英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况总结资料全
Unit1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕2.The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngla nd London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化〞3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derivesfrom this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕, drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况笔记(全)
Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ire landp3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?2 tell3 geographical names of the UK3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britainp4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 19312 the Commonwealth3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east5 the English Channelp5 1 Chunnel2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to itswest and Scotland to its north.4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowlandp6 1 the Pennines2 tell the3 natural zones in Scotland3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River2 Thames Riverp8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Irelandp9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climatep11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population2 Britain has a population of 57,411,0003 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per squarekilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxonsinvaded and conquered Britain.13 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that theEnglish people and the English language were born.p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England andnorthern England2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English3 Cockney4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britonsp14 1 Eisteddfodau2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of theRomans.p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion3 Julius Caesar4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupationp19 1 Hadrian’s Wall2 Antonine Wall3 York had been created as a northern strongholdp20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 3062 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?p21 1 Angles2 seven principal kingdoms3 Heptarchy4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britainp22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.22 St. Augustine3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?p23 1 Witan2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan4 Alfred5 the Danelaw6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”7 Alfred the Greatp24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building ofWestminster Abbey than with affairs of state.p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishopof Yorkp26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.2 William the Conqueror3 the Norman Conquest4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles5 Who were the Vikings?6 What do you know about St Augustine?p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeinsor serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the GrandCouncil of his new tenants in chiefp28 1 Domesday Book2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of Englandmade in 1085p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of thecustoms of the manor.p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into3collision with Thomas Becket3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164p32 Geoffrey Chaucerp33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?2 the Baron’s charter3 Magna Carta4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the GreatCharter on June 19, 12155 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carryout the Great Charterp34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the lossof the whole of Poitou.3 Simon de Montfort4 Provisions of Oxford5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—14532 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?3 Battle of Argencourt4 Joan de Arc5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of theEnglish.6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?p37 1 Black Death2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was aterrible shortage of labour.3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute ofLabourersp38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?2 the Peasant Uprising3 the Lollardsp39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death byKing Richard.p40 1 Wars of the Roses42 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,theHouse of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Warsof the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinarypeople were little affected.p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII3 Henry VIIIp43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?p44 Bloody Maryp45 1 Elizabeth I2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s tieswith Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policyp47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,covering the years c1350-c16502 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accessionof the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.p49 1 Christopher Marlowe2 Ben Jonson3 William Shakespearep50 1 Edmund Spenser2 Francis Baconp51 1 Gunpowder Plot2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed fromPlymouth in the Mayflower.2 Charles I was the son of James I3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.5p53 Petition of Rightp55 1 Cavaliers2 Roundheadsp56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution3 Puritan Revolutionp57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England2 the “Rump”p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against thePuritans, now known as Nonconformistsp59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?2 Give a brief account of Henry VIIp62 1 the Whigs2 the Tories3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as“Utilitarianism”p65 1 Enclosure Acts2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep andhorses by Robert Bakewell3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?2 John Kay’s flying shuttle63 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny4 James Wattp69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshopof the world”2 “workshop of the world”3 Luddites4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a centuryp70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?p71 1 a People’s Charter in 18382 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?p74 Trade Union Act of 1871p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 15833 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.4 1763 Treaty of Parisp79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’spopulation and areap81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of25.2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nationsp82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.p83 Winston Churchillp84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastenedthe end of Britain’s empire2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back topower in 1951.p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity.p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party72 Thatcherismp87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemonybut also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%3 British diseasep89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capitaincome third in the world3 John M. Keynesp90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growthrate and the highest inflation.2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomescontrol and state interventionism.(排除型选择)p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developedin the West Midlands and South-East of England2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growthp99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of theland area.2 agribusinessp100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultryof pigs.2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.82 nation of shopkeepers3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?p104 1 the City of London2 Lloyd’sp105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?3 What are new industries in England?4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?p106 1 constitutional monarchy2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions(排除型选择)4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the9th century.p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, shecame to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nationp110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellorp112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651 Members of Parliament2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals4 Black Rodp114 shadow cabinetp115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Ministerp116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits inthe House of Commons, receives £ 78,292.p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime9Minister2 the Privy Council3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord Presidentp118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Servicep121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?2 What does the Cabinet consist of?3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?4 What is the function of the House of Lords?5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?8 How often does a general election take place?9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.p123 1 criminal law2 civil lawp124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independentlyreviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecutep125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences2 either way3 in 1994 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminalcases.3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotlandp127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the CrownCourt, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are CountyCourts of which there are 2702 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have thepower to sit in the county courtp129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the HomeSecretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)10p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the LordChancellor2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the HomeSecretary.p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more thansix month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracyp132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a youngoffender institution3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?5 What is the jury’s job?6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?7 How many police forces are there in the UK?8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.p134 1 welfare state2 NHS3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts ofParliament.p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded outof general taxation.2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations withfamily doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.p138 NHS service(排除型选择)p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around7% live in communal establishments.p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social securityprogramme2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)113 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a stateretirement pension.p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly fromtheir employer for a maximum of 18 weeksp144 war pensionsp145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.p146 Church of Englandp147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterianp148 1 the Methodist Church2 the Baptists3 the United Reformed Church4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restoredin 18505 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)2 Hogmanayp153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday----Armistice Day2 Boxing Dayp154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and fourin Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools2 eleven-plusp157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attendcomprehensive schools2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)3 sixth-form college4 Teriary college5 publish school(in the UK)12p158 there are some 90 universities in the UKp159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?2 quality dailies(排除型选择)3 quality papersp162 1 the Economist2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providingregular television broadcasts since 1936.p165 Reutersp166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly takepart in sport or exercise2 football is the most popular sport in England3 Cricket is the most typical English of sportsp171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museumsand art galleries open to the public.p172 the Beatlesp173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the operap176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the EdinburghInternational Festival of Music and Drama2 BFIp177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?4 How is the BBC financed?5 list some most important journals in the UK.6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?137 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Irelandp181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the LiffeyRiver at its confluence with the Dodder River.4 Ireland has been compared to a basinp182 Shannon Riverp183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry yearIs estimated at 25%P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population declinep187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and Englishp188 1Catholicism2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Irelandp189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16105 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?P190 1 IRA2 Easter Uprising3 Anglo-Irish Treaty4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World WarII to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.P191 foreign policy of IrelandP192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiatea peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland142 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 19793 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries4 What is the largest river in Ireland?5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?P193 1 president of Ireland2 taoiseachP194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliamentP195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislationand the 1937 Constitutionp196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael2Sinn Fein3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the Britishin 19214Anglo-Irish Treatyp197 Fine Gaelp198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sectorp201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europep202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin BroadcastingStation2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.3 James Joycep206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.2Ulysses3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?155 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy6 List Ireland’s main industries7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of Americap209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada toits north.2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.4 the United States has an ideal location for trade5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the worldp210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as theContinental Divide.2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one ofthe world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi3Mississippi4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians5Missouri6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joinsthe Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois8 father of waters9 old man riverp212 1 American Ruhr2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulfof Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)4 Great Lakes5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the worldp213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.3 What factors influence the climate of US?4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the16country(New England)p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climatewith warm, dry summers and moist winters.3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.Washington and New York are located herep217 1 Chicago2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians2 the Great Plains3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.4 Yellowstone National Park5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?p220 1 the Grand Canyon2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressivesight.p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People andis the site of New Mexico’s state university.2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the worldp225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independenceuntil the 1960s.2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.17。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, andall the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结Full name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandOthers names: The United Kingdom /The UK/Britain/The Great Britain/The British Lion/England/The British IslesBritish Isles: 范围最大，包含了大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛及其附近的许多小岛U K : Includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandGreat Britain: Includes only England, Scotland and WalesArea : 242,514 square kilometers (93,635square miles) Population: about 60,587,300National capital: LondonNational Flag: The Union JackNational Anthem: God Save the Queen/KingComponents:England:1.The largest and the most populated country of UK. It occupies more thanhalf the island of Great Britain.2.Area: 130,281 square kilometers (53.7 percent)3. Population: 50,762,900(83.8 percent) 401 people per square kilo4. Capital: London (the seat of government, center of business, the heart of artsand culture, dominates England just like England dominates TheUK)Scotland:1.The second largest of the four nations both in area and population .no longerhas a separate legislature and executive, and its economy is integrated intothat of the rest of Britain. But it does have a separate administration,different legal and educational systems as well as its Presbyterian nationalchurch. Above all it has retained much of its distinct cultural identity.2.area: 77,925 square kilometers(32.1 percent)3.population: 5,116,900 (8.4persent) 65 people per square kilo4.capital: Edinburgh (on the east cost represent the capital of theregion)5.the l argest city is Glasgow (In the west)Wales:1. A peninsular jutting from England into the Irish Sea, and is the smallestamong the three nations on the island of Britain. And has been dominated byEngland for longer period than the other three nations since its officiallyunion with England in 1536(actually England has ruled Wales in 1343 butnot officially recognized)2.area: 20732 square kilometers (8.5percent)3.population: 2,965,900(4.9persent) 142 people per square kilo4.capital: Cardiff (southern Wales) serving as an important seaport andindustrial center5.Wales retained a unique cultural social and economic development,notably its national language, Welsh, and a devolved Welsh Assembly Northern Ireland:1.Often referred to as the province of Ulster, is part of the island Ireland locatedin its northeast corner. And is the smallest both in area and population among the four nations of the UK.2.area: 13,576square kilometers (5.7 percent of the UK and one six of the islandof Ireland )3.population：1,741,600（2.9 percent）4.capital:Belfast (a seaport on the east cost , is a center of shipbuilding andlinen textiles and it created the Titanic)5.。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况谢福之知识点总结
英语国家概况谢福之知识点总结1. 英国- 首都：伦敦- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：议会制共和国，国家元首为女王伊丽莎白二世。
- 经济：服务业占主导地位，金融业、旅游业、创意产业等具有重要地位。
- 文化：莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、简·奥斯汀等著名文学家。
多元化的音乐文化，有古典音乐、流行音乐、摇滚乐等。
2. 美国- 首都：华盛顿特区- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：总统制联邦共和国，总统为国家元首。
- 经济：产业多样化，有农业、工业、服务业等。
世界上最大的经济体之一。
- 文化：好莱坞电影、美国文学、音乐、时尚等具有世界影响力。
3. 澳大利亚- 首都：堪培拉- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：议会制联邦制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。
- 经济：服务业是主要产业，同时还有矿业、农业、制造业等。
- 文化：澳大利亚文学、电影、音乐、美食等具有独特风格。
4. 加拿大- 首都：渥太华- 官方语言：英语、法语- 政治制度：议会制联邦制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。
- 经济：移民国家，有制造业、自然资源开发、服务业等产业。
- 文化：加拿大文学、电影、音乐、美食等具有多元化和包容性。
5. 新西兰- 首都：惠灵顿- 官方语言：英语、毛利语- 政治制度：议会制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。
- 经济：服务业占主导地位，同时还有农业、林业、制造业等产业。
- 文化：毛利文化、新西兰电影、音乐、户外活动等具有独特特色。
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
(完整版)英语国家概况重要知识点
What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?~The British Isles, Great Britain and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country, while the official name is the United Kingdom, but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Describe the geographical position of Britain.~Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?~The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.Does Britain have a favourable climate? Why? Yes, it bas a favourable climate. Because it has a maritime type of climate—winter is mild, not too cold, and summer is cool, not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature, too. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?~The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three: (1) The surroundingwaters balance the seasonaldifferences by heating upthe land in winter andcooling it off in summer; (2)The prevailing southwestwinds bring warm and wetair in winter and keep thetemperatures moderate; (3)The North Atlantic Drift, awarm current, passes thewestern coast of the BritishIsles and warms them.The northwestern parthas the most rainfall, whilethe southeastern corner isthe driest.Describe the distributionof Britain’s population.~Britain has a population ofabout 57 million. It isdensely populated, with anaverage of 237 people persquare kilometer. It is alsovery unevenly distributed,with 90% of the populationin urban areas, 10% in ruralareas. Geographically, mostBritish people live inEngland. Of the total of 57million people, 47 millionlive in England, 14millionlive in London andsoutheastern England.What are the threenatural zones in Scotland?~The three natural zones inScotland are: the Highlandsin the north, the centralLowlands and the southernuplands.What is the differencebetween the ancestors ofthe English and Scots,Welsh and Irish?~The ancestors of theEnglish are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots, Welsh andIrish are Celts.What are the differencesin character and wpeechbetween southernEngland and northernEngland? How do theWelsh keep their languageand culture alive?~The English have manydifferences in regionalspeech. The chief divisionis between southernEngland and northernEngland. Generallyspeaking southerners speakthe type of English closer toBBC English. They do nothave a special accentexcept the Cockneys fromthe East End of London.However, the northernerspeak broader English thansoutherners, and often leaveout the article “the” and thepossessive adjectives “my”,“your”, “their”, etc.The Welsh areemotional and cheerfulpeople, They are musiclovers and are proud oftheir past. Throughout theyear thy hold competitionsin Welsh poetry, music,singing and art, and in thisway they keep the WelshLanguage and Welshculture alive.What is the main problemin Northern Ireland?~Hundreds of years agoScots and EnglishProtestants were sent to livein Northern Ireland. Sincethen there has been bitterfighting between theProtestants and the RomanCatholics. The former arethe dominant group, whilethe latter are seeking moresocial, political andeconomic opportunities.The British Governmentand Government of Irelandare now working togetherto bring peace to NorthernIreland.What do you know aboutthe Roman invasion ofBritain?~In 55BC and 54BC, JuliusCaesar, a Roman general,invaded Britain twice. InAD 43, the EmperorClaudius invaded Britainsuccessfully. For nearly 400years Britain was under theRoman occupation, thoughit was never a totaloccupation. Britishrecorded history beginswith the Roman invasion.Why was the Romaninfluence on Britain solimited?~Britain was under theRoman occupation fornearly 400 years. TheRoman built many towns,roads, temples andbuildings. They alsobrought the new religion,Christianity to Britain.However，although Britainbecame part of the RomanEmpire, Roman influenceupon Britons was verylimited. The Roman treatedthe Britons as a subjectpeople of slave class. Theynever intermarried. TheRomans had no influenceon the language or cultureof ordinary Britons.Who were theAnglo-Saxons and howdid the heptarchy comeinto being?~The Anglo-Saxonsreferred to the threeTeutonic tribes whoinvaded Britain in themid-5th century. They wereJutes, Saxons and Angles.In the 7th century, theAnglo-Saxons invadedBritain and three tribessettled in different parts ofBritain which was dividedin many small kingdoms.Among them, there wereseven principal kingdomsof Kent, Essex, Sussex,Wessex, East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbriahave been given the nameof Heptachy.How were the earlyAnglo-saxons convertedto Christianity?~The Anglo-Saxonsbrought their own Teutonicreligion to Britain whenthey invaded Britain, andChristianity was only afringe belief. So, in 579,Pope Gregory I sent StAugustine to England toconvert the heathen Englishto Christianity. Augustinewas very successful inconverting the king and thenobility, and became thefirst Archbishop ofCanterbury. But theconversion of the commonpeople was largely due tothe missionary activities ofthe monks in the north.Many small monasteriessprang up throughout thecountry.What contributions didthe early Anglo-Saxonsmake to the English state?~Though the Anglo-Saxonswere brutal people, theylaid the foundations of theEnglish state. Firstly, themodern names of“England”and “English”derived from the Angles.Secondly, they divided thecountry into shires, withshire courts and shirereeves, or sheriffs,responsible foradministering law. Thirdly,they devised thenarrow-strip, three-fieldfarming system whichcontinued to the 18thcentury. Fourthly, they alsoestablished the manorialsystem, whereby the lord ofthe manor collected taxesand organized the localarmy. Finally, they createdthe Witan to advise the king,the basis of the PrivyCouncil which still existstoday.Who were Vikings andhow did thry invadeBritain?~The Vikings were theNorwegians and the Danesfrom Denmark. Theyattacked various partsofEngland from the end of the8th century. They became aserious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. they even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in867. they gained control of the north and east of England(“the Danelaw”).What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?~Alfred was the king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached an agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while Alfred ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”as he founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea, to protect the coasts and to encourage trade. He reorganized the Saxon army to make it more efficient. He even translated Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People”from Latin to English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this made him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?~It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning theNorman Conquest ofEngland.What were theconsequences of theNorman Conquest?~The Norman Conquest of1066 is one of the bestknown events in Englishhistory. It brought aboutmany consequences.William confiscatedalmost all the land and gaveit to his Norman followers.He replaced the weakSaxon rule with a strongNorman government. Sothe feudal system wascompletely established inEngland. Relations with theContinent were opened, andcivilization and commercewere extended.Norman-French culture,language, manners, andarchitecture were beenintroduced. The church wasbrought into closerconnection with Rome, andthe church courts wereseparated from the civilcourts.Why do we say that theEnglish nation is amixture of nationalities ofdifferent origins?~The population of Britainis made up of the English,the Scottish, the Welsh, theIrish, the Northern Irish andother peoples. Theformation is complicatedbecause England wasinvaded by different racesat various times fromEurope.Besides the earlysettlers, the Iberians and theCelts, including Gaels andBritons, Roman occupiedBritain for nearly 400 yearsafter 55BC. Then theinvasions of Anglo-Saxonshelped to form English raceand language and laid thefoundation of the Englishstate. After that, were theinvasions of the Vikingsand Danes. Finally, in 1066,William of Normandyinvaded England and beganthe age of the NormanConquest which resulted ingreat French influence.Therefore, manydifferent peoples ofdifferent origins are livingin Britain. That’s the reasonwhy we say English nationis a mixture of nationalitiesof different origins.What was feudalism likein England under the ruleof William theConqueror？~Under the rule of William,the Conqueror, the feudalsystem in England wascompletely established.According to this system,the king owned all the landpersonally. William gavehis barons large estates inreturn for military servicesand a proportion of theland’s produce. Theseestates were scattered allover the country so that thebarons could not easilycombine to rebel the king.Then, the barons parceledout land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen, alsoin return for goods andservices. At the bottom ofthe feudal scale were theserfs. One peculiar featureof the feudal system ofEngland was that alllandowners must take theoath of allegiance not onlyto their immediate lord, butalso to the king.How did King Henry IIconsolidate monarchy?~Henry II took somemeasures to consolidate themonarchy. He forced theFlemish mercenaries toleave England; recalledgrants of Royal lands madeby Stephen; demolishedscores of castles built inStephen’s time;strengthened and widenedthe powers of his sheriffsand relied for armedsupport upon a militiacomposed of Englishfreemen.How did King Henry IIreform the courts and thelaw?~Henry II greatlystrengthened the king’scourt and extended itsjudicial work. He dividedthe country into six circuitsand appointed itinerantjustices who apply the lawimpartially.In Henry II’s reign, acommon law wasestablished which overrodelocal law and private lawand was common to thewhole people.The jury systemreplaced old Englishordeals and old Normantrials. At that time, a jurywas composed of 12 menand the jurors function wasto act as witnesses, not tohear evidences and giveverdict.As part of his legalreforms, Henry II insistedthat all clergymen chargedwith criminal offences betried in the king’s courtinstead of in the Bishop’scourts.What was the quarrelbetween King Henry IIand Thomas Becket?~As part of his legalreforms, Henry II wished toreform certain abuses inchurch government andinsisted that all。
自考英语国家概况汇总版有效
Chapter 1 Land and People一、本章知识点1.重点：重点： ① Different names for Britain and its parts 2.难点、考点：难点、考点： ① Britain‘s official name ② British Commonwealth 三、课本内容（一）Different names for Britain and its parts Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names. 1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands. （see map of UK ） The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. 2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom isthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. （UK ） capital: London The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国爱尔兰共和国 has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin . 3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales . England is the largest, most . England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―Englandǁ and ―Englishǁ when they mean ―Britainǁ and ―Britishǁ. 4. The British Empire 大英帝国: one fourth of th e world‘s people a nd and one fourth of the world‘s land area.5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）Others Geographical Features 1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France . （p.4）T aiwan Strait ：台湾海峡：台湾海峡2. ―Chunnel ǁ: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult 3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis , 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）The longest river: t he Severn River the Severn River （338 km ）The second largest and most important river: the Thames River （336 km ） （p.7）4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）5. The English are Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts 凯尔特人. （p.12） 四、总结 ① Britain‘s official nam e ② British Commonwealth Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts ② Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons ③ The Viking and Danish invasions ④ King Alfred and his contributions ⑤ The Norman Conquest and its consequences 2.难点、考点：① the Anglo-Saxons: Heptarchy 七王国; foundation of the English state ② King Alfred ③ Norman Conquest 三、课本内容（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts （p.17）1. began to arrive about 700 BC2. originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany3. three main waves ——————11st . Gaels 盖尔人, about 600 BC; 2nd . Brythons 布列吞人, 400 BC, （Britain ）; 3rd . Belgae 比利其人, 150 BC, （Belgium ）. Gaelic ：盖尔语：盖尔语4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. 5. Religion: D ruidism Druidism : The C elts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of Celts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of the moon. 6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410） p.18: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion . For nearly . For nearly 400400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. The Roman capital was London （Londinium ）. （二）Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes: Jutes 朱特人 （from southern Denmark ）, Saxons , and Angles （both from northern Germany ）; Angles were to give their name to the English people.2. ★Heptarchy 七王国————seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Marcia and Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy ：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes 部落部落 were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 3. In 829, Egbert 伯特became an overlord of all the English. 4. T eutonic 日耳曼人的日耳曼人的 religion: Tiu religion: Tiu——war, Woden war, Woden——heaven, Thor —Storms, Freya —Peace 5. St. Augustine 奥古斯丁—— the first Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主坎特伯雷大教主6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state : divide the country into shires （郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip, three-field farming system （三田轮作）; manorial 庄园庄园 system; Witan （议会） （council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人会议）, the basis of the Privy Council 枢密院枢密院 which still exists today. （三）The Viking and Danish invasions （p.23-24）1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海盗和丹麦人挪威海盗和丹麦人2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw ǁ（丹麦法区）, the north and east of England. 3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire.（四）King Alfred and his contributions 1. King of Wessex （871-899） （抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2. ★his contributions : ―the father of the British navy ǁ; reorganized the f yrd fyrd 英国民兵英国民兵 （the Saxon army）; translated into English Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English People ; established schools and formulated a legal system. 3. ―Alfred the Greatǁ（五）The Norman Conquest and its consequences （p.24-25）1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor ǁ, was far more Norman than Sax on 心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国). 2. 4 men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two brothers of Edward‘s Queen ）; 4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟 3. Oct. 14, 10661066, Hastings, A nglo-Saxon England perished Anglo-Saxon England perished w ith Harold‘s death.with Harold‘s death.因为因为Harold 的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败英国被诺曼人打败4. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day. 5. William the Conqueror: the best-known event in English history; the feudal system was completely established.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度. 四、总结: 历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：Celts, （Romans ） Anglo-Saxons, Viking/Dales, and Normans Chapter 3 the shaping of the nation1066-1381本章知识点本章知识点1重点: : 1 1 1 England‘s England‘s England‘s feudalism feudalism feudalism under under under the the the rule rule rule of William of William the the Conqueror Conqueror Conqueror; ; ; 2 2 2 Contents Contents Contents and and and the the the significance significance significance of of of the the the Great Charter; 3 Great Charter; 3 Origins Origins of of of the the the English English English Parliament; Parliament; Parliament; 4 4 4 The The The Hundred Hundred Hundred Years‘ War Years‘ War with with France France France and and and its consequences its consequences ; ; 5 5 5 Consequences of Consequences of the the Black Black Death; 2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter; English Parliament; 3课本内容课本内容i. i. England‘s feudalism under t England‘s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned the land personally. William gave his barons 男爵男爵 large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‘s produce.The barons parceled out 分配分配分配 land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. ★Class structure 等级结构: the king ; barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villains\serfs (补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词for the king: ―we who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accep accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁt you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁ国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.) 2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council (大会议) William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned. 3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书) In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day. 注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence. 4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years. Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years. In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over -rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another. The The common common common law law law is is is the the the unwritten unwritten unwritten law law law common common common to to to the the the whole whole whole people people people as as as distinct distinct distinct from from from law law law governing governing governing only only only sections sections sections of of of it, it, it, and and and is is ―case -madeǁ, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom. In Henry‘s day the jury system -whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle. ii. contents and the significance of the Great charter 1. Crusades (十字军东征十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215. 2. Magna Carta, 1215 The The barons‘ charter, barons‘ charter, or or Magna Magna Magna Carta Carta Carta as as as it came it came to to be known, be known, was was presented presented presented by by by a a a delegation delegation delegation of of of their their their class class class to to to the the the king king king and and and his his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor. 3. contents -63 -63 clauses: clauses: clauses: No No No tax tax tax should should should be be be made made made without without without the the the approval approval approval of of of the the the Grand Grand Grand Council; Council; Council; no no no freeman freeman freeman should should should be be be arrested, arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; elections; London London London and and and other other other towns towns towns should should should retain retain retain their their their ancient ancient ancient rights rights rights and and and privileges, privileges, privileges, and and and there there there should should should be be be the the the same same same weights weights weights and and measures throughout the country. Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 4. significance : regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king iii. o rigins of the English Parliament 1. king John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled. King john defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled. 2. provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act. A civil war broke out between the king‘s support ers, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner. 3. ★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses (citizens) from each town.The Great Council developed later into the lords and the Commons known as parliament. 3. Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice. At this point parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. 4. under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was conquered (1277-1284) and came under the English Crown. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. iv. t he hundred years‘ war with France and its consequences1. the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453. 2. the causes: partly territorial and partly economic 3. Edward III declared war. When Edward III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war. 4. England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德) After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France. 5. By 1453, only Calais By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. 6. a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity. The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth wealth of of of France France France would would would certainly certainly certainly have have have hindered hindered hindered the the the development development development of of of a a a separate separate separate English English English national national national identity, identity, identity, while while while French French French national national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. V. consequences of the Black Death 1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350. 2. It killed between one half and one third of the population, reduced England‘s population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century. 3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages. The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages. IV . 总结: William the Conqueror and feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power: Great Charter and Parliament ; the Hundred Years‘ war; Black Death Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. 本章知识点本章知识点1. 重点: the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the English reformation; Elizabeth I and Parliament; Elizabeth‘ Elizabeth‘ s s s religious religious religious reform reform reform and and and her her her foreign foreign foreign police; police; police; Distinctive Distinctive Distinctive features features features of of of the the the English English English renaissance; renaissance; renaissance; The The The Civil Civil Civil Wars Wars Wars and and and their their consequences; The commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The restoration and the Glorious Revolution; 2. 难点\考点: the English reformation; Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The restoration; The Glorious revolution; III. 课本内容课本内容一 the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses 1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity; the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose ) between 1455 and 1485. This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. 2. the name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott. The name wars of the roses was ,in fact ,coined by the great 19th century novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and that of York, symbolized by the white. 3. the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged. 4. the last last battle battle battle was was was fought fought fought between between between Richard Richard Richard III III III and and and Henry Henry Henry Tudor Tudor Tudor in in in 1485. 1485. 1485. Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, after after after his his his victory victory victory ,married ,married ,married Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth of of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of the roses was fought between Richard III and another another claimant claimant claimant to to to the the the throne, throne, throne, Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, part-welsh part-welsh part-welsh grandson grandson grandson of of of Owen Owen Owen Tudor Tudor Tudor and and and descendant descendant descendant of of of John John John of of of Gaunt, Gaunt, Gaunt, Duke Duke Duke of of Lancaster. Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. 5. Consequences: Consequences: feudalism feudalism feudalism received received received its its its death death death blow; blow; blow; the the the nobility nobility nobility was was was much much much weakened weakened weakened and and and discredited; discredited; discredited; the the the king‘s king‘s king‘s power power power now now became supreme. Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business business as as as usual. usual. usual. From From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power now became supreme.6. parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon. 二 Henry VIII and the English reformation 1. 6wives, divorced 2and executed 2 Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. 2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money. 3. purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.4. two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535 The power of the mon arch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before. Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology. 5. real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time . People call this ―the reformationǁ ---the switch to protestant theology.6. Mary Tudor, ―bloody Maryǁ: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais. 7. Elizabeth I, a protestant queen The reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since. 三 Elizabeth I and Parliament 1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single. Elizabeth‘s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle. 2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestant Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform. 3. avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约) besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court. 4. but often turbulent.(动荡不安) Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 四 Elizabeth‘s Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy religious reform and her foreign policy 1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but op inion should be left freeǁ. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to b oth the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics. 2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict. For For nearly nearly nearly 30 30 30 years years years Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth successfully successfully successfully played played played off off off against against against each each each other other other the the the two two two great great great catholic catholic catholic powers, powers, powers, France France France and and and Spain, Spain, Spain, and and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict. 3. the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588 showed England‘s superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country. 五 distinctive features of the English renaissance 1. renaissance ---t he revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European historythe revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history ; the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650; it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual. 2. in England, beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor in 1485. In England, the renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 3. 5 characteristics: English English culture culture culture was was was revitalized revitalized revitalized mainly mainly mainly by by by contemporary contemporary contemporary Europeans; Europeans; Europeans; insular insular insular country; country; country; native native native literature literature literature (14(14thcentury poet Chaucer) ;English renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the reformation. 4. the English renaissance was largely literary –Elizabethan drama 5. William Shakespeare 莎士比亚莎士比亚 is the greatest writer in the English language. 注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes Day; 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kingsǁ(君权神授) Puritanism 清教; simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian 平等平等 attitude. 1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the 2nd Magna Carta. 六 the civil wars and their consequences 1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament from southeast England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king , while the parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the supporters of parliament were called Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their short haircuts. 2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁骑军), new Model Army. Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsidesǁ cavalry regiment at Marston Moor.Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the new model army. 3. second civil war, 1648 Charles was tried by a high court of justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. 4. Charles was executed (beheaded) on a scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇宫)on Jan 30, 1649. 5. also called the puritan revolution the English civil war is also called the puritan revolution ,because the king‘s opponents were mainly puritan, and his suppor ters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic. 6. as a conflict between the parliament and the king , but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the crown. 7. it not only overthrew feudal system in England , but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. 8. as the beginning of modern world history. 七 the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell 1. 1. Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump rump ((残余国会) ) declared declared declared England England a a commonwealth. commonwealth. commonwealth. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump –members of the long parliament who had voted for Charles‘s execution declared England a commonwealt h. 2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均派) One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the levelers. 3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth of England. He became Lord protector of the commonwealth of England. 4. direct military rule –tyrant; tough control of the nation‘s morals八 the restoration and the Glorious revolution 1. the re storation : the parliament asked the late king‘s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685). 2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不信奉英国国教者) 3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资格审查法> excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind; the disabling act <无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in either house of parliament . 4. John Bunyan-P ilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton Pilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton -paradise lost -paradise lost 5. the glorious revolution : the English politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and appealed to a protestant king , William of Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James‘s daughter. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed.6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise: excluding any roman catholic from the succession; confirmed the principle of parliamentary 。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。
英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。
这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。
本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。
1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。
其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。
2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。
在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。
3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。
这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。
4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。
英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。
美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。
澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。
5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。
英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。
这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。
6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。
它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。
掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。
7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。
在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。
英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。
了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。
掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。
英语国家概况_0
英语国家概况篇一：英语国家概况完整篇复习重点英语国家概况chapter1Landandpeople第一章英国的国土与人民I.Differentnamesforbritainanditsparts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.geographicalnames:thebritishIsles,greatbritainandengland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.officialname:theunitedKingdomofgreatbritainandnorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.ThebritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-greatbritain(thelargerone)a ndIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Threepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofgreatbritain:england,scotlandandwa les.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1)englandisinthesouthernpartofgreatbritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopulousse ction.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2)scotlandisinthenorthofgreatbritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(thehighlands inthenorth;thecentrallowlands;thesouthuplands)capital:edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。
首府：爱丁堡。
(3)walesisinthewestofgreatbritain.capital:cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版
英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
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英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
12. Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the Thames Rivers on the east coast all face the North Sea ports on the European continent.除此以外，东海岸的邓恩河，泰河，迪斯河和泰晤士河都面临欧洲大陆上的北海各港口。
13. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The most important river is Thames River. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.英国最长的河流是赛文河，最重要的河流是泰晤士河。
克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
14. Though the weather in Britain is so changeable and unpredictable, the climate is in fact a favorable one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.虽然英国的天气总是如此变化无常，无法预测，但实际上英国的天气相当宜人。
英国全年有稳定的降雨量。
15. Britain has a population of 57411000. it is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square kilometer, and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban, and only 10% is rural.英国人口为57411000。
它是一个人口稠密，分布不均的国家，每平方公里平均237人，90％的人生活在城镇，只有10％的人居住在农村。
16. the English are Anglo-Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.英格兰人是安各鲁－撒克逊人。
而威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。
17. The Celts of Wales defended their freedom for 1000 years and were not conquered by the English until 1536. today about a quarter of the welsh population still speak welsh as their first language and about one percent speak only welsh.威尔士的凯尔特人为自由战斗了1000年，直到1536年才被英格兰人征服。
今天有大约四分之一的威尔士人把威尔士语当作第一语言，大约1％的人只讲威尔士语。
18. though the Gaelic language is still heard in the Highlands and western isles, the English language is spoken all over the Scotland.尽管在高地和西部岛屿还能听到盖尔语，但英语却遍及全苏格兰。
19. Since then, there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics who are seeking more social and economic opportunities.从那时起，新教徒和罗马天主教徒间展开了艰苦的斗争，新教徒是统治者，而罗马教徒要求更多社会和经济机会。
20. About three million have came to live and find work since world war second. They are mainly fromthe West Indies, India and Pakistan.自二战以来，约有三百万人来到英国居住，他们主要来自西印度群岛，印度和巴基斯坦。
第二节英国的起源（历史部分）21. The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。
更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，其中最重要的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。
22. The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to Britain in three main waves: the first wave was the Gaels, the second was Britons and the third was Belgae.凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧，他们入侵英国分三次高潮：第一次是盖尔人；第二次是布立吞人；第三次是比利其人。
23. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation.伟大的罗马将军朱略思，恺撒，于公元前55年第一次入侵英国。
将近400年，英国人处于罗马的占领下。
24. The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrian’s wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde.罗马人修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。
一条是哈德良长城，从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔，另一条是链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。
25. The Romans made use o f Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.罗马人很好地利用了英国的自然资源，开采铅矿、铁矿和锡矿以及生产陶瓷。