97–100Certain characteristics of a neonatal in-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with death,and these may be helpful in guiding physicians in the decision to start and stop a neonatal resuscitation attempt.101–104There is more variability in ter-minating resuscitation rates across systems and physicians when clinical decision rules are not followed,suggesting that these validated and generalized rules may promote uniformity in access to resuscitation attempts and full protocol care.105 Offering select family members the opportunity to be present during the resuscitation and designating staff within the team to respond to their questions and offer comfort may enhance the emotional support provided to the family during cardiac arrest and after termination of a resuscitation attempt. Identifying patients during the post–cardiac arrest period who do not have the potential for meaningful neurologic recovery is a major clinical challenge that requires further research.Caution is advised when considering limiting care or withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.Characteristics or test results that are predictive of poor outcome in post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia may not be as predictive of poor outcome after administration of therapeutic hypothermia. Because of the growing need for transplant tissue and organs,all provider teams who treat postarrest patients should also plan and implement a system of tissue and organ donation that is timely, effective,and supportive of family members for the subset of patients in whom brain death is confirmed or for organ donation after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation research is challenging.It must be scientifically rigorous while confronting ethical,regulatory,and public rela-tions concerns that arise from the need to conduct such research with exception to informed consent.Regulatory requirements, community notification,and consultation requirements often impose expensive and time-consuming demands that may not only delay important research but also render it cost-prohibitive, with little significant evidence that these measures effectively address the concerns about research.106–109Basic Life SupportBLS is the foundation for saving lives following cardiac arrest.Fundamental aspects of adult BLS include immediate recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system,early performance of high-quality CPR,and rapid defibrillation when appropriate.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC contain several important changes but also have areas of continued emphasis based on evidence presented in prior years.Key Changes in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPRand ECC●The BLS algorithm has been simplified,and“Look,Listen and Feel”has been removed from the algorithm.Performance of these steps is inconsistent and time consuming.For this reason the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC stress immediate activation of the emergency response system and starting chest compressions for any unresponsive adult victim with no breathing or no normal breathing(ie,only gasps).●Encourage Hands-Only(compression only)CPR for the untrained lay rescuer.Hands-Only CPR is easier to perform by those with no training and can be more readily guided by dispatchers over the telephone.●Initiate chest compressions before giving rescue breaths(C-A-B rather than A-B-C).Chest compressions can be started immediately,whereas positioning the head,attaining a seal for mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing,or obtaining or assembling a bag-mask device for rescue breathing all take time.Begin-ning CPR with30compressions rather than2ventilations leads to a shorter delay to first compression.●There is an increased focus on methods to ensure that high-quality CPR is performed.Adequate chest compres-sions require that compressions be provided at the appro-priate depth and rate,allowing complete recoil of the chest after each compression and an emphasis on minimizing any pauses in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation. Training should focus on ensuring that chest compressions are performed correctly.The recommended depth of com-pression for adult victims has increased from a depth of11⁄2 to2inches to a depth of at least2inches.●Many tasks performed by healthcare providers during resus-citation attempts,such as chest compressions,airway man-agement,rescue breathing,rhythm detection,shock delivery, and drug administration(if appropriate),can be performed concurrently by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in appropriate settings.Some resuscitations start with a lone rescuer who calls for help,resulting in the arrival of additional team members.Healthcare provider training should focus on building the team as each member arrives or quickly delegat-ing roles if multiple rescuers are present.As additional personnel arrive,responsibilities for tasks that would ordi-narily be performed sequentially by fewer rescuers may now be delegated to a team of providers who should perform them simultaneously.Key Points of Continued Emphasis for the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC●Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in adults is based on assessing responsiveness and the absence of normal breathing.Victims of cardiac arrest may initially have gasping respirations or even appear to be having a seizure. These atypical presentations may confuse a rescuer,caus-ing a delay in calling for help or beginning CPR.Training should focus on alerting potential rescuers to the unusual presentations of sudden cardiac arrest.●Minimize interruptions in effective chest compressions until ROSC or termination of resuscitative efforts.Any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions(including longer than necessary pauses for rescue breathing)de-creases CPR effectiveness.●Minimize the importance of pulse checks by healthcare providers.Detection of a pulse can be difficult,and even highly trained healthcare providers often incorrectly assess the presence or absence of a pulse when blood pressure is abnormally low or absent.Healthcare providers should take no more than10seconds to determine if a pulse is present. Chest compressions delivered to patients subsequently found not to be in cardiac arrest rarely lead to significant Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S643injury.110The lay rescuer should activate the emergency response system if he or she finds an unresponsive adult. The lay rescuer should not attempt to check for a pulse and should assume that cardiac arrest is present if an adult suddenly collapses,is unresponsive,and is not breathing or not breathing normally(ie,only gasping).CPR Techniques and DevicesAlternatives to conventional manual CPR have been devel-oped in an effort to enhance perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest and to improve pared with conventional CPR,these techniques and devices typically require more personnel,training,and equipment,or apply to a specific setting.Some alternative CPR techniques and devices may improve hemodynamics or short-term survival when used by well-trained providers in selected patients. Several devices have been the focus of recent clinical trials. Use of the impedance threshold device(ITD)improved ROSC and short-term survival when used in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,but there was no significant improvement in either survival to hospital discharge or neurologically-intact survival to discharge.111One multicenter,prospective,randomized con-trolled trial112,112a comparing load-distributing band CPR(Auto-pulse)with manual CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest demonstrated no improvement in4-hour survival and worse neurologic outcome when the device was used.More research is needed to determine if site-specific factors113or experience with deployment of the device114influence effectiveness of the load-distributing band CPR device.Case series employing me-chanical piston devices have reported variable degrees of success.115–119To prevent delays and maximize efficiency,initial training, ongoing monitoring,and retraining programs should be offered on a frequent basis to providers using CPR devices. To date,no adjunct has consistently been shown to be superior to standard conventional(manual)CPR for out-of-hospital BLS,and no device other than a defibrillator has consistently improved long-term survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Electrical TherapiesThe2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC have been updated to reflect new data on the use of pacing in bradycar-dia,and on cardioversion and defibrillation for tachycardic rhythm disturbances.Integration of AEDs into a system of care is critical in the Chain of Survival in public places outside of hospitals.To give the victim the best chance of survival,3actions must occur within the first moments of a cardiac arrest120:activation of the EMS system,121provision of CPR,and operation of a defibrillator.122One area of continued interest is whether delivering a longer period of CPR before defibrillation improves out-comes in cardiac arrest.In early studies,survival was im-proved when1.5to3minutes of CPR preceded defibrillation for patients with cardiac arrest ofϾ4to5minutes duration prior to EMS arrival.123,124However,in2more recent randomized controlled trials,CPR performed before defibril-lation did not improve outcome.125,126IfՆ2rescuers are present CPR should be performed while a defibrillator is being obtained and readied for use.The1-shock protocol for VF has not been changed. Evidence has accumulated that even short interruptions in CPR are harmful.Thus,rescuers should minimize the interval between stopping compressions and delivering shocks and should resume CPR immediately after shock delivery. Over the last decade biphasic waveforms have been shown to be more effective than monophasic waveforms in cardio-version and defibrillation.127–135However,there are no clin-ical data comparing one specific biphasic waveform with another.Whether escalating or fixed subsequent doses of energy are superior has not been tested with different wave-forms.However,if higher energy levels are available in the device at hand,they may be considered if initial shocks are unsuccessful in terminating the arrhythmia.In the last5to10years a number of randomized trials have compared biphasic with monophasic cardioversion in atrial fibrillation.The efficacy of shock energies for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is waveform-specific and can vary from120to 200J depending on the defibrillator manufacturer.Thus,the recommended initial biphasic energy dose for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is120to200J using the manufacturer’s recommended setting.136–140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.Cardiover-sion of adult atrial flutter and other supraventricular tachycardias generally requires less energy;an initial energy of50J to100J is often sufficient.140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.141Adult cardioversion of atrial fibrilla-tion with monophasic waveforms should begin at200J and increase in a stepwise fashion if not successful. Transcutaneous pacing has also been the focus of several recent trials.Pacing is not generally recommended for pa-tients in asystolic cardiac arrest.Three randomized controlled trials142–144indicate no improvement in rate of admission to hospital or survival to hospital discharge when paramedics or physicians attempted pacing in patients with cardiac arrest due to asystole in the prehospital or hospital(ED)setting. However,it is reasonable for healthcare providers to be prepared to initiate pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmias in the event the heart rate does not respond to atropine or other chronotropic(rate-accelerating)drugs.145,146 Advanced Cardiovascular Life SupportACLS affects multiple links in the Chain of Survival,including interventions to prevent cardiac arrest,treat cardiac arrest,and improve outcomes of patients who achieve ROSC after cardiac arrest.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC continue to emphasize that the foundation of successful ACLS is good BLS, beginning with prompt high-quality CPR with minimal interrup-tions,and for VF/pulseless VT,attempted defibrillation within minutes of collapse.The new fifth link in the Chain of Survival and Part9:“Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”(expanded from a subsection of the ACLS part of the2005AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC)emphasize the importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary care that begins with recognition of cardiac arrest and continues after ROSC through hospital discharge and beyond.Key ACLS assessments and interventions provide anS644Circulation November2,2010。

2010年心肺复苏指南(完整版)

2010年心肺复苏指南(完整版)
④按压定位要准确,按压时手指不能用力、手掌不能移位。 ⑤ 按压需均匀、连贯、有节奏地进行,切忌突然急促地撞击。
胸外按压不当可发生:肋骨骨折、胸骨骨折、肋骨及肋软骨脱离、气胸、血胸、肺挫 伤、 肝或脾脏撕裂及脂肪栓塞等并发症。
医务人员基础生命支持
• 胸外按压禁忌症:
严重的胸廓畸形,张力性气胸,多发肋骨骨折,心包填塞,胸 主动脉瘤破裂等,都不适合行胸外按压,以免加重病情,可改用开胸 行胸内心脏按压。
婴儿:约4cm, 至少为胸部厚度的1/3
频率≧ 100次/分 频率≧ 100次/分
e. 环境要求
除非患者处于危险环境或者其创伤需要外科处理,不要搬动患者, 确定环境安全后,实施心外按压; 患者应以仰卧位躺在硬质平面(质的胸外按压
医务人员基础生命支持
高品质的胸外按压注意事项
心脏呼吸骤停的可逆原因
5H 5T
心肺复苏终点的问题
心肺复苏终点的问题
院前基础心肺复苏的终止:
抢救人员开始心肺复苏后,应持续至发生以下情况: 1. 恢复有效的自主循环; 2. 治疗已转交给高级抢救队伍接手 ; 3. 抢救人员由于自身筋疲力尽不能继续复苏、继续复苏
将置抢救人员于非常危险境地时; 4. 发现提示不可逆性死亡的可靠和有效的标准(尸僵、
强调了心肺 复苏术中脑 和神经系统 功能的恢复, 诞生了心肺 脑复苏的新 标准
发展为心肺 复苏学,每 隔5年更新 心肺复苏指 南
心肺复苏急救成人生存链
基础生命支持
高级气道管理 药物治疗 有效监测
高级生命支持
医务人员基础生命支持 高级心血管生命支持 心肺复苏终点的判断
医务人员基础生命支持
如何识别心跳骤停 1. 意识丧失无反应
用阿托品

2010AHA心肺复苏指南解读

2010AHA心肺复苏指南解读
2010(新):胸前捶击不应该用于无目击者的院外
心脏骤停。如果除颤器不是立即可用,则可以考虑为 有目击者、监护下的不稳定型室性心动过速(包括无 脉性室性心动过速)患者进行胸前捶击,但不05(旧):过去未给出建议。
理由:根据部分研究的结果,胸前捶击可以治疗室性心动过速。不过,通过 2 组 数量较多的病例分析发现,在心室颤动病例中进行胸前捶击不能恢复自主循环。 与胸前捶击有关的已报告并发症包括胸骨骨折、骨髓炎、中风以及诱发成人 和儿童的恶性心律失常。胸前捶击不应延误开始心肺复苏或除颤。
成人按压幅度已从4至5厘米 的范围更改为至少5厘米
南京市一院ICU
环状软骨加压
2010(新):不建议为心脏骤停患者常规性地采 用环状软骨加压。 2005(旧):仅在患者深度昏迷时采用环状软骨 加压,而且通常需要除进行人工呼吸或按压以外 的第三名施救者。
理由:环状软骨加压对环状软骨施加压力以向后推动气管,将食管按压到颈椎上。 环状软骨加压可以防止胃胀气,减少气囊面罩通气期间发生回流和误吸的风险, 但这也有可能妨碍通气。 七项随机研究结果表明,环状软骨加压可能会延误或妨碍实施高级气道管理, 而且采用环状软骨加压的情况下仍然有可能发生误吸。 另外,培训施救者正确使用该方法的难度很大。 所以,不建议为心脏骤停患者常规性地采用环状软骨加压。
《2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏 及心血管急救指南》解读
南京市一院ICU 李静
心肺复苏研究内容
复苏学又称为心肺脑复苏(Cardiac Pulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, CPCR),是研究心跳呼 吸骤停后,由于缺血缺氧所造成的机体组织细胞 和器官衰竭的发生机制及其阻断并逆转其发展过 程的方法,目的在于保护脑和心、肺等重要脏器 不致达到不可逆的损伤程度,并尽快恢复自主呼 吸和循环功能。

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

非 专 业 简施 化救 流者 程成 人
BLS
专业施救者成人BLS流程
BLS步骤总结
快速除颤
• 先电击?先C-A-B ?先胸前捶击? • 对于院内心脏骤停、有心电监护的患者, 从VF到电击的时间应<3 min,并且应在等 待除颤器就绪时进行心肺复苏。 • 儿童(1~8岁)首选剂量衰减型AED • 婴儿(<1岁)建议首选手动除颤器 • 电极位置:前-侧(或前-后、前-左肩胛以 及前-右肩胛) • 装有植入式心律转复除颤器者:应避免将 电极片或电极板直接放在植入装置上。
专业与非专业施救者BLS区别
• 非专业施救者成人心肺复苏
• 经过心肺复苏培训者: C-A-B • 未经过心肺复苏培训者,可进行HandsOnly™(单纯胸外按压)的心肺复苏或按照 急救调度的指示操作
• 专业施救者
• 未触摸到脉搏(<10 秒钟):C-A-B并尽早 使用 AED。 • 不建议常规性地采用环状软骨加压。 • 根据最有可能的骤停病因展开施救行动。 • 团体合作。
2010
美国心脏协会(AHA) 心肺复苏及心血管急救
• • • • • 立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统 尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压 快速除颤 有效的高级生命支持 综合的心脏骤停后治疗
立即识别心脏骤停 并启动急救系统
发现患者突然倒地:
• 立即检查:
• 无反应 • 无呼吸或无正常呼吸(即仅有濒死喘息)
电复律与除颤能量
心律失常 室上性心 动过速 室性心动 过速
Af 双相波 单相波 AF 稳定型单型 性 无脉性或多 形性 Vf(成人) Vf(儿童) 双相/单相波 双相波
2005
未确定 100 - 200 J 未建议 未建议 非同步电击

AHA心肺复苏指南更新

AHA心肺复苏指南更新

2.尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压
• 强调胸外按压
• 2005(旧):《2005 AHA心肺复苏及心血管急 救指南》中没有针对经过培训和未经培训的施 救者给出不同建议, 而且未强调为非专业施救 者与医务人员给予不同指导,但已建议调度员 为未经培训的旁观者提供单纯胸外按压心肺复 苏指导。另外,在《2005 AHA心肺复苏及心血 管急救指南》中已注明,如果施救者不愿或无 法提供通气,则施救者应进行单纯胸外按压。 请注意,AHA已经在 2008 年发表了“单纯胸外 按压心肺复苏”这一说法。
2.尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压
• 取消“看、听和感觉呼吸” • 理由:通过采用“首先进行胸外按压”的新 程序,会在成人患者无反应且不呼吸或无 正常呼吸时实施心肺复苏(即,无呼吸或 仅仅是喘息)并开始按压(C-A-B 程序)。 所以,检查是否发生心脏骤停时会同时快 速检查呼吸。进行第一轮胸外按压后, 气 道已开放,施救者会进行 2 次人工呼吸。
1.立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统 • 调度员确认濒死喘息
• 2010(新):为帮助旁观者识别心脏骤停, 调度员应向其询问成人患者的反应,确定患 者是否有呼吸以及呼吸是否正常,以尝试区 分濒死喘息的患者(即需要心肺复苏的患者) 以及可正常呼吸且不需要心肺复苏的患者。 应指导医务人员在患者没有呼吸或不能正常 呼吸(即仅仅是喘息)的情况下开始心肺复 苏。所以,医务人员检查是否发生心脏骤停 时应该快速检查呼吸,然后启动急救系统并 找到 AED(或由其他人员寻找),再(快速) 检查脉搏并开始进行心肺复苏和使用 AED。
1.立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统
• 调度员确认濒死喘息 • 2005(旧):调度员给出的心肺复苏指令 应包括相关问题,帮助旁观者确认偶尔喘 息的患者是否为心脏骤停患者,以提高旁 观者为这类患者实施心肺复苏的可能性。

心肺复苏—2010指南

心肺复苏—2010指南
心肺复苏-2010指南
目的


心脏骤停的常见心电图表现 心肺复苏从何时开始 心肺复苏技术-2次 CABD 心脏骤停后监护
什么是心脏骤停?

Sudden Cardiac Arrest(SCA)
未能估计到的时间内,心脏泵血功能突然停止 脑和全身各脏器血流中断 意识丧失,呼吸停止,甚至猝死 (Sudden Death,SD) 若进行有效的救治,可免于死亡
头后仰


救助者站在病人旁侧 将颈部托起 保持气道呈一直线 颈部外伤病人,可采用抬下颌法
抬下颌


用食指、中指 下颌往上、往前抬高 使舌根抬起 不用拇指往前压得太重,以免口腔内软组织受 压,反而压迫气管
推下颏


双手四指握住两侧下颌关节 拇指推开下颏 使下颌、耳垂连线与水平面垂直 保持头颈部位置固定,不要左右摆动
心脏骤停的心电图改变



室颤(Ventricular fibrillation)/无脉室速 -最多见,较易复苏成功 心事停顿或心室静止(asystole) -无电活动人平直线(a flat line) -仅有房性P波 无脉电活动(Pulseless Electrical Activuty, PEA)
成人BLS-非专业施救者


C-A-B而不是A-B-C 按压≥100次/分 按压≥5cm 有能力时,按30:2按压和人工呼吸
成人BLS-医务人员



快速识别心脏骤停,启动EMS,并找到AED 检查脉搏<10秒 高质量心肺复苏 不建议在通气过程中用环状软骨加压 C-A-B而不是A-B-C 缩短按压-电击时间和电击-按压时间 加强团队心肺复苏
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2010年AHA心肺复苏指南摘要
自世界上第一次发表对心脏骤停患者进行胸外按压后的存活率的相关研究文献以来,整整50年过去了。

然而,院外心跳呼吸骤停的复苏成功率仍旧在一个很低的水平徘徊,在我国尤其如此。

今年2月初,国际复苏联合会(ILCOR)和AHA共同在美国达拉斯洲际酒店举行了2010心肺复苏指南(CPR)暨心血管急救(ECC)国际科学共识推荐会,全世界的医务人员,尤其是急救专业的医务人员对于此次大会是非常关注的。

传达此次大会的精神,将对于减少因心血管病和中风导致的死亡和残疾有重要作用。

2010年指南相对2005年指南的主要问题及更改的总结
在《2010年AHA心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》中,成人基础心肺复苏的主要问题及更改如下:
•强调胸外按压,未经培训的施救者可进行单纯胸外按压的心肺复苏。

单纯胸外按压(仅按压)心肺复苏对于未经培训的施救者更容易实施,而且更便于调度员通过电话进行指导。

另外两项通过目击者或单纯给予胸外心脏按压或仅行人工通气旨在评价复苏结果的研究显示:单纯施行胸外心脏按压的患者存活率明显高于未接受CPR者,而仅行人工通气的患者存活率与未接受CPR者相近。

一系列动物试验也显示在CPR期间早期人工通气可能是不必要的。

其理由如下:
(1)肺脏在正常时含有足够的氧,在呼吸停止后能防止严重的血氧不饱和达30秒左右,在吸入纯氧时,可达数分钟之久。

(2)CPR早期,心输出量及肺血流量均低于正常的1/3,但通气/血流比却维持在正常水平,有着较好的氧交换,
(3)在心搏骤停后早期,即使不通气,单纯胸外心脏按压也足以维持机体基本的通气要
求;
(4)心搏骤停时机体易产生濒死喘息(指机体在没有外部通气情况下的一种自主性复苏反应),它可导致气道内压力的较大变化及声门的快速开启,而且两次气喘间的张力足以维持上呼吸道通畅。

因此,在CPR的最初8min内,通过单纯胸外心脏按压及濒死喘息所产生的潮气量已足以维持动脉血氧分压在正常偏低水平。

•简化了通用成人基础生命支持流程,从流程中去除了“看、听和感觉呼吸”,患者无反应的症状需立即识别并启动急救系统,以及在患者无反应且没有呼吸或不能正常呼吸(即仅仅是喘息)的情况下开始进行心肺复苏。

通过采用“首先进行胸外按压”的新程序,会在成人无反应或无正常呼吸时实施心肺复苏(如上文注明,将在无反应患者“没有呼吸或仅仅是喘息”时指导非专业施救者实施心肺复苏)。

心肺复苏程序从按压开始(C-A-B程序)。

所以,检查是否发生心脏骤停时会快速检查呼吸;进行第一轮胸外按压后,气道已开放,施救者进行2次人工呼吸。

•继续强调高质量的心肺复苏,按压速率更改为每分钟至少100次,成人按压幅度更改为至少5厘米。

复苏期间给予的按压总数是心脏骤停后存活与否的重要决定因素。

给予的按压次数受按压速率和按压比例(进行心肺复苏过程中实施按压的总时间)的共同影响;提高按压速率和该比例将增加给予的按压总数,而降低按压速率或按压比例将减少给予的按压总数。

如果减少按压之间的任何中断的次数和时间长度,则按压比例会提高;而如果胸外按压之间的中断过多或过长,则会降低按压比例。

这与驾车旅行很相似。

在驾车旅行时,一天行驶的里程数不仅受驾驶速度(旅行速度)影响,还受中途停留的次数和时间长度(旅行中的中断)影响。

在心肺复苏过程中,应该以适当速率(至少每分钟100次)和幅度(至少5cm)进行有效按压,同时尽可能减少胸外按压中断的
次数和持续时间。

高质量心肺复苏的其他要求还包括保证每次按压后胸廓回弹和避免过度通气。

•更改了单人施救者的建议程序,即先开始胸外按压,然后进行人工呼吸(C-A-B 而不是A-B-C)。

单人施救者应首先从进行30次按压开始心肺复苏,而不是进行2次通气,这是为了避免延误首次按压。

虽然尚无人体或动物实验研究证据证明实施心肺复苏时先进行30次按压而不是2次通气可以提高存活率,但胸外按压可以为心脏和大脑提供重要血流,而且对院外成人心脏骤停的研究表明,如果有旁观者尝试进行胸外按压,比较不进行胸外按压,可以提高存活率。

动物实验证明,延误或中断胸外按压会降低存活率,所以在整个复苏过程中应尽可能避免延误或中断。

胸外按压几乎可以立即开始,而摆好头部位置并尽可能密封以进行口对口或气囊面罩人工呼吸的过程则需要一定时间。

如果有两名施救者在场,可以减少开始按压的延误:第一名施救者开始胸外按压,第二名施救者开放气道并准备好在第一名施救者完成第一轮30次胸外按压后立即进行人工呼吸。

无论有一名还是多名施救者在场,从胸外按压开始心肺复苏都可以确保患者尽早得到这一关键处理,同时,应尽可能缩短人工呼吸的延误。

•继续强调需要缩短从最后一次按压到给予电击之间的时间,以及给予电击到电击后立即恢复按压之间的时间。

2010版电复律的主要问题及更改如下:
•AED电极位置改变:前-侧电极位置是合适的默认电极片位置。

可以根据个别患者的特征,考虑使用任意三个替代电极片位置(前-后、前-左肩胛以及前-右肩胛)。

将AED电极片贴到患者裸露的胸部上任意四个电极片位置中的一个都可以进行除颤。

•对于装有植入式心律转复除颤器患者进行体外除颤,强调放置电极片或电极板位置不要导致除颤延迟。

只提出应该避免将电极片或电极板直接放在植入装置上(2005
版建议放置的电极片应距离该设备至少2.5cm)。

•同步电复律适应症及剂量改变:增加了成人稳定型单型性室性心动过速的同步电复律适应症。

此项属于编写组专家共识,没有足够的证据可用于为单型性室性心动过速给出建议的双相波剂量。

不过专家组认为在《2010美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》中增加单型性室性心动过速电复律的双相波剂量建议值会有帮助,但希望强调将多形性室性心动过速作为不稳定的骤停心律治疗。

•胸前捶击不应该用于无目击者的院外心脏骤停。

根据部分研究的结果,胸前捶击可以治疗室性心动过速。

不过,通过2组数量较多的病例分析发现,在心室颤动病例中进行胸前捶击不能恢复自主循环。

与胸前捶击有关的已报告并发症包括胸骨骨折、骨髓炎、中风以及诱发成人和儿童的恶性心律失常。

胸前捶击不应延误开始心肺复苏或除颤。

2010版心血管病高级生命支持(ACLS)中的主要更改如下:
•建议进行二氧化碳波形图定量分析,以确认并监测气管插管位置和心肺复苏质量。

持续二氧化碳波形图是确认和监测气管插管位置是否正确的最可靠方法。

虽然可选择其他确认气管插管位置的方法,但其可靠性都无法与持续二氧化碳波形图相比。

由于患者气管插管在转移过程中移位的风险日益增加,操作者应在通气时观察连续的二氧化碳波形,以确认和监测气管插管的位置。

由于血液必须通过肺部循环,二氧化碳才能被呼出并对其进行测量,所以二氧化碳图也可以用作胸外按压有效性的生理指标并用于检测是否恢复自主循环。

•简化了传统心脏骤停流程,并提出了替代的环形流程以强调高质量心肺复苏的重要性。

•不强调装置、药物和其他操作
两版高级生命支持流程都使用简单格式,主要探讨对结果会产生最大影响的干预。

为此,已改为强调为心室颤动/无脉性室性心动过速实施高质量的心肺复苏和早期除颤。

虽然仍然建议采取血管通路、给药以及高级气道置入等措施,但这些操作不应导致胸外按压明显中断,也不应延误电击。

•不再建议在治疗无脉性心电活动(PEA)/心搏停止时常规性地使用阿托品。

现有证据表明,在无脉性心电活动或心搏停止期间常规性地使用阿托品对治疗并无好处。

为此,已从心脏骤停流程中去除阿托品。

•建议输注增强节律药物,作为有症状的不稳定型心动过缓进行起搏的替代方法之一。

•建议使用腺苷,因为它不但安全,而且在未分化的、规则的、单型性、宽QRS波
群心动过速的早期处理中,对于治疗和诊断都有帮助。

但腺苷不得用于非规则宽QRS 波群心动过速,因为它会导致心律变成室颤。

•恢复自主循环后,在重症监护病房应继续进行系统的心脏骤停后治疗,同时由专家对患者进行多学科治疗并对其神经系统和生理状态进行评估。

这通常包括使用低温治疗。

2005年以来,两项使用同步对照组的非随机研究以及使用历史性对照的其他研究显示,在发生院内心脏骤停和院外心脏骤停并出现无脉性心电活动/心搏停止后,进行低温治疗存在一定优势。

程序化心脏骤停后治疗强调采用多学科的程序,主要包括优化血流动力、神经系统和代谢功能(包括低温治疗),可能能够提高在发生院内或院外心脏骤停后已恢复自主循环的患者的出院存活率。

虽然还无法确定上述集束化多项治疗的单独疗效,但通过将这些治疗组合为一个整体系统,则可以达到提高出院存活率的目的。

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